l’adoption du concept de sécurité nationale : une révolution conceptuelle qui peine à...

8/2/2019 Ladoption du concept de scurit nationale : une rvolution conceptuelle qui peine sexprimer

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s s s / i r x p r e p m c k m / d r c

ir`rkh hdxpm Hjerc `m rmhjmrhjm le Ido`epkdo vd}r le Rmhjmrhjm Xprepcku}m

Le`dvpkdo `} hdohmvp

`m xh}rkp oepkdoelm 7

}om rydl}pkdo hdohmvp}mllmu}k vmkom xmzvrknmr

O 68$2655


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LE@DVPKDO @] HDOHMVP @M XMH]RKPM OEPKDOELM 7 ]OM RMYDL]PKDO HDOHMVP]MLLM U]K VMKOM E X MZVRKNMR

RMHJMRHJMX )@DH]NMOPX O68$2655

`kp mp `kii}x ver le Ido`epkdo vd}r le Rmhjmrhjm Xprepcku}m23 r}m @enmxnm 3=658 VERKX

KXXO 7 5;99.=5=9KXBO 7 ;3:.2.;55565.98.2

MEO 7 ;3:2;55565982

SSS/IRXPREPMCKM/DRC 23, R]M @ENMXNM 3=658VERKX PL/65 08 58 33 33 IEZ 65 08 58 33 3: XKRMP 8;0 6;= =88 6660= PYE IR30 8;0 6;= =88 HD@M EVM 3226W IDO@EPKDO RMHDOO]M @#]PKLKP V]BLKU]M @HRMP @] 29 IYRKMR 5;;8


3/27



I D O @ E P K D O vd}r le R M H J M R H J M X P R E P C K U ] M 8

XDNNEKRM

KOPRD@]HPKDO /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =

LM HDOHMVP @M @MIMOXM CLDBELM, EOHKMO XDHLM @MX VDLKPKU]MX @M @MIMOXM ///////////////////// =

@mx rmxvdoxebklkpx pjdrku}mnmop lercmnmop verpecmx /////////////////////////////////////////// 9

Levvlkhepkdo verpkmllm `} hdohmvp `m `imoxm cldbelm //////////////////////////////////////////////// :

]om koe`evpepkdo `m vl}x mo vl}x neru} `} hdohmvp lydl}pkdo`mx nmoehmx //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////52

]o `helecm ver revvdrp e} lmzku}m `m odx verpmoekrmx mp `mx koxpkp}pkdoxkopmroepkdoelmx ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////58

LE@DVPKDO @] HDOHMVP @M XMH]RKPM OEPKDOELM /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////58

@mx nd`kikhepkdox hdohmvp}mllmx mo cmxpepkdo `mv}kx lm `b}p`mx eoomx 5;;6 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////50

Lkoprd`}hpkdo `}om xprepckm `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm /////////////////////////////////////////////5=

Lydl}pkdo `mx xpr}hp}rmx ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////59

LKNKPMX MP NEOU]MX E LKOPRD@]HPKDO @] HDOHMVP @M XMH]RKPM OEPKDOELM //////////////////////5:

]om rmllm `kiikh}lp vdxmr lm hdohmvp ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////5:

]om xh}rkp ldocpmnvx r`}kpm mo Ireohm le xh}rkp koprkm}rm////////////////////////////5;

Lmx lknkpmx mp rkxu}mx `mx ridrnmx mocecmx ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////26


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5/27

I D O @ E P K D O vd}r le R M H J M R H J M X P R E P C K U ] M =

Koprd`}hpkdo

Lmnvldk `m lmzvrmxxkdo xh}rkp oepkdoelm èox lm pkprm `} Lkyrm bleoh x}r leìmoxm `m 266: e `doo }om hmrpekom ykxkbklkp }o hjeocmnmop `m hdohmvp negm}r mo

Ireohm5/ Hmppm ydl}pkdo pekp mo relkp mopenm `mv}kx `g `m odnbrm}xmx eoomx/Nekx hm nd}ymnmop xmxp ehhlr hmx `mrokmrx pmnvx/

Hdnnm èox `m odnbrm}z e}prmx `dnekomx, le Ireohm e mo miimp ldocpmnvx h}lpky }omhmrpekom drkckoelkp/ Hdoprekrmnmop odnbrm `m xmx verpmoekrmx, mllm oeyekp kokpkelmnmopvex rmpmo} lmzvrmxxkdo xh}rkp oepkdoelm , l}k vrireop hmllm `m ìmoxm cldbelm /Nekx hm `mrokmr hdohmvp e p mnvld{ ldrx `}om vrkd`m jkxpdrku}m verpkh}lkrm leC}mrrm irdk`m e} hd}rx `m leu}mllm le Ireohm `myekp iekrm iehm }om nmoehm vrkohkvelmexxmw hlekrmnmop k`mopkikm 7 leppeu}m nklkpekrm nexxkym `}o crd}vm `pepx *lm Vehpm`m Yerxdykm+ rkxu}eop `m nmpprm mo he}xm lmzkxpmohm nnm `} ve{x/

Mo relkp, lm hdohmvp `m ìmoxm cldbelm om i}p genekx yrkpeblmnmop evvlku}/ Xepre`}hpkdo e`nkokxprepkym mp dvrepkdoomllm oe p u}m verpkmllm mo creo`m verpkm `} iekp`m lebxmohm `m ydldop vdlkpku}m/ Ver ekllm}rx, hm he`rm vd}r le hdohmvpkdo `mxvdlkpku}mx `m ìmoxm mxp prx lercmnmop `mymo} koeèvp eymh le iko `m leiirdopmnmopbkvdlekrm/ Eymh le`dvpkdo `m lmzvrmxxkdo xh}rkp oepkdoelm , le Ireohm xmnblm `doheydkr moiko nd`kik xmx rirmohmx vd}r u}mllmx xdkmop nkm}z mo vjexm eymh lm hdopmzpmcdvdlkpku}m ehp}ml mp x}rpd}p lpep `mx nmoehmx e}zu}mllmx mllm `dkp iekrm iehm/ Nekx leidrnelkxepkdo `m hm hdohmvp xd}iirm mohdrm `}o ìkhkp `m rilmzkdo u}k `dkp prm hdnblvd}r u}m hm od}yme} he`rm v}kxxm prm yrkpeblmnmop dvrepdkrm/ X}rpd}p, nelcr lmxvrhdokxepkdox `} Lkyrm bleoh x}r le ìmoxm mp le xh}rkp oepkdoelm `m 266:, lmxhjeocmnmopx drceokxepkdoomlx mp h}lp}rmlx ko`kxvmoxeblmx xe nkxm mo }yrm om

xmnblmop vex mohdrm eydkr p vlmkomnmop relkxx/

Lm hdohmvp `m ìmoxm cldbelm, eohkmo xdhlm `mx vdlkpku}mx `mìmoxm

Lm hdohmvp `m ìmoxm rmoydkm }om vdlkpku}m `m nd{mox exxmw hlekrmnmop k`mopkikeblm/Kl mxp celmnmop lk }o moxmnblm `m nd`mx èhpkdo mp `m vrepku}mx e} xmrykhm`dbgmhpkix ìkokx ver lm vdlkpku}m u}k xdop vrkohkvelmnmop, èox lm he`rm pepku}m,nklkpekrmx/

Lmzvrmxxkdo ìmoxm oepkdoelm mxp evver}m mo Ireohm le iko `} ZKZnm xkhlm/Kokpkelmnmop, kl xeckxxekp `}om odpkdo u}exk mzhl}xkymnmop nklkpekrm/ Mo miimp, leìmoxm oepkdoelm hdoxkxpekp eyeop pd}p vrvermr mp nmomr le c}mrrm, ndbklkxmr lerxkxpeohm nklkpekrm `m lmoxmnblm `m le Oepkdo iehm le nmoehm ellmneo`m, u}k xpekp`g neprkelkxm mo 5:362/ Nekx hmppm ehhmvpkdo e ydl}/ Le ìkokpkdo xprkhpmnmopnklkpekrm xmxp vrdcrmxxkymnmop lerckm/ @}reop lmoprm.`m}z.c}mrrmx, nnm xk le ikoelkp`mnm}rekp `m vrvermr lm ve{x e} hdoilkp ern, le ìmoxm oepkdoelm e ekoxk kopcr

5@imoxm mp xh}rkp oepkdoelm/ Lm Lkyrm bleoh/ Verkx, D`klm Gehdb$Le @dh}nmopepkdo ireoekxm, 266:/2 Hjeopmbd}p B/,Ldrceokxepkdo corelm `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm mo Ireohm `mv}kx le iko `m le xmhdo`m c}mrrmndo`kelm, Verkx, LC@G, 5;93, vv/ 9.3/


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hmrpekomx `knmoxkdox hdodnku}mx mp ko`}xprkmllmx8/ Nekx hm i}p x}rpd}p evrx le@m}zknm C}mrrm ndo`kelm u}m xdo hjenv èvvlkhepkdo e p pmo`}/

LDr`dooeohm `m 5;=; e vmrnkx `m vrhkxmr hmppm hdohmvpkdo lerckm0/ Xdo erpkhlm 5

`doom }om ìkokpkdo rmlepkymnmop vrhkxm `m le odpkdo 7 le ìmoxm oepkdoelm e vd}rdbgmp èxx}rmr mo pd}p pmnvx, mo pd}pmx hkrhdoxpeohmx mp hdoprm pd}pmx lmx idrnmxècrmxxkdo, le xh}rkp mp lkopcrkp `} pmrrkpdkrm, ekoxk u}m le ykm `m le vdv}lepkdo /Hmllm.hk e p `hlkom hdnnm }o hdohmvp kopcreop `mx `knmoxkdox prx `kiirmopmx 7

Le ìmoxm ernm *d} nklkpekrm +, vrkohkvel lnmop `} `kxvdxkpki `mxe}ymcer`m `m le Oepkdo, kohdnbeop vrkohkvelmnmop e}z idrhmx nklkpekrmx 1

Le ìmoxm hkyklm , mxxmopkmllmnmop hjercm `m le vrdpmhpkdo `m le vdv}lepkdo,`} nekopkmo `m ldr`rm v}blkh mp `m le hdopko}kp `m lehpkdo `mx koxpkp}pkdox *moverpkh}lkmr `} cd}ymromnmop+ 1

Le ìmoxm hdodnku}m , `mxpkom exx}rmr, `x lm pmnvx `m vekz, le r`}hpkdo`mx y}lorebklkpx `} ve{x *ver mzmnvlm ver lm hdoprlm `mx preoximrpx `mpmhjodldckmx xmoxkblmx+ mp, mo pmnvx `m hrkxm, le bdoom elldhepkdo `mx rmxxd}rhmx 1

Le ìmoxm h}lp}rmllm , `myeop vmrnmpprm lm nekopkmo `m lmxvrkp hkyku}m mp lepreoxnkxxkdo mx yelm}rx rv}blkhekomx mp `ndhrepku}mx/

Lm hdoxpep e{eop c}k` le idrn}lepkdo `} hdohmvp `m ìmoxm oepkdoelm le iko `mxeoomx 5;=6 pekp `doh u}m le xh}rkp mp le xpebklkp `}o pep om `vmo`mop vexxm}lmnmop `m xmx idrhmx ernmx, nekx celmnmop `m xe vdlkhm, `m xe xpr}hp}repkdo xdhkelm,`m xdo x{xpnm `}hepki mp `m xdo nd`m `m idohpkdoomnmop vdlkpku}m mp xdhkel/ Eymh

lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=;, le ìmoxm mxp `mymo}m vmrneomopm *mllm omxp vl}x xm}lmnmop}om drceokxepkdo `} pmnvx `m c}mrrm+ mp cldbelm , vrmoeop mo hdnvpm lmx exvmhpxnklkpekrmx hdnnm odo.nklkpekrmx `m le vrdpmhpkdo `m le Oepkdo hdoprm lmx ecrmxxkdox/

@mx rmxvdoxebklkpx pjdrku}mnmop lercmnmop verpecmx

Le ìmoxm oepkdoelm `myekp vmrnmpprm `m iekrm iehm e}z nmoehmx kopmopkdoomllmx,mxxmopkml.lmnmop pepku}mx/ Xe hdohmvpkdo corelm xm yd}lekp hdjrmopm/ Le Hdoxpkp}pkdo`m le Ynm Rv}blku}m e ekoxk vdx lmx ido`mnmopx `}om drceokxepkdo xpr}hp}rm, vl}xverpkh}lkrmnmop ido`m x}r }o verpecm `mx rmxvdoxebklkpx moprm vl}xkm}rx e}pdrkpx 7

Lm vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m mxp lm cereop `m lko`vmoèohm oepkdoelm Qmp^ `mlkopcrkp `} pmrrkpdkrm *erpkhlm =+/ Kl mxp ver hdoxu}mop lm hjmi `mx ernmx / hm pkprm, kl vrxk`m lmx hdoxmklx mp lmx hdnkpx x}vrkm}rx `m le ìmoxmoepkdoelm *erpkhlm 5=+ mp odnnm e}z mnvldkx nklkpekrmx `m lpep *erpkhlm58+/

8 Le hrepkdo, mo 5;25, `}o Xmhrperkep corel vmrneomop `} Hdoxmkl x}vrkm}r `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm, ydhepkdo kopmrnkokxprkmllm, e neprkelkx hmppm ydldop `lerckr le ìkokpkdo `m le odpkdo `m ìmoxm oepkdoelm/X}r hmp drceokxnm, ydkr Knle{ P/ Vrmverkoc idr Pdpel Ser7 Pjm Hdoxmkl X}vrkm}r `m le @imoxm Oepkdoelm eoÌreohmx Ko`}xprkel eo` Mhdodnkh Vrmverepkdox idr Ser eipmr 5;5:, Ser ko Jkxpdr{, o 5=, geoykmr 266:, vv/ 08.35/0 Dr`dooeohm `} 3 geoykmr 5;=; vdrpeop drceokxepkdo corelm `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm/


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Lm Vrmnkmr nkokxprm mxp rmxvdoxeblm `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm *erpkhlm 25+/LDr`dooeohm `m 5;=; vrhkxm u} kl mzmrhm le `krmhpkdo corelm mp le`krmhpkdo nklkpekrm `m le ìmoxm / Kl mxp `doh hjerc `m nmpprm mo }yrm lmx`krmhpkymx corelmx vrkxmx ldrx `mx hdoxmklx mp hdnkpx `m ìmoxm/ Kl mxp

celmnmop rmxvdoxeblm `m le hddr`koepkdo kopmrnkokxprkmllm `mx vdlkpku}mx `mìmoxm/

Lm cd}ymromnmop hdo`}kp mp `pmrnkom le vdlkpku}m `m le oepkdo / Vd}r hmiekrm, kl `kxvdxm *+ `m le idrhm ernm *erpkhlm 26+/

Lm Verlmnmop ydpm le ldk mp ikzm lmx rclmx hdohmroeop lmx x}gpkdox knvdxmxver le ìmoxm oepkdoelm e}z hkpd{mox mo lm}r vmrxdoom mp mo lm}rx bkmox *erpkhlm80+, `m nnm u}kl `pmrnkom lmx vrkohkvmx idoènmope}z `m ldrceokxepkdocorelm `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm /

LDr`dooeohm `m 5;=; mxp ymo}m hdnvlpmr hmppm rverpkpkdo hdoxpkp}pkdoomllm `mxvrrdcepkymx/ Mllm e odpennmop vmrnkx `m vrhkxmr lmx epprkb}pkdox `m lmzh}pki èoxpd}x lmx `dnekomx `m le ìmoxm, le Hdoxpkp}pkdo hreop lmx vdxxkbklkpx `mhjmye}hjmnmopx, lmohjmyprmnmop `mx rmxvdoxebklkpx peop bkmo rmllm/ Hmrpekoxnmnbrmx `} cd}ymromnmop xm xdop ekoxk y}x hdoirmr `mx idohpkdox verpkh}lkrmx/ Lmnkokxprm `m le @imoxm mxp rmxvdoxeblm xd}x le}pdrkp `} Vrmnkmr nkokxprm `mlmzh}pkdo `m le vdlkpku}m nklkpekrm , lm nkokxprm `m lKoprkm}r vrverm mo

vmrneomohm mp nmp mo }yrm le ìmoxm hkyklm , mp lm nkokxprm mo hjercm `mx eiiekrmxhdodnku}mx drkmopm e}z ikox `m le ìmoxm lehpkdo `mx nkokxprmx rmxvdoxeblmx `m le

vrd`}hpkdo, `m le r}okdo mp `m l}pklkxepkdo `mx `kymrxmx hepcdrkmx `m rmxxd}rhmx ekoxku}m lenoecmnmop ko`}xprkml `} pmrrkpdkrm /

Nekx vd}r pre`}krm lm hdohmvp `m ìmoxm cldbel, lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=; e x}rpd}p rmo`}hjeu}m nkokxprm rmxvdoxeblm `m lmzh}pkdo `mx nmx}rmx kohdnbeop xmx xmrykhmx/ H#mxple rekxdo vd}r leu}mllm i}rmop odpennmop hrx `mx vdxpmx `m Je}p idohpkdooekrm `mìmoxm *JI@+, hjercx `m vrvermr, `x lm pmnvx `m vekz, lmx nmx}rmx vrdvrmx exx}rmrle hdopko}kp `m l#e`nkokxprepkdo mp }om xh}rkp dvpknelm mo hex `m c}mrrm/ @eox hjeu}mnkokxprm, klx pekmop vl}x verpkh}lkrmnmop rmxvdoxeblmx `m hddr`doomr le vrverepkdo`mx nmx}rmx `m ìmoxm *odpennmop lmx vleox `m ìmoxm+ mp èxx}rmr u}m lmx hdo`kpkdox`m le vrdpmhpkdo `} xmhrmp pekmop miimhpkymx/ @eox lm he`rm `m lm}rx ehpkykpx, klx eyekmopodrnelmnmop e}pdrkp x}r lmoxmnblm `mx xmrykhmx `m lm}r nkokxprm `m reppehjmnmop=/ Klrmymoekp `doh hjeu}m nmnbrm `} cd}ymromnmop `m nmpprm `kxvdxkpkdo `} Je}p

idohpkdooekrm `m xdo nkokxprm lmx nd{mox mo vmrxdooml mp mo neprkml vd}r u}mlmoxmnblm `mx nmx}rmx hdohmroeop lmx vdlkpku}mx `m ìmoxm v}kxxm prm evvlku}/

@m vl}x, vd}r ykpmr }o prdv creo` hldkxdoomnmop moprm lmx `kiirmopx ehpm}rx `mxvdlkpku}mx `m ìmoxm, vl}xkm}rx drceomx i}rmop hrx/ Lm Hdoxmkl `m ìmoxm *d} Hdnkp `m ìmoxm èox lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=;+, xpr}hp}rm kopmrnkokxprkmllm vlehmxd}x le vrxk`mohm `} hjmi `m lpep, i}p odpennmop hdo} vd}r `pmrnkomr lmx creo`mxlkcomx `m le vdlkpku}m oepkdoelm `m ìmoxm/ Vl}x mohdrm, le hrepkdo `} Xmhrperkepcorel `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm *XC@O+ neprkelkxe lm herehprm kopmrnkokxprkml `m le

= verpkr `m 5;:9, klx i}rmop celmnmop mo hjercm `m le xh}rkp `mx x{xpnmx `koidrnepkdo *@hrmp o:9.009 `}50 nerx 5;:9+/


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I D O @ E P K D O vd}r le R M H J M R H J M X P R E P C K U ] M :

ìmoxm cldbelm9/ Hmppm xpr}hp}rm hdoxpkp}ekp }o drceom vmrneomop `m hdoxmkl mp`mzh}pkdo `myeop vmrnmpprm e} Vrmnkmr nkokxprm, e}vrx `}u}ml kl pekp vleh, `mzmrhmrxmx rmxvdoxebklkpx mo nepkrm `m `krmhpkdo corelm `m le ìmoxm/ Lm XC@O e ekoxkhdoprkb} llebdrepkdo `mx vdlkpku}mx èox lm `dnekom, mo exx}reop odpennmop lm

xmhrperkep `mx `kiirmopx hdoxmklx mp hdnkpx `m ìmoxm mp mo gd}eop }o rlm `mhddr`koepkdo kopmrnkokxprkmllm ver lm bkekx `mx Je}px idohpkdooekrmx eppehjx hjeu}mnkokxprm3/

Hdnnm xdo u}elkikhepki lko`ku}m, le ìmoxm cldbelm pekp `doh }o hdohmvp vmrnmppeop lenkxm mo rmlepkdo `m `dnekomx prx `kiirmopx `m lehpkdo v}blku}m mp èhpm}rx n}lpkvlmx,mo lkeop `m odnbrm}z he`rmx e`nkokxprepkix, èox }om ikoelkp `m vrdpmhpkdo nklkpekrm `m leOepkdo/

Levvlkhepkdo verpkmllm `} hdohmvp `m ìmoxm cldbelm

Bkmo u}m l`kikhm vdlkpku}m mp e`nkokxprepki nkx mo vlehm ver le hdoxpkp}pkdo `m le YnmRv}blku}m mp lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=; ekp p hdnvlmzm, lmx rmxvdoxebklkpx `mxvrkohkve}z ehpm}rx hdohmrox ver lmx vdlkpku}mx `m ìmoxm eyekmop p vrhkxmx ver lmx`m}z pmzpmx/ Pd}pmidkx, `kiirmopx lnmopx mzvlku}mop u}m le nkxm mo }yrm `} hdohmvp`m ìmoxm cldbelm ekp p kohdnvlpm 7

Le hdohmoprepkdo `mx rmxvdoxebklkpx mo nepkrm `m ìmoxm mp `m vdlkpku}mpreocrm moprm lmx nekox `} vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m 7

Pd}p èbdr`, le vrnkomohm `m lmzh}pki x}r lm lckxlepki xmxp revk`mnmop eiikrn/X}rpd}p, e} xmko `m lmzh}pki, lmx rmxvdoxebklkpx xm xdop exxmw lercmnmop `vlehmx `m

Nepkcodo ymrx ll{xm èox }o nd}ymnmop vd}rpeop lercmnmop mo hdopre`khpkdo leHdoxpkp}pkdo mp lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=;:/ Hmx ydl}pkdox xmzvlku}mop odpennmop ver levmrxdooelkp `m Hjerlmx `m Ce}llm, nekx celmnmop ver lmx hkrhdoxpeohmx e{eopehhdnveco le oekxxeohm `m le Ynm Rv}blku}m *le hrkxm elcrkmoom `m 5;=:+/ Mllmx xdope}xxk kopknmnmop lkmx le lckpknkp od}ymllm `} hjmi `m lpep om `m xdo lmhpkdo e}x}iirecm }okymrxml krmhp/

Mo nepkrm `m ìmoxm mp `m vdlkpku}m preocrm, lm vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m mxp ekoxk`mymo} lm vrkohkvel `hk`m}r/ Hmx `m}z hepcdrkmx `m vdlkpku}mx v}blku}mx xdop mo miimphdo}mx hdnnm iekxeop verpkm xmldo lmzvrmxxkdo `m Gehu}mx Hjebeo.@mlnex `}

9 @hrmp o 92.:6: `} 5: g}kllmp 5;92 rmlepki ldrceokxepkdo `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm/3 Le hrepkdo `} XC@O eyekp odpennmop vmrnkx `m xhko`mr `m}z hdnvpmohmx exx}rmx le Lkbrepkdo ver }omxm}lm mopkp, lpep.negdr corel `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm 7 le vleokikhepkdo dvrepkdoomllm nklkpekrm mp lehddr`koepkdo `mx vdlkpku}mx `m ìmoxm/ Le vrmnkrm mxp rmymo}m }o pep.negdr `mx idrhmx ernmx rmlmyeop `}nkokxprm `m le @imoxm, eldrx u}m le xmhdo`m e p vrkxm mo hjercm ver lm Xmhrperkep corel/: Ykml N/ P/, Le rverpkpkdo `mx hdnvpmohmx mo nepkrm nklkpekrm moprm lm verlmnmop, lm vrxk`mop `m lerv}blku}m mp lm vrmnkmr nkokxprm , Rmy}m `m @rdkp V}blkhmp `m le xhkmohm vdlkpku}m mo Ireohm mp lpreocmr,o 5, geoykmr.iyrkmr 5;;8, vv/ 505.5;=/

Lerpkhlm 5585.5 `} Hd`m `m le ìmoxm vrhkxm odpennmop u}m Lm Vrmnkmr nkokxprm rmxvdoxeblm `m le ìmoxmoepkdoelm, mzmrhm le `krmhpkdo corelm mp le `krmhpkdo nklkpekrm `m le ìmoxm/ hm pkprm, kl idrn}lm lmx `krmhpkymx

corelmx vd}r lmx ocdhkepkdox hdohmroeop le ìmoxm mp x}kp lm `ymldvvmnmop `m hmx ocdhkepkdox/ Kl `hk`m `mle vrverepkdo mp `m le hdo`}kpm x}vrkm}rm `mx dvrepkdox mp exx}rm le hddr`koepkdo `m l#ehpkykp mo nepkrm `mìmoxm `m l#moxmnblm `mx `verpmnmopx nkokxprkmlx /


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I D O @ E P K D O vd}r le R M H J M R H J M X P R E P C K U ] M ;

`dnekom rxmry `m ljpm `m ll{xm/ Lmx hdnvpmohmx verpkh}lkrmx rmhdoo}mx verl}xecm e} vrxk`mop xm xdop vmrvp}mx xd}x pd}x lmx x}hhmxxm}rx `} corel `m Ce}llm;/

Le vrnkomohm vrxk`mopkmllm evverep odpennmop eymh idrhm èox lm `dnekom

o}hlekrm/ G}rk`ku}mnmop, lm pkprm `m hjmi `mx ernmx oe vd}rpeop genekx `pmrnkolmx epprkb}pkdox `m hml}k u}k lm vdrpm mo nepkrm nklkpekrm/ Kl i}p nnm hdo} mo hmrpekomxvdu}mx hdnnm }om `kcokp `dr`rm vrdpdhdlekrm, xmryeop neru}mr èox le pre`kpkdorv}blkhekom vrdvrm le Ireohm le x}gpkdo `m lkoxpkp}pkdo nklkpekrm e} vd}ydkr hkykl/Le Hdoxpkp}pkdo, mo vrhkxeop u}m lm cd}ymromnmop `kxvdxm `m le idrhm ernm mp u}m lmVrmnkmr nkokxprm mxp rmxvdoxeblm `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm, xmnblm vl}pp iekrm `m hm`mrokmr lm `pmopm}r lckpknm `mx hevehkpx `d}ymrp}rm `} im} o}hlekrm / Vd}rpeop,`x 5;90, hmppm vrrdcepkym e p epprkb}m e} hjmi `m lpep56/ E}h}o `mx Vrmnkmrxnkokxprmx `m le Ynm Rv}blku}m oe nkx mo he}xm hm hjdkz55/

hmppm hmoprelkxepkdo `mx vd}ydkrx mo nepkrm `m ìmoxm mp `m `kvldnepkm e} vl}x je}p

okyme} `m lpep, xmxp egd}p }o rmoidrhmnmop `mx vrrdcepkymx `} nkokxprm `m le@imoxm/ @x 5;92, }o `hrmp eyekp vmrnkx `m preoxirmr hmrpekox `mx vd}ydkrx nklkpekrmx`} hjmi `} cd}ymromnmop e} nkokxprm `mx Ernmx, }oku}mnmop rmxvdoxeblm `myeop lmvrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m mp hjerc `mzh}pmr lmx `hkxkdox errpmx ver l}k mo Hdoxmkl`m ìmoxm52/ U}mlu}mx eoomx vl}x per`, Cmdrcmx Vdnvk`d}, vmkom mopr lMl{xm,ehhè e}z `mneo`mx idrn}lmx ver Nkhjml @mbr `}om `lcepkdo è}prmxhdnvpmohmx `m Nepkcodo e} vrdikp `} nkokxprm hjerc `mx ernmx/ Hm `mrokmr vrkpèkllm}rx levvmllepkdo `m nkokxprm hjerc `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm ldrxu}m @mbrdbpkop lm vdxpm hmppm èpm/ Hm hjeocmnmop `m xneopku}m neru}ekp bkmo lknvdrpeohmvrkxm ver lm nkokxprm èox lm `kxvdxkpki vdlkpku}m mp e`nkokxprepki `m nkxm mo }yrm `m leìmoxm cldbelm/

; Xm}lmx lmx vrkd`mx `m hdjebkpepkdo xmnblmop eydkr p neru}mx ver }o verpecm `mx rmxvdoxebklkpx moprmvrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m, Vrmnkmr nkokxprm mp cd}ymromnmop vl}x hdoidrnm e} pmzpm hdoxpkp}pkdooml/ Vd}r }omeoel{xm `m le hdjebkpepkdo Gehu}mx Hjkreh . Lkdoml Gdxvko, ydkr ver mzmnvlm Ce}pkmr L/, Le ìmoxm `m le Ireohmevrx le c}mrrm irdk`m, Verkx, V]I, 266;, vv/ ==.=9/56 Lm `hrmp o 90.09 `} 50 geoykmr 5;90 rmlepki e}z idrhmx erkmoomx xprepcku}mx ydu}ekp, èox xdo erpkhlm =, ldr`rm `mocecmnmop `} vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m, vrxk`mop `} Hdoxmkl `m ìmoxm mp hjmi `mx ernmx /

Hm pmzpm e p ebrdc mp rmnvleh ver }o `hrmp `m 5;;9, u}k epprkb}ekp hlekrmnmop ldr`rm `mocecmnmop e} hjmi`m lpep *`hrmp o ;9.=26 `} 52 g}ko 5;;9 vdrpeop `pmrnkoepkdo `mx rmxvdoxebklkpx hdohmroeop lmx idrhmxo}hlekrmx+/ ]o od}yme} mxp ymo} nd`kikmr lm Hd`m `m le ìmoxm mo 266; *`hrmp o 266;.555: `} 53 xmvpmnbrm

266; rmlepki e} hdoprlm cd}ymromnmopel `m le `kxx}exkdo o}hlekrm+/ Lerpkhlm R/ 5055.3 `m hm `mrokmr xpkv}lm`xdrnekx u}m Lm hdoprlm cd}ymromnmopel `m le `kxx}exkdo o}hlekrm mxp hdoxpkp} `m l#moxmnblm `mx nmx}rmx,vrdpcmx ver lm xmhrmp `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm, u}k dop vd}r ikoelkp `m cereopkr e} Vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}mu}#kl `kxvdxm mo pd}pmx hkrhdoxpeohmx `mx nd{mox `m le `kxx}exkdo o}hlekrm/ Hmppm nkxxkdo mxp hdoikm e} Vrmnkmrnkokxprm u}k mo mxp cereop `myeop lm Vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m / Kl peblkp `doh hlekrmnmop le x}bdr`koepkdo `}Vrmnkmr nkokxprm e} hjmi `m lpep èox lm `dnekom o}hlekrm/55 Le u}mxpkdo `m le rverpkpkdo `mx vrrdcepkymx èox hm `dnekom je}pmnmop xmoxkblm e pd}pmidkx x}xhkp `mx`bepx g}rk`ku}mx/ Xk le vrkne}p vrxk`mopkmllm e p hdoikrnm, odpennmop ver lm `hrmp `m 5;;9, kl hdoykmop `mvrhkxmr u}mllm oe genekx p hdoxpkp}pkdooelkxm/

X}r hmx `bepx g}rk`ku}mx, u}k xdop revver}x mo `kiirmopmx vdu}mx, ydkr Hjeopmbd}p B/, Le `kxx}exkdoo}hlekrm mp lm vd}ydkr vrxk`mopkml , Vd}ydkrx, o 8:, 5;:9, vv/ 25.82 1 Henb{ G/.V/, ]o od}yme} `hrmp x}rlmocecmnmop `mx idrhmx o}hlekrmx ,Rmy}m `m @rdkp V}blkhmp `m le xhkmohm vdlkpku}m mo Ireohm mp lpreocmr,o 5, xmvpmnbrm.dhpdbrm 5;;9, vv/ 5283.5205 mp H}nko @/, Lernm o}hlekrm ireoekxm `myeop lm `rdkpkopmroepkdoel mp lm `rdkp hdoxpkp}pkdooml, HLMXK@ ]okymrxkp Gmeo Nd}lko L{do 8, 266= *2666+/52 @hrmp o 92.:6: `} 5: g}kllmp 5;92 rmlepki ldrceokxepkdo `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm/


10/27




Le iekblm knvlkhepkdo `m hmrpekox nkokxprmx èox lmx vdlkpku}mx `m ìmoxm

Levvlkhepkdo `} hdohmvp `m ìmoxm cldbelm `myekp odrnelmnmop prm verpecm verlmoxmnblm `mx nkokxprmx/ @eox le vrepku}m, mllm om lm i}p genekx/ Ekoxk, le ìmoxm

nklkpekrm i}p l}oku}m `knmoxkdo `m le ìmoxm cldbelm iekrm ldbgmp `drkmopepkdoxidrnmllmnmop mzvdxmx, mo verpkh}lkmr e} preymrx `mxLkyrmx bleohx *5;32 v}kx 5;;0+ mp,èox }om ndko`rm nmx}rm, `mx Ldkx `m vrdcrennepkdo nklkpekrm *LVN+ x}hhmxxkymx/ Vl}xcldbelmnmop, lmx nkokxprmx `m le @imoxm, `mx Eiiekrmx preocrmx mp `m lKoprkm}r dopp lmx xm}lx evvlku}mr veridkx verpkmllmnmop lm hdohmvp/

Lmx `kiikh}lpx dop vl}x verpkh}lkrmnmop hdohmro le nkxm mo }yrm `m le ìmoxmhdodnku}m/ Nelcr u}mlu}mx kokpkepkymx e} `b}p `mx eoomx 5;96, mllm xmxp prxrevk`mnmop pkdlm/ Lm yk`m hr ver lebxmohm `m rmllm ydldop nkokxprkmllm e ebd}pk lmzkxpmohm `}o `xu}klkbrm vernk lmx exvmhpx odo nklkpekrmx `m le ìmoxm cldbelm 7xm}lmx lmx vrdhh}vepkdox `dr`rm v}blkh mp `m vrdpmhpkdo `mx vdv}lepkdox, rmlmyeop

mxxmopkmllmnmop `} nkokxprm `m lKoprkm}r, pekmop prekpmx/ @mx miidrpx dop p moprmvrkx verpkr `m 5;:9/ Nekx hm om i}p u}mo 2662 u}}om hkrh}lekrm `} nkokxprm `mlhdodnkm mp `mx Ikoeohmx mxp ymo}m yrkpeblmnmop vdxmr lmx bexmx `m le ìmoxmhdodnku}m, xdkp 08 eox evrx le`dvpkdo `m lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=;, u}k mo eyekpvd}rpeop iekp }om `knmoxkdo `m le ìmoxm cldbelm58/ G}xu} hmppm èpm, mp nelcr lmx`kxhd}rx diikhkmlx, mllm om}p e}h}om e}pdodnkm rmllm ykx..ykx `m le ìmoxm nklkpekrm, e}xmrykhm `m leu}mllm mllm `mnm}rekp lkm/

]om kopmr.nkokxprkelkxepkdo lknkpm `mx vdlkpku}mx `m ìmoxm

Lm XC@O e prx revk`mnmop xd}iimrp `}o hmrpeko odnbrm `m ìe}px u}k dop gd} x}r xehevehkp knvdxmr }om yrkpeblm `knmoxkdo kopmrnkokxprkmllm le ìmoxm cldbelm/ @eox}o revvdrp `m 5;;3, lm Xoepm}r Ndrmkcom e ekoxk vrdvdx }om ykxkdo hdoprexpm `mlydl}pkdo `} Xmhrperkep corel50/ Kl hdoxpepekp odpennmop u}eyeop xe ridrnm,relkxm mo 5;;=.5;;9, lm XC@O e hdoo} eymh lm pmnvx }om hmrpekom "`rkymb}rme}hrepku}m"/ Kl pekp ekoxk `mymo} }om e`nkokxprepkdo `mzvmrpkxm verelllm, ydkrmnnm `m cmxpkdo u}exk e}pdodnm, hm u}k pekp ldko `prm xe ydhepkdo kokpkelm, mohdoh}rrmohm eymh lmx nkokxprmx Q^ vd}r lmxu}mlx kl `myekp vl}pp prm }o lkmo mp }ond{mo `m hddr`koepkdo /

D}prm hmppm vrkxm `m `kxpeohm ver revvdrp e}z e}prmx xpr}hp}rmx mo hjercm `m le ìmoxmcldbelm, lm XC@O e xmnblm.p.kl neou} `m nd{mox, eldrx nnm u}m xdo rlm `mxmhrperkep kopmrnkokxprkml l}k knvdxekp `m rmo`rm hdnvpm `mx `dxxkmrx u}kl prekpekp e}Vrmnkmr nkokxprm nekx celmnmop e} vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m/ Hm neou}m *d} vl}pphmppm ne}yekxm elldhepkdo `mx nd{mox+ mzvlku}ekp odpennmop u}kl oekp vex pvlmkomnmop heveblm èxx}nmr xmx vrrdcepkymx èox lmx eiiekrmx odo nklkpekrmx *ymkllm

58 Le hkrh}lekrm `} 50 iyrkmr 2662 vrhkxm u}m ver ìmoxm hdodnku}m, do mopmo` lmx ehpmx mp kokpkepkymx vrkxver le v}kxxeohm v}blku}m, `}om verp, vd}r vrdpcmr mp ìmo`rm lhdodnkm mp lmx moprmvrkxmx `mx eppmkopmx `mpd}pm oep}rm mp, è}prm verp, vd}r x}bymokr e}z bmxdkox `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm / Lm pmzpm `kxpkoc}m `m}zhdnvdxeopmx 7 le ìmoxm hdodnku}m rcelkmoom , u}k ymkllm e} idohpkdoomnmop corel `m lhdodnkm, pkprmvrymopki d} h}repki, mp le ìmoxm hdodnku}m verpmoerkelm `m lpep xprepcm mp verpmoekrm , `krkcm ymrx lmxmoprmvrkxmx mp rmlepkym le ìmoxm, le xh}rkp mp lkopmllkcmohm hdodnku}m/50

Hdnnkxxkdo `mx Ikoeohmx, `} Hdoprlm b}`cpekrm mp `mx hdnvpmx hdodnku}mx `m le oepkdo Revvdrp corel. Pdnm KKK Vrdgmp `m Ldk `m ikoeohmx vd}r 5;;: e`dvp ver lExxmnblm oepkdoelm, Eoomzm 89 Xmhrperkepcorel `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm Hjevkprm 2/


11/27




pmhjodldcku}m, ìmoxm hkyklm mp hddr`koepkdo `} rmoxmkcomnmop+, mo verpkh}lkmr `m nmomr}om rilmzkdo vrdxvmhpkym eox lmx `dnekomx hdo}x hdnnm xprepcku}mx/

Nekx e} lkm} `m nd`kikmr lmx lkmox u}moprmpmoekmop lm XC@O mp lmx nkokxprmx, mp x}rpd}p

`m nkm}z rverpkr xmx rmxxd}rhmx j}nekomx, kl i}p `hk` mo 5;;=.5;;9 `m lm rmhmoprmr x}r xmx nkxxkdox èxxkxpeohm e} Vrmnkmr nkokxprm mp `m xmhrperkep kopmrnkokxprkml/ Xmxmiimhpkix i}rmop ekoxk xmoxkblmnmop `knko}x/ Eoel{xeop lmx vrmnkmrx miimpx `m hmppmridrnm, lm Xoepm}r Ndrmkcom hdoxpepekp u}m, xk ldrceokxepkdo kopmrom `} Xmhrperkepcorel pekp vl}x hlekrm mp miikhehm, xe hevehkp xknvdxmr hdnnm lm vkydpkopmrnkokxprkml `mx vdlkpku}mx `m ìmoxm om xpekp vex rmoidrhm/ E} hdoprekrm, xeverpkhkvepkdo e}z creo`x `dxxkmrx `} nklkm} `mx eoomx 5;;6 *ridrnm `} xmrykhmoepkdoel, rmxpr}hp}repkdo `mx ko`}xprkmx èrnmnmop,+ eyekp p e} nkm}z `kxhdopko}m/@eox hmrpekox hex, lmx erbkprecmx eyekmop nnm p relkxx xeox u}kl xdkp rmllmnmopknvlku}/ @eox }om prx lercm nmx}rm, hmppm xkp}epkdo xmxp vrdldocm e}.`ml `mx eoomx5;;6/

@x le iko `mx eoomx 5;96, Hjeopmbd}p iekxekp `g pep `m `kiirmopmx hermohmx èoxlevvlkhepkdo `} hdohmvp `m ìmoxm vrdvdx ver lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=;5=/ Hdoxpepeopu}}om ehhmvpkdo prdv lercm mo eyekp p `doom mp u}mllm eyekp ikok ver ikcmr lmxpre`kpkdox mp lmx vrepku}mx mzkxpeopmx , kl eyekp nnm vrir lm rmìkokr `m neokrm bkmovl}x rmxprkhpkym mp hlexxku}m/ Vd}r l}k, le odpkdo `m ìmoxm oepkdoelm xm rx}nekp ekoxk lmoxmnblm `mx ehpkykpx u}k dop vd}r dbgmp vrkohkvel lehhrdkxxmnmop `} vdpmopkmlnklkpekrm `m le oepkdo d} `m xe hevehkp `m rxkxpeohm }om ehpkdo ernm hdoprm mllm 59/

Mo 5;;0, Ser}ximl rmvrmoekp lm hdoxpep53/ Xdo eoel{xm vmrnmppekp `m hdoxpepmr u}m lmxhjdxmx eyekmop rmlepkymnmop vm} ydl} `mv}kx lmx eoomx 5;96 7 Hmppm ìkokpkdo Qhmllm

`m Hjeopmbd}p^ ye hmrpmx lmohdoprm `m leoel{xm pre`kpkdoomllm xmldo leu}mllm leìmoxm oepkdoelm xmrekp `mv}kx 5;=; pdpelmnmop cldbelm mp kopmrnkokxprkmllm/ Nekx mllme, xmldo od}x, leyeopecm `m bkmo rmo`rm hdnvpm `m le relkp e`nkokxprepkym mpkoxpkp}pkdoomllm, pmllm u}m od}x leydox rx}nm vl}x je}p 7 xm}lx dop p rmllmnmop`ymldvvx `mv}kx 5;=;, lmx d}pklx nklkpekrmx m}z.nnmx *idrhmx hdoymopkdoomllmx mpo}hlekrmx, rxmrymx, xpep}p `mx nklkpekrmx+ mp lmx nd{mox odo nklkpekrmx `krmhpmnmop}pklmx le nkxm mo }yrm `mx idrhmx *ndbklkxepkdo ko`}xprkmllm, vleox `m hrkxm mo hex `mhdoilkp, ìmoxm dvrepkdoomllm `} pmrrkpdkrm+/ E}.`ml, lm cd}ymromnmop mp lm lckxlepm}rdop pd}gd}rx rmh}l `myeop le pmopepkdo `peblkr `m yrkpeblmx `kxvdxkpkix `m ìmoxmhkyklm mp hdodnku}m `krmhpmnmop rmlkx ldr`dooeohm `m 5;=; Q^ 5:/

Moiko, vl}x rhmnnmop, le Hdnnkxxkdo hjercm `m le rèhpkdo `} Lkyrm bleoh x}r leìmoxm mp le xh}rkp oepkdoelm e `b}p xmx preye}z ver }om rilmzkdo eoeldc}m/ Hdnnmlko`ku}ekp Gmeo.Hle}`m Nellmp, xdo vrxk`mop, Od}x ykykdox `mv}kx ldocpmnvx x}r }om`nerhjm ido`m x}r lm hdohmvp `m ìmoxm cldbelm/ Dr od}x hdooekxxdox lm x}hhx u}mhmppm `nerhjm e m} mo `mjdrx `} nkokxprm `m le @imoxm/ Lm Xmhrperkep corel `m leìmoxm oepkdoelm hdnnm lmx Je}px idohpkdooekrmx `m ìmoxm xdop pndkox u}m, `mv}kx

5= Hjeopmbd}p B/,Ldrceokxepkdo corelm `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm mo Ireohm `mv}kx le iko `m le xmhdo`m c}mrrmndo`kelm, dv/hkp/, vv/ 2=.29/59Kbk`/, v/ 2:/53 Ser}ximl B/, Lmx odpkdox `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp mo `rdkp ireoekx , @rdkp ) @imoxm, o ;0 *0+, dhpdbrm5;;0/5:Kbk`/, v/ 5=/


12/27




ldocpmnvx, mllm e u}kpp lmx rkymx `m le relkp e`nkokxprepkym, vdlkpku}m mpdvrepkdoomllm 5;/

Hmx prdkx eoel{xmx prx xmnbleblmx x}r lm ido` vmrnmppmop `m hdoxpepmr u}ml vdkop lm

`helecm e p knvdrpeop, e} hd}rx `mx =6 eoomx `mnvldk `} hdohmvp `m ìmoxmcldbelm, moprm le pjdrkm idrn}lm ver lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=; mp le vrepku}m/ Mllmxxmnblmop ikoelmnmop hlekrmnmop ko`ku}mr u}m hm hdohmvp xvhkikhkp ireoekxm oe

genekx p rmllmnmop evvlku}/

]om koeèvpepkdo `m vl}x mo vl}x neru} `} hdohmvp lydl}pkdo`mx nmoehmx

@mv}kx lhlepmnmop `m l]RXX mp le `kxverkpkdo `} Vehpm `m Yerxdykm, le Ireohm omhdooep vl}x `m nmoehm nklkpekrm `krmhpm vrdzknkp `m xmx irdopkrmx/ Hm hdoxpep, `gidrn}l èox lmLkyrm bleoh x}r le ìmoxm `m 5;;0, e p rmvrkx èox hml}k `m 266:/ Dr

`mv}kx 5;=;, le ìmoxm cldbelm eyekp mxxmopkmllmnmop p hdo}m vd}r exx}rmr lexe}ymcer`m `} pmrrkpdkrm `}om ecrmxxkdo mzprkm}rm mp vrxmrymr lm idohpkdoomnmop `mxkoxpkp}pkdox mo hex `koyexkdo nklkpekrm/ @mv}kx lm `b}p `mx eoomx 5;;6, mllm xmnblekp`doh rmlepkymnmop koeèvpm, hdnnm leyekmop èkllm}rx hdoxpep hmrpekox e}pm}rx26/

Vl}x lercmnmop, lmx rkxu}mx mp nmoehmx e}zu}mlx le Ireohm `dkp iekrm iehm dop ydl}/ LmLkyrm bleoh x}r le ìmoxm mp le xh}rkp oepkdoelm `m 266: mo iekp èkllm}rx }omvrxmopepkdo rmlepkymnmop hdnvlpm/ Kl xeckp odpennmop `m lnmrcmohm d} `mleiikrnepkdo `m v}kxxeohmx mo verpkh}lkmr rckdoelmx x}xhmvpkblmx `m `xpebklkxmr }omverpkm `} ndo`m mp `mx vrdblnmx moykrdoomnmope}z, corepm}rx ènvlkikhepkdox `mxil}z nkcrepdkrmx/ @e}prmx rkxu}mx mp nmoehmx xdop evver}x d} xm xdop vrdcrmxxkymnmop

hdoikrnx, hdnnm le r}vp}rm `m lehhx hmrpekomx rmxxd}rhmx omrcpku}mx, levrdlkirepkdo `mx ernmx `m `mxpr}hpkdo nexxkym mp `mx hevehkpx belkxpku}mx, lm pmrrdrkxnmmp lmx eppeu}mx koidrnepku}mx/

@m odnbrm}z e}pm}rx xdop `doh `xdrnekx hdoyekoh}x u}m hmrpekomx `mx npjd`mx `mxecrmxxm}rx vdpmopkmlx, lmx hjeocmnmopx `mx p{vmx ècrmxxkdox *hdnnm lmx eppeu}mxkoidrnepku}mx+, lm iekp u}m lmx vdv}lepkdox xdop xd}ymop èyeopecm ykxmx u}m lmxevvermklx nklkpekrmx d} lmx xpr}hp}rmx `m lpep mzvlku}mop u}m lmx irdopkrmx moprm xh}rkpkoprkm}rm mp mzprkm}rm xdop brd}kllmx/ Hmppm xkp}epkdo mxp bkmo yk`mnnmop rmoidrhmver le cldbelkxepkdo, u}k xm herehprkxm ver }om ehhmop}epkdo `mx hjeocmx moprm lmxxdhkpx25/ Vd}r l}ppmr hdoprm }om verpkm `m hmx nmoehmx, mo verpkh}lkmr lm pmrrdrkxnm, kl

mxp mxxmopkml `m vd}ydkr r}okr lmx `kiirmopmx `knmoxkdox `m le xh}rkp èox }om nnmevvrdhjm mp `doh `m `vexxmr le `kxpkohpkdo moprm xh}rkpx koprkm}rm mp mzprkm}rm/

5; Idoèpkdo vd}r le rmhjmrhjm xprepcku}m, Ehpmx `m le gd}rom `p}`mx `} 53 xmvpmnbrm 266: Lm Lkyrm bleohx}r le ìmoxm mp le xh}rkp oepkdoelm 7 mp evrx 4 , v/ 9/26 Ser}ximl B/, Lmx odpkdox `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp mo `rdkp ireoekx , dv/ hkp/25 Hdnnm hlekrmnmop ko`ku} ver lm Corel èrnm Cmdrcmlko, Hjmi `pep.negdr `mx ernmx mo 266: 7 Lendo`kelkxepkdo xm pre`}kp ver }om ehhlrepkdo `mx hjeocmx, lebdlkpkdo `mx `kxpeohmx mp `doh }om vl}x creo`m

`vmoèohm `m odx pepx e}z rkxu}mx `m r}vp}rm xprepcku}m, u}mllm u}mo xdkp le oep}rm/ Mo hmle, mllm ehhmop}modx y}lorebklkpx, pd}p mo rmoidreop le ldcku}m èvvrdhjm cldbelm `mx hrkxmx *@imoxm ) Xprepckm, Ehpmx `}hdlldu}m `mx 58 mp 50 dhpdbrm 266: Le od}ymllm vdlkpku}m `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm , v/ 22+/


13/27




]o `helecm ver revvdrp e} lmzku}m `m odx verpmoekrmxmp `mx koxpkp}pkdox kopmroepkdoelmx

Le ìmoxm oe genekx p }om odpkdo yrkpeblmnmop kopcrm e} `rdkp kopmroepkdoel

v}blkh/ Hdoprekrmnmop le xh}rkp mp xmx `rkyx * xh}rkp v}blku}m , xh}rkpoepkdoelm ,+, mnvld{x `m neokrm x{xpnepku}m, mllm mxp mo miimp prx vm} vrxmopmèox lm ydheb}lekrm g}rk`ku}m kopmroepkdoel/ Le Hjerpm `mx Oepkdox ]okmx mnvldkm vermzmnvlm `m odnbrm}xmx rmvrkxmx lmzvrmxxkdo xh}rkp kopmroepkdoelm 22, eldrxu}mllm om iekp rirmohm le ìmoxm u}mo }om xm}lm dhhexkdo28/ Rmhdooekxxeop lm `rdkpoep}rml le lckpknm ìmoxm, mllm lknkpm èkllm}rx le xkcokikhepkdo `m le ìmoxm }omrvdoxm ìmoxkym vdohp}mllm }om ecrmxxkdo ernm, hdoireop le odpkdo }om ìkokpkdormlepkymnmop prdkpm/

Mo `rdkp m}rdvmo mp hdnn}oe}pekrm, hmxp celmnmop le odpkdo `m xh}rkp u}k evrkohkvelmnmop p rmpmo}m, hdnnm ver mzmnvlm èox lm Prekp `m Rdnm d} le

Hdoymopkdo m}rdvmoom `mx `rdkpx `m lJdnnm `} 0 odymnbrm 5;=6/ Hmx `m}z pmzpmxhdoxk`rmop odpennmop u}m lmx dbgmhpkix `m xh}rkp g}xpkikmop }o hmrpeko odnbrm`mzhmvpkdox èox levvlkhepkdo `mx `rdkpx idoènmope}z d} `mx rclmx `} `rdkphdnn}oe}pekrm/ X}rpd}p, lm prekp `m Neexprkhjp hdoikrn ver lm Prekp `m Lkxbdoom peblkp prx hlekrmnmop le vrnkomohm `m le odpkdo `m xh}rkp x}r le vdlkpku}m `mìmoxm, u}k omxp u}m l}om `m xmx hdnvdxeopmx20/

Hmppm jkrerhjkm `mx rirmohmx, e`dvpm `mv}kx `m prx odnbrm}xmx eoomx ver }om prxcreo`m negdrkp `mx verpmoekrmx `m odprm ve{x, preohjekp eymh le hdohmvpkdo ireoekxmerpkh}lm e}pd}r `m le odpkdo `m ìmoxm cldbelm/

Le`dvpkdo `} hdohmvp `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm Vrx `m hkou}eopm eoomx `m c}mrrm irdk`m dop hdoprkb} xpr}hp}rmr le `kxpkohpkdomoprm xh}rkp mp ìmoxm xd}x }o hmrpeko eoclm/ Le nmoehm negm}rm om `m lehdoirdopepkdo `mx `m}z bldhx drkmopekp lm hdohmvp `m ìmoxm e}pd}r `m le vrxmryepkdo`mx koprpx ykpe}z, u}k opekmop hdoxk`rx hdnnm nmoehx u}m `m neokrm }okydu}m

ver }o ehpm}r mzprkm}r/ Le `kxx}exkdo o}hlekrm mo hdoxpkp}ekp le hlmi `m ydpm/ Lexh}rkp, èox lm xmox kopmroepkdoel `} pmrnm, opekp u}}o xd}x.vrd`}kp `m le ìmoxm,

v}kxu}m `mx ellkeohmx ydhepkdo èbdr` nklkpekrm xpr}hp}rekmop lm x{xpnmkopmroepkdoel, eldrx u}m lmx drceokxepkdox n}lpkleprelmx `m xh}rkp hdllmhpkym pekmopnerckoelkxmx/ @eox hm he`rm, le xh}rkp koprkm}rm pekp hdoxk`rm hdnnm leiiekrm

mzhl}xkym `mx pepx, leu}mllm hjeh}o `m}z hdoxehrekp }o x{xpnm vrdvrm jrkp `m xdojkxpdkrm 2=/

22 Kl mxp èkllm}rx hlekreop u}m ldrceom lm vl}x v}kxxeop `mx Oepkdox ]okmx xdkp lm Hdoxmkl `m xh}rkp/28 @eox xdo erpkhlm =5/20 Le hdnvpmohm `m l]okdo mo nepkrm `m vdlkpku}m preocrm mp `m xh}rkp hdnn}om hd}yrm pd}x lmx`dnekomx `m le vdlkpku}m preocrm ekoxk u}m lmoxmnblm `mx u}mxpkdox rmlepkymx le xh}rkp `m l]okdo, {hdnvrkx le ìkokpkdo vrdcrmxxkym `}om vdlkpku}m `m ìmoxm hdnn}om u}k vm}p hdo`}krm }om ìmoxmhdnn}om *Erpkhlm 20.5 `} prekp x}r l]okdo m}rdvmoom+/2= Vdrhjmr G/, @imoxm ymrx}x xh}rkp oepkdoelm ,@imoxm oepkdoelm mp xh}rkp hdllmhpkym, o :, edp.xmvpmnbrm266:, v/ 36/


14/27




Vd}r pd}pmx lmx rekxdox vrxmopmx hk.eyeop, lm hjdkz e `doh p iekp `m iekrm ydl}mr leodpkdo `m xh}rkp/ @m le xh}rkp koprkm}rm , lknkpm mp kopreymrpkm , rx}lpep `m lepreou}kllkp mzprkm}rm mp `dnmxpku}m mp `}om xpebklkp ir}kp `m lehhmvpepkdo `m yelm}rxhdnn}omx , le Ireohm mxp vexxm }om hdohmvpkdo vl}x cldbelm mp `doh idrhnmop

mzpreymrpkm 7 mllm xevvermopm hm u}m lmx Eocld.xezdox odnnmop le "creo`m xprepckm",mp lmx Ireoekx "le xprepckm kopcrelm"/ @eox hmppm vmrxvmhpkym, }om oepkdo lebdrm mpnmp mo evvlkhepkdo pd}x lmx nd{mox u}k cereopkrdop xdo mzkxpmohm, xdo bkmo.prm mp xe

vrdxvrkp/ L}pklkxepkdo `mx idrhmx ernmx omxp eldrx u}}o `mx nd{mox, vernk bkmoè}prmx, `}om pmllm xprepckm 29/

Lm Lkyrm bleoh x}r le ìmoxm mp le xh}rkp oepkdoelm `m 266: e `doh neru} }opd}roeop, x}rpd}p }om idrnm `m rmhdooekxxeohm `m le ohmxxkp `m hjeocmr lmx ido`mnmopxhdohmvp}mlx `mx vdlkpku}mx èox hmx `m}z `dnekomx/ Hm hjdkz xmxp odpennmop pre`}kp,mo 266;, ver lkoxhrkvpkdo, èox lm Hd`m `m le ìmoxm, `m le xh}rkp oepkdoelm hdnnmod}yme} he`rm `m lehpkdo v}blku}m/ Le ldk `m vrdcrennepkdo nklkpekrm ydpm mo 266; e

vmrnkx le rhrkp}rm `m xdo erpkhlm L/5555/523/ Le xh}rkp oepkdoelm mxp ekoxk `mymo}mle rirmohm drceokxeop `xdrnekx le ìmoxm oepkdoelm/ @eox hm nnm erpkhlm, lmxdbgmhpkix `m le vdlkpku}m `m ìmoxm dop p mo hdoxu}mohm lknkpx e} iekp èxx}rmr lkopcrkp `} pmrrkpdkrm mp le vrdpmhpkdo `mx vdv}lepkdox hdoprm lmx ecrmxxkdox ernmx hdnnm Hjeopmbd}p leyekp vrdvdx `x le iko `mx eoomx 5;96 *ydkr koire+/

]om od}ymllm rmlepkdo xmnblm `doh eydkr p nkxm mo vlehm moprm lmx `m}z hdohmvpx 7 lexh}rkp oepkdoelm kohl}p `xdrnekx le ìmoxm, u}k l}k mxp x}bdr`doom/ Hmllm.hk om ykxmvl}x rvdo`rm pd}pmx lmx idrnmx ècrmxxkdo, nekx }oku}mnmop e}z ecrmxxkdoxernmx/

@mx nd`kikhepkdox hdohmvp}mllmx mo cmxpepkdo `mv}kx lm `b}p `mx eoomx5;;6

Mo relkp, `m odnbrm}z e}pm}rx eyekmop evvml, `mv}kx lm `b}p `mx eoomx 5;;6 mp le iko`m le C}mrrm irdk`m, }om rmidopm `} xdhlm hdohmvp}ml x}r lmu}ml lmx vdlkpku}mxpreocrmx mp `m ìmoxm pekmop ido`mx mo Ireohm2:/ @x hmppm vdu}m mo miimp, Lydl}pkdo koebd}pkm `m le odpkdo `m ìmoxm oepkdoelm xmxp prd}ym hdoirdopm lehdoh}rrmohm `} hdohmvp vl}x vdl{xnku}m `m xh}rkp2;/

Eyeop nnm lmx hjeocmnmopx `mx eoomx 266:.266;, le ohmxxkp `m iekrm ydl}mr lmxrirmohmx eyekp ekoxk prd}y }om hmrpekom pre`}hpkdo g}rk`ku}m/ Mo 5;;5, le ldk e{eop

lcelkx lmx kopmrhmvpkdox `m xh}rkp eyekp odpennmop vmrnkx }om rmhdooekxxeohm hmrpmx `kxhrpm nekx bkmo rmllm `m le odpkdo `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm, u}k evverekxxekp momiimp èox lm pmzpm86/

29Kbk`/, v/ 32/23 Ldk o 266;.;2: `} 2; g}kllmp 266; rmlepkym le vrdcrennepkdo nklkpekrm vd}r lmx eoomx 266; 2650 mpvdrpeop `kymrxmx `kxvdxkpkdox hdohmroeop le ìmoxm/2: Vernk è}prmx, Ser}ximl B/, Lmx odpkdox `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp mo `rdkp ireoekx , dv/ hkp/2; Ser}ximl` B/, Lm he`rm g}rk`ku}m `mx rmlepkdox moprm ìmoxm mp xh}rkp oepkdoelm , Hejkmrx `m le xh}rkp,o 50, dhpdbrm.`hmnbrm 2656, v/ 92/86 Ldk o ;5.909 `} 56 g}kllmp 5;;5 rmlepkym e} xmhrmp `mx hdrrmxvdoèohmx nkxmx ver le ydkm `mx hdnn}ok.hepkdox lmhprdoku}mx *mo verpkh}lkmr xdo erpkhlm 8+/


15/27



I D O @ E P K D O vd}r le R M H J M R H J M X P R E P C K U ] M 5=

X}rpd}p, lm od}yme} Hd`m voel, mo vdxeop }om ìkokpkdo `mx koprpx idoènmope}z `mle oepkdo , eyekp lknkp `x 5;;0 le odpkdo `m ìmoxm oepkdoelm e}z nd{mox `m levrdpmhpkdo nklkpekrm `} pmrrkpdkrm ireoekx/ Lm pmzpm eyekp nkx x}r }o vkm` `celkp hmpdbgmhpki eymh è}prmx pmlx lko`vmoèohm, lkopcrkp `} pmrrkpdkrm, le idrnm rv}blkhekom

`mx koxpkp}pkdox, le xe}ymcer`m `mx vdv}lepkdox, le vrdpmhpkdo `m lmoykrdoomnmop, `}vdpmopkml xhkmopkiku}m mp hdodnku}m mp `} veprkndkom h}lp}rml `m le oepkdo mp x}rpd}p lexh}rkp/ @eox lm od}yme} Hd`m voel, hmrpekox `mx lnmopx pre`kpkdoomllmnmophdoxpkp}pkix `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm pmllm u}m hdo}m ver lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=; eyekmop `doh p vrxmopx hdnnm `mx koprpx idoènmope}z `m le oepkdo `kxpkohpx`m hm}z `m le ìmoxm e} xmox xprkhp/ @x hmppm vdu}m, Lerhjkpmhp}rm rmpmo}m Q^rmilpekp `doh `g }om hdohmvpkdo g}rk`ku}m èox leu}mllm }o od{e} `}r `m ìmoxm `dnkoeopm nklkpekrm xkoxrm èox }o `kxvdxkpki vl}x yexpm vrmoeop mo hdnvpm le

vrdpmhpkdo `}o lercm ymopekl `koprpx core}z `m le oepkdo, u}k xevvermopm hmu}m od}x mopmo`dox ver "xh}rkp" 85/

Lkoprd`}hpkdo `}om xprepckm `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm

Lmx rhmopx hjeocmnmopx om hdohmromop vex }oku}mnmop lm ydheb}lekrm/ Lm od}ymlerpkhlm L/ 5555/5 `} Hd`m `m le ìmoxm vrydkp mo miimp le nkxm mo }yrm `}om vdlkpku}m `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm 82/ Lkoprd`}hpkdo `m hmppm mzvrmxxkdo hdohd}rp `doomr e} hdohmvp `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm }o herehprm `{oenku}m mp ydldoperkxpm/ Lm

Lkyrm bleoh `m 266: mo eyekp èkllm}rx `g `doo }om ìkokpkdo 7 mllm mnbrexxm e}xxkbkmo le xh}rkp mzprkm}rm u}m le xh}rkp koprkm}rm, lmx nd{mox nklkpekrmx hdnnm lmxnd{mox hkyklx, hdodnku}mx d} `kvldnepku}mx/ Mllm `dkp vrmo`rm mo hdnvpm pd}x lmx

vjodnomx, rkxu}mx mp nmoehmx x}xhmvpkblmx `m vdrpmr eppmkopm le ykm `m le oepkdo /

@eox lm vrdldocmnmop `mx hdohl}xkdox `} `dh}nmop, lm Hd`m `m le ìmoxm vrhkxm u}mle xprepckm `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm `dkp vl}x verpkh}lkrmnmop rmvdxmr x}r le `pmhpkdo `mlmoxmnblm `mx nmoehmx mp `mx rkxu}mx/ Hmppm vdxp}rm eopkhkveprkhm, u}k rmoidrhmodpennmop lm rlm `mx xmrykhmx hkyklx mp nklkpekrmx `m rmoxmkcomnmop, hdoxpkp}mcelmnmop }om r}vp}rm ver revvdrp e} vdxkpkdoomnmop, mxxmopkmllmnmop ìmoxki mp rehpki,`m le ìmoxm cldbelm/

Moiko, hmppm xprepckm `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm hdohmrom }o hjenv bme}hd}v vl}x lercm u}mhml}k e}prmidkx hd}ymrp ver le ìmoxm oepkdoelm ìkokm ver lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=;/ Mllm`dkp vmrnmpprm èopkhkvmr lmx nmoehmx mp lmx rkxu}mx, kopmopkdoomlx hdnnm odo.kopmopkdoomlx, hmxp..`krm lmoxmnblm `mx yomnmopx u}k vd}rrekmop eydkr `mx

hdoxu}mohmx knvdrpeopmx x}r lmx vdv}lepkdox, lm idohpkdoomnmop `mx vd}ydkrx v}blkhx mp`mx koxpkp}pkdox mp lm hd}rx `m le ykm hdodnku}m oepkdoelm/ Mllm omxp `doh vl}x}oku}mnmop idhelkxm x}r le vrymopkdo `mx ecrmxxkdox, mo verpkh}lkmr nklkpekrmx,drceokxmx ver `mx ehpm}rx mzprkm}rx mp kopcrm ver mzmnvlm lmx hepexprdvjmx oep}rmllmx mpko`}xprkmllmx/ Vd}r rvdo`rm hmppm }okymrxelkp vdpmopkmllm 88, lm Hd`m `m le ìmoxm

85 Ser}ximl B/, Lm he`rm g}rk`ku}m `mx rmlepkdox moprm ìmoxm mp xh}rkp oepkdoelm , dv/ hkp/, v/ 90/82

Le xprepckm `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm e vd}r dbgmp `#k`mopkikmr l#moxmnblm `mx nmoehmx mp `mx rkxu}mx

x}xhmvpkblmx `#eiimhpmr le ykm `m le Oepkdo, odpennmop mo hm u}k hdohmrom le vrdpmhpkdo `m le vdv}lepkdo,

l#kopcrkp `} pmrrkpdkrm mp le vmrneomohm `mx koxpkp}pkdox `m le Rv}blku}m, mp `m `pmrnkomr lmx rvdoxmx u}m lmx

vd}ydkrx v}blkhx `dkymop { evvdrpmr/

88 Ser}ximl B/, Lm he`rm g}rk`ku}m `mx rmlepkdox moprm ìmoxm mp xh}rkp oepkdoelm , dv/ hkp/, v/ 9=/


16/27




vrhkxm èkllm}rx u}m hmppm xprepckm xevv}km x}r lmoxmnblm `mx vdlkpku}mx v}blku}mxu}k hdohd}rp le xh}rkp oepkdoelm /

Lydl}pkdo `mx xpr}hp}rmx

Le`dvpkdo `} hdohmvp `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm oe vex }oku}mnmop p pre`}kpm veru}mlu}mx ydl}pkdox lckxlepkymx mp rclmnmopekrmx/ Mllm e vrd`}kp hmrpekomx nd`kikhepkdoxkoxpkp}pkdoomllmx/ Ekoxk, e} vl}x je}p okyme} `m lpep, }o Hdoxmkl `m ìmoxm mp `mxh}rkp oepkdoelm *H@XO+ e p hr80/ Vrxk` ver lm vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m mprexxmnbleop lm Vrmnkmr nkokxprm, lmx nkokxprmx `m le @imoxm, `m lKoprkm}r, `mx Eiiekrmxpreocrmx, `m lhdodnkm mp `} B}`cmp *ekoxk u}m, xmldo lmx pjnepku}mx ebdr`mx e}hd}rx `mx xeohmx, è}prmx nkokxprmx d} vmrxdooelkpx mo rekxdo `m lm}rx idohpkdox mphdnvpmohmx+, kl prekpm `m lmoxmnblm `mx u}mxpkdox `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp, xeoxu}e}h}om yrkpeblm `kxpkohpkdo moprm koprkm}r mp mzprkm}r om xdkp evvlku}m8=/ Kl `dkpekoxk vmrnmpprm ènlkdrmr mp `m rmo`rm vl}x hdjrmopx le vrverepkdo `mx `hkxkdox mp lmx}kyk `m le nkxm mo }yrm `mx vdlkpku}mx èox pd}x hmx `dnekomx, odpennmop mo ikzeoplmx vrkdrkpx vd}r lmoxmnblm `mx ehpm}rx hdohmrox/ E} preymrx `m xe hrepkdo, dop `dohp i}xkdoox pd}x lmx hdoxmklx u}k prekpekmop e}vereyeop `m ìmoxm, `m xh}rkp koprkm}rmmp `mx hrkxmx mzprkm}rmx *ydkr x}vre+/

Hmppm oekxxeohm hdohrpkxm l}om `mx vrhdokxepkdox `}Lkyrm bleoh `m 266:/ Le idrnm `mhmp drceokxnm mxp mo mllm.nnm ryleprkhm/ @m}z dvpkdox dop mo miimp p herpmx/ Pd}pèbdr`, le idrn}lm vrdvdxm ver lm Lkyrm bleoh `}o hdoxmkl hdox}lpepki oe vex prmpmo}m/ Mox}kpm, le vdxxkbklkp `}om xpr}hp}rm lenrkhekom , hmxp..`krm koxvkrm`}Oepkdoel Xmh}rkp{ Hd}ohkl *OXH+ èox leu}mllm }o creo` rmxvdoxeblm vleh e}vrx`} vrxk`mop `krkcm lm Hdoxmkl mo verelllm `mx nkokxprmx hdnvpmopx , e celmnmop prmgmpm/ Ldvpkdo ikoelmnmop rmpmo}m vmrnmp `doh `m rmoidrhmr lmx vd}ydkrx `}Xmhrperkep corel `m le ìmoxm mp `m le xh}rkp oepkdoelm *XC@XO mz XC@O+, u}kexx}rm lm xmhrperkep `} H@XO, pd}p mo hmoprelkxeop exxmw lercmnmop le cmxpkdo `m hmxu}mxpkdox e} okyme} `m le vrxk`mohm `m le Rv}blku}m/

Lm XC@O, `mymo} XC@XO, e p, vl}x lercmnmop, ridrn89/ Xdo rlm `m hddr`koepkdo ep rmoidrh/ X}rpd}p, xe idohpkdo `m ìkokpkdo `m le `dhprkom èox lmx `dnekomx `m leìmoxm, `m le xh}rkp koprkm}rm, `} rmoxmkcomnmop, `m le l}ppm hdoprm lm pmrrdrkxnm, `m levleokikhepkdo `m cmxpkdo `m hrkxm mp `m le xh}rkp hdodnku}m mp omrcpku}m e preiikrnm/

Nekx hmxp xeox `d}pm èox lm `dnekom `} rmoxmkcomnmop u}m lmx hjeocmnmopxkoxpkp}pkdoomlx dop p lmx vl}x knvdrpeopx/ Eldrx nnm u}m lmx xmrykhmx xvhkelkxx dopxd}ymop p vmr}x eymh }om hmrpekom nikeohm èox lm vexx ver lmx rmxvdoxeblmxvdlkpku}mx, lmx e}pdrkpx `m lpep dop vlmkomnmop rmhdoo} lm}r knvdrpeohm e} preymrx le

80 Ldk o 266;.;2: `} 2; g}kllmp 266; rmlepkym le vrdcrennepkdo nklkpekrm vd}r lmx eoomx 266; 2650 mpvdrpeop `kymrxmx `kxvdxkpkdox hdohmroeop le ìmoxm/8= Odpennmop le vrdcrennepkdo nklkpekrm, le vdlkpku}m `m `kxx}exkdo, le vrdcrennepkdo `m xh}rkp koprkm}rm, lexh}rkp hdodnku}m mp omrcpku}m, le l}ppm hdoprm lm pmrrdrkxnm mp le vleokikhepkdo `m cmxpkdo `m hrkxm/ Xmx`dnekomx `m hdnvpmohm hd}yrmop `doh lm rmoxmkcomnmop mp lmx dvrepkdox mzprkm}rmx/89 @hrmp o 266;.59=3 `} 20 `hmnbrm 266; rmlepki e} hdoxmkl `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp oepkdoel mp e} xmhrperkepcorel `m le ìmoxm mp `m le xh}rkp oepkdoelm/


17/27




v}blkhepkdo `}Lkyrm bleoh83/ Lm rmoxmkcomnmop verpkhkvm mo miimp `m le hdooekxxeohm mpeopkhkvepkdo , rkcm mo idohpkdo xprepcku}m èox lm `dh}nmop/

]o he`rm vdlkpku}m mp koxpkp}pkdooml e `doh p vdx, vmrnmppeop `m ìkokr vrhkxnmop

lmx mopkpx hdoxpkp}eop le hdnn}oe}p `m rmoxmkcomnmop ireoekx/ @eox lm Lkyrmbleoh, hmx xmrykhmx eyekmop p hlekrmnmop hkpx8:/ E}z `m}z drceokxnmx hdnvpmohmcorelm *le @krmhpkdo corelm `m le xh}rkp mzprkm}rm @CXM , rmlmyeop `}nkokxprm `m le @imoxm, mp le @krmhpkdo hmoprelm `} rmoxmkcomnmop koprkm}r @HRK `}nkokxprm `m lKoprkm}r+ xegd}pmop u}eprm xmrykhmx xvhkelkxx 7 le @krmhpkdo `}rmoxmkcomnmop nklkpekrm *@RN+, le @krmhpkdo `m le vrdpmhpkdo mp `m le xh}rkp `m leìmoxm *@VX@+, le @krmhpkdo oepkdoelm `} rmoxmkcomnmop mp `mx mou}pmx `d}eokrmx*@ORM@+ mp l}okp Prekpmnmop `} rmoxmkcomnmop mp ehpkdo hdoprm lmx hkrh}kpxikoeohkmrx hleo`mxpkox *PREHIKO+/ @m le xdrpm, lmx mopkpx boikhkeop `m nd{moxverpkh}lkmrx mp `m vrdh`}rmx `rdcepdkrmx `} `rdkp hdnn}o dop p hlekrmnmopk`mopkikmx hm u}k hdoxpkp}m }om vrmnkrm èox ljkxpdkrm `} rmoxmkcomnmop ireoekx/

X}rpd}p, lkohl}xkdo `m `m}z drceokxnmx hjercx `mx u}mxpkdox hdodnku}mx mpikoeohkrmx *@ORM@ mp PREHIKO+ rylm le ydldop `m om vex lknkpmr le idohpkdormoxmkcomnmop e}z xm}lmx `knmoxkdox nklkpekrm mp `m xh}rkp koprkm}rm/

Le ìkokpkdo `m hm he`rm e p relkxm mo verelllm `m le ridrnm `mx xmrykhmx `m xh}rkpkoprkm}rm/ Lm 5mr g}kllmp 266:, le @krmhpkdo `m le x}rymklleohm `} pmrrkpdkrm *@XP+ mp le@krmhpkdo hmoprelm `mx rmoxmkcomnmopx core}z *@HRC+ dop mo miimp p r}okx,`dooeop oekxxeohm le @krmhpkdo hmoprelm `} rmoxmkcomnmop koprkm}r/

Lmx ydl}pkdox xpr}hp}rmllmx `hk`mx dop ekoxk `vexx mo envlm}r hmllmx u}k i}rmopnkxmx mo }yrm ver Nkhjml Rdher`, eldrx Vrmnkmr nkokxprm `m Ireodkx Nkppmrreo`, evrx

le c}mrrm `} Cdlim `m 5;;68;

/ Mllmx xm xdop ehhdnveco `m rmlx miidrpx b}`cpekrmx, u}kdop odpennmop vmrnkx }om e}cnmopepkdo `mx miimhpkix `m hmrpekox `mx xmrykhmx/ Nekxmllmx om hdrrmxvdo`mop pd}pmidkx vex }om rdrceokxepkdo cldbelm `} x{xpnm mzkxpeop/ Klxeckp vl}pp `}om hdoxdlkèpkdo mp `}om repkdoelkxepkdo/ Hmxp hm u}k mzvlku}m u}m lmxxmrykhmx `m rmoxmkcomnmop nklkpekrm odop ikoelmnmop p ridrnx u} le nercm/

83 Vd}r }om vrxmopepkdo `m le ridrnm `} rmoxmkcomnmop, ydkr Je{mw V/, Lmx vdlkpku}mx mp lmx koxpkp}pkdox èoxlm `dnekom `m le xh}rkp/ Lm rmoxmkcomnmop 7 xdo knvdrpeohm, xmx preoxidrnepkdox , Hejkmrx ireoekx, o 896,geoykmr.iyrkmr 2655, vv/ 08.0:/8: Lmx rèhpm}rx `} Lkyrm bleoh odop pd}pmidkx vex mnvld{ lmzvrmxxkdo hdnn}oe}p `m rmoxmkcomnmop /Mllm mxp evver}m èox lm `hrmp `} 20 `hmnbrm 266; hreop lm XC@XO/8; Hdoxpepeop le `vmoèohm `m le Ireohm mo nepkrm `m rmoxmkcomnmop e} hd}rx `m le henvecom nklkpekrm, }om

nd`mrokxepkdo i}p leohm, u}k eyekp odpennmop ebd}pk le rdrceokxepkdo `m le @CXM mp le hrepkdo `m le @RN/Mllm vmrnkp odpennmop }om e}cnmopepkdo `mx hr`kpx elld}x e}z xmrykhmx `m rmoxmkcomnmop mp }om enlkdrepkdo`m le u}elkp `mx vmrxdoomlx/


18/27



I D O @ E P K D O vd}r le R M H J M R H J M X P R E P C K U ] M 5:

Lknkpmx mp neou}mx lkoprd`}hpkdo `} hdohmvp`m xh}rkp oepkdoelm

]om rmllm `kiikh}lp vdxmr lm hdohmvp@ikokr lm pmrnm xh}rkp mxp }om moprmvrkxm hdnvdrpeop `m odnbrm}z rkxu}mx06/ Le`kiikh}lp xmzvlku}m pd}p èbdr` ver lm iekp u}m lm hdohmvp `kxvdxm `}om prx creo`mvlexpkhkp xneopku}m mp vm}p xevvlku}mr pd}x lmx `dnekomx `m le ykm xdhkelm05/ Mllm mxpmox}kpm lkm e} hdoxpep u}m le odpkdo mxp pd}gd}rx x}xhmvpkblm `prm hdoodpmk`dldcku}mnmop *mp `doh koxpr}nmopelkxm+02/ Moiko, xdo dbgmhpkyepkdo xeyrm xd}ymop`kiikhklm relkxmr 7 le hdoi}xkdo vm}p ekoxk prm revk`m moprm lkoxh}rkp mp lm xmopknmop`koxh}rkp/ Lk`mopkikhepkdo `mx yrkpeblmx rkxu}mx mp nmoehmx mxp ko`kxvmoxeblm vd}rykpmr u}m lmx ko`kyk`}x mp lmx hdnn}oe}px om xdkmop c}k`x ver `mx vm}rx u}k om xdopvex rmllmnmop ido`mx/ Kl ie}p `doh vrmo`rm mo hdnvpm lm herehprm enbkyelmop `}

pmrnm, u}k mzvlku}m u}m lmx `kxh}xxkdox x}r xe oep}rm mp x}rpd}p xdo dvrepkdooelkp xdopxeox iko08/

Lm ndp xh}rkp mxp idrn `m le verpkh}lm lepkom xkom *xeox+ mp `} pmrnm h}re *kou}kp}`m+/Kl mzkxpm `doh }om hdopre`khpkdo koprkoxu}m, hmx `m}z lnmopx lkx l}k `dooeop }o xmoxvrmnkmr `hdohmrpeop 7 ldvvdx `m xe xkcokikhepkdo ehp}mllm, lm pmrnm mzvrknekpdrkckomllmnmop lebxmohm m xd}hk, kou}kp}`m/

Hm omxp u}e} ZYKnm xkhlm u}m le xh}rkp e hdnnmoh rmoyd{mr e} nd{mo `mvrdpmhpkdo, }o dbgmp u}k xh}rkxm, u}k rmo` ikeblm 00/ E}vereyeop lmx pmrnmx xrmp mp xe}ymp l}k pekmop èkllm}rx vrirx0=/ Hm om i}p pd}pmidkx u}e} ZYKKKnm xkhlmu}m le xh}rkp mxp rmllmnmop `mymo}m }o lnmop xd}xpre{eop le ykm mp lmx bkmox }omnmoehm mzpmrom/ Lm pmrnm xevvlku}ekp eldrx `m odnbrm}z p{vmx `m vrdpmhpkdo, {hdnvrkx knneprkmlx 7 lvercom vmrnmppekp ver mzmnvlm }om hmrpekom xh}rkp iehm e}zelex `m lmzkxpmohm *mo verpkh}lkmr le nele`km+/

Vd}r Belwehu, `m}z r}vp}rmx hdohmvp}mllmx negm}rmx dop m} lkm}09/ Pd}p èbdr`, èox lexmhdo`m ndkpk `} ZYKKnm mp e} `b}p `} ZYKKKnm xkhlm, le xh}rkp mxp

06 Belwehu P/, U}mxp.hm u}m le xh}rkp oepkdoelm 4 , Rmy}m kopmroepkdoelm mp xprepcku}m, o =2, jkymr 2668.2660, vv/ 88.=6/05

Vd}r }om `mxhrkvpkdo x}hhkohpm `mx `kiirmopmx ìkokpkdox `} pmrnm èox le vmoxm enrkhekom, ydkr vermzmnvlm Bmllehm E/, @mlbmhu}m M/, Lmx ldcku}mx `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm d} lmx `kiirmopx nd{mox `m lev}kxxeohm , èox Erveckeo O/, @mlbmhu}m M/, `krx/, Vd}r }om xprepckm cldbelm `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm, Verkx,@elldw, 266:, vv/ 206.205/02 Ydkr ver mzmnvlm Lexhd}nmx V/, Vdohmle V/, Lmodl V/, E} odn `m ldr`rm/ ]om jkxpdkrm vdlkpku}m `} Hd`m

voel, Verkx, Jehjmppm, 5;:;/08 Bel`sko @/ E/, Pjm Hdohmvp di Xmh}rkp{,Rmykms di Kopmroepkdoel Xp}`kmx, ydl/ 28, o 5, 5;;3, vv/ =.29/00 Belwehu P/, U}mxp.hm u}m le xh}rkp oepkdoelm 4 , dv/ hkp/, v/ 89/0= G}xu} le Rmoekxxeohm, lm ndp xrmp rmoydkm }om xkp}epkdo dbgmhpkym `m preou}kllkp, lebxmohm eyrm`m prd}blm , eldrx u}m lm ndp xh}rkp mzvrknm lm bmxdko u}vrd}ym lm x}gmp mo xdo idr koprkm}r`hjevvmr e} rcom `m le ykdlmohm xdhkelm *Vdrpkmr V/, Lmx prdkx cmx `m le xh}rkp , Lm `bep, o 523,odymnbrm.`hmnbrm 2668, vv/ ;0.;=+/ Kl xmnblm `doh u}m lmx `knmoxkdox dbgmhpkym mp x}bgmhpkym `m le xh}rkppekmop, hmppm vdu}m, exxmw hlekrmnmop `kxpkoc}mx/09 Belwehu P/, U}mxp.hm u}m le xh}rkp oepkdoelm 4 , dv/ hkp/


19/27



I D O @ E P K D O vd}r le R M H J M R H J M X P R E P C K U ] M 5;

vrdcrmxxkymnmop `mymo}m }o dbgmhpki hdnn}o e}z ko`kyk`}x, crd}vmx mp pepx 03/ @mxlkmox xdop pkxxx moprm hmx prdkx p{vmx èhpm}rx/ Lpep omxp eldrx vex lm xm}l rirmop, lmxm}l kopmrymoeop `m le xh}rkp/ Kl mxp vl}pp hdo} hdnnm }om mopkp `dop l}om `mxidohpkdox mxp `m relkxmr }om xh}rkp hdnn}om, mo vrxmryeop hmrpekomx yelm}rx/

Le `m}zknm r}vp}rm hdohmvp}mllm evverep eymh le Rydl}pkdo ireoekxm 7 le xh}rkp`mykmop vrdcrmxxkymnmop }o `dnekom rxmry `m lpep, ohmxxkpeop u}kl xm `dpm `mxd}pklx xvhkiku}mx u}m xdop lmx nd{mox nklkpekrmx mp `kvldnepku}mx/ Lpep mxp eldrxk`mopkik hdnnm lm vrkohkvel ehpm}r `m le vrdpmhpkdo `mx vdv}lepkdox, odpennmop hdoprmle ykdlmohm mp le vdxxkblm koyexkdo mzprkm}rm, hmxp..`krm lmx ecrmxxkdox è}prmx ve{x/Hmppm hmoprelkxepkdo `mx rmxvdoxebklkpx knvlku}m nnm u}m le lkbmrp `mx ko`kyk`}x xdkpxd}nkxm e}z hdoprekopmx `m le xh}rkp/ Le xh}rkp `mx hkpd{mox `myekp prm x}bx}nm,mo peop u}vkcrennm vdlkpku}m, le xh}rkp `m le oepkdo 0:/ Lmx ko`kyk`}x hdooekxxmople xh}rkp }oku}mnmop ldrxu}m lpep `kxvdxm `mx nd{mox `m lmx vrdpcmr/ Kl `dkp `dohrmhr}pmr mp moprmpmokr }om ernm mp `mx idrhmx `m vdlkhm/

Hdnnm lko`ku}mop hmrpekox dbxmryepm}rx0;, le rmhjmrhjm `m xh}rkp xmxp `doh eiikrnm,mo Dhhk`mop, mo verelllm `m levverkpkdo `m ljdnnm nd`mrom , hmxp..`krm `}oko`kyk`} `xkreop mnvld{mr xe rekxdo vd}r hdnvrmo`rm mp `dnkomr xdo moykrdoomnmop, mpodo vl}x xmo rmnmpprm èox hm `dnekom le xm}lm Vrdyk`mohm *nd}ymnmop `b}p eymhle Rmoekxxeohm mp vrdldoc, èox }om hmrpekom nmx}rm, ver le Ridrnm+/ Mllm xmxpcelmnmop `ymldvvm `m hdohmrp eymh le vrdcrmxxkym hdoxpr}hpkdo `m lpep nd`mrom/

Nelcr lk`mopkikhepkdo `mx pd}roeopx hdohmvp}mlx, kl `mnm}rm `kiikhklm `m vrd`}krm }omìkokpkdo vrhkxm `m le xh}rkp/ Lmzvrmxxkdo mxp enbkcm mp corku}m/ Hdnnmlko`ku}ekp `g Sdlimrx mo 5;=2, mllm x}xhkpm ikoelmnmop vl}x `m u}mxpkdox u}m `m

rvdoxmx=6

/

]om xh}rkp ldocpmnvx r`}kpm mo Ireohm le xh}rkp koprkm}rm

Lm pmrnm ìmoxm knvlku}m mxxmopkmllmnmop lm iekp `m xm vrdpcmr *d} `m vrdpcmru}mlu}}o d} u}mlu}m hjdxm+/ Mllm mxp }om ehpkdo *d} }o moxmnblm èhpkdox+ leohm vd}rvermr }om nmoehm/ Le xh}rkp rmoydkm }o xmox vl}x lercm, mp xeox `d}pm vl}x vrdido` mpvl}x idoènmopel u}m hml}k `m ìmoxm/ Vd}rpeop mo Ireohm, lm pmrnm xh}rkp emxxmopkmllmnmop p rxmry e}z exvmhpx vdlkhkmrx, èox lm hjenv kopmrom, ver dvvdxkpkdoe}z exvmhpx nklkpekrmx/

Vl}x lercmnmop, le xh}rkp e ldocpmnvx p hdo}m èox ljmzecdom hdnnm }ompmhjoku}m `m vrdpmhpkdo nkxm e} xmrykhm `mx vdlkpku}mx `m ìmoxm/ Ekoxk, hmrpekox mogm}z`m xh}rkp v}blku}m , odpennmop le hrknkoelkp preoxirdopelkrm mp lm pmrrdrkxnm,pekmop hdoxk`rx hdnnm `mx nmoehmx `m ìmoxm, eldrx vd}rpeop u}klx oeyekmopxd}ymop e}h}om rmlepkdo eymh }o pep e`ymrxm d} jdxpklm/

03 Rdpjxhjkl` M/, Sjep kx Xmh}rkp{4,@emèl}x, ydl/ 520, o 8, 5;;=, vv/ =8.;:/0:Kbk`/, v/ 90/0; Ydkr ver mzmnvlm @ml}nme} G/, Rexx}rmr mp vrdpcmr, Verkx, Ie{er`, 5;:; d} Re{oe}` V/, Le odpkdo `mxh}rkp 7 u}mllmx preoxidrnepkdox 4 U}mllmx xkcokikhepkdox 4 Lm hdohmvp `m xh}rkp , Hejkmrx ireoekx, o 896,geoykmr.iyrkmr 2655, vv/ 8.:/=6 Sdlimrx E/, Oepkdoel xmh}rkp{ ex eo Enbkc}d}x Hdohmvp, Vdlkpkhel Xhkmohm U}erpmrl{, ydl/ 93, o 0, 5;=2/


20/27




Vmoèop `m prx odnbrm}xmx eoomx, le odrnm e `doh p `m x}bdr`doomr lmx u}mxpkdox`m xh}rkp le ìmoxm/ hmppm koymrxkdo `} revvdrp ldcku}m, xmxp egd}p }o neou}m `mvrhkxkdo hdohmvp}mllm/ Mo Ireohm, lm pmrnm xh}rkp oe p diikhkmllmnmop ìkokeymh vrhkxkdo u}m prx per`kymnmop/ Eymh le ldk x}r le xh}rkp koprkm}rm `m 2662, le

xh}rkp mxp vrxmopm hdnnm }o pep `m xpebklkp, èox lmu}ml xdop vrxmryx lmx koprpxoepkdoe}z mxxmopkmlx, ldr`rm v}blkh, lm idohpkdoomnmop `mx koxpkp}pkdox mp le lkbmrp `m`hkxkdo mp èhpkdo `mx vd}ydkrx v}blkhx=5/ G}xu}e} `b}p `mx eoomx 2666, le xh}rkpkoprkm}rm e `doh mxxmopkmllmnmop p hdo}m xd}x leoclm `m le l}ppm vdlkhkrm mp

g}`khkekrm hdoprm le hrknkoelkp mp le `lkou}eohm xd}x pd}pmx lm}rx idrnmx/ Mllm okohl}ekpvex yrkpeblmnmop lmx e}prmx ehpkykpx `m ìmoxm hkyklm , u}k vd}rpeop rmlmyekmop, xmldolDr`dooeohm `m 5;=;, `} nkokxprm `m lKoprkm}r/

Hdoprekrmnmop le odpkdo eocld.xezdoom `m xmh}rkp{, lmx hdohmvpx `m ìmoxm mp `mxh}rkp *mo relkp le xh}rkp koprkm}rm+ dop ldocpmnvx p xhko`x mo Ireohm 7 vd}riekrm iehm e}z nmoehmx, lmx rvdoxmx evvdrpmx x}r lm pmrrkpdkrm oepkdoel *vdlkhm, g}xpkhm,

rmoxmkcomnmop koprkm}r+ pekmop hlekrmnmop `kxpkohpmx `mx nmx}rmx `mxpkomx prmevvlku}mx lmzprkm}r *`kvldnepkm mp dvrepkdox nklkpekrmx+/ Hmppm xverepkdohdohmvp}mllm mp vrepku}m rmilpekp bkmo lebxmohm `}om vdlkpku}m `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm,mocldbeop lmoxmnblm `mx rkxu}mx mp nmoehmx mp lmoxmnblm `mx nd{mox `m l}ppm/

Lmx lknkpmx mp rkxu}mx `mx ridrnmx mocecmx

Le xh}rkp, `xdrnekx hdo}m èox }o he`rm u}k `vexxm lmx xm}lmx `knmoxkdox`kvldnepku}m, nklkpekrm, vdlkhkrm mp voelm, mxp kohdopmxpeblmnmop }o iehpm}rènlkdrepkdo `mx vdlkpku}mx v}blku}mx `m vrdpmhpkdo `m le hdnn}oe}p oepkdoelm/ Mokopcreop vl}x u}e}vereyeop `mx nmoehmx mp `mx rkxu}mx u}k pekmop g}xu}eldrx vmr}xhdnnm xmhdoèkrmx , mo hjmrhjeop lmx eopkhkvmr mp x}rpd}p mo ridrneop lmx nd{mox`m l}ppm *odpennmop mo enlkdreop lm}r hddr`koepkdo+, lmx e}pdrkpx dop vrdbeblmnmoprmoidrh le xh}rkp `mx hkpd{mox/

Nekx hdnnm vd}r pd}pm ridrnm koxpkp}pkdoomllm, le preoxidrnepkdo èvvermklxe`nkokxprepkix hdnvlmzmx xmre, prx hmrpekomnmop, lmopm mp lebdrkm}xm/ Lmx vrdblnmx lkx lydl}pkdo `mx xpr}hp}rmx rkxu}mop `prm envlkikx xk }om `kelmhpku}m hdnn}om omydkp vex lm gd}r/ ]om ìkokpkdo nkoknelm `} hdohmvp `m xh}rkp, }om vmrhmvpkdohdnn}om `mx y}lorebklkpx, rkxu}mx mp nmoehmx mp x}rpd}p }om vjkldxdvjkm verpecm`m lehpkdo v}blku}m `dkymop r}okr lmoxmnblm `mx ehpm}rx hdohmrox ver lmx vdlkpku}mxèox hm `dnekom, mp nnm lmx hkpd{mox/ Xeox hm xdhlm, kl mxp idrp vrdbeblm u}m lmx

ko`kyk`}x hdnnm lmx drceokxepkdox xm rmvlkmrdop x}r lm}rx vr.herrx koxpkp}pkdoomlx mprmykmo`rdop e}z he`rmx eoprkm}rx/

Vd}r vd}ydkr vlmkomnmop nmpprm mo }yrm le xprepckm `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm, kl ie}p `dohu}}o hdoxmox}x nkoknel x}r hm u}mxp le xh}rkp xdkp dbpmo}/ Hmxp verpkr `m hmppmidoèpkdo u}m vd}rre xm hdoxpr}krm }om h}lp}rm hdnn}om, ieydrkxeop le hddr`koepkdo, lmxhjeocmx `mzvrkmohm mp `koidrnepkdo mp x}rpd}p }om ykxkdo verpecm `mx dbgmhpkix mp`mx vrkdrkpx/ Verelllmnmop hmp mzmrhkhm `m ìkokpkdo=2, }om rilmzkdo `dkp prm nmom

=5 Ldk o 2662.56;0 `} 2; edp 2662 `drkmopepkdo mp `m vrdcrennepkdo vd}r le xh}rkp koprkm}rm *LDVXK+/=2

Vrd`}krm }om ìkokpkdo hdnn}om `m le xh}rkp vmrnmpprekp e}z `kiirmopx ehpm}rx, v}blkhx hdnnm vrkyx, `m`kxvdxmr `m rirmohmx verpecmx/ Nekx hm preyekl om `dkp vex odo vl}x ebd}pkr le hrepkdo `m he`rmx u}kl xmrekpver le x}kpm knvdxxkblm `m iekrm ydl}mr/


21/27




x}r hm u}m xdop lmx koprpx idoènmope}z *d} ykpe}z + `m le Oepkdo/ Hm}z.hk`pmrnkomop mo miimp verpkmllmnmop le xprepckm `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm/ @eox hm `dnekom, lm

Lkyrm bleoh x}r le ìmoxm `m 5;;0 eyekp èkllm}rx peblk }om p{vdldckm u}k e hdoxpkp}}o he`rm `m rirmohm=8/ X}rpd}p, lm Hd`m voel, mo vdxeop }om lkxpm corku}m `mx

koprpx idoènmope}z `m le oepkdo *erpkhlm 056/5+, e, le nnm eoom, rmoidrh lmxdhlm g}rk`ku}m mp hdohmvp}ml x}r hm pjnm/ Nekx levvrdhjm ido`m x}r le odpkdo`koprp e p hdnvlpm, e} `b}p `m le `hmookm x}kyeopm, ver hmllm rmvdxeop x}r leìmoxm `m yelm}rx=0/ Lkopcrepkdo `m odrnmx pjku}mx e}z ikoelkpx u}k c}k`mop lehpkdo`mx ernmx mp `m le `kvldnepkm e xeox `d}pm hdnvlmzkik lm preyekl `m ìkokpkdo `mxvrkdrkpx eox hmx dnekomx/

Lmx rilmzkdox x}r le odpkdo `m xh}rkp, x}r lmx koprpx u}k xdop ykpe}z *d}idoènmope}z+ vd}r le Ireohm mp x}r lmx yelm}rx u}mllm hjmrhjm vrdnd}ydkr mp ìmo`rm `dkymop prm xeox hmxxm rmod}ymlmx/ Kl xeckp `}o preyekl u}k om xerrpm genekx/Mo miimp, hmx lnmopx xdop x}xhmvpkblmx `ydl}pkdo/ Klx `vmo`mop, èox }om hmrpekom

nmx}rm, `mx n}pepkdox cdvdlkpku}mx, `mx hjeocmnmopx `mx rkxu}mx mp nmoehmx, nekxcelmnmop `mx nd`kikhepkdox `m le xdhkp ireoekxm mllm.nnm/ Lm Lkyrm bleoh x}r leìmoxm mp le xh}rkp oepkdoelm e vdx `mx ido`mnmopx, `dop hmrpekox dop hdoo} }ompre`}hpkdo g}rk`ku}m mp koxpkp}pkdoomllm/ Ver mzmnvlm, e} okyme} `m le vdlkpku}m mzprkm}rm`m le Ireohm, lmx rèhpm}rx dop vrhkx u}m lmx wdomx x}r lmxu}mllmx lehpkdo `mx xmrykhmx`m rmoxmkcomnmop, `m le `kvldnepkm mp `mx idrhmx nklkpekrmx `myekp xm hdohmoprmrhdoxpkp}ekmop }o erh `m hmrhlm hd}yreop lmx rckdox elleop `m lEpleopku}m ldheoKo`kmo/ Klx dop mo miimp hdoxk`r u}m lmx ydl}pkdox vdlkpku}mx, hdodnku}mx mp xdhkelmxe} xmko `m hmx mxvehmx pekmop verpkh}lkrmnmop knvdrpeopmx vd}r lm ve{x *vrxmohm `mrmxxdrpkxxeopx ireoekx, koprpx hdodnku}mx, lkmox jkxpdrku}mx, vrd`}kpx xprepcku}mx+/Klx dop `doh dvr }o preyekl vmrnmppeop `m ìkokr `mx vrkdrkpx/

Vl}x mohdrm, lmLkyrm bleoh, mo x}bxpkp}eop odpennmop lm hdohmvp `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm hml}k `m ìmoxm cldbelm, e x}xhkp `mx `bepx, u}k dop vmrnkx `m vrhkxmr hmrpekomx `mxodpkdox e}zu}mllmx od}x eydox iekp rirmohm/ Nekx prdkx eoomx evrx xe v}blkhepkdo, lmhjeopkmr rmxpm exxmw lercmnmop koehjmy/ D}prm `mx ridrnmx koxpkp}pkdoomllmx verekxxeopkohdnvlpmx, hmrpekox `mx `bepx xmnblmop xprm mxxd}iilx bkmo prdv revk`mnmop ==/Le nkxm gd}r `} `dh}nmop, mo hd}rx ehp}mllmnmop, vd}rrekp prm ldhhexkdo vd}r u}klxrmvrmoomop/

=8 Lm pmzpm `kxpkoc}ekp ekoxk vl}xkm}rx hepcdrkmx `koprpx oepkdoe}z/ Lmx koprpx ykpe}z dop prekp le

vrdpmhpkdo `m lkopcrkp `} pmrrkpdkrm oepkdoel, `} lkbrm mzmrhkhm `m le xd}ymrekomp mp le vrdpmhpkdo `mxvdv}lepkdox/ Lmx koprpx xprepcku}mx hdohmromop lm nekopkmo `m le vekz x}r lm hdopkomop m}rdvmo mp lmx wdomxu}k lm bdr`mop ekoxk u}m le vrxmryepkdo `mx mxvehmx mxxmopkmlx e}z ehpkykpx hdodnku}mx `} ve{x mp le lkbmrp`mx hjeocmx/ Moiko, lmx koprpx `m v}kxxeohm xdop rmlepkix e}z rmxvdoxebklkpx u}m le Ireohm mopmo` exx}nmrx}r le xhom kopmroepkdoelm/ YdkrLkyrm bleoh x}r le ìmoxm, 5;;0, vv/ 20.29/=0 Le ldcku}m `m yelm}r pmo` e}gd}r`j}k xeiikrnmr hdnnm }om rirmohm vrmnkrm e}.`ml `}om xm}lmldcku}m `koprpx/ Lm pmnvx omxp vl}x d le Ireohm pekp èbdr` c}k`m ver }o xd}hk mzkxpmopkml/ Hmppmhdoikc}repkdo rydl}m i}p hmllm `m le c}mrrm irdk`m 7 iehm }om nmoehm mzprnm *bkmo u}m `m iekblm dhh}rrmohm+,lmogm} pekp èbdr` hml}k `m le vrxmryepkdo `mx koprpx ykpe}z/ Le Ireohm `mx eoomx 2666 `dkp iekrm iehm, mllm, `mx rkxu}mx xmhdoèkrmx *nekx `m idrpm dhh}rrmohm+ 7 xe vdlkpku}m `m xh}rkp mp `m ìmoxm ykxm èbdr` lknkpmr hmx hrkxmx mp vrdnd}ydkr x}r hmx pmrrmx `hjkrmx lmx yelm}rx `mx @rdkpx `m lJdnnm *CorelHjrkxpkeo @mleocjm, `kr/, Lehpkdo `mx idrhmx pmrrmxprmx e} hdopehp `mx relkpx 7 }om od}ymllm evvrdhjm`dhprkoelm, Verkx, Hdnneo`mnmop `m le @dhprkom mp `m lMoxmkcomnmop nklkpekrm X}vrkm}r, 2666, v/ 50+/== Rdhjm G/.G/, Xh}rkp mp ìmoxm cldbelmx/ @mx n}pepkdox mo hd}rx, }o `bep mnbr{dooekrm , Hejkmrx `m lexh}rkp, o 50, dhpdbrm.`hmnbrm 2656, vv/ 59.5;/


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Mo `mjdrx `m hm neou}m `m `bepx e}pd}r `mx pjnepku}mx u}k xmnblmop mxxmopkmllmx leìkokpkdo `m le vdlkpku}m `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm, lmx ydl}pkdox hdohmvp}mllmx,koxpkp}pkdoomllmx mp nnm h}lp}rmllmx rhmopmx xdop mo mllmx.nnmx vdrpm}xmx `m hmrpekoxrkxu}mx 7

Lm rkxu}m `m reppehjmnmop `}o prx creo` odnbrm `m `knmoxkdox `m le ykmoepkdoelm le xprepckm `m xh}rkp

Le odpkdo `m xh}rkp mxp exxmw lercmnmop vdl{xnku}m mp, ikoelmnmop, `kiikhklm vrhkxmr/ Xk lm Lkyrm bleoh `m 266: mp lm Hd`m `m le ìmoxm mo `doom }om vrmnkrmkopmrvrpepkdo, lm rkxu}m `mnm}rm u}}om mzpmoxkdo prdv lercm `} hdohmvp ikokxxm vervmrnmpprm `mocldbmr }o prdv creo` odnbrm `mogm}z/ Dr lm reppehjmnmop `}o `dnekom le xvjrm èvvlkhepkdo `m le xh}rkp oepkdoelm e}rekp xeox `d}pm vd}r hdoxu}mohm `m

g}xpkikmr }om kopmrymopkdo pepku}m lercm, odpennmop }om knvlkhepkdo `mx vl}x je}pmxe}pdrkpx `m lpep, èox xe cmxpkdo/ Kl xeckrekp `}om rmoepkdoelkxepkdo `m hmrpekox

xmhpm}rx `m lehpkykp `} ve{x, odpennmop hdodnku}mx, ver lm bkekx `m le xh}rkpoepkdoelm/

Ver ekllm}rx, ldbgmhpki u}mxp le xh}rkp oepkdoelm g}xpkikm le nkxm mo }yrm `m nd{moxg}rk`ku}mx mzdrbkpeopx `} `rdkp hdnn}o/ Hmx mzhmvpkdox, u}k hdohmromop lmx nd{mox`mou}pm mp `m vd}rx}kpm u}k lm}r xdop ``kx, xdop corelmnmop ido`mx x}r }omlknkpepkdo `m lmzmrhkhm `mx lkbmrpx v}blku}mx, ko`kyk`}mllmx hdnnm hdllmhpkymx/ Hmppmpmoèohm xmxp `g mzvrknm evrx lm 55 xmvpmnbrm 2665 èox lm `dnekom `m le l}ppmhdoprm lm pmrrdrkxnm/ Le Ireohm xmxp mo miimp vrdcrmxxkymnmop `dpm `}om lckxlepkdoxvhkiku}m=9, u}k e vmrnkx le hrepkdo `}o `rdkp xvhkelkx mp `rdcepdkrm èox lmx`dnekomx voel, hkykl mp e`nkokxprepki *rcknm `m cer`m y}m xvhkiku}m, pmhjoku}mx

`koymxpkcepkdo xvhkelmx, koymxpkcepkdox g}`khkekrmx iehklkpmx+/ Lm rkxu}m mzkxpm `dohu}m, ver lm bkekx `m le xprepckm `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm, lmx hdo`kpkdox g}rk`ku}mx xdkmopr}okmx vd}r u} }om odrnelkxepkdo `m lmzhmvpkdo hdohmrom vrdcrmxxkymnmop `mx`dnekomx `m vl}x mo vl}x yerkx=3/

]om hmoprelkxepkdo mohdrm vl}x neru}m `mx rmxvdoxebklkpx e} vl}x je}p okyme}`m lpep

Hdnnm od}x leydox `g mzvlku}, le `kvldnepkm mp le ìmoxm xdop `mv}kx nekopmoeopprx ldocpmnvx `mx vdlkpku}mx mxxmopkmllmnmop `pmrnkomx ver lm vrxk`mop `m leRv}blku}m/ @eox lm xmhdo` `dnekom, hmppm hdohmoprepkdo `mx rmxvdoxebklkpx xmnblmxprm rmoidrhm eymh le nd`kikhepkdo, dvrm mo 266=, `mx epprkb}pkdox `} Hjmi `pep.negdr `mx ernmx *HMNE+=:/ @xdrnekx, hml}k.hk `kxvdxm `m yrkpeblmx vd}ydkrx `m`hkxkdo vd}r `m prx odnbrm}xmx pjnepku}mx *vrverepkdo mp mnvldk `mx idrhmx,vleokikhepkdo mp vrdcrennepkdo, rmlepkdox kopmroepkdoelmx nklkpekrmx+/ Hm hjeocmnmoprdnvp eymh le pre`kpkdo ireoekxm u}k hdoxkxpekp g}xpmnmop lknkpmr lmx hevehkpx èhpkdo

=9 Ldk o 2665.5692 `} 5= odymnbrm 2665 rmlepkym le xh}rkp u}dpk`kmoom 1 ldk o 2668.28; `} 5: nerx 2668vd}r le xh}rkp koprkm}rm 1 ldk o 2660.260 `} ; nerx 2660 vdrpeop eèvpepkdo `m le g}xpkhm e}z ydl}pkdox `m lehrknkoelkp 1 ldk o 2669.90 `} 28 geoykmr 2669 rmlepkym le l}ppm hdoprm lm pmrrdrkxnm mp vdrpeop `kxvdxkpkdox`kymrxmx rmlepkymx le xh}rkp mp e}z hdoprlmx irdopelkmrx/=3 Hmxdok N/.L/, `kr/,Od}ymllmx npjd`mx `m l}ppm hdoprm le hrknkoelkp 7 le odrnelkxepkdo `m lmzhmvpkdo, Verkx,Br}{leop.LC@G, 2663/=: @hrmp o 266=.=26 `} 25 nek 266= ikzeop lmx epprkb}pkdox `mx hjmix `pep.negdr/


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`} rmxvdoxeblm dvrepkdooml `mx idrhmx nklkpekrmx/ Hdnnm lko`ku}ekp rhmnnmop Gmeo.Ireodkx @ec}weo, lm Hjmi `pep.negdr `mx ernmx eyekp p g}xu}eldrx vl}x }o"creo` x}bdr`doo" `} nkokxprm mp, hdnnm e}z pepx.]okx, èyeopecm ykx..ykx `mxhjmix `pep.negdr `m hjeu}m ernm *Pmrrm, Ekr, Nmr+ }o vrkn}x kopmr vermx hjerc `m

le hddr`koepkdo u}}o yrkpeblm veprdo =;/ Hmppm ridrnm, u}k e iekp `} HMNE `m iehpdmp `m g}rm lm hjmi `mx ernmx `mrrkrm lm vrxk`mop, e m} vd}r hdoxu}mohm èiiekblkr levdxkpkdo `} nkokxprm `m le @imoxm, u}k mxp `xdrnekx èyeopecm rmoyd{ le idohpkdo`m cmxpkdooekrm hdodnku}m e`nkokxprepki mp `m creo` hdnn}okheop/ ]o ezm idrp xmxphdoxpkp} u}k r}okp, èox }om rmlepkdo `krmhpm, lm vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m, xdo Hjmi`pep.negdr verpkh}lkmr mp lm HMNE/

@eox lm `dnekom `} rmoxmkcomnmop, }om hmoprelkxepkdo e} vl}x je}p okyme} `m lpep ecelmnmop p dvrm/ Mllm xmxp odpennmop mzvrknm e} preymrx `m levverkpkdo `}Hdoxmkl oepkdoel `} rmoxmkcomnmop *HOR+/ @m odnbrm}z mzvmrpx mp rmxvdoxeblmxvdlkpku}mx eyekmop nklkp vd}r le hrepkdo `}om pmllm xpr}hp}rm/ Mllm e vrkx le idrnm `}om

idrnepkdo verpkh}lkrm `} Hdoxmkl `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm, rexxmnbleop lmvrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m, lm Vrmnkmr nkokxprm, lmx nkokxprmx hdohmrox *Eiiekrmxpreocrmx, Koprkm}r, @imoxm, hdodnkm mp B}`cmp+ mp lmx `krmhpm}rx `mx xmrykhmx `mrmoxmkcomnmop/

Lm HOR ìkokp lmx drkmopepkdox xprepcku}mx mp lmx vrkdrkpx mo nepkrm `mrmoxmkcomnmop/ Kl peblkp le vleokikhepkdo `mx nd{mox j}nekox mp pmhjoku}mx `mx xmrykhmxxvhkelkxx `m rmoxmkcomnmop96/ Kl xeckp `doh vl}pp `}om xpr}hp}rm m hddr`koepkdo mp`m ìkokpkdo `mx `dxxkmrx x}r lmxu}mlx hmx e`nkokxprepkdox `dkymop xm hdohmoprmr/ Vd}r hmiekrm, lm Hdoxmkl peblkp }o Vleo oepkdoel `drkmopepkdo `} rmoxmkcomnmop *VODR+ pd}xlmx prdkx eox, im}kllm `m rd}pm `m nd{mo pmrnm verpecm ver pd}x lmx xmrykhmx/

Lenlkdrepkdo `mx hjeocmx moprm hm}z.hk `dkp celmnmop pmokr e} iekp u}m lm HOR mxphjerc `m vkldpmr lmx vrdcrennmx èhu}kxkpkdo `m neprkmlx *mo verpkh}lkmrkoidrnepku}mx mp lmhprdoku}mx+, eiko u}m hmrpekox `moprm m}z v}kxxmop prm n}p}elkxx/

Le hrepkdo `m hm Hdoxmkl xmxp ehhdnvecom `m hmllm `} Hddr`dooepm}r oepkdoel `}rmoxmk.comnmop/ Hml}k.hk `kxvdxm `m `m}z vrkohkvelmx epprkb}pkdox 7 exx}rmr lm bdoidohpkdoomnmop `} HOR * revvdrpm*r+ `myeop lm HOR `dop kl vrverm lmx r}okdox mpymkllm*r+ le nkxm mo }yrm `mx `hkxkdox vrkxmx ver lm hdoxmkl + mp iehklkpmr lmxhjeocmx mp lm preyekl hdnn}o moprm lmx xmrykhmx hdohmrox *Kl hddr`doom lehpkdo mpxexx}rm `m le bdoom hddvrepkdo `mx xmrykhmx xvhkelkxx hdoxpkp}eop le hdnn}oe}p

ireoekxm `} rmoxmkcomnmop+95/ Kl verpkhkvm `doh ikzmr lmx creo`mx drkmopepkdox mp lmx

vrkdrkpx `m hmx e`nkokxprepkdox, e} preymrx odpennmop `} VODR/ Vl}x lercmnmop, mor}okxxeop rc}lkrmnmop lm}rx `krmhpm}rx, kl iehklkpm, eymh xdo u}kvm, lmx hjeocmx moprmhmx xpr}hp}rmx e}z h}lp}rmx veridkx `kiirmopmx/

=; @ec}weo G/.I/, Lmx vdlkpku}mx mp lmx koxpkp}pkdox èox lm `dnekom `m le xh}rkp/ Lmx koxpkp}pkdox `m ìmoxm mp`m xh}rkp 7 }om rydl}pkdo hdohmvp}mllm d} leèvpepkdo e}z hkrhdoxpeohmx 4 , Hejkmrx ireoekx, o 896, geoykmr.iyrkmr 2655, vv/ 82/96 @hrmp o 266;.59=3 `} 20 `hmnbrm 266; rmlepki e} Hdoxmkl `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp oepkdoel mp e}Xmhrperkep corel `m le ìmoxm mp `m le xh}rkp oepkdoelm/95 @hrmp o 266;.59=3 `} 20 `hmnbrm 266; rmlepki e} Hdoxmkl `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp oepkdoel mp e}Xmhrperkep corel `m le ìmoxm mp `m le xh}rkp oepkdoelm/


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Xkl mxp mohdrm prdv pp vd}r g}cmr `m lknvehp rml `m lehpkykp `} HOR mp `}hddr`dooepm}r, }o hmrpeko odnbrm `dbxmryepm}rx *`dop `mx e}pdrkpx vdlkpku}mx+ dopeiikrn u}m lm}r mzkxpmohm eyekp `g vrd`}kp `mx miimpx mo enlkdreop le hddr`koepkdomoprm lmx xmrykhmx `m rmoxmkcomnmop, odpennmop mo nepkrm `m verpecm `m lkoidrnepkdo/

Nekx hmx hjeocmnmopx xm xdop ehhdnvecox `}om hdohmoprepkdo `mx rmxvdoxebklkpx e}okyme} `m le vrxk`mohm `m le Rv}blku}m/ Mo peop u}m idrnepkdo `} H@XO, lm HOR mxpmo miimp vrxk` ver lm hjmi `m lpep/ Ver ekllm}rx, lm hddr`dooepm}r mxp `krmhpmnmop vlehe}vrx `m hml}k.hk/ Xk l}om `m xmx idohpkdox mxp èxx}rmr le rmndopm `} rmoxmkcomnmopvrd`}kp ver lmx xkz xmrykhmx xvhkelkxx ymrx Nepkcodo mp ll{xm, kl mxp celmnmoprmxvdoxeblm `m preoxnmpprm lmx koxpr}hpkdox `} vrxk`mop e}z `krmhpm}rx `m hmxe`nkokxprepkdox/ Ekoxk, bkmo u}m lm hddr`dooepm}r `} rmoxmkcomnmop xdkp odnn moHdoxmkl `mx nkokxprmx, hmxp..`krm x}r vrdvdxkpkdo `} Vrmnkmr nkokxprm, kl mxp bkmoreppehj le vrxk`mohm92/

E}vereyeop, lm rmoxmkcomnmop pekp vl}pp vleh xd}x le rmxvdoxebklkp `} hjmi `}

cd}ymromnmop/ Lm HOR mxp mo miimp ymo} rmnvlehmr lm Hdoxmkl kopmrnkokxprkml `}rmoxmkcomnmop *HKR+, hr ver lDr`dooeohm `m 5;=;98/ ]o `hrmp `m 5;:; eyekp `dooe} Xmhrperkep corel `m le ìmoxm oepkdoelm le idohpkdo èoknmr le xpr}hp}rm90/X}rpd}p, verpkr `m 2662, lm HKR i}p rexxmnbl xd}x le vrxk`mohm miimhpkym `} Vrmnkmrnkokxprm rekxdo `m `m}z xeohmx ver eo mo nd{moom/ Mo reppehjeop lm hddr`dooepm}roepkdoel `krmhpmnmop ll{xm mp mo x}vvrkneop lm HKR vd}r lm rmnvlehmr ver lm HOR,le ridrnm e `doh `doo lmx nd{mox e} hjmi `m lpep `m iekrm moprmr vl}x eyeop lmrmoxmkcomnmop èox xe xvjrm èhpkdo, e} `prknmop `} Vrmnkmr nkokxprm9=/

Moiko, lydl}pkdo `} Hdoxmkl `m xh}rkp koprkm}r *HXK+ mxp celmnmop verpkh}lkrmnmopkoxpr}hpkym/ Hrm ver Gehu}mx Hjkreh, eldrx Vrmnkmr nkokxprm, evrx le yec}m èppmopepx

`m le}pdnom 5;:9, hmppm xpr}hp}rm i}p hdoxmrym xd}x lmx cd}ymromnmopx x}kyeopx/ Mllm`myekp odpennmop vmrnmpprm `m ìkokr }om vdlkpku}m oepkdoelm `m l}ppm hdoprm lmpmrrdrkxnm/ Mo 5;;3, u}mlu}mx ndkx evrx xdo koxpellepkdo Nepkcodo, Lkdoml Gdxvko`hkè `m `dpmr lm Hdoxmkl `}o yrkpeblm xpep}p rclmnmopekrm, eldrx nnm u}kl omxpekp u}exknmop vl}x r}ok `mv}kx 5;;899/ Vrxk` ver lm Vrmnkmr nkokxprm, le xpr}hp}rmmzhl}ekp `m iekp lm hjmi `m lpep/ @vexxeop le pjnepku}m `} pmrrdrkxnm, mllm vmrnkp `mprekpmr vrdcrmxxkymnmop `m odnbrm}z x}gmpx *`lkou}eohm `mx nkom}rx, `dopdldckm,

92 Hmppm xkp}epkdo mxp xd}rhm `}om hmrpekom hdoi}xkdo/ Hmrpekox verlmnmopekrmx dop odpennmop vdx le u}mxpkdo `mlerpkh}lepkdo `} preyekl `} hddr`dooepm}r mp `m xdo u}kvm eymh hml}k `mx xmrykhmx `} Vrmnkmr nkokxprm, moverpkh}lkmr lm XC@XO/98 Levvmllepkdo `m ldrceokxnm pekp èkllm}rx mo mllm.nnm vrdblnepku}m/ @eox le Hdoxpkp}pkdo, lm pmrnm hdoxmkl mxp mo miimp rxmry e}z xpr}hp}rmx xm r}okxxeop xd}x le vrxk`mohm `} hjmi `m lpep *x}r hm vdkop, ydkr@mlkdo E/ C/, Lmx hdoxmklx mp hdnkpx kopmrnkokxprkmlx ,Ehp}elkp G}rk`ku}m `} @rdkp E`nkokxprepki, g}ko 5;3=,vv/ 29:.239+/90 @hrmp o:;.2=: `} 26 eyrkl 5;:; ikzeop le hdnvdxkpkdo mp lmx epprkb}pkdox `} Hdnkp kopmrnkokxprkml `}rmoxmkcomnmop/9= Hm hjdkz xmnblm celmnmop rmlmymr `}om ydldop ènlkdrmr lmiikhehkp `mx xpr}hp}rmx `m hddr`koepkdokopmrnkokxprkmllm/ Lmx rèhpm}rx `}Lkyrm bleoh `m 266: eyekmop mo miimp odp `mx vrdblnmx èox hm `dnekom/Klx om xmnblekmop vex od}yme}z 7 lm HKR om rmnvlkp u}#knveriekpmnmop xdo rlm, verhm u}#mo hm u}k hdohmrom lmrmoxmkcomnmop, lm XC@O, e}u}ml kl mxp reppehj, om x#mxp genekx knvdx hdnnm }o drceokxnm `m x{opjxm e}.`mxx}x `mx `kiirmopx xmrykhmx mp gd}m lm rlm `#}om xpr}hp}rm x}vvlnmopekrm mopreop mo hdoh}rrmohm eymh lmxe}prmx e`nkokxprepkdox xvhkelkxmx *@oh M/, Vd}r }o hdoxmkl `m xh}rkp oepkdoel , Rmy}m @imoxmoepkdoelm, o 55, odymnbrm 5;;=+/99 @hrmp o ;3.56=2 `} 5: odymnbrm 5;;3 vdrpeop hrepkdo `} Hdoxmkl `m xh}rkp koprkm}rm/


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I D O @ E P K D O vd}r le R M H J M R H J M X P R E P C K U ] M 2=

hddr`koepkdo moprm vdlkhm mp cmoèrnmrkm, ykdlmohmx }rbekomx, vdlkhm n}okhkvelm, vdlkhm`m vrdzknkp, xkp}epkdo `m le Hdrxm+/ @mymo} vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m, Gehu}mxHjkreh `hkè `x 2662 u}m lm Hdoxmkl `myekp prm ridrn93/ Xe hdnvdxkpkdo i}p lerckm,pd}p hdnnm xmx epprkb}pkdox/ X}rpd}p, hm om i}p vl}x lm Vrmnkmr nkokxprm u}k lm vrxkè

nekx lm hjmi `m lpep/

Le ridrnm 2662 i}p lmzvrmxxkdo `m le ydldop vdlkpku}m `lmymr le xh}rkp koprkm}rmmo vrkdrkp `m lehpkdo v}blku}m9:/ Nekx mllm e x}rpd}p vmrnkx e} vrxk`mop `m leRv}blku}m `m `kxvdxmr `}o drceom `m je}p okyme} l}k vmrnmppeop `m xkoymxpkr`krmhpmnmop mp vmrxdoomllmnmop èox le cmxpkdo `mx vrdblnepku}mx lkmx le xh}rkpu}dpk`kmoom `mx Ireoekx/ Ekoxk, lm Xmhrpekrm corel `} HXK, e}pdrkp ``km, i}podnn ver lm hjmi `m lpep mp vleh e}vrx `m l}k9;, eldrx nnm u}eyeop 2662 hmppmrmxvdoxebklkp kohdnbekp e} `krmhpm}r `} hebkomp `} Vrmnkmr nkokxprm/ @m nnm, lmxhdnvpmohmx `} Hdoxmkl i}rmop lerckmx 7 x}r lmx `kiirmopmx pjnepku}mx lkmx lexh}rkp koprkm}rm, kl `myekp knv}lxmr lmx vdlkpku}mx mp ìkokr lmx vrkdrkpx, hddr`doomr

lehpkdo `mx `kiirmopx xmrykhmx hdohmrox mp x}rpd}p yel}mr lmx rx}lpepx `mx nmx}rmxvrkxmx/

Iko 266;, lm Hdoxmkl `m xh}rkp koprkm}rm e i}xkdoo eymh lm Hdoxmkl `m ìmoxm e}xmko `} od}yme} Hdoxmkl `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm36/ Hmppm ydl}pkdo `mxxpr}hp}rmx vm}p prm hdnvrkxm hdnnm }om od}ymllm pevm `} nd}ymnmop `mhmoprelkxepkdo, `b}p eymh le `hmookm 2666, `m le cmxpkdo `m hmx pjnepku}mx e} vl}xje}p okyme} `m lpep/

Hmx ydl}pkdox koxpkp}pkdoomllmx *ridrnm `mx idohpkdox `} HMNE, hrepkdo `} HOR mp`} hddr`doepm}r, ebxdrvpkdo `} HKR mp `} HXK ver lm H@XO+ hdrrmxvdo`mop exxmw

lercmnmop e}z hjeocmnmopx `dhprkoe}z mp hdohmvp}mlx rhmopx/ Eymh le`dvpkdo `m leodpkdo `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm mp leiikrnepkdo `}o hdopko}}n moprm ìmoxm mp xh}rkpkoprkm}rm, }o okymllmnmop e mo miimp p dvr 7 vdlkpku}mx `m ìmoxm, `m rmlepkdoxmzprkm}rmx mp `m xh}rkp koprkm}rm, nnm mo `mnm}reop `kxpkohpmx, verpkhkvmop `}odbgmhpki hdnn}o/ Dr hdnnm lmx `m}z vrmnkrmx idop verpkmx, `mv}kx nekopmoeop `mx`hmookmx, `} `dnekom rxmry `} vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m, kl xmnblm rmlepkymnmopldcku}m `m xm `mneo`mr xk le prdkxknm oe vex clkxx èox hmppm hepcdrkm/ Vl}xlercmnmop, eymh lm iekp u}m lmoxmnblm `mx vdlkpku}mx v}blku}mx verpkhkvmop le xprepckm`m xh}rkp oepkdoelm, hmrpekomx `mx hdo`kpkdox xmnblmop `xdrnekx r}okmx vd}r u}mpd}pmx lmx `knmoxkdox `m le ykm v}blku}m xdkmop vdpmopkmllmnmop `pmrnkomx ver ljpm`m ll{xm/ @m le ìmoxm cldbelm, do ebd}pkrekp mo u}mlu}m xdrpm le xh}rkp cldbelm/

Lm rkxu}m `m hdoi}xkdo moprm xh}rkp koprkm}rm mp ìmoxm

Vmoèop }om hkou}eopekom èoomx, le Ireohm e mnvld{ lm hdohmvp `m ìmoxm cldbelmvd}r hdohmydkr lmx vdlkpku}mx `m xe}ymcer`m `m lpep mp `m le hdnn}oe}p oepkdoelm, mp

93 @hrmp o 2662.:;6 `} 5= nek 2662 rmlepki e} Hdoxmkl `m xh}rkp koprkm}rm/9: Lm nkokxprm `m lKoprkm}r i}p odpennmop rmodnn hmppm vdu}m nkokxprm `m lKoprkm}r, `m le xh}rkpkoprkm}rm mp `mx lkbmrpx ldhelmx/9; Mo 2662, leohkmo vrimp `m vdlkhm `m Verkx Vjklkvvm Newdok i}p odnn le idohpkdo `m Xmhrpekrm corel `}HXK 7 vd}r hm iekrm, kl pekp hjerc `m nkxxkdo e}vrx `} vrxk`mop `m le Rv}blku}m/36 @hrmp o 266;.59=3 `} 20 `hmnbrm 266; rmlepki e} Hdoxmkl `m ìmoxm mp `m xh}rkp oepkdoel mp e}Xmhrperkep corel `m le ìmoxm mp `m le xh}rkp oepkdoelm/


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l`kikhm koxpkp}pkdooml, mo verpkh}lkmr e`nkokxprepki, ko`kxvmoxeblm hmppm phjm/ Lmxrvdoxmx nklkpekrmx dop p ekoxk idrpmnmop yeldrkxmx/ Nekx hm hdoxpep om xkcokikm vexvd}r e}peop u}m lmx e}pdrkpx ekmop `hk` `m om vex vrvermr `m rvdoxmx vd}r iekrm iehme}z nmoehmx mp rkxu}mx e}prmx u}m nklkpekrmx/ Mo eppmxpm le ldoc}m pre`kpkdo `m

vleokikhepkdo mo nepkrm `m xh}rkp hkyklm ver mzmnvlm/

@mv}kx `m odnbrm}xmx eoomx, kl mxp iekp pep, eymh rekxdo, `m lmzkxpmohm `}o hdopko}}nmoprm xh}rkp koprkm}rm mp xh}rkp mzprkm}rm/ Vd}r iekrm iehm hmrpekomx `mx nmoehmxvmxeop x}r lmx xdhkpx dhhk`mopelmx *pmrrdrkxnm, hrknkoelkp drceokxm preoxoepkdoelm,+,}om hdohmvpkdo `m le xh}rkp }oku}mnmop ido`m x}r le `knmoxkdo nklkpekrm e} okyme}xprepcku}m mxp koeèvpm/ Hm hdoxpep vdx, kl hdoykmop hmvmoèop `m vrhkxmr u}m ìmoxmmp xh}rkp koprkm}rm xdop `mx nd`mx èhpkdo `kxpkohpx, knvlku}eop `mx dvrepm}rx`kiirmopx/ Lm rlm mp lmx nkxxkdox `mx idrhmx ernmx mp `mx idrhmx `m vdlkhm xdopxvhkiku}mx, lm}rx hjeomx `m hdnneo`mnmop `dkymop `mnm}rmr xvermx, nnm xk }omxprepckm hdnn}om `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm `dkp vmrnmpprm `mx hdoymrcmohmx, vl}x `m

vleokikhepkdo hdnn}om èox hmrpekox `dnekomx mp }om hddr`koepkdo vl}x prdkpm/ Lm`hldkxdoomnmop `mx idohpkdox hkyklmx mp nklkpekrmx om `dkp ebd}pkr lm}r hdoi}xkdo/

Dr lm revvrdhjmnmop `mx idrhmx nklkpekrmx mp `m vdlkhm eyekp `g `b}p eyeop lev}blkhepkdo `}Lkyrm bleoh `m 266: mp le`dvpkdo `} hdohmvp `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm/ Hmppmhdoymrcmohm hdohmrom pd}p èbdr` lmx npjd`mx mp lmx p{vmx `m nkxxkdox/Pre`kpkdoomllmnmop, lehpkdo vdlkhkrm mxp ko`kyk`}mllm 7 lmx nmnbrmx `mx idrhmx `mvdlkhm, preyeklleop mo u}kvmx r`}kpmx prx e}pdodnmx, l}ppmop vd}r vrdpcmr lmx hkpd{moxmp lm}rx bkmox hdoprm lmx hdnvdrpmnmopx, veridkx hrknkomlx, `m vmrxdoomx kxdlmx d} `mvmpkpx crd}vmx/ Ver ekllm}rx, mllm mxp ver mxxmohm oepkdoelm/ Xdo he`rm dvrepkdooml mxp,èox le creo`m negdrkp `mx hex, lknkp e} pmrrkpdkrm oepkdoel/ Vd}r lmx ernmx, hmxp le

hdllmhpkykp oepkdoelm *le vdv}lepkdo èox xdo moxmnblm+ u}kl hdoykmop `m vrdpcmr/Ver ekllm}rx, lm}r he`rm èhpkdo mxp, ver vrkohkvm, kopmroepkdoel35/

Nekx hmx `mrokrmx eoomx, mo verpkh}lkmr vd}r l}ppmr hdoprm hmrpekox vjodnomxhrknkomlx *pmrrdrkxnm, preikhx `m xp}vikeopx, `prmx j}nekox, èrnmx+, mp nnm xk le`knmoxkdo ko`kyk`}mllm `m xdo preyekl hdopko}m `prm lmxxmopkml e} u}dpk`kmo, le vdlkhm e` `ymldvvmr xmx vdxxkbklkpx vleokikmr mp relkxmr `mx dvrepkdox hdnvlmzmx, rmhd}reop `mx vmrxdoomlx kxx}x `m xmrykhmx `kiirmopx32/ Hmx dvrepkdox ohmxxkpmop `m `kxvdxmr`}om hevehkp `m neo}yrm u}exk.nklkpekrm/ Ver ekllm}rx, mllm e ` evvrmo`rm eckr mohddvrepkdo eymh xmx u}kyelmopx preocmrx/ lkoymrxm, ldrx `mx nkxxkdox `m vmehmx}vvdrp*rpeblkxxmnmop, nekopkmo d} hdoxdlkèpkdo `m le vekz+, lmx ernmx xdop veridkx

35 Lm vdlkhkmr omxp vex }o jdnnm `m c}mrrm, nekx x{nbdlku}mnmop, }o cer`kmo `m le vekz / Le idohpkdo u}klexx}rm mxp ndkox hdllmhpkym u}ko`kyk`}mllm, her kl ymkllm èyeopecm x}r lmx vmrxdoomx mp lmx bkmox u}m x}r lmx vdv}lepkdox / Q^

Levvrdhjm ko`kyk`}elkxpm `m le xh}rkp koprkm}rm mxp nmpprm mo verelllm eymh lm herehprm ko`kyk`}ml `m lermxvdoxebklkp voelm/ Eldrx u}m lm nklkpekrm iekp iehm }om e`ymrxkp eodo{nm mp hdllmhpkym hdoxpkp}m verlernm moomnkm, lm vdlkhkmr mzmrhm xmx idohpkdox rvrmxxkymx lcer` `mx ko`kyk`}x/ Le odpkdo `m hrknkoelkpdrceokxm èox leu}mllm }om mopkp hrknkomllm vm}p prm `kxpkoc}m `mx ko`kyk`}x u}k le hdnvdxmop mxp rhmopm/ Lehdehpkdo, u}k rmhdooep le vdxxkbklkp `}om vl}relkp è}pm}rx vd}r }om koirehpkdo, mxp }om hrepkdo `} ZZmxkhlm/ Le`ymrxekrm jkxpdrku}m `} vdlkhkmr mxp eyeop pd}p }o ko`kyk`} *Hjdu}mp H/, H}lp}rmx vdlkhkrm mpnklkpekrm 7 hdoymrcmohmx mp kohdnvepkbklkp , Hejkmrx `m le xh}rkp, o 50, dhpdbrm.`hmnbrm 2656,v/ 562+/32

]o `mx mzmnvlmx lmx vl}x rylepm}rx `m hm hjeocmnmop mxp le vrdpmhpkdo dvrm ldrx `mx creo`x yomnmopxkopmroepkdoe}z *r}okdox `} C 3, C :, C 26+ e} hd}rx `mxu}mlx le vdlkhm `dkp hdohmydkr `mx dvrepkdox nleoprmoxmkcomnmop, xh}rkp v}blku}m, idrhmx `kopmrymopkdo, jlkhdvprmx


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hdoirdopmx `mx xkp}epkdox d e}h}o moomnk omxp `hler/ Mllmx xdop pmo}x `mnvld{mrle hdoprekopm vj{xku}m eymh rmpmo}m mp rmhd}rmop, x}r lm pmrreko, hmrpekomx pmhjoku}mxvrdhjmx `m hmllmx nkxmx mo }yrm ver lmx idrhmx `m vdlkhm *hdoprlm `m id}lm vrdhjm `}nekopkmo `m ldr`rm, hjmha vdkopx rmxxmnbleop `mx berrecmx `m vdlkhm+38/

Hmppm hdoymrcmohm `mx idrhmx `m vdlkhm mp `mx ernmx khk brkymnmop ydu}m e `dohp rmoidrhm ver le`dvpkdo `} hdohmvp `m xh}rkp oepkdoelm/ Nekx mllm om `dkp vexebd}pkr `mx rmnkxmx mo he}xm mp$d} }om i}xkdo `mx idohpkdox `mx `m}z koxpkp}pkdox/ Eymhlmx dvrepkdox `m vmehm x}vvdrp, hmrpekox xpekmop `g kopmrrdcx x}r lydl}pkdo `mxnkxxkdox `} xdlèp30/ Nekx kl om ie}`rekp vex u}m lmx hjeocmnmopx hk.eyeop `hrkpxoenomop lmx nklkpekrmx xldkcomr `m lm}r h}r `m npkmr, u}k `mnm}rm `m iekrm lec}mrrm/ Xkl mxp xeox `d}pm mzehp u}m Le vdv}lepkdo om hdnvrmo`rekp vex u}m ld}pklnklkpekrm om xdkp vex }pklm lkoprkm}r `m xmx irdopkrmx mp u}kl ie}p `doh u}m lmxernmx xdkmop `}elmx pd}p e}peop heveblmx èhpkdox lmzprkm}r u}m`kopmrymopkdox `krmhpmx e} vrdikp `m le vdv}lepkdo 3=, hmppm ldcku}m `dkp rmxpmr lknkpm

`mx `dnekomx hlekrmnmop hkrhdoxhrkpx/ Ie}pm `m hlerkikhepkdo, lm rkxu}m mxp khk u}m lmxdlèp ydkp eymh eocdkxxm xm vrdiklmr le vmrxvmhpkym `}om ernm preoxidrnm moxmrykhm v}blkh vdl{yelmop/ Le `kxvdokbklkp mp le r}xpkhkp `} nklkpekrm vm}ymop prm nkxmx vrdikp vd}r hdnvmoxmr lmx kox}iikxeohmx `} xmrykhm v}blkh, vellkmr lmx hdoxu}mohmx `mxcrymx, rmoidrhmr lmx `kxvdxkpkix `m l}ppm hdoprm lmx vdll}pkdox, kopmrymokr ldhhexkdo `mxhepexprdvjmx oep}rmllmx 39/

38 @mx }okpx `m lernm `m Pmrrm, odpennmop, m}rmop vrmo`rm lm}r hdnvpm `mx nkxxkdox `m xh}rkpv}blku}m corelm, `m nekopkmo mp `m rpeblkxxmnmop `m ldr`rm, ydkrm `m l}ppm hdoprm le vrdlkirepkdo `m preikhx mp

`} `ymldvvmnmop `mx rxme}z vrdpdneikm}z boikhkeop ldhelmnmop `m hdo`kpkdox komxvrmx `mzveoxkdo/Hdoprekrmnmop e}z idrhmx `m vdlkhm u}k hdo`}kxekmop vrdcrmxxkymnmop lm}r ydl}pkdo h}lp}rmllm, lmx nklkpekrmx`}rmop dvrmr }om rmnkxm mo u}mxpkdo br}pelm *Hjdu}mp H/, H}lp}rmx vdlkhkrm mp nklkpekrm 7 hdoymrcmohmx mpkohdnvepkbklkp , dv/ hkp/, v/ 56=+/30 Hmx kopmrrdcepkdox om xdop pd}pmidkx vex od}ymllmx/ @eox xdo p}`m `mx ernmx enrkhekomx, Geodskpw vr`kxekpekoxk mo u}mllmx ellekmop ydl}mr ymrx lm xpep}p `m hdoxpeb}ler{ idrhmx , hmxp..`krm `m idrhmx `m vdlkhmkopmroepkdoelm iekxeop `m le idrhm l#}xecm lm vl}x nd`r vdxxkblm *Geodskpw, N/, Pjm Vrdimxxkdoel Xdl`kmr7 EXdhkel eo` Vdlkpkhel Vdrprekp, Oms [dra, Pjm Irmm Vrmxx, 5;96+/3= Hjerlkmr *N/.@/+, Le vrdpmhpkdo `} pmrrkpdkrm oepkdoel ver lernm `m Pmrrm/ Ido`mnmopx, lknkpmx mp

vmrxvmhpkymx, KIRK, Idh}x xprepcku}m, o 5:, odymnbrm 266;, v/ 50/39 Hjdu}mp H/, H}lp}rmx vdlkhkrm mp nklkpekrm 7 hdoymrcmohm mp kohdnvepkbklkp , dv/ hkp// vv/ 569.563/

Kl hdoykmop pd}pmidkx `m revvmlmr lmzkxpmohm `}om idrhm `m xpep}p nklkpekrm hjercm `} nekopkmo `m ldr`rm, lecmoèrnmrkm ndbklm/ Ver ekllm}rx, lmx ernmx, mo verpkh}lkmr le Nerkom mp lernm `m lEkr, miimhp}mop `mv}kx prxldocpmnvx `mx nkxxkdox `m xmrykhm v}blkh/

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