landscape degradation alexandr manisha tatiana ... degradation at the development area of...
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Landscape degradation at the development area of Mamontovskoe and Yuzhno-Balyksky oil fields
Results and conclusions
Degree of natural communities` degradation
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Alexandr Manisha1, Tatiana Khakimulina2
1 [email protected], Transparent World2 [email protected], Greenpeace Russia
(495) 988-74-60 [email protected] http://www.greenpeace.ru
(495) 739-73-85 [email protected] http://www.transparentworld.ru
(495) 739-73-85 [email protected] http://scanex.ru
Roads
Railroads
Pipelines
PTL
Other objects
Floodplain
Destroyed swamp
Disturbed/ contaminated swamp
Undisturbed swamp
Deforested areas
Forest with msgor signs of degradation
Forest with minor signs of degradation
Forest with no visible signs of degradation
• Most of landscapes degraded in the early stages of field development
• The reason of landscape`s degradation – a synergistic effect of the whole set of factors (oil spills, fire, mechanical impact, the introduction of foreign material, violations of the hydrological regime)
• The role of the reclamation of contaminated land is greatly exaggerated
• Forest ecosystems in these 2 fields degraded much stronger than the swamp landscapes
• Gradually expanding the "core" of degradation is formed at each field - the area of infrastructure`s concentration and the most disturbed landscapes
• The original landscape is almost completely destroyed
• Rate of degradation is maximal in the early stages of development (more than 5% of the year), but in recent years added 0.5% each year completely destroyed landscapes
• Most of the linear infrastructure was created before the collapse of the USSR (not less than 75%)
Detailed report: http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/Global/russia/report/Arctic-oil/hmao_oil_report.pdf
1970 (prior to development) 1987 2007 2011
Areal dynamics of landscape degradation (change in the proportion of different types of forest and wetland landscapes)
10000
100%
019
70st
art o
f the
de
velo
pmen
t
The
situ
atio
n on
the
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of th
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e of
the
Sov
iet U
nion
chan
ge o
f ow
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hip
of l
icen
ses
for o
il pr
oduc
tion
curr
ent s
ituat
ion
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
landscape area, ha
colors on the chart are equal to reference designations on the map
Research areas (Nefteyugansky district, KMAO)
Examples of different types of violations in the medium-resolution satellite image
Forest with no visible signs of degradation Forests with no visible signs of human impact
Fore
st la
ndsc
apes
Forest with minor signs of degradation Forests with traces of old violations, including:
• single rides, (overgrowning) roads, which are not currently used• single, currently not operated, but not dismantled power lines and pipelines• overgrowing drilling sites • selective cutting• burn-outs after ground fires, which have not led to the death of the first layer of the forest • very old (over 30 years) burn-outs after low-intensity crown fires • other minor influences, holding less than 10% within the landfill
Forest with msgor signs of degradation Forests, with the possible presence of:
• oil pollution, visible on the medium-resolution satellite image• clear cuttings• burn-outs after solid ground fires • mineralized areas for different purposes• linear infrastructure (roads, power lines, pipelines, etc.)
Deforested areasThe previously existing woodlands, with a predominance of secondary non-wood vegetation or opened mineral surfaces, completely destroyed:
• by a mechanical engineering • by oil or technological water pollution• by crown fires
Undisturbed swampSwamp arrays without visible signs of human impact
Disturbed/ contaminated swampSwamp arrays with vegetation altered by anthropogenic impacts (including pollution by oil or water drilling)
Destroyed swampThe previously existing swamp arrays that were destroyed as a result of human activities, which led to a complete change of landscape types and biogeochemical conditions:
• mineral site• contaminated with fuel oil, devoid of vegetation land• the site has undergone a complete change of soil / ground• «Industrial landscape»
Sw
amp
land
scap
es
© С
канЭ
кс
© S
pot
Imag
e
1987
2007
2011
80,5%
9%
10,5%
100%
10,4%
28,3%
31,9%
29,4%
72,7%
17,7%
9,6%
72,6%
18,3%
9,1%
0,4%
23,7%
23%
52,9%
0,4%
22,1%
23,6%
53,9%
Floodplains of Bol`shoy and Maly Balyk rivers
Pyt-Yakh
Mamontovskoe field
Yuzhno-Balykskoe field
Floodplains of Bol`shoy and Maly Balyk rivers
Pyt-Yakh
Mamontovskoe field
Yuzhno-Balykskoe field
Floodplains of Bol`shoy and Maly Balyk rivers
Pyt-Yakh
Mamontovskoe field
Yuzhno-Balykskoe field
Floodplains of Bol`shoy and Maly Balyk rivers
Pyt-Yakh
Mamontovskoe field
Yuzhno-Balykskoe field