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Landscape Diversity in Island and Coastal Ecosystems
Sun‐Kee HongInstitute of Islands Culture, Mokpo National University, Korea
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韓國 Maeul
里, 村落Holistic landscapeRural village in EnglishAdministrative meaning
- A meaning of Satoyama (里山) is “mountain in rural or mountainous village” by Chinese letter-There is no word in Korean dictionary
-In narrow sense, Satoyama is ecosystems of Maeul landscape-In broad sense, rural forest, rural landscape, agricultural landscape
日本 Satoyama
里山Forested mountainForest management system Special word in Japan
Concept: Satoyama and Maeul- landscape scale in biodiversity assessment -
Ecosystem Complexity
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Sustainable use and habitat management of Maeul, Korean secondary landscape
• Diverse ecosystems: sustainable use with human and nature components (such as sacred place, food resource, agro-field, forest, indigenous knowledge etc.)
• Indigenous knowledge: human-environmental adaptation is ecology itself (honey, vegetables, fire wood, herb, fertilizer etc.)
Hong et al. 2008, Springer
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• Sustainable landscape: self-production and wise consume (自給自足)• Circulation: energy flux, resource flow, biogeochemical cycle etc.• Networking: ecosystem network (blue-green network), habitat continuity
Landscape Ecology of Asian Cultures(Hong et al. Springer-Tokyo, in press)
•Multi-functional landscape with ecosystems complexity
Multi-functional landscape
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Research PurposeConservation of coastal vegetation is related to surrounding land use, and land use change is influencing on coastal vegetation ecosystem.
Therefore, in order to understand the coastal vegetation in large scale, it is necessary to evaluate those ecosystems in landscape ecological perspective.
Moreover, detail analysis on community structure is necessary implement to examine the pattern and process of vegetation.To assess the human impact on landscape pattern To support the national conservation strategy of secondary forest and cultural landscape in coastal areas
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Island Vegetation & Landscape
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Forest and sacred places
Sinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve © S. K. HongSinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve © S. K. Hong
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Data: Cultural Properties Administration and Ministry of Environment of Korea*Species: Tree species is replaced by climate condition
Type Ecological and cultural function *Species and shape
Spiritual forest
(城隍林, 堂山林)
- Saving the village from various environmental disaster and give happiness.- Giving annual performance (dance and pray) in some area that forest are located on designated date.
Species: Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensisShape: patch type
Riparian forest
(護岸林)
- Developed in river and stream near village- Protecting flood in summer season
Species: Salicaceae and Alnus japonicaShape: corridor or stripe type
Fishery forest
(魚付林)
- Naturally or artificial forest along coast area- Protect village from sea wind and support to fish habitat - A place for traditional performance in a fishing village
Species: Pinus densiflora or Zelkova serrataShape: stripe or patch type
Wind-break forest
(防風林)
- Protection villages and crops from sea wind- Role of ‘Ushil‘(Korean traditional terminology, 村垣)
Pinus thumbergii forest in beach areaShape: stripe type
Feng-shui forest
(補害林)
- Supplementing the geographical defect by restoration or plantation- This is the ecological restoration forest in modern sense.
Various types and species
Historical forest
(歷史林)- Old forest relating to tradition or folklore Various types and speciesMostly single old tree
Forest Types in Island and Coastal Landscapes
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Research MethodsLandscape scale approach on island and coastal
landscape
1. Spatial mapping on land use pattern2. Landscape analysis (spatial analysis using FRAGSTATS,
McGarigal and Marks 1995)
Community scale approach on island and coastal vegetation (on going project)
1. Phytosociological survey 2. Community ordination analysis
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1. Landscape scale approaches
7 typical coastal landscapes was selected according to regional distribution of
biological and geological characteristics
Land-use mapping based on digital topographic map (1: 5,000 scale) was
carried out by use of Geographic Information System.
Landscape analysis using FRAGSTATS (McGarigal and Marks 1995): patch
number, landscape pattern, landscape heterogeneity etc.
Regression analysis between landscape indices and biological diversity indices
(data of dominance, abundance and species diversity of plant and insect from
other research team)
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Landscape Ecological Research Areas
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Doksan (W09)
Hakampo(W01)
Balpo(S07) Namyeol(S06) Goraebul(E11)
Hosan(E05)
Hupo (E10)
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CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD
Agro .field 849.595 183 4642.595 219.074 10170.736 55307.849 0.011 1.460 1.904 1.450 1.397
Forest 3287.144 21 156530.645 180.992 283308.346 64285.846 0.012 2.384 3.634 1.400 1.383
Settlement 329.243 103 3196.529 348.797 11149.399 25204.781 0.005 1.476 2.102 1.462 1.410
Road 103.083 4 25770.625 169.622 43712.718 39241.844 0.008 11.108 33.513 1.819 1.831
Reserv. Stream 2.790 1 2790.177 109.186 6247.063 729.504 0.000 3.896 3.896 1.662 1.662
Sand dune 160.193 4 40048.293 73.304 29356.982 8017.907 0.002 3.235 2.932 1.476 1.428
Shrub forest 73.283 8 9160.383 99.177 9084.985 5564.832 0.001 2.495 2.178 1.495 1.404
Bare land 112.318 8 14039.713 143.165 20099.932 7640.582 0.001 2.727 3.044 1.525 1.448
Salt field 241.150 2 120575.151 32.004 38588.475 3325.501 0.001 1.337 1.400 1.265 1.270
AnalysisClass-level Landscape Analysis
Hakampo (W01)
CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD
Agro. field 1923965.899 41 46925.998 103.134 48396.545 41943.134 0.012 1.448 1.637 1.333 1.306
Forest 310314.574 8 38789.322 96.490 37427.953 8693.505 0.002 1.657 1.787 1.350 1.335
Settlement 558247.944 56 9968.713 599.043 59716.871 13243.513 0.004 1.262 1.424 1.427 1.274
Road 86780.021 3 28926.674 139.303 40295.848 45975.727 0.013 17.199 43.290 1.876 1.888
Reserv. Stream 19474.945 8 2434.368 74.455 1812.511 3810.233 0.001 2.954 2.732 1.618 1.572
Sand dune 80767.556 4 20191.889 69.286 13990.170 6739.774 0.002 3.187 3.900 1.493 1.510
Shrub forest 299712.140 6 49952.023 80.817 40369.622 7801.023 0.002 2.171 1.681 1.410 1.312
Bare land 327525.699 9 36391.744 194.225 70681.843 9355.804 0.003 2.797 2.002 1.619 1.335
Doksan (W09)
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Namyeol (S06)
Balpo (S07)
CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD
Agro. field 1370.027 103 13301.232 406.213 54031.381 41812.634 0.007 1.415 2.310 1.443 1.353
Forest 4010.422 5 802084.313 176.188 1413172.842 43763.687 0.008 3.348 4.558 1.426 1.376
Settlement 85.823 15 5721.506 109.186 6247.063 5082.770 0.001 1.384 1.566 1.403 1.369
Road 34.441 5 6888.173 128.961 8883.049 13650.426 0.002 8.382 13.778 1.830 1.803
Sand dune 64.336 2 32167.940 3.655 1175.752 2712.749 0.000 2.128 2.139 1.387 1.388
Shrub forest 36.129 3 12042.903 60.798 7321.808 1845.274 0.000 1.594 1.761 1.380 1.379
Bare land 23.276 2 11637.882 64.511 7507.710 1522.935 0.000 2.266 2.009 1.461 1.411
CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD
Agro. Field 1342.627 125 10741.012 281.715 30259.047 52530.943 0.012 1.440 2.088 1.432 1.365
Forest 2986.858 12 248904.810 75.827 188736.376 53109.215 0.012 2.516 2.873 1.355 1.360
Settlement 51.236 19 2696.617 116.872 3151.577 4672.655 0.001 1.471 1.705 1.468 1.421
Road 52.207 5 10441.303 162.352 16951.657 22980.100 0.005 8.727 23.730 1.796 1.838
Sand dune 13.023 1 13022.859 0.000 0.000 1377.510 0.000 3.405 3.405 1.526 1.526
Shrub forest 25.200 6 4199.942 70.365 2955.294 2972.537 0.001 2.126 2.603 1.532 1.496
Bare land 8.748 2 4374.127 54.292 2374.793 2504.288 0.001 5.102 5.960 1.691 1.706
Class-level Landscape Analysis (continue)
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Hosan (E05)
Hupo (E10)
CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD
Agro. Field 1042.030 155 6722.775 265.462 17846.404 51930.139 0.009 1.497 1.715 1.466 1.355
Forest 3286.629 18 182590.521 282.046 514990.153 46584.374 0.008 2.169 4.164 1.434 1.379
Settlement 314.102 88 3569.343 130.540 4659.408 23776.881 0.004 1.413 1.613 1.437 1.391
Road 181.722 16 11357.627 287.471 32649.863 46837.288 0.008 6.914 17.883 1.776 1.744
Reserv. Stream 528.584 14 37756.017 203.515 76839.306 13513.773 0.002 2.077 1.897 1.441 1.325
Sand dune 113.868 4 28467.097 168.011 47827.806 4810.506 0.001 2.241 3.561 1.528 1.441
Shrub forest 252.981 41 6170.272 166.109 10249.352 28217.763 0.005 2.842 3.301 1.590 1.506
Bare land 59.488 2 29744.221 75.987 22601.734 2772.898 0.000 2.107 2.750 1.385 1.421
CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFD AWMPFD
Agro. Field 730.267 143 5106.764 210.749 10762.462 50391.148 0.010 1.519 2.217 1.443 1.414
Forest 3365.220 8 420652.513 200.208 842179.500 59876.658 0.012 3.018 6.641 1.425 1.434
Settlement 534.753 46 11625.063 341.562 39706.746 27842.728 0.006 1.728 3.798 1.443 1.443
Road 70.144 4 17536.015 160.292 28108.914 24019.683 0.005 8.221 24.089 1.748 1.799
Sand dune 87.355 5 17470.981 72.665 12695.249 7247.393 0.002 3.216 3.491 1.521 1.500
Shrub forest 14.430 2 7214.887 3.029 218.537 680.580 0.000 1.130 1.130 1.313 1.312
Bare land 1.645 1 1644.711 0.000 0.000 297.384 0.000 2.069 2.069 1.538 1.538
Class-level Landscape Analysis (continue)
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Goraebul (E11)
CLASS CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFDAWMP
FD
Agro. field 6827.455 136 50201.878 175.781 88245.363 139874.907 0.014 1.602 1.925 1.380 1.314
Forest 1028.719 24 42863.302 150.410 64470.740 37546.790 0.004 2.180 3.095 1.416 1.407
Settlement 483.972 73 6629.752 154.385 10235.317 25960.607 0.003 1.417 1.641 1.415 1.363
Road 26.759 12 2229.884 122.318 2727.559 12283.693 0.001 5.671 8.172 1.794 1.796
Reserv. Stream 791.162 13 60858.581 118.689 72232.541 27624.840 0.003 3.057 2.511 1.450 1.366
Sand dune 511.041 5 102208.285 97.984 100147.360 16745.071 0.002 2.997 3.584 1.423 1.422
Landscape-level Landscape Analysis
Area CA(ha) NP MPS PSCV PSSD TE ED MSI AWMSI MPFDAWMP
FD SDI SEI
W01 5158.798 334 15445.502 527.302 81444.500 209318.645 0.041 1.722 3.689 1.458 1.394 1.237 0.563
W09 3606788.777 135 26716.954 206.262 55106.927 137562.711 0.038 1.996 2.712 1.429 1.327 1.463 0.703
S06 5624.452 135 41662.609 753.132 313774.330 110390.474 0.020 1.769 3.965 1.450 1.373 0.786 0.404
S07 4479.897 170 26352.337 316.742 83469.018 140147.248 0.031 1.813 2.873 1.448 1.370 0.793 0.407
E05 5779.406 338 17098.834 744.492 127299.502 218443.623 0.038 1.967 3.743 1.486 1.389 1.377 0.662
E10 4803.814 209 22984.754 801.055 184120.411 170355.574 0.035 1.790 5.831 1.449 1.438 0.935 0.480
E11 9669.108 263 36764.670 199.833 73467.789 260035.908 0.027 1.887 2.188 1.416 1.338 1.011 0.564
Class-level Landscape Analysis (continue)
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1. Ratio of landscape component
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
W01 W09 S06 S07 E05 E10 E11
염전
나지
관목식생지역
사구
저수지및 하천
도로
주택지및 개발지
삼림
경작지
Area (%)
Salt fieldBare landShrub forestSand duneReserv. StreamRoadSettlementForestAgro. field
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
W01 W09 S06 S07 E05 E10 E11
염전
나지
관목식생지역
사구
저수지및 하천
도로
주택지및 개발지
삼림
경작지
Ratio (%)
Salt fieldBare landShrub forestSand duneReserv. StreamRoadSettlementForestAgro. field
2. Ratio of patch number
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Species Diversity (Insect)
Species Abundance
(Insect)
Dominance (plant)
Abundance(plant)
Species diversity index
Evenness index
CA 0.569 0.2 0.125 0.033 0.086 0.221
TA 0.497 0.134 0.018 0.004 0.02 0.057
NP 0.931** 0.757* 0.325 0.202 0.274 0.372
MPS 0.352 0.051 0.735* 0.725* 0.743* 0.833*
PSCV 0.984** 0.866** 0.871** 0.876** 0.976** 0.711*
PSSD 0.514 0.183 0.788* 0.931** 0.933** 0.721*
TE 0.815* 0.904** 0.307 0.127 0.214 0.392
ED 0.174 0.007 0.422 0.445 0.498 0.545
MSI 0.800* 0.339 0.089 0.489 0.126 0.06
AWMSI 0.293 0.628 0.889** 0.461 0.765* 0.790*
MPFD 0.591 0.724* 0.980** 0.963** 0.827** 0.998**
AWMPFD 0.398 0.677* 0.661* 0.927** 0.808* 0.341
SDI 0.621 0.118 0.203 0.448 0.33 0.26
SEI 0.644* 0.156 0.214 0.542 0.357 0.255
*p
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Forest and agricultural field are major background ecosystems in 7coastal landscapes
Sand vegetation shows relatively higher value of mean shape index (MSI) in all landscapes
Doksan (West Sea) and Hosan (East Sea) show high value of landscape diversity among other coastal areas
PSCV showed relationship between biological indices of insect and plant, MPS and PSSD showed plant biological diversity
Except for MSI, shape indices of AWMSI, MPFD, AWMPFD showed biological indices in both insect and plant
From landscape ecological analysis, patch analysis indices and shape analysis indices are useful to assess coastal vegetation and ecosystem
Short Results
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2. Community scale approaches (on going project)
Forest of national heritage and natural monument : natural resource (old forest
for ship making and wind-break functions)
9 areas in island and coastal areas in southern Korea (Wando-gun and Namhae-
gun) : Forests of evergreen broad-leaved trees, pine and mixed deciduous forest
Vegetation ecosystems are influenced by tourism peoples and tidal sea
Phytosociological survey
Community characteristics by ordination analysis
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Community scale Research Areas
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Vegetation Community of Research Areas
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Number of species
Height of Tall tree
layer(m)
Coverage of tall treelayer(%)
Height of Sub-tall
tree layer(m)
Coverage of Sub-tall tree layer
(%)
Height of Shrublayer(m)
Coverage of shrub Layer(%)
Height of herb layer
(m)
Coverage of herb Layer(%)
AXIS1
Correlation Coefficient -.413* 0.134 0.093 0.246 0.038 0.294 0.175 0.129 -.491*
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.045 0.533 0.664 0.246 0.862 0.185 0.437 0.547 0.015
AXIS2
Correlation Coefficient -0.126 0.372 0.063 0.116 -0.007 0.229 .433* .619** -0.036
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.556 0.073 0.769 0.59 0.973 0.305 0.044 0.001 0.869
Correlation of vegetation structure and eigen value (Axis 1 and 2)
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Ze: Zelkova serrata, Cs: Celtis sinensis, Qv: Quercus variabilis, Qs: Quercus serrata , Pt: Pinus thunbergii, Cj: Cinnamomum japonicum, Mt: Machilus thunbergii, Cl: Carpinus laxiflora, Kp: Koelreuteria paniculata, Il: Ilex integra, Cc: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 100 200 300 400 500
Ze
Cs
Qv
Qs
Pt
Cj
Mt
Cl
Kp
Ii
Cc
Axis1
Axis 2
Coverage of herb layer & Number of species
Cov
erage of shrub la
yer & H
eigh
t of h
erb layer Evergreen forest community
Deciduous forest community
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Result and DiscussionAlthough research areas are preserved by national law, human impact (tourist and plantation) are strongly appeared in the floristic composition composing of vegetation structure.To conserve the island and its coastal vegetation, we have to evaluate the vegetation structure in both landscape scale (landscape pattern) and community scale (floristic composition)Patch shape analysis of vegetation community is one of the important implements for evaluating human impact on vegetation ecosystemIn results of the preliminary survey, we found that vegetation structure is also influencing to other biological organisms, therefore multi-disciplinary research is necessary to strengthen conservation strategy of vegetation ecosystem and landscapeWe need more data for generalization of pattern and process of island and coastal vegetation under human impact
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Acknowledgements Ministry of Environment, Korea (Project No. 208-05002-0068-0) Korea Research Foundation (Project No. KRF-2005-005-J02701)Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affair (2009 year Project on “Management Type of Uninhabited Island in Wand-do gun”)
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Thank you for your attention!
スライド番号 1スライド番号 2スライド番号 3Sustainable use and habitat management of Maeul, Korean secondary landscapeスライド番号 5Research Purposeスライド番号 7スライド番号 8スライド番号 9スライド番号 10スライド番号 11スライド番号 12スライド番号 13スライド番号 14スライド番号 15スライド番号 16スライド番号 17スライド番号 18スライド番号 19スライド番号 20スライド番号 21スライド番号 22スライド番号 23スライド番号 24スライド番号 25スライド番号 26Result and DiscussionAcknowledgements Thank you for your attention!