Country fact sheet
September 2017
Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA
Land cover 2012
Italy
Italy
1
Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 Italy is a country with a relatively stable landscape, compared to the European average. The overall change rate is comparable with the previous period 2000-2006 and also with the period 1990-2000. Concerning the main land cover flows, the land cover development is driven mostly by forest creation and management and by the sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures (both of them occur with similar intensity as in the previous period) and also by agricultural conversions, which intensity is getting higher again, after a major decline in the previous period 2000-2006. Internal conversions are the main drivers of the agricultural development in Italy – they are represented mainly by conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land and also by diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops. On the other hand, withdrawal of farming, which was very frequent in the period 1990-2000, is currently the least significant agricultural flow. Forest creation and management is represented mostly by internal forest conversion, with both recent felling and opposite forest creation having comparable intensity. With the mean annual land take rate of 0.38%, the speed of urban development in Italy is just slightly above the European average. This means significant slowdown, compared to both previous periods. As already mentioned, the urban development in Italy is driven mainly by the sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures, namely by the sprawl of commercial or industrial units and by construction. The residential sprawl, which was the main land take driver in the period 1990-2000, seems to be in decline in 2000-2012. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Italy: 6
5%
36%
16%
30%
9%
3% 0,2% Wetl. 1%
1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]
-20000
0
20000
40000
1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year
2006]
A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land
Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies
Summary balance table 2006-2012
Art
ific
ial
area
s
Ara
ble
lan
d &
per
man
ent
cro
ps
Pas
ture
s &
mo
saic
s
Fore
sted
lan
d
Sem
i-n
atu
ral
veg
etat
ion
Op
en s
pac
es/
bar
e so
ils
Wet
lan
ds
Wat
er b
od
ies
TO
TA
L
[hu
nd
red
s h
a]
Land cover 2006 15726 108128 49064 90034 25497 9388 716 3166 301720
Consumption of initial LC 93.7 480.2 145.9 964.8 87.1 61.5 1.7 15.7 1850
Formation of new LC 423.5 345.9 9.7 854.3 44.0 144.0 9.3 19.7 1850
Net Formation of LC 329.9 -134.2 -136.1 -110.4 -43.1 82.5 7.5 4.0 0
Net formation as % of initial year 2.1 -0.1 -0.3 -0.1 -0.2 0.9 1.1 0.1
Total turnover of LC 517.2 826.1 155.6 1819.1 131.1 205.6 11.0 35.3 3701
Total turnover as % of initial year 3.3 0.8 0.3 2.0 0.5 2.2 1.5 1.1 1.2
Land cover 2012 16056 107994 48928 89924 25454 9471 724 3170 301720
Italy
2
Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012
0.10%
0.10%
0 20000 40000
2000-2006
2006-2012
2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]
0 20000 40000
Artificial areas
Arable land& permanent crops
Pastures& mosaics
Forested land
Semi-natural vegetation
Open spaces/ bare soils
Wetlands
Water bodies
2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
-8000 -4000 0 4000 8000
Artificial areas
Arable land& permanent crops
Pastures& mosaics
Forested land
Semi-natural vegetation
Open spaces/ bare soils
Wetlands
Water bodies
2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]
Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012
Annual land cover change [ha/year] 29528 30841
Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.10% 0.10%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 8016 5786
Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 7799 5451
Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] 616 884
Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] -82 1243
Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 49 -1841
Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -1061 711
Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 419 192
0
5000
10000
15000
lcf1
Urb
an la
nd m
anag
emen
t
lcf2
Urb
an r
esid
entia
l spr
awl
lcf3
Spr
awl o
f ec
onom
ic s
ites
and
infr
astr
uctu
res
lcf4
Agr
icul
ture
inte
rnal
con
vers
ions
lcf5
Con
vers
ion
from
for
este
d &
natu
ral l
and
to a
gric
ultu
re
lcf6
Withd
raw
al o
f fa
rmin
g
lcf7
For
ests
cre
atio
n an
dm
anag
emen
t
lcf8
Wat
er b
odie
s cr
eatio
n a
ndm
anag
emen
t
lcf9
Cha
nges
due
to
natu
ral a
ndm
ultip
le c
ause
s
2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Italy
3
Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)
0.53
%
0.37
%
0
3000
6000
9000
2000-2006 2006-2012
3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,
% of initial year]
Slowdown of artificial development, especially residential one
The pace of artificial development in Italy is just slightly above the European average. Compared with previous periods 1990-2000 and 2000-2006, it shows a significant slowdown. This overall slowdown is caused by decrease of intensity of commercial/industrial development and especially of residential sprawl, which was very strong before and represented the main driver of the artificial development in Italy in the period 1990-2000. Nowadays, the land take in the country is driven mostly by the sprawl of industrial, commercial sites and by construction, with the residential development on the third place. On the other hand, construction sites are continuously consumed by the developed urban land recycling, as they are transformed into industrial/commercial sites, urban fabric or transportation network. Geographically, the artificial development shows similar pattern as in the previous period, with major concentrations of sprawl in the northern Italy (in particular in the surroundings of Milan) and around the capital city Rome.
75%
18%
3% 3% 1%
3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]
0 1000 2000 3000
3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Con
tinu
ous
urba
n fa
bric
Dis
cont
inuo
us u
rban
fab
ric
Ind
ustr
ial o
r co
mm
erci
al u
nits
Roa
d an
d ra
il ne
twor
ks a
ndas
soci
ated
land
Por
t ar
eas
Airpo
rts
Min
eral
ext
ract
ion
site
s
Dum
p si
tes
Con
stru
ctio
n si
tes
Gre
en u
rban
are
as
Spo
rt a
nd le
isur
e fa
cilit
ies
3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]
2000-2012
2006-2012
Italy
4
Agriculture (2006-2012)
Internal agriculture development accelerates again
After a major slowdown, which was observed in the previous period 2000-2006, the intensity of agricultural development in Italy shows slightly increasing tendency. Agricultural exchange in the country is driven mostly by internal flows, with prevailing share of conversion from vineyards and orchards to non-irrigated arable land and diffuse conversion from pasture to arable and permanent crops. Also the conversions from arable land to vineyards and orchards are quite frequent in Italy. Compared to both previous periods, the intensity of agricultural land consumption is significantly lower – currently, this consumption is realized mainly through artificial sprawl, as the withdrawal of farming, which was very frequent in the period 1990-2000 and became much less significant between 2000 and 2012. Currently, this flow is getting a bit stronger again, with prevailing woodland creation, and it is situated mostly in the Po river valley in the northern part of the country. On the other hand, the opposite flow of conversion from forest to agriculture is more frequent currently, compared to previous periods and it is represented mostly by intensive conversion from broad-leaved forest to non-irrigated arable land.
21151%
2120.3%
2132%
2214%
2223%
2238%
2313%
2411%
24214%
24313%
2441%
4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]
-0.4
1%
-0.5
9%
-0.2
8%
-0.2
4%
-2.4
8%
-0.1
0%
-0.2
8%
-0.2
6%
-0.5
1%
-0.1
0%
-0.0
5%
0.36
%
0.46
%
0.50
%
0.23
%
0.02
%
0.08
%
0.02
%
0.01
%
0.00
%-40000
-20000
0
20000
Non
-irr
igat
ed a
rabl
e la
nd
Per
man
ently
irriga
ted
land
Ric
e fie
lds
Vin
eyar
ds
Fru
it t
rees
and
ber
ry p
lant
atio
ns
Oliv
e gr
oves
Pas
ture
s
Ann
ual/
pe
rman
ent
crop
s
Com
plex
cul
t. p
atte
rns
Agr
icul
ture
with
nat
. ve
g.
Agr
o-fo
rest
ry a
reas
4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]
Consumption of initial land cover
Formation of new land cover
211 Non-irrigated arable land
212 Permanently irrigated land
213 Rice fields
221 Vineyards
222 Fruit trees and berry plantations
223 Olive groves
231 Pastures
241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns
243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas
-6000
-3000
0
Non
-irr
igat
ed a
rabl
e la
nd
Per
man
ently
irriga
ted
land R
ice
field
s
Vin
eyar
ds
Fru
it t
rees
and
ber
ry p
lant
atio
ns
Oliv
e gr
oves
Pas
ture
s
Ann
ual/
per
man
ent
crop
s
Com
plex
cul
t. p
atte
rns
Agr
icul
ture
with
nat
. ve
g.
Agr
o-fo
rest
ry a
reas
4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Italy
5
Forest & nature (2006-2012)
70%
20%
7%
1% Wetl.
2%
5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012
[% of total area]
Forest
Semi-natural vegetation
Open spaces/ bare soils
Wetlands
Water bodies
Dynamic internal exchange of natural land
In the long term, forest creation and management is the most extensive driver of natural land cover change as well as of the landscape development in general in Italy. The current intensity of this flow is similar to both previous periods. Both recent felling and transition and conversion from transitional woodland and shrub are very frequent in the country and they occur with comparable intensity. Also beside these internal forest flows, the Italian natural landscape shows high dynamics of the land cover exchange. External exchange with agriculture is not as frequent as in the period 1990-2000, however, its intensity shows an increasing trend and both conversion from forest to agriculture and opposite withdrawal of farming occur quite often and it mostly involves a conversion between broad-leaved forest and arable land. There is also significant amount of other miscellaneous conversions between different natural landscape types or classes, including semi-natural rotation and in particular changes caused by forest and shrub fires, with prevailing share of destruction of natural areas by fire.
-0.8
3%
-0.5
7%
-0.2
7%
-0.1
9%
-0.0
3%
-0.6
0%
-3.7
2%
-1.8
9%
-0.4
2%
-71.
80%
-0.6
1%
-0.7
1%
-0.1
0%
-0.4
7%
-0.1
1%
-0.8
8%
-100
.00%
0.70
%
0.07
%
0.15
%
0.03
%
0.39
%
4.11
%
2.34
%
0.07
%
0.11
%
295.
78%
0.96
%
1.73
%
1.15
%
0.78
%
0.04
%
10.7
3%-60000
-30000
0
30000
Bro
ad-l
eave
d fo
rest
Con
ifero
us for
est
Mix
ed for
est
Nat
ural
gra
ssla
nd
Moo
rs a
nd h
eath
land
Scl
erop
hyllo
us v
eget
atio
n
Tra
nsitio
nal w
oodl
and
shr
ub
Bea
ches
, du
nes,
san
d
Bar
e ro
ck
Spa
rsel
y ve
geta
ted
area
s
Bur
nt a
reas
Gla
cier
s/pe
rp.
snow
Inl
and
mar
shes
Pea
tbog
s
Sal
t m
arsh
es
Sal
ines
Int
ertida
l fla
ts
Wat
er c
ours
es
Wat
er b
odie
s
Coa
stal
lago
ons
Est
uaries
Sea
and
oce
an
5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]
Consumption of initial land cover
Formation of new land cover
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
Bro
ad-l
eave
d fo
rest
Con
ifero
us for
est
Mix
ed for
est
Nat
ural
gra
ssla
nd
Moo
rs a
nd h
eath
land
Scl
erop
hyllo
us v
eget
atio
n
Tra
nsitio
nal w
oodl
and
shr
ub
Bea
ches
, du
nes,
san
d
Bar
e ro
ck
Spa
rsel
y ve
geta
ted
are
as
Bur
nt a
reas
Gla
cier
s an
d pe
rpet
ual
snow
Inl
and
mar
shes
Pea
tbog
s
Sal
t m
arsh
es
Sal
ines
Int
ertida
l fla
ts
Wat
er c
ours
es
Wat
er b
odie
s
Coa
stal
lago
ons
Est
uaries
Sea
and
oce
an
5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Italy
6
Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012
5%
26%
8%52%
5%3%
0,1% Wetland
1%
6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change
area]
23%
19%
1% Pasture
46%
2%8%
0,5% Wetland 1%
6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change
area]
A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land
Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies
lcf14% lcf2
3%
lcf316%
lcf413%
lcf57%
lcf63%
lcf743%
lcf81%
lcf910%
6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]
lc f1 U rban land management
lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl
lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures
lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions
lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture
lc f6 Withdrawal of farming
lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management
lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management
lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes
Italy
7
Artificial areas
Arable land &
permanent crops76%
Pastures & mosaics
16%
Forested land4%
Semi-natural
vegetation3%
Open spaces / bare soils
0.1%
Wetlands0.03%
Water bodies
1%
7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]
Cont. urban fabric0.3% Disc.
urban fabric13%
Industrial/commerc.
43%
Road/rail network
2%
Port areas1%
Airports0.5%
Mineral extraction
9%
Dump sites2%
Construct.25%
Green urban0.2%
Sport/leisure
4%
7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]
0.51%
0.35%
0 3000 6000 9000
2000-2006
2006-2012
7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]
-2000 0 2000 4000
lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)
lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)
lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)
lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)
lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)
lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)
lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl
lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl
lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites
lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks
lcf33 Sprawl of harbours
lcf34 Sprawl of airports
lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas
lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites
lcf37 Construction
lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)
lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)
lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf81 Water bodies creation
lcf911 Semi-natural creation
lcf913 Extension of water courses
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires
lcf93 Coastal erosion
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)
7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Italy
8
Agriculture
Ind./ com. 0,1%
Min. extr.4%
Construct.4%
Sport/leisure0,1%
Broad-leaved forest78%
Coniferous forest1%
Mixed forest0.5%
Nat. grassl.
1%
Scleroph. veg.2%
Trans. woodl.
7%
Burnt areas0.3%
Inland marsh.0.3%
Water c.0,04%Water b.
1%
8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
Non-irrigated arable91%
Rice fields2%
Vineyards1%
Fruit trees/berry plantations
1%
Olive groves0.03%
Pastures2%
Complex cultivation patterns
1%
Agriculture with
natural veg.2%
Agro-forestry areas0.04%
8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
Non-irrigated arable73%
Perm. irrigated
land1%
Rice fields2%
Vineyards1%
Fruit trees/berry plantations
2%
Olive groves
3%
Pastures3%
Annual crops/perm
crops1%
Complex cultivation patterns
9%
Agric. with natural
veg.5% Agro-
forestry areas0.1%
8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
Cont. u. fab.0.2%Disc.
u. fab.12%
Industrial/commercial
36%
Road/rail network
1%Port areas0.1%Airports
0.5%
Mineral extraction
6%
Dump sites2%
Constr.21%
Green urban0.2%
Sport/leisure
3%
Broad-l. forest11%
Conif. f. 0,1%
Natural g. 0,02%
Scler. veg.1%
Trans. woodl.
2% Beaches0,3%
Bare rock0.02%
Sparsely veg. a.0,03%
Burnt areas0.4%
Inland m.
0.4%Water c.0.1%Water b.
2%
8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]
-1000 0 1000 2000
Conversion from forest toagriculture
Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to
agriculture
Conversion from wetlands toagriculture
Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation
Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation
8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land
2006-2012 [ha/year]
-1500 -1000 -500 0
Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land
Conversion from pasture toarable and permanent crops
8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Italy
9
0 1000 2000
lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and
pasture
lcf412 Diffuse extension of setaside fallow land and pasture
lcf421 Conversion from arableland to permanent irrigation
perimeters
lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land
lcf431 Conversion from olivesgroves to vineyards and
orchards
lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to
olive groves
lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and
orchards
lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation
perimeters
lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land
lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated arable
land
lcf444 Diffuse conversion frompermanent crops to arable
land
lcf451 Conversion from arableland to vineyards and orchards
lcf452 Conversion from arableland to olive groves
lcf453 Diffuse conversion fromarable land to permanent
crops
lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters
lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-irrigatedarable land and permanent
crops
lcf463 Diffuse conversion frompasture to arable and
permanent crops
lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry
9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
-6000 -3000 0 3000
lcf13 Development of green urbanareas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures
lcf511 Intensive conversion fromforest to agriculture
lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forestto agriculture
lcf521 Intensive conversion fromsemi-natural land to agriculture
lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture
lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)
lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)
lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture
lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture
lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation
lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation
lcf81 Water bodies creation
lcf913 Extension of water courses
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires
lcf93 Coastal erosion
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. cons.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. form.)
9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Italy
10
Forest & nature
Industrial/commercial
2%Min.extr.4%
Dump sites0.4%Construct.
3%Sport/leisure0,4%
Non-irrigated arable67%
Rice fields5%
Vineyards0.1%
Fruit trees/berry plantations
0.1%
Olive gr.1%
Pastures5%
Annual/perm. crops 0,4%
Complex cult.patt.2%
Agr. with natural
veg.10%
10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]
Broad-leaved forest57%
Coniferous forest0.4%
Natural grassland
1%
Scleroph. veg.7%
Transition. woodland
16%
Beaches, dunes,
sand plains1%
Bare rock0.1%
Sparsely vegetated
areas0.2%
Burnt areas2%
Inland marshes
2%Water
courses1%
Water bodies13%
10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012
[% of total]
Broad-leaved forest73%
Coniferous forest1%
Mixed forest1%
Natural grassland
6%
Scleroph. veg.5%
Transit. woodland
10%
Beaches, d., s. p.0,1%
Sparsely veg. a.0,04%
Burnt areas0.2%
Inland marshes
0.3%
Salt m.0,1%
Water c.0,04%
Water bodies
1%Coastal l.
1%Sea and ocean2%
10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of
total]
Disc. u. f.1%
Ind./com.6%
Road/rail
0,4%Port a.2%
Min. extr.5%
Dump s.0,4%
Construct.5%Sport/leisure
1%
Non-irrigated arable75%
Rice f.1%
Vineyards0.5%
Fruit/berry 1%
Olive g.0,03%
Pastures0.2%
Compl. cult. patt.1%
Agr. with nat. veg.
2%
Agro-f.a.0,04%
10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]
Broad-leaved forest62%Conifer.
forest14%
Mixed forest12%
Transit. woodland
shrub12%
10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]
0 3000 6000
Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl
Conversion from forest toagriculture
Recent fellings and transitions
Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation
Forest creation, afforestation
Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests
Forest creation over wetlands
10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012
[ha/year]
Italy
11
Natural grassland
40%
Moors and
heath4%
Scleroph. veget.29%
Beaches, dunes
and sand plains2%
Bare rock13%
Sparsely veget. areas11%
Burnt areas0.4%
Glaciers and
perpetual snow1%
11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]
0 300 600
Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl
Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture
Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land
Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation
Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers
11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012
[ha/year]
Inland marshes
5%Peatbogs
0.1%Salt
marshes11%
Salines3%
Water courses
12%
Water bodies45%
Coastal lagoons
24%
Estuaries0.1%
Sea and ocean0.01%
11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]
0 50 100
Consumption of wetlands byurban sprawl
Conversion of wetlands toagriculture
Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands
Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation
Net water bodies creation
Net wetlands creation
11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012
[ha/year]
-10000 -5000 0 5000
lcf13 Development of green urban areas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture
lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture
lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation
lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)
lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)
lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)
lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)
lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)
lcf8 Water bodies creation and management
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)
11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Italy
12
-2000 -1000 0 1000 2000
lcf13 Development of green urban areas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture
lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture
lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…
lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf74 Recent felling and transition
lcf8 Water bodies creation and management
lcf82 Water bodies management
lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)
lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)
lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)
lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)
lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)
lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)
lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)
12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
-200 0 200 400 600
lcf13 Development of green urban areas
lcf2 Urban residential sprawl
lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures
lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture
lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation
lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation
lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)
lcf81 Water bodies creation
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF91)
lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (other thanLCF912)
lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)
lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)
lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)
12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]
2000-2006
2006-2012
Italy
13
CLC Changes 2006-2012
CLC Changes 2000-2006
Italy
14
Drivers of change 2006-2012
Drivers of change 2000-2006
Italy
15
Artificial sprawl 2006-2012
Artificial sprawl 2000-2006
Italy
16
Agriculture 2006-2012
Agriculture 2000-2006
Italy
17
Forest and nature 2006-2012
Forest and nature 2000-2006