LACK OF INTEREST IN MATERIAL THINGS AND EMPHASIS ON THE SPIRITUAL

PURITY, TRUE PATH

FAITH, CONNECTION TO THE EARTH ANDFERTILITY

THE WHEEL OF LAW OF DHARMA

INDIAN FACTS• FORM OF GOV’T – Federal Republic (gained

independence from the UK in 1947)• CAPITAL – New Delhi• POPULATION – 2nd most populated in the world• LAND SIZE –slightly more than 1/3 the size of the U.S.• CLIMATE – Varies from Tropical Monsoon in the

south to Temperate in the north• CURRENCY – Rupee• MILITARY – Voluntary• RELIGION – Hindu (80%)

EARLY SOUTH ASIA• Modern India traces its roots back to

the Indus River Valley located in South Asia

• Harappans – earliest civilization found in this area, dates back to about 2,500 b.c., disappeared around 1,500 b.c.

• Ruins demonstrate:1. urban planning (organized cities)2. grid pattern streets3. multi-storied homes4. bathrooms and sewage systems

ARYANS• Aryans – conquered the Indus River

Valley around 1500 b.c. and then moved southeast into the Ganges Plain

• Organized into tribes, each was led by a rajah

• Cattle – basis of their diet and economy, wealth was measured in cattle and they were used as money

• Men dominated society, which was largely agricultural

SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Social Structure

• 1. Brahmans – Priests • 2. Kshatriyas – Warriors/princes • 3. Vaisyas – merchants/farmers

• 4. Sudras – peasants/servants

• 5. Pariahs – so “unclean” not even part of the system, do the toughest and dirtiest jobs

HINDUISM

• Aryans believed in a religion that has evolved into what we know as Hinduism

BELIEFS• Evolved over hundreds of years, (no one person began it)• Brahman – universal spirit, god (other gods are

manifestations of Brahma)• Trinity – 3 most important manifestations are:

BRAHMA

SIVAVISHNU

BRAHMA

• The Creator

VISHNU

• The Preserver

SIVA

• The Destroyer

KEY CONCEPTS

REINCARNATION

- The rebirth of the soul

KEY CONCEPTS cont.KARMA

- Idea that how a person lives their life will determine what form that person takes in the next life (what comes around goes around)

KEY CONCEPTS cont.

DHARMA

- Duties of a particular varna (class)

- If you fulfill your dharma you get have good karma

KEY CONCEPTS cont.

MOKSHA

- State in which a person’s soul is freed from the cycle of reincarnation (heaven)

KEY CONCEPTS cont.

AHIMSA

- Belief that all life is sacred and needs to be protected

SACRED HINDU WRITINGS: THE VEDAS

• Ancient poems, legends, hymn, rituals… that formed the basis of Aryan religious life

• There are 4, the oldest dating back to about 1000 B.C.

• Draw a picture representing the main ideas of Hinduism (Dharma, Karma, Reincarnation, Moksha).

• Relate it to something YOU want to achieve…a goal you have.

• Also in include a written explanation of the process that explains the relationship of dharma, karma, reincarnation, and moksha.

BUDDHISM

THE BUDDHA• Siddhartha Gautama – the

founder of Buddhism, born in India in 566 B.C.

• born into the Kshatriya class, lived a wealthy but sheltered life

• wanted to understand why people suffer and how to minimize it

THE BUDDHA cont.• believed he found the answers

while meditating, believed he received “enlightenment”

• he preached his message and became known as “The Buddha” (enlightened one)

• he rejected the caste system, a person’s position in life should depend on the person, not their birth

4 NOBLE TRUTHS

1. ALL PEOPLE SUFFER

2. PEOPLE SUFFER BECAUSE THEIR DESIRES BIND THEM TO THE CYCLE OF REBIRTH

3. WE CAN END SUFFERING BY ELIMINATING DESIRES

4. ELIMINATE DESIRE BY FOLLOWING THE 8-FOLD PATH

8-FOLD PATH

KNOW THE TRUTH

RESIST EVIL

SAY NOTHING 2 HURT OTHERS

FREE YOUR MIND OF EVIL

WORK 4 THE GOOD OF OTHERS

RESPECT LIFE CONTROL YOUR THOUGHTS

MEDITATE

THE 8-FOLD PATH LEADS TO NIRVANA

• Nirvana – state of enlightenment that frees the soul from the cycle of rebirth

DALAI LAMA

TIBET

POTALA PALACE

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Potala.jpg

INDIAN EMPIRES

http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078799813/student_view0/unit1/chapter3/interactive_maps.html#

MAURYAN EMPIRE

• Founded by Chandragupta Maurya – he ruled from 324 B.C. – 301 B.C.

• Capital was in northeastern India (modern-day Patna)

• Highly centralized gov’t

MAURYAN cont.

• Asoka – greatest ruler of the empire, maybe all of India????

• Adopted Buddhist ideas to improve the empire (hospitals, trees and shelters along roads…)

MAURYANS cont.

• Under Asoka India also became a regional economic/trading power

• Empire ended in 183 B.C.

GUPTA EMPIRE

• Founded by Candra Gupta in 320

• same capital as the Mauryans

• Became the dominant power in northern India, loose control of central India

GUPTA cont.

• Golden age of Indian culture

• Hindu and Buddhist arts flourished

GUPTAS cont.• Traded with China, SE Asia

and the Mediterranean

• Many pilgrims came to India to see Hindu and Buddhist temples and shrines

• Empire ended in the mid 600s

Imperialism and Colonial India

IMPERIALISM• The extension of a nation’s power over

other lands.(One country’s domination of the political,

economic, and social life of another country)

Why be an Imperialist?1. Political rivalries/Prestige– European countries needed colonies to

compete with other Europeans.2. Desire for New Markets/Economics– New territory to get raw materials and sell

finished goods.3. Seeking New Opportunities– Native Europeans could advance socially by

taking an assignment in a colony4. “Civilizing Mission”/Racism– Some Europeans thought it was their duty to

impose their culture on other, less “civilized” peoples.

Forms of Imperialism1. Colony: territory that an imperial power ruled directly

2. Protectorate: territory that had its own government, but its policies were guided by a foreign power.

3. Sphere of Influence: a region in which the imperial power had exclusive investment or trading rights.

BRITISH COME TO INDIA

BRITISH IN INDIA• Involvement in India

dates back to the 1500s

• 1650 – British trading forts established

• Mid-1700s – Britain, through the East India Company, strengthened its control of Indian territory

The Sepoy Rebellion

• By 1857, the East India Co. controlled most of India• 1857: The sepoys (Indian soldiers) rebelled against their British

commanders– The Indians resented Christianity and European customs

Results of the Sepoy Rebellion

• Rebellion spread across northern and central India

• Forced British to take “direct control” of India (Queen Victoria was now the Empress of India)

• Viceroy System Imposed: A viceroy ruled India as the monarch’s representative

• Fueled Indian Nationalism

EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE

COSTS /Negatives• Racism/discrimination

• Increased unemployment

• Increased taxes

• Economic crisis

• Food shortage/starvation

BENEFITS/Positives• Education

• Improved transportation (RRs and canals)

• Medical care

• Honest, efficient gov’t

Costs and Benefits of British Rule in India

NATIONALISM

• The unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols

• Video

CREATION OF MODERN INDIA

Reactions to British Rule

• 1885: Indian National Congress (INC) formed– Accepted ideas of democracy and equality– Initially used peaceful protests to gain more power

for the Indians.– Leader in Indian struggle for independence.– The INC was divided by religion• The Hindus (majority) and Muslims (minority) did not

trust each other.

GANDHI• Worked for Indian

independence starting before WWI (1914-1918)

• Known as India’s “Great Soul”

• Was a lawyer in England and South Africa before returning to India

--- Gandhi practiced civil disobedience – non-violent refusal to obey unjust laws

--- Satyagraha: a term which means “truth force” and describes the nonviolent protests

He believed nonviolence would embarrass and humiliate the British, eventually forcing them to grant India freedom

Gandhi gives a speech about civil disobedience

Killed in 1948 by a Hindu extremist who believed Gandhi was too generous to the Muslims

The Amritsar Massacre• 1919 - 10,000 unarmed Indians gathered for a political

meeting– British troops blocked the only entrance and began firing

upon the crowd.– 400 people were killed, 1200 wounded.

• The Amritsar Massacre spurred even more Indian people to join the fight for independence.

The Salt March

• The British controlled (and taxed) all salt in India

• 1930: Gandhi led thousands on a march to the sea– They made salt out of sea

water– Eventually, Gandhi was

arrested like many of his followers already had been.

Limited Self-Rule• 1935: Government of India Act– Created a constitution for India that gave provincial

legislatures control over areas such as agriculture, education, public health, and public works.

– Also gave 5 million Indians the right to vote and increased the role of Indians in government

• The INC (at the urging of Gandhi) accepted the act even though it didn’t offer complete independence.

Hindu-Muslim Relations• Hindus outnumbered Muslims 3 to 1 in India• 1937: The Muslim League, led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, split

with the Congress Party– The Muslim League demanded a separate Muslim nation

(Pakistan).• Hindus, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, wanted a united India.

• The independence movement was permanently fractured.• Gandhi did not want the creation of Pakistan

POST-WORLD WAR II• British colonial

control of South Asia ended after WWII (1945)

• The Indian subcontinent was divided into two countries, Pakistan and India (August 15, 1947)

ON THE MOVE• 12 million Muslims and Hindus moved across the borders of

the newly created countries

• Violence broke out and more than a 200,000 people were killed (including Mohandas Gandhi)

Tension still exists between India and Pakistan

Jawaharlal Nehru

• First prime minister of India

• Leader of India’s government from 1947-1964

NEHRU’S GOALS FOR INDIA

1. modern, industrial economy

2. religious freedom

3. social equality

INDIA TODAY

GOVERNMENT………

FEDERAL REPUBLIC

(same 3 branches of gov’t as U.S.)

Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh

POPULATION: 1,173,108,018

………..2ND LARGEST IN THE WORLD BEHIND CHINA……THE UNITED STATES IS 3RD

CAPTIAL CITY………..

NEW

DELHI

28 states and 7 territories

DEMOGRAPHIC TIDBITS

• Languages: Hindi and English (many others)

• Monetary Unit: Rupee ($1.00 = 44 rupees)

• Life Expectancy: F – 71.9 M – 66.9

• Education: compulsory from 6-14 (Lit. = 66%)

• Suffrage: 18 yrs and universal

CONCERNS

• EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION (pollution)

• OVERPOPULATION

• POVERTY

• FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH PAKISTAN (issue of Kashmir)

QUICK HISTORY

• Independence – 1947– Created as a home for

Muslims– Originally created as one

country on two sides of India (West and East Pakistan)

PAKISTAN SPLITS

Bangladesh – in 1971 East Pakistan declared its independence and became Bangladesh

COMPARISONINDIA

Population – 1,166,079,217

Main Religion – Hindu (81%)

Gov’t – Federal Republic

Defense Budget – $22.3 billion

PAKISTAN

Population – 176,242,949

Main Religion – Islam – (97%)

Gov’t – Republic

Defense Budget - 4.14 billion