LABORATORIO:Parte1

PROTOZOANS:Animal‐likeorganisms

EJERCICIO688‐107(EDITION14TH)

77‐102(EDITION15TH)

h=p://www.microscopyu.com/moviegallery/pondscum/

Goalsfortoday

•  Learntousethemicroscope•  Learntorecognizedthevariousprotozoanphyla.

•  Learntheirmain‘diagnosMc’characterisMcs

•  Learnabouttheirbiologyandtheirecological,economic,andmedicalimportance

PROTOZOAProtozoaisapolyphyleMcassemblageofanimal‐likeorganisms.ThismeanthatmanyorganismsgroupedunderProtozoaactuallyevolvedindependently,fromdifferentancestors. A new classification approach that considers PHYLOGENETICS and uses MOLECULES to construct their relationships recognizes 14 PHYLA !!!

Hickmannetal.2011

ProtozoanorganismshavetwoanimallikecharacterisMcs:

–  Absenceofacellwall

–  PresenceofatleastonemoMlestageinthelifecycle

PROTOZOA:Wherecanyoufindthem?

•  Protozoanorganismsarefoundinavarietyofhabitats:–  Freeliving

•  Fresh,marine,andbrackishwater•  Moistsoils

–  Parasites–  SymbioMcrelaMonships

PROTOZOA:whyaretheyimportant?

•  Althoughprotozoaarefrequentlyoverlooked,theyareecologicallyveryimportant:

–  Aspredatorsofalgae,bacteria,andmicrofungi,–  Herbivores–  Decomposers–  Parasitesofgreatmedicalandeconomicalimportance

PROTOZOA:YourTasksExercise6A:

– Phylum:Amoebozoa(nakedamebas)•  Species:Amoebaproteus

PROTOZOA:Amoebaproteus

•  Takeaslidefromyourassignedbox

•  LookattheAmebaandtrytoidenMfythenucleusandpseudopodia,contracUleandfoodvacuoles.

•  Wedon’thaveanyparasiUcAmebabutlearnaboutthisspecies:Entomoebagingivalis,wheredoyouthinkitlives?

•  NextweekyouneedtobringthereportofAMEBAreadytobereviewed.

PROTOZOA:AmebasAmebascanbenakedorenclosedinshells:

•  Ameobaproteusisanakedamebathatlivesinfreshwater.

•  Usuallyfoundintheundersideofwaterplants.

•  Feedonmicroorganisms.•  Theyaregranulatedinappearance

PROTOZOA:AmebasAmebasbody

•  Theoutercellmembrane=plasmalemma

AmebasFeedinghabits:

•  Phagocytosis:engulfingthefood

•  Notethefoodvacuoles.

•  LysosomeshelpdigesMon

AmebasexcreUon:•  Anyundigestedproductiseliminatedatanypointofalongthe

plasmalemma.

AmebasosmoregulaUon:•  ContracUlevacuole:increasesinsizeandthenrupturestothe

outside.•  Thisorganelleridstheamebaoftheexcesswatertakenfromfoodor

osmosis.

Amebasnucleus:•  Nucleusisdiscshapedandfinelygranulated.

PROTOZOA:Amebas

AmebaslocomoUon:•  AmebasmoveandchangebodyshapebythrusMngoutpseudopodia.

•  Pseudopodiaareextensionsofthecellbody.

INSERTVIDEOOFAMEBAMOVING

AmebasreproducUon:•  Asexuallybybinaryfission

AnimaUon:hcp://www.classzone.com/books/hs/ca/sc/bio_07/animated_biology/bio_ch05_0149_ab_fission.html

PROTOZOA:YourTasksExercise6A:otherAmebas

•  Phylum:Foraminifera–  Marineshelledamebas–  Secreteaskeletonof1ormore

chambers

–  Skeleton:Calcareousorsilica,sandorspongespicules

–  Longdelicatepseudopodia–  Whendiedarefalltothe

bocomoftheoceanformingenormouslimestonedeposits

PROTOZOA:YourTasksExercise6A:otherAmebas

•  Phylum:Radiolaria–  Marineshelledamebas–  Secreteatransparentskeleton

ofsilica

–  Slenderpseudopodiacomethroughtheshellbypores

PROTOZOA:YourTasksExercise6B:

– Phylum:Euglenozoa• Species:Euglenagracilis(orviridis)

PROTOZOA:Euglena

•  Takeaslidefromyourassignedbox

•  LookattheEuglenaandtrytoidenMfythenucleuscontracUleandsUgma.

•  DothereportEuglenaandbringitreadynextweek

PROTOZOA:EuglenaEuglenabody:•  Euglenagracilisisgreenishbecauseof

chloroplaststhatcontainchlorophyll.•  Bodyiscoveredbyapelliclesecretedby

theectoplasm•  ThesMgmaor‘eyespot’isareddish

pigmentthatislightsensiMve

Euglenahabitat•  CommoninsMllpoolsandponds

EuglenalocomoUon•  Whiplikeflagellumthatmaybeyoucan

seewithreducedlight

PROTOZOA:EuglenaEuglenamovement:•  Euglenagracilisisgreenishbecauseof

chloroplaststhatcontainchlorophyll.

Euglenahabitat•  CommoninsMllpoolsandponds

EuglenalocomoUon

•  Whiplikeflagellumthatmaybeyoucanseewithreducedlight

•  Watchtheirmovementonliveindividuals

INSERVEVIDOOFEUGLENAMOVING

PROTOZOA:EuglenaEuglenaosmorregulaUon:•  ContracMlevacuoleeliminatesexcessof

waterandwaste

EuglenaFeeding:•  PhotosyntheMc•  Carbohydratesarestoredasstarch

granulesandparamylon(carbohydratesimilartostarch)

EuglenaReproducUon•  Longitudinalfissionwhenisfreeor

encysted

PROTOZOA:YourTaskExercise6B:

– Phylum:Euglenozoa• Species:Trypanosoma

Home work

•  Whatdiseasesarerelatedtothisprotozoan?

•  DoreportonTrypanosomaandbringitreadynextweek

Videooftheweek:MONSTERINSIDEOFME:DeathbyTsetseFlywhatisitabout?

hcp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4aVUrGO97Zg

PROTOZOA:TrypanosomaTrypanosoma:•  Parasitethatlivesinbloodor

Mssuesofvertebrates.•  Somespeciesarenotparasites

TrypanosomaFeeding:•  Osmotrophic=absorbsnutrientsdirectly

fromsurroundingbloodorbodyfluids

Trypanosomadiseases•  Sleepingsickness(T.bruceigambiense,

T.b.rhodesiense,T.b.brucei).•  Chagasdisease(T.cruzei).Darwinwas

believedtohavehadChagasdiseaseinhistriptoChile.

Africa:Tsetse

CentralandSouthAmerica“kissingbug”

PROTOZOA:YourTasksExercise6C:

– Phylum:Apicomplexa• Species:Plasmodium

Home work

•  Whatdiseasesarerelatedtothisprotozoan?

Videooftheweek:MonstersInsideMe:Malariahcp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwsoK8O0lXE

PROTOZOA:Plasmodium

Plasmodium:

•  Causesmalaria

•  300millionpeoplegetsmalariaeveryyear.

•  3millionpeopledieeveryyear.

•  Twohosts:–  Anophelesmosquito(female)

–  Human

Plasmodiumcycle:

Home work

PROTOZOA:YourTasksExercise6D:

– Phylum:Ciliophora

• Species:Paramecium

INSERTVIDEOOFPARAMECIUM

PROTOZOA:Paramecium

•  LookatyourParameciumslide•  LookatliveParamecium•  YourinstructorwillshowyouaslideofParameciumtrychocysts

Look at live animals!

PROTOZOA:ParameciumParamecium:•  Ciliadothatinhabitsfresh

waterenvironments.

Parameciummovement:•  VeryacMveandfast!

•  MovementbyciliaryacMon

ParameciumBody:

•  Mouth=cystostome

•  Bodycoverbyapellicle•  Twonucleus:macro&micronucleus

ParameciumosmorregulaUon:• ContracMlevacuole.

Parameciumnucleus:• Macronucleus:regulatesmetabolismofthecell• Micronucleus:containstheanimalgenomeandisinchargeofreproducMon.

PROTOZOA:Paramecium

ParameciumTrychocysts:•  Isastructureunderthepellicle

thatwhenexplodesreleasesaliquidthathardensinwater.

•  BelievedtohaveaprotecMvefuncMon.

•  Whenaparameciumfeelsthreatened,trychocystsshootoutfromthecellmembranelikeminiaturearrows

Dischargedtrychocysts

Look at the slide prepared by your instructor

PROTOZOA:ParameciumParameciumfeeding:•  feedonparMcuclese.g.,

bacteria•  Theanalporeislocated

betweenthemouthandtheposteriorendofthebody.

•  Theanalporeistemporaryonlywhenfoodisdischarged.

VideoofParameciumfeedingonYeastthathasbeenstaininred

hcp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ymaSzcsdY

ParameciumreproducUon:

•  ConjugaMon

•  Binaryfission

PROTOZOA:ExperimentsExperiment

•  Phototaxis

•  Chemotaxis

•  NoMcedhowtheymove

•  NoMcedtheirbehaviorwhenyouchangesoflightintensity

YourinstructorwillplaceprotozoansinapetridishandunderadissecUngscopeyoumustfollowtheirchangeinbehavior:

ImportantLinks

hcp://www.savalli.us/BIO385/Diversity/01.Protozoa.html

hcp://www.microscopyu.com/moviegallery/pondscum/index.html

hcp://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/PROTOZOA.html

Protozoa