laboratry safety measures

7/30/2019 laboratry Safety Measures

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Introduction to laser safety

Dr. Muhammad Umair Hassan

Many slides are taken from various trainings and other resources


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What is a laser?

The word laser?

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission ofRadiation.

Amplification of Light energy to extremelyhigh intensity by stimulated emission.

Wavelength?

In or near the optical portion of theelectromagnetic spectrum.

Q: Whats electromagnetic spectrum range in terms of nm and eV


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Working Principle?

Electrons surrounding atoms are excited into higherenergy states to create a population inversion.

The excited electrons release their energy in the formof photons which can, in turn, collide with otherexcited electrons and cause them to release anidentical photon - this is called stimulated emission.

As more energy is put in so more photons are released.

By reflecting the photons back and forth in a mirroredsystem the amount of energy can be increased.

Some of the energy is allowed to escape through apartially coated mirror to create a laser beam.


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The Types

Gas lasers including He-Ne and carbon dioxide lasers

Dye lasers

Solid state lasers including neodymium-YAG (Nd:YAG) lasers

Semiconductor lasers diode lasers

Chemical lasers

Q: who has used these lasers or any of them?


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Laser light

Laser light has the following properties: it is monochromatic

it is very intense

it has low divergence

it is coherent. Lasers can have different types of beam output

continuous wave (CW), or

pulsed.

Laser speckle is caused by scattered laser radiationinterfering with incident laser radiation.


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Beam hazards

The laser produces an intense, highly

directional beam of light. This light will be

absorbed by surfaces it is directed at, raising

the temperature of that surface.

The eyes and skin of the body are vulnerable

to this energy.

Of greatest concern is laser exposure in the

retinal hazard region, but ultraviolet and

infra-red light also have an effect.


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The Retinal Hazard Region

400-1400nm

Affects the retina


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UV-C (100-280nm)

Cornea surface

UV-A (315-400nm)

Affects the lens

UV-B (280-315nm)

Absorbed by the cornea

Ultraviolet light


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Far IR

Affects cornea and aqueous humor

Near IR (< 1400nm)

Affects the retina

Infra-red Region


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Reflections

There are two principle types of laserreflection:

specular reflection - which occurs from mirror-like

surfaces. The incident beam striking a specularlyreflecting surface will leave it essentiallyunchanged.

diffuse reflections - which occur from rough

surfaces such as paper or matt-painted walls.These reflections bear no relation to the directionof the incident radiation.


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Reflections

There are two principle types of laserreflection:

specular reflection - which occurs from mirror-like

surfaces. The incident beam striking a specularlyreflecting surface will leave it essentiallyunchanged.

diffuse reflections - which occur from rough

surfaces such as paper or matt-painted walls.These reflections bear no relation to the directionof the incident radiation.


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Non-beam hazards

Non-beam hazards include:

electrical hazards - especially from trailing cables

and risk of water spillages

fumes - from vaporised target material

laser dyes - many of these are carcinogenic

optical hazards - arising from the flash lamps used

to pump the lasers.


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Safety Standards

There are two principle international laser safetystandards: International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60825

- this has been adopted in the UK as British Standard

BS EN 60825-1:1994 Safety of laser products. Part 1.Equipment classification, requirements and usersguide.

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z136

Both standards share a common classificationsystem for lasers based on their power output,wavelength and pulse duration.


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British Standard

BS EN 60825-1:1994 is divided intothree sections (General;Manufacturing Requirements; andUsers Guide)

The objectives of the Standard areto: protect persons from laser radiation

lay down requirements for user andmanufacturer to establishprocedures

ensure adequate warning of hazards

reduce possibility of injury, and

protect persons from other hazards.


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Laser Hazard Classification

Exposure limits have been set for nearly all typesof laser radiation.

These limits are referred to as MaximumPermissible Exposures (MPEs).

MPEs are those levels of radiation to whichpersons may be exposed without sufferingadverse effects.

MPEs depend upon the wavelength of the laserand the duration of the exposure.

Detailed tables are found in the British Standard.


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Class 1

MPE less than 7 microwatts of visible radiation.

A Class 1 laser is considered safe underreasonably foreseeable conditions of operation

and they present no hazard to the eye or skin. This Class also includes laser systems which

cannot emit hazardous levels of laser radiationbecause of the inherent design of the product.

Note that there may be a more hazardous lasersystem embedded in the product and additionalprecautions would be necessary if the system isopened up.


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Class 1M

Exceed accessible emission limits for Class 1

but, because of the geometrical spread of the

emitted radiation, the laser does not causeharmful levels of exposure to the unaided eye.

Safe limit can be exceeded, and injury can

occur, if magnifying viewing instruments areused, eg binoculars, telescopes, magnifying

glasses, microscopes.


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Class 2

MPE less than 1 mW of visible radiation.

A Class 2 laser or laser system must only emit avisible laser beam.

Momentary viewing of a Class 2 laser beam is notconsidered hazardous since the upper limit forthis type of device is less than the MPE formomentary exposures of 0.25 second or less - theso-called blink reflex.

Intentional extended viewing is consideredhazardous.


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Class 2M

Laser products which exceed the permittedaccessible limits for Class 2 but, because of thegeometric spread of the emitted radiation,

protection of the unaided eye is normallyafforded by natural aversion responses to brightlight.

The use of magnifying viewing instruments cangive rise to higher levels of exposure and injurycan occur. These instruments include: binoculars;telescopes; magnifying lenses; and microscopes.


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Class 3R

Laser products having a level of accessibleemission up to five times the limits for Class 1 (ifinvisible) or Class 2 (if visible).

The maximum permissible exposure may beexceeded but the risk of injury is low.


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Class 3B

Less than 500 mW of visible radiation

note that Class 3B also covers pulsed lasers andinvisible radiation. Reference should be made to

the MPE limits contained in the British Standard inorder to verify classification.

Direct intra-beam viewing is always hazardous.

Viewing diffuse reflections from a distance is

normally safe provided the exposure durationis less than 10 seconds.


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Class 4

Over 500 mW visible radiation note that Class 4 also covers pulsed lasers and

invisible radiation. Reference should be made to theMPE limits contained in the British Standard in order

to verify classification. These lasers are very powerful and may also be a

fire hazard.

Exposure of the skin to the beam may cause

injury. Even diffuse reflections are hazardous.

Very stringent control measures are required.


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Protect Your Eyes!

In a fraction of a second,

your vision can go dark.


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Engineering controls

Engineering controls remove the dependence tofollow rigorous procedures and the possibility offailure of personal protective equipment.

Engineering controls all the safety features builtinto the design of the laser and its associatedequipment.

Examples of Engineering Controls include:

key control;

remote interlock;

beam enclosures;

protective filter installations.


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Administrative controls

Administrative and Procedural Controls are intended tosupplement Engineering Controls to ensure that laserpersonnel are fully protected from laser hazards.

Administrative/Procedural Controls include:

information, instruction and training; signage;

protocols

arrangements for maintenance;

arrangements for servicing.


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Signage

Class 1CLASS 1 LASER PRODUCT

Class 2 LASER RADIATIONDO NOT STARE INTO BEAM

CLASS 2 LASER PRODUCT

Class 2M LASER RADIATIONDO NOT STARE INTO BEAM OR VIEW

DIRECTLY WITH OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

CLASS 2M LASER PRODUCT

Class 3B LASER RADIATIONAVOID EXPOSURE TO BEAM

CLASS 3B LASER PRODUCT

Class 4 LASER RADIATIONAVOID EYE OR SKIN EXPOSURE TO

DIRECT OR SCATTERED RADIATION

CLASS 4 LASER PRODUCT


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Leading Causes of Laser Accidents Unanticipated eye exposure during alignment

Available eye protection not used

Equipment malfunction

Improper methods for handling high voltage

(This type of injury has resulted in death.)

Inadequate training

Failure to follow SOP

Failure to provide non-beam hazard protection.

Equipment improperly restored following service

Incorrect eyewear selection and/or eyewear failure


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Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment should only beused when the above measures do not providesufficient control.

Personal protective equipment includes: protective eyewear; and

protective clothing.


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Laser eye protection

Selection of eyewear shouldbe based on: wavelength(s) being used

radiant exposure;

maximum permissibleexposure (MPE);

optical density of eyewear;

visible light transmissionrequirements;

adequate peripheral vision;prescription lenses; and,

comfort.


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Universitys Procedures

The Unis High Power Laser Safety Policy requires allwork with Class 3B and Class 4 lasers to be subject toprotocols approved by Heads of Department and tocomply with British Standard BS EN 60825.

There is a supporting Code of Practice which describesthe Unis requirements for: preparation and approval of protocols;

registration of Designated Areas, users and equipment;and,

the need for the lowest class of laser to be used.


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Protocols

Protocols should be developed and implementedbefore any use of Class 3B and Class 4 lasers.

Protocols should describe:

the use of the laser;

the Designated Area being used

the laser(s) being used;

the training and competence of the user(s)

the use of personal protective equipment;

any departure from standard conditions.


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Designated Areas

Areas where Class 3B andClass 4 lasers are used mustbe registered with theCollege Safety Unit.

A sign must be affixed nearto the entrance of eachDesignated Area andcontain the details of theperson responsible for the

area, emergency contactsand the name of theDepartmental Laser SafetyOfficer.

DESIGNATED AREA

CLASS 4 LASER HAZARD

NO ENTRY WHEN WARNING LIGHT IS ON

Departmental Laser Safety Officer:

Emergency contact numbers:

1)

2)

PERMIT-TO-WORK REQUIRED

Person Responsible for this area:


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Laser equipment registration

All lasers must be registeredwith the Departmental LaserSafety Officer and the CollegeLaser Safety Officer.

The form includes a checklistof the precautions requiredfor each class of laser.

IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & MEDICINE

REGISTRATION OF LASER EQUIPMENT

All lasers, except Class 1, must be registered with the Departmental Laser Supervisor and the College Laser Safety Officer.

Supervisor - it is your responsibility to complete this form, keep a copy for your records and return copies to:

(1) Safety Director, 14 Prince's Gardens (2) Departmental Laser Supervisor (3) Technician Head of Section.

Supervisor Name (Block Capitals): ________________________________________________________________ Phone No: ________________________________

Laser Details (tick or complete entries, as appropriate):

Department: Laser identification number (issued by the Department):

Precise Location (building, room number, location):

Equipment Make: Model: Specification:

Class 2 up to 1mW continuous (visible) Visible or UV or IR

Class 3A up to 5mW continuous (visible) and 25Wm-2

Portable or Fixed

Class 3B* up to 5mW (visible) Continuous or Pulsed

Class 3B** up to 500mW Name of key holder - Classes 3B**, 4 and 1E

Class 4 above 500mW

Class 1E fully enclosed

Brief description of work:

The table below indicates the precautions required for each class of laser and is taken from CVCP Notes of Guidance Part 2: 1 Lasers (1992). It will be used by the Departmental

Laser Supervisor to monitor laser safety. An unshaded block denotes that action is required.

Precautions Class 2 Class 3A Class 3B* Class 3B** Class 4 Class 1 (E)

Remote Interlock

Key Control

Emission Indicator

Beam Shutter

Beam Stop

Beam Level

Beam Enclosure

Eye Protection

Protective Clothing

Eye Examinations

Training

Laser Labels

Door Signs

Signature of Supervisor: _______________________________________________________________________________ Date: ____/____/_____

Signature of Departmental Laser Supervisor: _____________________________________________________________ Date: ____/____/_____

May 94


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Laser user registration

All laser users must beauthorised and must beregistered with the CollegeLaser Safety Officer.

Before a user is registered theyshould have had an eye testand attended the Introductionto Laser Safety course.

IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE

REGISTRATION OF LASER USER

All laser users must be authorised by the Head of Department or the Departmental Laser Supervisor.

Supervisor - it is your responsibility to ensure completion of this form, keep a copy for your records and return copies to:

(1) Safety Director, 14 Prince's Gardens (2) Depa rtmentalLaser Supervisor (3) Technician Head of Section.

Name of Laser User (Block Capitals): _________________________________________ Phone No: ____________________

Department: ______________________________________________________________________________________________

Supervisor Name (Block Capitals): _________________ _________________ _________________ _____________Phon e No:

________________________________

Us er is (pl ea se cir cl e) : A. U nde rg ra du ate C . R es ea rc h Assis ta nt E. Aca de mi c

B. Pos tg raduat e D. Techn ician

Details of laser(s) User is authorised to use:

Laser Number Class and Type Laser Number Class and Type

To be completed by the User

Have you attended the College Laser Safety Officer's lecture on laser safety (see Note 2 below)? YES / NO

I f " No ", ha ve you spoke n to the Dep ar tm en ta l Las er Supe rvis or abo ut la se r sa fet y? YES / NO

Have you had an eye test - Users of Clas s 3B** and Clas s 4 lasers on ly (s ee No te 3 below)? YES / NO

H av e y ou re ad th e C ol le ge La se r S af et y P ol ic y a nd Co de of Pr ac ti ce (s ee No te 4 b el ow )? Y ES / N O

Notes:

1. Specify Laser Identification Number (issued by the Department), Class and Type (e.g. He - Ne).

2. All new laser users should attend the lecture given by the College Laser Safety Officer. This takes place annually in

November. If you wish to start using a laser before that date, or miss the lecture, then you must talk to the Departmental

Laser Supervisor about laser safety training before starting work with lasers.

3. All users of lasers classified as 3B** or 4 must have an eye test before starting work with the lasers and on its

completion. Long term users should have an eye test every three years. Eye tests must be carried out by an Appointed

Optician arranged through the College Health Centre.

4. Copies of the Policy and Code of Practice have been sent to all supervisors of laser work.

Signature of User: ________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ _ Date: ____/____/ ____

Signature of Supervisor: _______________ ________________ _________________ ______________ Date: ____/____/ ____

Signature of Departmental Laser Supervisor: _________________ ________________ ___________ Date: ____/____/ ____


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Eye test

Current arrangements at the Collegerequire all users of Class 3B andClass 4 lasers to have a laser eyetest before starting work withlasers.

A medical examination by a qualifiedspecialist should be carried outimmediately after an apparent orsuspected injurious ocular exposure.


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College Laser Safety Officer

The College Laser Safety Officer monitors departmentalarrangements and assists departments by: providing expert advice;

reviewing protocols

maintaining central registers of Designated Areas, usersand laser equipment;

providing training; and,

investigating accidents.


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Accident Reporting Procedures

All incidents or accidents involving the use of lasers mustbe reported to the Safety Unit as soon as possible.

Any individual who may have been exposed to damaginglaser radiation must be referred for assessment of anydamage, preferably within 24 hours of the incident.

Certain accidents may be reportable to the Health andSafety Executive, including: an accident involving a student which results in them being

taken to hospital for treatment;

an accident which causes a specified major injury, whichincludes temporary or permanent loss of sight.


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Legislation

There is no specific legislation in the Pakistan regardingthe use of lasers.

However, the following regulations do have to becomplied with:

Management of Health and Safety at Work do yourself Provision and Use of Work Equipment do yourself

Personal Protective Equipment do yourself

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health do yourself

Electricity at Work do yourself

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences do yourself

Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) do yourself


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Further training and supervision

Always needed with advancements in the

field.

This was just a glimpse of what you arepotentially going to see in the labs, if not at

CIIT, somewhere else for sure!.


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Electrical Safety

Basic Principles of Electricity

Alternating Current

Basic Electric Circuits

Safe Working Practices

Maintenance


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What is electricity ?

A source of Energy

Essential to modern life

Extremely Dangerous

Cannot be seen or smelt

More than 1000 Fatalities at Work per Year in

Pakistan


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Electric Current

A flow of electrons !

Certain materials conduct better than others

Conductors

Metals such as copper, silver, gold and aluminium.

Loose electrons in abundance so charge can be

transferred easily

Copper very common on cost basis


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Ohms Law

French physicist Ohm studied

V

I R

the relationship between

Potential difference (V),

Amperes, and Resistance.

His findings became known as Ohms Law

Where V = I * R, I = V / R & R = V / I


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Sources of power

Battery DC

Mains Supply

Portable Generators

Solar panels


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Pakistan Electricity Supply System

Electricity supplied to factories, offices and

homes at ~ 220 volts

Large factories at 11000 volts or above

Supply has alternating current (a.c.)

Alternates at (frequency) of 50 cycles per

second (50 Hertz or Hz)


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Power

When current flows energy is transmitted and

usually consumed by a load

Examples heaters, lights, motion

Such devices must consume electricity because

we have to pay for it!


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Power

Power = Volts X Amps (work done)

Measured in Watts (W)

Example 2300 Watt electric kettle

Also referred to as 2.3 kilowatt (kW)


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Summary

Amps, Volts, Ohms

Power


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Effect of electricity on human body

Burns

Surface

Deep tissue

Electric Shock Muscular Contraction

Asphyxia

Respiratory Arrest Ventricular Fibrillation


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Ventricular Fibrillation

Factors are Current / Time & Physiological

Structure of body

Can occur at 30mA (0.03 A)

Causes heart to flutter

Muscle cannot open / close properly

Does not pump Lack of oxygen to brain - DEATH


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Electric shock

0.5mA6mA tingling sensation Threshold ofperception.

10mA 16mA muscular contraction sets

Threshold of danger 30mA 60mA & above prolonged exposure

can be FATAL

Death can occur in a fraction of a second

IEC 479 C


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IEC 479 curves

IEC 479 Curves

For info only


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IEC 479 curves

Zone 1 - No danger

Zone 2 - Usually No effects

Zone 3 Reversible damage, no fibrillation,

breathing difficulties

Zone 4

5% chance of fibrillation C1- C2

50% chance of fibrillation after C3

For info only


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Electric Shock - Treatment

Isolate supply immediately Dial 999

If you cannot isolate DO NOT attempt to touch

casualty

Physically remove victim using non-conducting

implements

Check for pulse / breathing, give artificial

respiration if necessary


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Electrical circuits

Consist of

Power Source

Connecting cables

Electrical equipment (energy converter)


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Electrical circuits - Earthing

Very important for safety !

Prevents conducting parts of equipment (ie.

metal frames or lids), which do not normally

conduct electricity from becoming live during

faults.


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No earthing of equipment

No bonding

Person can receive an

electric shock ifequipment becomes

faulty


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Equipment bonded together

All equipment bonded

together

No potential (voltage)

difference between livecasing and handrail

If case becomes live

fuse should blow Equipotential Bonding


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Fuses and RCDs

Fuses essential for safety, will cut off supply at a certain current level

i.e. 13A, 5A, 3A mains supply fuse

Fuse has a fuseable wire element which heats up whencurrent flows

Excessive current = excessive heat & wire melts preventingcurrent flow

RCDs Residual current device

Compares current in Live & Neutral if different and above acertain value supply switched off


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Work on Electrical Equipment

Always ISOLATE supply Switch off using a device that will create an air gap that

should not fail

Lock off where possible to prevent inadvertent

switching ON whilst work taking place Always test conductors in a reliable way before

touching (ie. test the test device before and after use!)

Permit to work may be required for higher

voltage or complex installations


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Safe values of Voltage

55 VAC systems have not caused anybody to

be electrocuted

Often referred to as a 110VAC centre tapped

earth supply (CTE) yellow coloured equipment

Less than 120 VDC considered to be safe


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Double Insulation

Lots of portable equipment is DoubleInsulated

Extra layer of insulating material over live

conductors to prevent exposure of conductors Can mean that an earth conductor is not

required risk reduced by additionalinsulation.


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Electrical Fires / Arcs / Explosions

Fires Overheating, arcing & sparking

Arcs

Generated during faults / flashover (Lightning) Very high temperatures / causing burns

Explosions Flammable substances give off vapours

Electrical sparks can ignite (ie. domestic light switch)


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Electrical equipment selection

Must be suitable for environment

Wet, dusty, flammable gases, mechanical strength,

corrosive atmospheres (maggot farms)

Must be maintained in good condition Failure to select suitable equipment and maintain it

often results in incidents at a later date


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Maintenance of Portable Electrical Equipment

Many accidents result from 230 volt portable

equipment

Pressure Washers / Vacuum Cleaners

Resulting from Incorrect selection

Inadequate maintenance / poor repairs

Most important checks are easy to do !


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Visual Inspection

Check flexible mains cable for damage to insulation

If insulation is damaged REPLACE

DO NOT wrap conductors together and tape up So called Electrical Insulation Tape will not provide a

sufficient barrier between you and a potentially fatal

electric shock as has been proven on many occasions


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Plug

Check that only the outer insulation has been clamped

/ gripped. Clamping inner conductor insulation will

potentially lead to exposure of live terminals.

Is fuse correct rating (Instructions should advise correct

current value DO NOT use a nail)

Check that all 3 pins are present and in good condition


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Testing

Only by a competent person

Earth bond test

Insulation test On-load test

Guidance HSE HS(G) 107 (5) Maintaining portableand transportable electrical equipment


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The Law

Health & Safety at Work etc

Electricity at Work Regulations

Require Safe construction, maintenance & work systems

Capability,Environments,Insulation, Earthing, Connections,

Fusing, Isolation, Making dead, Live working, Working Space,

Competence.

Covers

ALL aspects at ALL voltages.

But its all your responsibility!.......

R di ti


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Radiation


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Overview

Radiation

Biological Effects of Radiation

Radiation Safety Guidelines

Use of Geiger counter

Campus Emergency Procedures

Contact Us


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Definitions

Radioactivity Spontaneous emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation

from an unstable nucleus.

Ionizing Radiation

Radiation of sufficient energy to strip electrons from the orbit of anatom.

Contamination

Radioactive material in an unwanted location.

Half-Life

The time required for any given radioisotope to decrease to one-halfits original quantity

After 10 half-lives, the radioactivity is 99.9% gone


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Radiation Types

There are 4 main types of radioactive emissions,

each of which has different shielding

requirements

Alpha Shielded by air, skin, paper

Beta

Shielded by skin, aluminum, wood, Plexiglas

Gamma/x-rays Shielded by lead

Neutrons

Shielded by hydrogen-containing materials, water, paraffin


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Exposure

There are two ways that an individual canbe exposed to radiation

Internal exposure

By mouth, nose, eyes, skin absorption, or anyopen cut

Main concern with alpha and low energy beta

External exposure

Energy is passed through the body and/orabsorbed by tissues

Main concern with high energy beta, gamma, andneutron radiation


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Rules to Reduce Exposure

Time

Reduce time in areas containing radioactive materials.

Distance

Keep your distance from radioactive materials-exposure drops very quickly.

Shielding

Use proper shielding to reduce exposure if shielding is

necessary. Contamination Control

PPE

Surveys

Average Annual Background Radiation


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Average Annual Background Radiation

Exposure in the US (360 mrem)

55%

11%

8%

8%

18%

Radon

Internal Emitters

CosmicTerrestrial

Man-Made

Man-Made Sources

(65 mrem)

11, 58%4, 21%

3, 16%

1, 5%

Medical X-Rays Nuclear Medicine

Consumer Products Other
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Biological Effects

Risk ofcancer

and/orgeneticeffects

Radiation dose100 rem

?

ff


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Biological Effects

Effects depend on dose

Can range from no effect (low dose) to death (high

dose) with acute doses

Damage to DNA considered most significant Single strand break- repaired easily

Double strand break- rare but not repaired easily

DNA strands break thousands of times an hour under normal

situations and the body repairs it. Increased risk of cancer

with radiation can occur when there is an increase ofoccurrence causing a higher probability that strands do not

get fixed

This is only one of several steps required to induce tumors

l l ff


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Biological Effects

Acute (one-time) high level dose Can cause radiation damage and symptoms

quickly

Not likely with any sources on campus Chronic (long-term) low level dose

Effects, if any, appear after 20-30 years

Risk of cancer with 1 rem of radiation increases

from the normal rate of 20% to 20.03%.


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Exposure Limits

Radiation workers can receive a whole body dose of5000 mrem/yr

Pregnant radiation workers can receive 500 mrem/9month gestation period

Minors are limited to 10% of adult doses

Public is limited to 100 mrem/year

Average dose the public receives is 360 mrem/yr

Average dental x-ray- 10 mrem

Head/neck x-ray- 20 mrem Cross-country airline flight- 5 mrem

di i S f G id li


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Warn everyone about presence of radionuclides Label all radioactive materials

Lock up radionuclides

Wear PPE Conduct surveys

Keep records/inventory of radioactive materials(RAM)

Contact RSO before moving any materials to adifferent location

R di i S f G id li


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Make sure special equipment is ordered

ahead of time

Develop a contingency plan in case of accident

Be sure to have proper personnel dosimetry

(film badges, finger badges) if applicable

We dont have very harmful sources at CIIT

R di i S f G id li


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Proper monitoring equipment in workingcondition

Proper shielding design

Make sure Principal Investigator is approved

for specific nuclide and quantity

E P d I j


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Emergency Procedures: Injury

Assist injured personnel first, call 911 ifserious injury (Medical problems take priority

over radiological concerns).

Monitor personnel, check for contamination.

Control area - inform other workers and keep

people out of the area.

Notify radiation safety office

E P d Fi


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Emergency Procedures: Fire

Sound fire alarm.

Contact fire department. Inform them of the

incident.

Turn power off to system if using x-ray or

other radiation-producing device, if possible.

Evacuate area or use fire extinguisher.

Contact firefighting team.


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Chemical Safety

P E


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Protect Your Eyes

Appropriate eyeprotection mustbe worn at alltimes!

Inform yourteacher if youwear contactlenses.
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The Control of Substances

Hazardous to Health Regulations

(2002)

International Regulations


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Wear appropriate protective


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Wear appropriate protectiveclothing

Lab aprons can be used to protect goodclothing and you

Loose clothing should not be worn because itmay dip into chemicals or fall into a flame andcatch fire


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Wear shoes that cover your feet.

Sandals and open-toed shoes do notprotect your feetfrom broken glassthat is frequentlyfound in the lab

Do not apply cosmetics eat or drink
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Do not apply cosmetics, eat, or drinkin the lab.

These activities are ways by which youcan accidentally ingest harmfulchemicals
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Do not taste any chemical!


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Do not taste any chemical!

Pour from large containers to smaller ones
http://www.bigcountrytradingpost.com/Randals/images/briggs-R1-12A.jpg


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Pour from large containers to smaller ones.

Always ADD ACID to water
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Always ADD ACID to water

acid

water

Work with volatile chemicals under a fume
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hood.

Check glassware for stars or cracks
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Check glassware for stars or cracks.

Heat test tubes at an angle
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Heat test tubes at an angle.

Handle hot glassware with gloves or beaker
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tongs.
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First light the match

THEN

Turn on the gas!

D t ll h i l di tl !
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Do not smell any chemicals directly!

Smell chemicalsonly if yourteacher

specifically tellsyou to do so, thenuse your hand tofan the vapor to

your nose.

D n t pip t s l ti ns b m th!


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Do not pipet solutions by mouth!

Use a rubbersuction bulb or

other device tofill a pipet.

Wash your hands with soap and
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y pwater before leaving.

This rule applieseven if you have

been wearinggloves!

Know the hazards of the materials being
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/NEW/GermCity/images/handwash.png


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used.

Read and rereadlabels carefully tomake sure that youare using the rightchemical.

Pay attention to thewarnings about thechemicals used inthe lab.

Tie Back Loose Hair
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Tie Back Loose Hair

Dangling hair canfall into theBunsen burner

and catch fire orcan fall into achemical solution

P.S. Burning hairREALLY STINKS!

Know the safety equipment


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Know the safety equipment

Eye wash fountain

Safety shower

Fire extinguisher

Emergency exits
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Carry out only the experiments

assigned by your teacher

Never remove chemicals from thel b


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laboratory

This guy put chemicals in his locker!

Never work alone in the lab
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Never work alone in the lab

In case of aproblem, you mayneed another

person to preventinjury or evensave your life!

Means have abuddy

Remember that the lab is a place fori k!
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serious work!

Careless behavior may endanger yourselfand others and will not be tolerated!

Demonstrate safe behavior


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Obey all safety instructions givenby your teacher or found in youexperimental procedure.

Clean up spills immediately; IF youknow how. If you are uncertain howto clean up a spill or if a large spill

occurs, notify your teacherimmediately.



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Before leaving the lab:



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Before leaving the lab: Return equipment and chemicals to

their proper places



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their proper places

Be sure to replace the lids to allcontainers



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their proper places

Be sure to replace the lids to allcontainersClean up your work area

Know how to dispose of waste


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Know how to dispose of waste

Dispose of all waste materials accordingto your instructional procedure or yourteachers instructions

? ? ? ?

Report any accidents or unsafe conditionsi di t l !
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immediately!

laboratry safety measures

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