land use transport perspectives in indian cities

7/30/2019 Land Use Transport Perspectives in Indian Cities

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LAND USE TRANSPORTPERSPECTIVES IN INDIAN CITIES

Dr Sanjay Gupta

School of P lanning and Architecture, Delh i 1 9 t h N o v e m b e r 2 0 1 1

DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI


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URBAN TRANSPORT

Urban transport is the most important singlecomponent instrumental in shaping urbandevelopment and urban living (NCU).

The inter relationship between urban landuse and urban transport has long beenrecognised .

The urban form and structure affects theneed for and selection of appropriatetransport systems

National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) alsoemphasises on integrated land use and

transport planning DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI


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TRANSPORT, URBAN FORM

AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE



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EVOLUTION OF SPATIAL

STRUCTURE



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LAND USE TRANSPORT

SYSTEM



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DISTANCE, DENSITY AND

OPPORTUNITIES



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VEHICLE DENSITY VSURBANIZEDDENSITY


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URBAN FORM AND TRANSPORT

IMPACTS RESEARCH

EVIDENCES

Large size settlements are relatively

inefficient in their use of energy for transport

Cluster of smaller settlements would be

more energy efficient.

Least cost form is centric city with dispersed

commercial and employment opportunities.

Compact development with more

interspersion of different land use results in

low transport energy.



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CITY TYPES BASED ON

NETWORK


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IDEAL CITY SIZE FOR DIFFERENT

MODES OF TRANSPORT

Mode Urbanform

Size dia.(km)

Grossdensity

(ppha)

Pop.

(000)

Speed

(kph)

Walking Compact 5 >100 200 6

Cycling Compact 10 70-100 550-786 12

Bus Compact 20 50-70 1570-2200

20

Rail Linear 30 25-50 1780-2540

30

Car Dispersed 50 20-25 3930-4910

50


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TYPES OF CITIES

The Walking City

About 5 kilometers in spread

It is very compact and features mixed uses of land.

It usually constitutes the historical center of old cities.

The TransitCity spread as far as 20-30 kilometers away from the traditional center.

inspires the Transit-Oriented Development patterns

further urban development around transit nodes to facilitate transit use, especially for longdistances.

The AutomobileCity spread as far as 50 kilometers from the center

extend itself in all directions, establish zoning patterns- separation between the different urbanactivities.


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URBAN DENSITY AND

TRANSPORT SYSTEM

City type Density

(ppha)

CarOwnership

(Cars/1000per.)

Gasolineconsumption

(kg/capita)

PT usage

(trip/person/year)

Car based 10-30 High (400) Very large(870)

Low (90)

Public

Transport

based

30-130 Medium

(170)

Medium

(220)

High (310)

Walking

based

130-400 Low (20) Low (60) Medium

(180)


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DENSITIES OF URBAN CENTRES

BY POPULATION SIZE IN INDIA



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URBAN STRUCTURE

MEASURES

1. Urban Radius: It defines the urban edge and isbased on the linear accumulation of population by thedistance from the centre of the urban area.

2. Coefficient of Dispersion: measure which indicatesthe even or unequal distribution of population (jobs)over the area. A low value indicates an evendistribution

3. Factor of Locality Association: expresses the degreeof similarity between different distributions such aspopulation and jobs in an area. A high value indicatesa high degree of association between the two groupsand vice versa.



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URBAN STRUCTURE

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED

INDIAN CITIES

City Form Activitypattern

Urban

radius

(km)

CoD

(Pop.)

CoD

(Emp.)

(%)

LAfactor

(%)

Mumbai Linear Poly 16.5 29.3 56.6 68.4

Delhi Circular Poly 13.5 18.4 34.4 78.1

Bangalore

Circular Poly 8.0 29.5 22.1 91.1

Hyderabad Circular Poly 5.4 20.9 17.4 98.7

Ahmedabad Circular Poly 5.0 20.8 19.8 80.7

Nagpur

Circular Mono 5.3 47.8 57.7 77.3


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MONOCENTRIC VS

POLYCENTRIC PATTERNS IN

INDIAN CITIES

Category 1 (i.e. 0 - 5 Lakh)

Cities are majorly

Monocentric cities.

5 Lakh is the Minimum

Threshold Population for

emergence of Multiple

activity centres in a city.

20 Lakh is the Maximum

Threshold Population for a

city to survive as Mono-

Centric City.DR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI


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TRANSPORT DEMAND AND

SUPPLY CHARACTERISTICS IN

INDIA

Parameters 1-5lakh

5-10lakh

10-20lakh

20-40lakh

40-80lakh

80-160lakh

Roaddensity(km/km2) 5.25 4.55 4.66 5.15 6.52 8.58Bus/1000 pop. 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.35 0.41 0.46

PCTR (mech.) 4.04 4.62 5.19 5.96 7.01 7.97

PCTR (All) 1.08 1.25 1.28 1.26 1.2 1.14

% walk 29.6 27.8 26.2 24.3 22.1 20.2

% PT 18.8 25.4 31.9 40.8 52.8 69.3

% IPT 27.6 20.2 13.7 8.9 7.1 6.8


C
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City Population

(million)

Vehicle Population

(million)

Vehicle Density

(vehicles/ 1000 pop.)

Road Network

(kms.)PCTR ATL

(kms.)Modal Split

Mumbai 18.78 1.29 129 2000

1.41-1.67 10.4

Walk = 22

Cycle = 8

Tw = 9

PT = 44Car = 10

IPT = 7

Delhi 15.02 4.29 279 4400

Kolkata 14.22 0.91 64

Chennai 6.96 2.17 312 2780

Bangalore 6.5 2.23 343 3500

1.3-1.5 7.2

Walk = 25

Cycle =11

Tw = 26

PT = 21

Car = 10

IPT = 7

Hyderabad 6.46 1.43 221

Ahemdabad 5.07 1.63 312 3478

Pune 4.41 1.01 343 1800

Surat 3.63 0.8 221 1133

1.2-1.29 5.7

Walk = 25

Cycle = 18

Tw = 29

PT = 10

Car = 12

IPT = 6

Kanpur 2.97 0.5 321

Jaipur 2.73 0.67 188

Lucknow 2.67 0.6 207

Nagpur 2.34 0.77 148 1907

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Mega Metro Others

Modal Split across cities

Walk Cycle Tw PT Car IPT0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Mega Metro Others

PCTR

PCTR across cities

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Mega Metro Others

ATL(kms.)

Avg.Trip Length across cities

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Mega Metro Others

VehicleDensity(veh./1

000pop.)

Vehicle Density (veh./1000 pop.)
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TRANSPORTDEPENDENTGHG

EMISSIONS

Transport

Emissions/

Capita

Average Trip Length

Urban Radius

COD ofEmployment

MORE Emissions /

CapitaLESS Emissions/

Capita

MORE Emissions /

Capita

LESS Emissions/

Capita

Directly

Proportional



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TRANSPORT EMISSION

PATTERNS

0.0000

0.0200

0.0400

0.0600

0.0800

0.1000

0.1200

0.1400

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0EMISSIONS(TON/

CAPITA)

URBAN RADIUS (KM)

EMISSIONS/ CAPITA vs URBAN RADIUS

0

500

1000

1500

2000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Emissions(Ton

s/Day)

City Category

Categorywise Transport Emissions

S.No. City Category City Size (Lakhs) Emissions (Tons/ day)Emissions/ Person (Tons/

person/ yr.)

1 Category 1 0 - 5 10 0.0146

2 Category 2 5 - 10 268 0.1304

3 Category 3 10 - 20 652 0.1587

4 Category 4 20 - 40 238 0.0347

5 Category 5 40 - 80 647 0.0394

6 Category 6 80 above 1747 0.0638



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URBAN STRUCTURE AND TRAVEL PATTERN

RELATIONSHIPS IN INDIAN CITIES

1. Circular cities have higher densities

2. Density distribution in cities generally follow

exponential function /decay function3. Population is more dispersed in larger cities compared

to employment

4. Average trip length, Per Capita Trip Rate, Modal Split iscorrelated to Urban radius

5. Linear cities exhibit higher modal split( 40%) comparedto circular cities( 20-30%)

3. Circular cities exhibit higher PCTR (veh.)

4. Average trip lengths increases with city sizeDR SANJAY GUPTA, SPA DELHI


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EMERGING ISSUES ININDIAN

CONTEXT

Spatial structure of urban centres suffer from animbalance in their physical structure resulting indistorted travel patterns and inequities in delivery of

transport services.

Physical Plans as formulated are at best one wayprocess as Master Plan attempts to graft transportsystem on the already established urban structure.

The present land use and transport policies in our

country are leading to excessive travel bypersonalized modes which are cause of growingcongestion, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions etc.


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PLANNING IMPERATIVES FOR

INDIAN CITIES

Concentrate urban growth, limit sprawl and providefor mixed land use through urban structure and landuse policies, smart growth strategies

Discourage planning and development of dispersedlow density suburbs

Encourage moderately high densities along publictransport routes with some degree of concentration

( compact development)

Locate high density development in close proximityof mass transit stations (Transit OrientedDevelopment).

Ensure siting of new developments along transportcorridors to tap accessibility advantages


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EMERGING CONCEPTS

OF SUSTAINABLE CITIES



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POPULATION DECENTRALIZATION:POSSIBLESPATIALPATTERNS


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SUGGESTED RESEARCH

AGENDA

Need to develop simplified tools to analyse the impacts of

various urban forms , structure and city sizes on travelpatterns and transport technology requirements.

Need to evolve city typologies comprising of city size,urban form and land use structure along with transporttechnology options which results in sustainable land usetransport patterns in Indian cities.

Need to take account of temporal changes in urbanstructure and its impact on travel patterns in citydevelopment plans.

In particular there is need to plan in advance peri- urbanland use patterns while planning transport system.



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THANK YOU


land use transport perspectives in indian cities

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