Country fact sheet

September 2017

Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA

Land cover 2012

Italy

Italy

1

Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 Italy is a country with a relatively stable landscape, compared to the European average. The overall change rate is comparable with the previous period 2000-2006 and also with the period 1990-2000. Concerning the main land cover flows, the land cover development is driven mostly by forest creation and management and by the sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures (both of them occur with similar intensity as in the previous period) and also by agricultural conversions, which intensity is getting higher again, after a major decline in the previous period 2000-2006. Internal conversions are the main drivers of the agricultural development in Italy – they are represented mainly by conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land and also by diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops. On the other hand, withdrawal of farming, which was very frequent in the period 1990-2000, is currently the least significant agricultural flow. Forest creation and management is represented mostly by internal forest conversion, with both recent felling and opposite forest creation having comparable intensity. With the mean annual land take rate of 0.38%, the speed of urban development in Italy is just slightly above the European average. This means significant slowdown, compared to both previous periods. As already mentioned, the urban development in Italy is driven mainly by the sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures, namely by the sprawl of commercial or industrial units and by construction. The residential sprawl, which was the main land take driver in the period 1990-2000, seems to be in decline in 2000-2012. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Italy: 6

5%

36%

16%

30%

9%

3% 0,2% Wetl. 1%

1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]

-20000

0

20000

40000

1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year

2006]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

Summary balance table 2006-2012

Art

ific

ial

area

s

Ara

ble

lan

d &

per

man

ent

cro

ps

Pas

ture

s &

mo

saic

s

Fore

sted

lan

d

Sem

i-n

atu

ral

veg

etat

ion

Op

en s

pac

es/

bar

e so

ils

Wet

lan

ds

Wat

er b

od

ies

TO

TA

L

[hu

nd

red

s h

a]

Land cover 2006 15726 108128 49064 90034 25497 9388 716 3166 301720

Consumption of initial LC 93.7 480.2 145.9 964.8 87.1 61.5 1.7 15.7 1850

Formation of new LC 423.5 345.9 9.7 854.3 44.0 144.0 9.3 19.7 1850

Net Formation of LC 329.9 -134.2 -136.1 -110.4 -43.1 82.5 7.5 4.0 0

Net formation as % of initial year 2.1 -0.1 -0.3 -0.1 -0.2 0.9 1.1 0.1

Total turnover of LC 517.2 826.1 155.6 1819.1 131.1 205.6 11.0 35.3 3701

Total turnover as % of initial year 3.3 0.8 0.3 2.0 0.5 2.2 1.5 1.1 1.2

Land cover 2012 16056 107994 48928 89924 25454 9471 724 3170 301720

Italy

2

Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012

0.10%

0.10%

0 20000 40000

2000-2006

2006-2012

2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]

0 20000 40000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-8000 -4000 0 4000 8000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]

Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012

Annual land cover change [ha/year] 29528 30841

Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.10% 0.10%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 8016 5786

Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 7799 5451

Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] 616 884

Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] -82 1243

Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 49 -1841

Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -1061 711

Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 419 192

0

5000

10000

15000

lcf1

Urb

an la

nd m

anag

emen

t

lcf2

Urb

an r

esid

entia

l spr

awl

lcf3

Spr

awl o

f ec

onom

ic s

ites

and

infr

astr

uctu

res

lcf4

Agr

icul

ture

inte

rnal

con

vers

ions

lcf5

Con

vers

ion

from

for

este

d &

natu

ral l

and

to a

gric

ultu

re

lcf6

Withd

raw

al o

f fa

rmin

g

lcf7

For

ests

cre

atio

n an

dm

anag

emen

t

lcf8

Wat

er b

odie

s cr

eatio

n a

ndm

anag

emen

t

lcf9

Cha

nges

due

to

natu

ral a

ndm

ultip

le c

ause

s

2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Italy

3

Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)

0.53

%

0.37

%

0

3000

6000

9000

2000-2006 2006-2012

3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,

% of initial year]

Slowdown of artificial development, especially residential one

The pace of artificial development in Italy is just slightly above the European average. Compared with previous periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2006, it shows a significant slowdown. This overall slowdown is caused by decrease of intensity of commercial/industrial development and especially of residential sprawl, which was very strong before and represented the main driver of the artificial development in Italy in the period 1990-2000. Nowadays, the land take in the country is driven mostly by the sprawl of industrial, commercial sites and by construction, with the residential development on the third place. On the other hand, construction sites are continuously consumed by the developed urban land recycling, as they are transformed into industrial/commercial sites, urban fabric or transportation network. Geographically, the artificial development shows similar pattern as in the previous period, with major concentrations of sprawl in the northern Italy (in particular in the surroundings of Milan) and around the capital city Rome.

75%

18%

3% 3% 1%

3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]

0 1000 2000 3000

3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Con

tinu

ous

urba

n fa

bric

Dis

cont

inuo

us u

rban

fab

ric

Ind

ustr

ial o

r co

mm

erci

al u

nits

Roa

d an

d ra

il ne

twor

ks a

ndas

soci

ated

land

Por

t ar

eas

Airpo

rts

Min

eral

ext

ract

ion

site

s

Dum

p si

tes

Con

stru

ctio

n si

tes

Gre

en u

rban

are

as

Spo

rt a

nd le

isur

e fa

cilit

ies

3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]

2000-2012

2006-2012

Italy

4

Agriculture (2006-2012)

Internal agriculture development accelerates again

After a major slowdown, which was observed in the previous period 2000-2006, the intensity of agricultural development in Italy shows slightly increasing tendency. Agricultural exchange in the country is driven mostly by internal flows, with prevailing share of conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land and diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops. Also the conversions from arable land to vineyards and orchards are quite frequent in Italy. Compared to both previous periods, the intensity of agricultural land consumption is significantly lower – currently, this consumption is realized mainly through artificial sprawl, as the withdrawal of farming, which was very frequent in the period 1990-2000 and became much less significant between 2000 and 2012. Currently, this flow is getting a bit stronger again, with prevailing woodland creation, and it is situated mostly in the Po river valley in the northern part of the country. On the other hand, the opposite flow of conversion from forest to agriculture is more frequent currently, compared to previous periods and it is represented mostly by intensive conversion from broad-leaved forest to non-irrigated arable land.

21151%

2120.3%

2132%

2214%

2223%

2238%

2313%

2411%

24214%

24313%

2441%

4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]

-0.4

1%

-0.5

9%

-0.2

8%

-0.2

4%

-2.4

8%

-0.1

0%

-0.2

8%

-0.2

6%

-0.5

1%

-0.1

0%

-0.0

5%

0.36

%

0.46

%

0.50

%

0.23

%

0.02

%

0.08

%

0.02

%

0.01

%

0.00

%-40000

-20000

0

20000

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land

Ric

e fie

lds

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

pe

rman

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

211 Non-irrigated arable land

212 Permanently irrigated land

213 Rice fields

221 Vineyards

222 Fruit trees and berry plantations

223 Olive groves

231 Pastures

241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns

243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas

-6000

-3000

0

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land R

ice

field

s

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

per

man

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Italy

5

Forest & nature (2006-2012)

70%

20%

7%

1% Wetl.

2%

5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012

[% of total area]

Forest

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

Dynamic internal exchange of natural land

In the long term, forest creation and management is the most extensive driver of natural land cover change as well as of the landscape development in general in Italy. The current intensity of this flow is similar to both previous periods. Both recent felling and transition and conversion from transitional woodland and shrub are very frequent in the country and they occur with comparable intensity. Also beside these internal forest flows, the Italian natural landscape shows high dynamics of the land cover exchange. External exchange with agriculture is not as frequent as in the period 1990-2000, however, its intensity shows an increasing trend and both conversion from forest to agriculture and opposite withdrawal of farming occur quite often and it mostly involves a conversion between broad-leaved forest and arable land. There is also significant amount of other miscellaneous conversions between different natural landscape types or classes, including semi-natural rotation and in particular changes caused by forest and shrub fires, with prevailing share of destruction of natural areas by fire.

-0.8

3%

-0.5

7%

-0.2

7%

-0.1

9%

-0.0

3%

-0.6

0%

-3.7

2%

-1.8

9%

-0.4

2%

-71.

80%

-0.6

1%

-0.7

1%

-0.1

0%

-0.4

7%

-0.1

1%

-0.8

8%

-100

.00%

0.70

%

0.07

%

0.15

%

0.03

%

0.39

%

4.11

%

2.34

%

0.07

%

0.11

%

295.

78%

0.96

%

1.73

%

1.15

%

0.78

%

0.04

%

10.7

3%-60000

-30000

0

30000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

area

s

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s/pe

rp.

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

-4000

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

are

as

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s an

d pe

rpet

ual

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Italy

6

Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012

5%

26%

8%52%

5%3%

0,1% Wetland

1%

6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

23%

19%

1% Pasture

46%

2%8%

0,5% Wetland 1%

6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

lcf14% lcf2

3%

lcf316%

lcf413%

lcf57%

lcf63%

lcf743%

lcf81%

lcf910%

6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]

lc f1 U rban land management

lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl

lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures

lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions

lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture

lc f6 Withdrawal of farming

lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management

lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management

lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes

Italy

7

Artificial areas

Arable land &

permanent crops76%

Pastures & mosaics

16%

Forested land4%

Semi-natural

vegetation3%

Open spaces / bare soils

0.1%

Wetlands0.03%

Water bodies

1%

7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

Cont. urban fabric0.3% Disc.

urban fabric13%

Industrial/commerc.

43%

Road/rail network

2%

Port areas1%

Airports0.5%

Mineral extraction

9%

Dump sites2%

Construct.25%

Green urban0.2%

Sport/leisure

4%

7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

0.51%

0.35%

0 3000 6000 9000

2000-2006

2006-2012

7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]

-2000 0 2000 4000

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)

lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl

lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl

lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites

lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks

lcf33 Sprawl of harbours

lcf34 Sprawl of airports

lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas

lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites

lcf37 Construction

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf81 Water bodies creation

lcf911 Semi-natural creation

lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)

7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Italy

8

Agriculture

Ind./ com. 0,1%

Min. extr.4%

Construct.4%

Sport/leisure0,1%

Broad-leaved forest78%

Coniferous forest1%

Mixed forest0.5%

Nat. grassl.

1%

Scleroph. veg.2%

Trans. woodl.

7%

Burnt areas0.3%

Inland marsh.0.3%

Water c.0,04%Water b.

1%

8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Non-irrigated arable91%

Rice fields2%

Vineyards1%

Fruit trees/berry plantations

1%

Olive groves0.03%

Pastures2%

Complex cultivation patterns

1%

Agriculture with

natural veg.2%

Agro-forestry areas0.04%

8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Non-irrigated arable73%

Perm. irrigated

land1%

Rice fields2%

Vineyards1%

Fruit trees/berry plantations

2%

Olive groves

3%

Pastures3%

Annual crops/perm

crops1%

Complex cultivation patterns

9%

Agric. with natural

veg.5% Agro-

forestry areas0.1%

8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Cont. u. fab.0.2%Disc.

u. fab.12%

Industrial/commercial

36%

Road/rail network

1%Port areas0.1%Airports

0.5%

Mineral extraction

6%

Dump sites2%

Constr.21%

Green urban0.2%

Sport/leisure

3%

Broad-l. forest11%

Conif. f. 0,1%

Natural g. 0,02%

Scler. veg.1%

Trans. woodl.

2% Beaches0,3%

Bare rock0.02%

Sparsely veg. a.0,03%

Burnt areas0.4%

Inland m.

0.4%Water c.0.1%Water b.

2%

8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

-1000 0 1000 2000

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to

agriculture

Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation

8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land

2006-2012 [ha/year]

-1500 -1000 -500 0

Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land

Conversion from pasture toarable and permanent crops

8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Italy

9

0 1000 2000

lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and

pasture

lcf412 Diffuse extension of setaside fallow land and pasture

lcf421 Conversion from arableland to permanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land

lcf431 Conversion from olivesgroves to vineyards and

orchards

lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to

olive groves

lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and

orchards

lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land

lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated arable

land

lcf444 Diffuse conversion frompermanent crops to arable

land

lcf451 Conversion from arableland to vineyards and orchards

lcf452 Conversion from arableland to olive groves

lcf453 Diffuse conversion fromarable land to permanent

crops

lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters

lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-irrigatedarable land and permanent

crops

lcf463 Diffuse conversion frompasture to arable and

permanent crops

lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry

9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-6000 -3000 0 3000

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion fromforest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forestto agriculture

lcf521 Intensive conversion fromsemi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)

lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation

lcf81 Water bodies creation

lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. form.)

9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Italy

10

Forest & nature

Industrial/commercial

2%Min.extr.4%

Dump sites0.4%Construct.

3%Sport/leisure0,4%

Non-irrigated arable67%

Rice fields5%

Vineyards0.1%

Fruit trees/berry plantations

0.1%

Olive gr.1%

Pastures5%

Annual/perm. crops 0,4%

Complex cult.patt.2%

Agr. with natural

veg.10%

10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]

Broad-leaved forest57%

Coniferous forest0.4%

Natural grassland

1%

Scleroph. veg.7%

Transition. woodland

16%

Beaches, dunes,

sand plains1%

Bare rock0.1%

Sparsely vegetated

areas0.2%

Burnt areas2%

Inland marshes

2%Water

courses1%

Water bodies13%

10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012

[% of total]

Broad-leaved forest73%

Coniferous forest1%

Mixed forest1%

Natural grassland

6%

Scleroph. veg.5%

Transit. woodland

10%

Beaches, d., s. p.0,1%

Sparsely veg. a.0,04%

Burnt areas0.2%

Inland marshes

0.3%

Salt m.0,1%

Water c.0,04%

Water bodies

1%Coastal l.

1%Sea and ocean2%

10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of

total]

Disc. u. f.1%

Ind./com.6%

Road/rail

0,4%Port a.2%

Min. extr.5%

Dump s.0,4%

Construct.5%Sport/leisure

1%

Non-irrigated arable75%

Rice f.1%

Vineyards0.5%

Fruit/berry 1%

Olive g.0,03%

Pastures0.2%

Compl. cult. patt.1%

Agr. with nat. veg.

2%

Agro-f.a.0,04%

10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]

Broad-leaved forest62%Conifer.

forest14%

Mixed forest12%

Transit. woodland

shrub12%

10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]

0 3000 6000

Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Recent fellings and transitions

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Forest creation, afforestation

Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests

Forest creation over wetlands

10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Italy

11

Natural grassland

40%

Moors and

heath4%

Scleroph. veget.29%

Beaches, dunes

and sand plains2%

Bare rock13%

Sparsely veget. areas11%

Burnt areas0.4%

Glaciers and

perpetual snow1%

11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]

0 300 600

Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl

Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture

Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers

11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Inland marshes

5%Peatbogs

0.1%Salt

marshes11%

Salines3%

Water courses

12%

Water bodies45%

Coastal lagoons

24%

Estuaries0.1%

Sea and ocean0.01%

11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]

0 50 100

Consumption of wetlands byurban sprawl

Conversion of wetlands toagriculture

Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Net water bodies creation

Net wetlands creation

11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

-10000 -5000 0 5000

lcf13 Development of green urban areas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)

lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Italy

12

-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000

lcf13 Development of green urban areas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures

lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf74 Recent felling and transition

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf82 Water bodies management

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)

lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-200 0 200 400 600

lcf13 Development of green urban areas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures

lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)

lcf81 Water bodies creation

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF91)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF912)

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Italy

13

CLC Changes 2006-2012

CLC Changes 2000-2006

Italy

14

Drivers of change 2006-2012

Drivers of change 2000-2006

Italy

15

Artificial sprawl 2006-2012

Artificial sprawl 2000-2006

Italy

16

Agriculture 2006-2012

Agriculture 2000-2006

Italy

17

Forest and nature 2006-2012

Forest and nature 2000-2006