laboratory report writing guideline -...
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FACULTY OF ELECTRONICS & COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Laboratory Report
Writing Guideline FKEKK
Compiled by
Sani Irwan bin Md Salim
July 2008
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LABORATORY REPORT OBJECTIVES
• To publish laboratory report according to its format with relevant information of the
experiment.
• To publish laboratory report in clear and concise for easy readability.
• To present ideas together with illustration such as figures, graphs, tables etc.
• To analyze data collected, reasoning in data interpretation and comprehensively
summarize all the findings.
• To apply concepts, techniques and formula in problem solving and to distinguish
whether the results are in line with the theory or not.
• To produce recommendation or conclusion that leads to work enhancement.
LABORATORY REPORT WRITING FORMAT
ELEMENTS IN LABORATORY REPORT
LONG REPORT SHORT REPORT
TITLE TITLE
OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES
THEORY EQUIPMENTS/MATERIALS
EQUIPMENTS/MATERIALS RESULT
PROCEDURES DATA ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
RESULT
DATA ANALYSIS/DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
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LONG REPORT
COVER PAGE
Cover page should include
• The report title at the top of your report.
• Your name and the name (s) of your partners.
• Date of experiment was performed
• Date of submission
TITLE
“Overall statement of experiment”
� Example
TITLE : RECTIFIER CIRCUITS.
OBJECTIVES
“Purposes, what you want to achieve or the intention of the experiment to be carried out”
� Example
OBJECTIVES:
• To obtain…….
• To determine…….
• To understand…..
• To verify…..
• To practice…..
THEORY
“Scientific laws or principles and formula involved in the experiment, assumptions and details”
Students must state theory relevant to the experiment to be carried out.
� Example
Rectifier circuit should concentrate on half wave and full wave rectifier. (AC and DC values).
EQUIPMENTS/MATERIALS
“Detail of the equipment and components used including serial number and number of each
component”
� Example
EQUIPMENTS:
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PROCEDURES
“PASSIVE SENTENCES of what you have done in the lab”.
• This section is a detailed narrative describing the steps you completed during the lab.
• Any random person should be able to read this section and duplicate your experiment.
• Write it as if you are writing instructions for someone else to complete the lab.
� Example
1. Before start of the experiment, all equipments are calibrated.
2. A circuit was connected as shown in Figure 1 using the components provided.
Figure 1
RESULT
“Data or result obtained in the experiment, may include error analysis or theory calculations”
• Outline the results of your experiment (s).
• Generally, the quantitative aspects of the results are best presented in graphs and tables.
• These should be accompanied by a verbal description of the data and the trends that may
occur.
• Remember to include your units and to use scientific notation.
• When applicable, you should include a sample calculation.
In your discussion, interpret your results and observations. Keep in mind the purpose of the
experiment while interpreting your results. You should also answer the questions that were
presented to you throughout the experiment/assignment in this section
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In this section you must discuss and interpret the results of your investigation. It is important to
reflect back on your hypothesis in this section - Can you support your hypothesis? Must you reject
it?
Discuss any mistakes you may have made while performing the experiment. If your data is "weird"
try to figure out what is wrong. Finally, suggest how the investigation might have been improved.
Table 1: Silicon
VAK (Volt) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75
IA (mA) 0.50 1.55 2.60 3.20 3.80 4.50 5.10 5.90 6.55 7.15 8.00 8.80 9.50 9.80 9.82
Table 2: Germanium
Table 3: Vp set to 10V
Experiment
Measured Theoretical Error
Waveform
Vdc (volt) Vrms (volt) ��� =��
2� �� =
��
√2 Vdc Vrms
Half wave
rectifier a b c d e f Refer graph 2
Half wave
rectifier with C Refer graph 2
Full wave
rectifier Refer graph 3
Full wave
rectifier with C Refer graph 3
Error analysis:
� � =�������������������
�����������
� � ��� =���
�
� � �� = ����
VAK (Volt) 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
IA (mA) 0.80 1.90 3.20 4.00 5.10 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23
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Theory Calculation:
� EXAMPLE: WAVEFORM
Each waveform must have:
• Title
• Label for X-Y axis
• Used suitable scale for X-Y axis
• Unit for each axis
• Legend (has to be stated at the end of each graph curve)
• use graph paper.
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Word 2007 : Insert Caption
Caption is important and a necessity in labeling all figures, graphs, tables etc. A
structured caption could easily be maintained by using automated caption, instead
of manually filling the caption number.
By using this feature, all the caption numbers will be sorted out automatically, even if the figure is
changed. Together with “cross-reference”, your text is linked with the caption as well.
For figure, the caption must be BELOW of the figure.
For Table, the caption must be ABOVE the figure.
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DATA ANALYSIS/ DISCUSSION
• This part depends on type of the data or experiment.
• Explain about result based on graph, table, figure or waveform in sentences.
• A broad DISCUSSION used in the experiment.
o results,
o challenges,
o difficulties,
o precaution,
o theories,
o assumption etc
• Give answer for all questions in lab sheet.
Analysis of data
1. For the rectifier, graph is not necessary but waveforms are needed.
2. Results are as expected from theory:
Silicon diode gave Vk=……
Germanium diode gave Vk=…..
This shows that Ge diode is closer to the ideal diode approximation.
� Example
The experiment showed Ge and Si diodes can be used as rectifiers. Rectifiers are used as AC
to DC converter. This is shown by the DC value obtained in the experiment. The AC values are
ripple voltages. Ripple can be reduce by the introduction of capacitor.
CONCLUSION
• Wrap up your report in short nice statements. Relate to your objectives, theory and result.
• Suggestions for the better approaches of the experiment in near future.
REFERENCES
• State your references and cited work.
• References used must be reflected in the theory section in the form of quotes, citation or
footnote.
• References can be books, journals, papers and webpage (with its URL and date accessed)
• Reference formatting can be either APA, Harvard or IEEE format.
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Word 2007 : References & Citations
Choose a publishing style – normally APA or IEEE references.
Insert Citation or Add New Source accordingly.
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Manage sources - Once you have completed a document you may need to add or delete sources,
modify existing sources, or complete the information for the placeholders
Add bibliography to the document