lab 2 biochem

7/17/2019 Lab 2 Biochem

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lab-2-biochem 1/19

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARAFAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

(CHE465)

No. Titl Allo!"t# M"$%& (') M"$%&

A&t$"!t*S+,,"$- 5

I/t$o#+!tio/ 5

0 Ai,& 54 T1o$- 5

5 A22"$"t+& 5

6 Mt1o#olo3-*$o!#+$

R&+lt&

7 C"l!+l"tio/&

8 9i&!+&&io/

Co/!l+&io/ 5

R!o,,/#"tio/& 5

R:$/! * A22/#i; 5

0 S+2$<i&o$=& 3$"#i/3

TOTAL MARKS

R,"$%&>

C1!%# - > R!1!%# ->

???????????????????????????

???????????????????????????

9"t > 9"t >

NAME : MARISSA DE VALDA BT MOHD YATIM

STUDENT NO : 2013229382

GROUP : GROUP 1

EXPERIMENT : ESTIMATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

TOTAL AND REDUCINGDATE PERFORMED : 15 OCTOBER 2014

SEMESTER : 3

PROGRAMME CODE : EH222 2C

SUBMIT TO : MISS !ULIA TAN



1"0 ABSTRACT

T1 ,t1o# +&# to &ti,"t t1 !o/!/t$"tio/ o: $#+!i/3 &+3"$& i/ " &",2l i&

!"ll# #i/it$o&"li!-li! "!i# (9NS o$ 9NSA) ,t1o#. R#+!i/3 &+3"$& !o/t"i/ :$ !"$o/-l

3$o+2@ 1"< t1 2$o2$t- to $#+! ,"/- o: t1 $"3/t&. All ,o/o&"!!1"$i# "/# &o,

#i&"!!1"$i# "$ $#+!i/3 &+3"$&.

1/ "l%"li/ &ol+tio/ o: 0@5?#i/it$o&"li!-li! "!i# $"!t& it1 $#+!i/3 &+3"$&(3.

Gl+!o&@ l"!to&) it i& !o/<$t# i/to 0?",i/o?5?/it$o&"li!-li! "!i# it1 o$"/3 !olo$.

T1i& ;2$i,/t "& !o/#+!t# to #t$,i/ t1 &2!t$o21oto,t$i! o: "

!"$o1-#$"t "&&"-& 1i!1 "i,# " : o!ti<&. Fi$&t o!ti< i& to #t$,i/ t1

$#+!i/3 &+3"$ "/# /o/ $#+!i/3 &+3"$ :$o, t1 &",2l 3i</ - +&i/3 9NSA $"3/t.

S!o/#l- i& to :i3+$ o+t t1 tot"l !"$o1-#$"t i/ &",2l 3i</ - +&i/3 21/ol?&+l:+$i! "!i#

$"3/t (SA).T1i$#l- i& to #t$,i/ 1t1$ 9NSA o$ SA $"3/t i& ,o$ +&:+l i/ "

D+"/tit"ti< "&&"- :o$ &t"$!1 1-#$ol-&i&. Fi/"ll-@ t1 "&2!t& o: !"$o1-#$"t ,ol!+l"$

&t$+!t+$ "!1 "&&"- $<"l& "$ 3oi/3 to #t$,i/#. Bio!1,i&t$- #"l& it1 t1

i#/ti:i!"tio/ "/# D+"/ti:i!"tio/ o: io?,ol!+l& :$o, " <"$it- o: li<i/3 &-&t,&. It i& "l&o

$l- o/ t1 !1,i!"l $"!ti<it- "/# 21-&i!"l 2$o2$ti& o: io?,ol!+l& to ,"%

i#/ti:i!"tio/ "/# D+"/ti:i!"tio/. T1 2$i,"$- tool i& t1 &2!t$o21oto,t$ 1i!1 :+/!tio/&



:o$ "&o$2tio/ o: ,o/o !1$o,"ti! li31t. I/ t1i& i/<&ti3"to$- ;$!i&@ to D+"/tit"ti<

!"$o1-#$"t "&&"-& ill !"$$i# o+t@ t1 0?5 #i/it$o&"li!-li! "!i# (9NSA) "/# t1 21/ol?

&+l:+$i! "!i# "&&"-&. T1 9NSA $"3/t #t!t& $#+!i/3 /#& o: !"$o1-#$"t& "/# it +&:+l

i/ ,"/- ;2$i,/t&. F$o, t1 $&+lt& t1 "&2!t o: !"$o1-#$"t ,ol!+l"$ &t$+!t+$ "!1

"&&"-& $<"l&. Ho<$@ #+ to &o, t!1/i!"l 2$ol,& "/# li,it"tio/ o: ti, t1 21/ol?

&+l:+$i! "!i# "&&"- i& /ot !"$$i# o+t. Fi$&tl-@ 1"< to 2$2"$ &i; &ol+tio/& o: !"$o1-#$"t

:o$ "!1 &i; o: !"$o1-#$"t "& #il+t# :o$ .5 ,3*,L "D+o+& &ol+tio/& "/# ill +& :o$ t1

9NSA "&&"-. S!o/# i& t1 2$2"$"tio/ o: 9NSA $"3/t. T1/@ t1 $#+!i/3 "/# /o/?

$#+!i/3 /# ill #t!t# - ,i;i/3 9NSA $"3/t it1 &",2l !"$o1-#$"t +&i/3

&2!t$o21oto,t$ "t 54/, "&o$"/! <"l+. B"&# o/ :"!t& it i& %/o/ t1"t 3l+!o&@

:$+!to& "/# ,"lto& i& " $#+!i/3 &+3"$. Ho<$@ i/ 9NSA ;2$i,/t t1 $&+lt ot"i/#

$ /ot "& ;2!t#. T1 $&+lt o: t1 ;2$i,/t &1o# t1"t :$+!to& "/# ,"lto& "$

$#+!i/3 &+3"$ !"+& t1i$ :i/"l !olo$ i& $# "/# t1 "&o$"/! $"/3& +2"$# to o<$ .

+t /ot :o$ 3l+!o& &i/! it& !olo+$ $,"i/ -llo "/# t1 "&o$"/! $"/3 i& lo ..

T1- "l&o !o/t"i/ "/ "l#1-# 3$o+2 "/# %to/ 3$o+2@ " 1,i?"!t"l !"$o1-#$"t ,ol!+l"$

&t$+!t+$ i/ 1i!1 "##itio/ o: "/ "l!o1ol ?OH to t1 !"$o/-l 3$o+2 o: " %to/. Al21"?

,t1-l 3l+!o&i#. T1$:o$ &+!$o& "/# &t"$!1 i& /o/?$#+!i/3 &+3"$ "& t1- 1"< "/ "!t"l

!"$o1-#$"t ,ol!+l"$ &t$+!t+$.

0



2"0 INTRODUCTION

C"$o1-#$"t& "$ o/ o: t1 :o+$ ,"o$ !l"&&& o: io,ol!+l& "/# t1 ,o&t

i,2o$t"/t !o,2o//t& i/ ,"/- :oo#&. C"$o1-#$"t& ,"- 2$&/t "& i&ol"t# ,ol!+l& o$

t1- ,"- 21-&i!"ll- "&&o!i"t# o$ !1,i!"ll- o+/# to ot1$ ,ol!+l&. It 1"& "/

,2i$i!"l :o$,+l" C/(HO)/@ t1"t !o/&i&t& o/l- o: !"$o/@ 1-#$o3/@ "/# o;-3/@ it1 "

1-#$o3/ > o;-3/ "to, $"tio o: > "& i/ "t$. C"$o1-#$"t& 1"< &+3"$ "& t1i$ &++/it&.

All !"$o1-#$"t& 1"< t1 &", "&i! &t$+!t+$&. I/#i<i#+"l ,ol!+l& !"/ !l"&&i:i#

"!!o$#i/3 to t1 /+,$ o: ,o/o,$& t1"t t1- !o/t"i/ "& ,o/o&"!!1"$i#&@ oli3o&"!!1"$i#&

o$ 2ol-&"!!1"$i#&. So, !"$o1-#$"t& "$ #i3&til - 1+,"/& "/# t1$:o$ 2$o<i# "/

i,2o$t"/t &o+$! o: /$3-@ 1$"& ot1$& "$ i/#i3&til "/# t1$:o$ #o /ot 2$o<i#

/$3-. I/#i3&til !"$o1-#$"t& :o$, 2"$t o: " 3$o+2 o: &+&t"/!& %/o/ "& dietary fiber @

1i!1 "l&o i/!l+#& li3/i/. A& ll "& i/3 "/ i,2o$t"/t &o+$! o: /$3- "/# #it"$- :i$@

!"$o1-#$"t& "l&o !o/t$i+t to t1 &t/&&@ "22"$"/! "/# t;t+$"l !1"$"!t$i&ti!& o:

,"/- :oo#&. It i& i,2o$t"/t to #t$,i/ t1 t-2 "/# !o/!/t$"tio/ o: !"$o1-#$"t& i/ :oo#&

:o$ " /+,$ o: $"&o/&.

T1 ,o/o,$ o: +il#i/3 lo!%& o: !"$o1-#$"t& i& !"ll# ,o/o&"!!1"$i#&.

Mo/o&"!!1"$i#& "$ "t$ &ol+l !$-&t"lli/ !o,2o+/#&. T1- "$ it1$

"li21"ti! "l#1-#& o$ %to/& 1i!1 !o/t"i/ o/ !"$o/-l 3$o+2 "/# o/ o$ ,o$ 1-#$o;-l

3$o+2&. Mo&t /"t+$"l ,o/o&"!!1"$i# 1"& it1$ :i< (2/to&&) o$ &i; (1;o&&) !"$o/

"to,&. Co,,o/l- o!!+$$i/3 1;o&& i/ :oo#& "$ 3l+!o&@ :$+!to& "/# 3"l"!to&@ 1il&t

!o,,o/l- o!!+$$i/3 2/to&& "$ "$"i/o& "/# ;-lo&. T1 $"!ti< !/t$&

o: ,o/o&"!!1"$i#& "$ t1 !"$o/-l "/# 1-#$o;-l 3$o+2&. Bot1 t-2 o: !"$o/-l& "$ 1i31l-

$"!ti<. M"/- 1"< 2l"&/t o#o$& "/# t"&t& "/# "$ +&# i/ 2$:+,& "/# :l"<o+$i/3&. T1

"&i! :"t+$ t1"t ,"%& "/ "l#o& #i::$/t :$o, " %to& i& " 2o&itio/ o: t1 !"$o/-l 3$o+2

o: t1 ,o/o&"!!1"$i#.

I/ t1i& ;2$i,/t@ &2!t$o21oto,t$ i& +&# to ,"&+$ li31t i/t/&it- "& " :+/!tio/

o: "<l/3t1 "/# "$ !o,,o/l- +&# to ,"&+$ t1 !o/!/t$"tio/ o: " !o,2o+/# i/ "/

"D+o+& &ol+tio/. 92/#i/3 o/ t1 t-2 o: &2!t$o21oto,t$@ #i::$/t "<l/3t1& o: li31t

!"/ "/"l-#. So, io?,ol!+l& 1"< 2$o2$ti& 1i!1 "llo #i$!t ,"&+$,/t. Fo$

;",2l@ 2$oti/& 1"< "$o,"ti! ",i/o "!i#& it1 "< l/3t1 o: 7/, "/# /+!li! "!i#&

4



1"< +/&"t+$"t# $i/3 &t$+!t+$& o: 6/,. Ot1$ ,ol!+l& 1"< !1,i!"l 2$o2$ti& 1i!1

!"/ +&# i/ i/#i$!t ,"&+$,/t.

I/ t1i& ;2$i,/t " !o/!2t o: &t"/#"$# !+$< i& +&#. To #o t1i&@ " &$i& o: &t"/#"$#&

i& 2$2"$# i/ 1i!1 t1 !o/!/t$"tio/& o: t1 "&o$i/3 &2!i& "$ 2$!i&l- %/o/. T1

"&o$"/!& o: t1& &t"/#"$#& "$ t1/ ,"&+$# i/ t1 &2!t$o21oto,t$ "/# " 2lot o:

"&o$"/! <$&+& !o/!/t$"tio/ i& 2$2"$#. T1i& 2lot !"/ t1/ +&# to $l"t t1

,"&+$# "&o$"/! o: "/- ot1$ &",2l !o/t"i/i/3 t1 &", "&o$i/3 &2!i& to t1

!o/!/t$"tio/ o: t1"t &2!i& i/ t1 &ol+tio/. Fo$ t1i& ,t1o# it "&&+,& t1"t +/%/o/ ill

$&2o/# i/ "&&"- t1 &", "& t1 %/o/. T1 !"$o1-#$"t "&&"-& i/ t1i& ;2$i,/t@ 1i!1

"$ 3l+!o&@ &+!$o&@ &t"$!1 "/# ill ;2loit it& "ilit- to $#+! ot1$ !o,2o+/#& to

2$o#+! " 2$o#+!t 1i!1 !"/ ,"&+$# o2ti!"ll-. It i& ;2!t# t1"t &o, o: t1 "&&"-& "$

$#+!i/3 &+3"$. R#+!i/3 &+3"$ 1"< "l#1-# 3$o+2@ !"/ o;i#i# to "!i# "/# it $#+!&

ot1$ !o,2o+/#.

9+$i/3 t1 t&t it1 0?5 #i/it$o&"li!-li! "!i# (9NSA) "&&"-@ &+3"$ (!"$o1-#$"t

"&&"-) $#+!& t1 o$3"/i! 9NSA 1i!1 "&o$& ,";i,"ll- "t -llo "< l/3t1. H/!@

$&+lt& i/ !1"/3 (&1i:t) i/ "&o$2tio/ &2!t$+, :$o, -llo to $#*$o/ "t 54/,. T1

",o+/t o: "&o$"/! #i$!tl- $l"t# to ",o+/t o: $#+!i/3 &+3"$.

Fi3+$ > E;",2l o: " &t"/#"$# !+$<

5



3"0 AIMSOB!ECTIVES

T1 o!ti<& o: t1 ;2$i,/t "$

. To #t$,i/ t1 $#+!i/3 &+3"$ "/# /o/?$#+!i/3 &+3"$ :$o, t1 &",2l 3i</ -

+&i/3 #i/it$o&"li!-li! "!i# $"3/t (9NSA).

. To #t$,i/ t1 tot"l !"$o1-#$"t i/ &",2l 3i</ - +&i/3 21/ol?&+l:+$i! "!i#

$"3/t (SA).

0. To #t$,i/ 1t1$ SA o$ 9NSA i& " 3oo# $"3/t :o$ ,o$ +&:+l i/ "

D+"/tit"ti< "&&"- :o$ &t"$!1 1-#$ol-&i&.

4. To :i/# o+t 1"t "&2!t o: !"$o1-#$"t ,ol!+l"$ &t$+!t+$ "!1 "&&"- $<"l&.

4"0 THEORY

6



A& i/ t1 ;2$i,/t " 9NSA $"3/t "& +&# "& it 1"& t1 !"2"ilit- o: #t$,i/i/3

t1 $#+!i/3 /# o: " $#+!i/3 &+3"$. 0@5?9i/it$o&"li!-li! "!i# (9NS o$ 9NSA@ IUAC /",

?1-#$o;-?0@5?#i/it$o/oi! "!i#) i& "/ "$o,"ti! !o,2o+/# t1"t $"!t& it1 $#+!i/3 &+3"$&

"/# ot1$ $#+!i/3 ,ol!+l& to :o$, 0?",i/o?5?/it$o&"li!-li! "!i#@ 1i!1 "&o$& li31t

&t$o/3l- "t 54 /,. 1/ 3l+!o& i& "### i/to 9NSA@ 0@ 5?#i/it$o&"li!-li! "!i# i& $#+!#

to 0?",i/o@ 5?/it$o&"li!-li! "!i#. T1i& ,t1o# t&t& :o$ t1 2$&/! o: :$ !"$o/-l 3$o+2

(CO)@ t1"t i& i/ t1 $#+!i/3 &+3"$&. T1i& i/<ol<& t1 o;i#"tio/ o: t1 "l#1-# :+/!tio/"l

3$o+2 2$&/t i/@ :o$ ;",2l@ 3l+!o& "/# t1 %to/ :+/!tio/"l 3$o+2 i/ :$+!to&.

T1 #t$,i/"tio/ o: &+3"$& - +&i/3 21/ol?&+l21+$i! "!i# i& "&# o/ t1

"&o$"/! "t 47 /, "/# -llo?o$"/3 !olo+$ "$o,"ti! !o,2l; :o$,# t/ 21/ol

"/# t1 !"$o1-#$"t 1i!1 &1o/ t1 i/t$"!tio/ t/ !"$o1-#$"t "/# 21/ol. I/

i#/ti:i!"tio/ o: !"$o1-#$"t& - +&i/3 9NSA "&&"-&@ t1 !olo+$ :o$,# &+!1 "& -llo

&1o/ it1 "&o$"/! <"l+ l&& t1"/ . &1o t1"t t1 &+3"$ 1"& /o $#+!i/3 /#.

Mo$o<$@ t1 ",o+/t o: &+3"$ 2$&/t !"/ #t$,i/# - !o,2"$i&o/ it1 " !"li$"tio/

!+$< +&i/3 " &2!t$o21oto,t$. U/#$ t1 $i31t !o/#itio/&@ t1 21/ol?&+l:+$i! "!i# ,t1o#

i& "!!+$"t to '. B+t i: " &2!t$o21oto,t$ i& /ot "<"il"l@ t1 ,t1o# !"/ 2$:o$,#

D+"lit"ti<l- - #i$!t <i&+"l !o,2"$i&o/ o: !olo+$ &",2l& o: %/o/ !o/!/t$"tio/.

5"0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS



A# P$%&'$'()*+ *, -'$.*/$'(%

,3*,L "D+o+& &ol+tio/& o: :i< !"$o1-#$"t& "$ 2$2"$#.

•

Gl+!o& ? $#+!i/3• F$+!to& ? $#+!i/3

• S+!$o&

• M"lto&

• &t"$!1

• "%$

• t&t t+&

• ,"&+$i/3 !-li/#$

• #i3it"l 2i2tt

• #i3it"l &ti$$$

• !+<tt ottl

B# P$%&'$'()*+ *, DNSA R%'%+(

• 0@5?#i/it$o&"li!-li! "!i# (9NSA)

• ot"&&i+, &o#i+, t"$t$"t tt$"1-#$"t

• .4 M N"OH

7



"0 METHODOLOGY

A" S('+'$ -$6% &$%&'$'()*+:

. A %/o/ !o/!/t$"tio/ o: !"$o1-#$"t& &ol+tio/& "/# &$i"l #il+tio/& i& 2$2"$#

:$o, " &ol+tio/ to " !$t"i/ !o/!/t$"tio/ o: !"$o1-#$"t& ("t l"&t :i< (5) #i::$/t

!o/!/t$"tio/& $D+i$#). T1i& i& :o$ t1 2+$2o& o: ,"%i/3 &t"/#"$# !+$<.

. T1 9NSA "&&"- +&& t1 &$i"l #il+tio/& o: !"$o1-#$"t&.

B" P$%&'$'()*+ *, DNSA $%'%+(:

. 3 9NSA i& #i&&ol<# i/ ,l .4M N"OH "/# 5 ,l #i&till# "t$.

. 03 o: Ro!1ll &"lt (2ot"&&i+, &o#i+, t"$t$"t tt$"1-#$"t>

KOCCH(OH)CH(OH)CO N"4HO) "& "### i/to t1 ,i;t+$ ":t$ it i& :+ll-

#i&&ol<#.

0. Vol+, "& $o+31t +2 to ,l it1 #i&till# "t$.

C" A+'7) )+ DNSA R%'%+(:

. .7?,L &",2l i& ,i;# it1 .7 ,L o: 9NSA $"3/t "/# 1"t# i/ " oili/3 "t$

"t1 :o$ ,i/+t&.

. T1 ,i;t+$ i& t1/ #il+t# it1 7 ,L o: "t$ 3i<i/3 " $"&o/"l <ol+, :o$

"&o$"/! #t$,i/"tio/ "/# t1 "&o$"/! i& #t$,i/# "t 54 /,.

0. 1/ t1$ "$ /o $#+!i/3 /#& 2$&/t@ t1 :i/"l !olo$ i& -llo (t1 "&o$"/!

$"/3& :$o, .0 to .5).

4. A 2o&iti< $&+lt i& " :o$,"tio/ o: " -llo?o$"/3 !olo$ it1 "&o$"/! t1"t ,"-

$"/3 +2"$# to ll o<$ ..

"0 RESULTS

8

http://faculty.mansfield.edu/bganong/biochemistry/reagents.htm#dnsa

http://faculty.mansfield.edu/bganong/biochemistry/reagents.htm#dnsa



1" S(*- S*7()*+

S'&7% 7 A.*$.'+-%C*7*$ C/'+%

B%,*$% A,(%$

S+!$o& . .74 Yllo Yllo

M"lto& . . Yllo Yllo

Gl+!o& . .05 Yllo Yllo

F$+!to& . .5 Yllo Yllo

St"$!1 . . Yllo Yllo

2" D)7()*+ 1

S'&7% 7 A.*$.'+-%C*7*$ C/'+%

B%,*$% A,(%$

S+!$o& .5 .6 Yllo Yllo

M"lto& .5 . Yllo Yllo

Gl+!o& .5 . Yllo Yllo

F$+!to& .5 .5 Yllo Yllo

St"$!1 .5 . Yllo Yllo

3" D)7()*+ 2

S'&7% 7 A.*$.'+-%C*7*$ C/'+%

B%,*$% A,(%$


M"lto& .5 .8 Yllo Yllo

Gl+!o& .5 .0 Yllo Yllo



4" D)7()*+ 3

S'&7% 7 A.*$.'+-%C*7*$ C/'+%

B%,*$% A,(%$


M"lto& .5 . Yllo Yllo

Gl+!o& .5 . Yllo YlloF$+!to& .5 .57 Yllo Yllo




5" D)7()*+ 4

S'&7% 7 A.*$.'+-% C*7*$ C/'+%

B%,*$% A,(%$


M"lto& .65 .0 Yllo Yllo

Gl+!o& .65 . Yllo Yllo


St"$!1 .65 .74 Yllo Yllo

" DNSA R%'%+( ;540 + <'6%7%+(/#

S'&7% 7 A.*$.'+-% C*7*$ C/'+%

B%,*$% A,(%$

S+!$o& . .0 Yllo Yllo

M"lto& . . Yllo Yllo

Gl+!o& . .0 Yllo Yllo

F$+!to& . .57 Yllo Yllo

St"$!1 . . Yllo Yllo

" S('+'$ C$6% ;A.*$.'+-% 6" G7-*% C*+-%+($'()*+#

C*+-%+($'()*+

;7#

V*7%

;7#

A.*$.'+-%

.05

.7 .

.4 .0

. .

. .



F)$% 1: S('+'$ C$6% ,*$ G7-*%

8"0 CALCULATION

P$%&'$'()*+ *, %$)'7 )7()*+ *7()*+=

Sto!% &ol+tio/ ,3*,l

,3*,l

9il+tio/ 86 ,3* ,l

.7 ,3*,l

9il+tio/ 47 ,3*,l

.4 ,3*,l



9il+tio/ 0 4 ,3*,l

. ,3*,l

9il+tio/ 4 ,3*,l

. ,3*,l

9"0 DISCUSSION

Gl+!o& "/# :$+!to& "$ 3/$"ll- %/o/ "& " ,o/o&"!!1"$i#. Gl+!o& i& " $#+!i/3

&+3"$ !"+& it 1"& " &t$"i31t !1"i/ o: ,o/o&"!!1"$i#& t1"t "!t "& ,il# $#+!i/3 "3/t&@ #+

to t1 "l#1-# 3$o+2 t1"t 2$&/! !"/ o;i#i# to :o$, " !"$o;-li! "!i# 3$o+2 "/# "l&o

" !"$o;-l"t io/ 3$o+2 it1 t1 2$&/! o: " "&. Al#o&& "$ $#+!i/3 &+3"$& t1"t !o/t"i/

"/ "l#1-# 3$o+2@ 1o<$ &o, %to&& "$ "l&o $#+!i/3 &+3"$&. I/ ;",2l@ :$+!to&

$#+!& Toll/=& $"3/t@ </ t1o+31 it !o/t"i/& /o "l#1-# 3$o+2. R#+!tio/ o!!+$&

!"+& :$+!to& i& $"#il- i&o,$i# to " ,i;t+$ o: "l#o&& (3l+!o& "/# ,"//o&) i/ "&i!

&ol+tio/ - " &$i& o: %to?/ol t"+to,$i! &1i:t&. Gl+!o& "/# :$+!to& "$ $#+!i/3 &+3"$&

!"+& t1- !o/t"i/ " 1,i?"!t"l i/ 1i!1 "##itio/ o: "/ "l!o1ol ?OH to t1 !"$o/-l 3$o+2

o: " %to/. B&i#& t1"t@ ,"lto& i& "l&o " 2"$t o: $#+!i/3 &+3"$.

0



M"lto&@ "l&o %/o/ "& ,"ltoio& o$ ,"lt &+3"$@ i& " #i&"!!1"$i# :o$,# :$o, to

+/it& o: 3l+!o& oi/# it1 "/ o/#@ :o$,# :$o, " !o/#/&"tio/ $"!tio/. T1 i&o,$

i&o,"lto& 1"& to 3l+!o& ,ol!+l& li/%# t1$o+31 "/ o/#. M"lto& i& ot"i/# -

/-,?!"t"l-# 1-#$ol-&i& o: &t"$!1@ !o/&i&t& o: to 9?3l+!o2-$"/o&& oi/# - " @4?

t"?3l-!o&i# o/#. T1 "/o,$i! !"$o/& o/ t1 $i31t 1"/# 3l+!o2-$"/o& +/it& 1"<

1,i"!t"l 3$o+2& "/# "$ i/ D+ili$i+, it1 "l#1-# :o$,& t1+& it ,"%& ,"lto& "

$#+!i/3 &+3"$.

S+!$o& i& " /o/?$#+!i/3 &+3"$ !"+& t1$ "$ /o 1,i"!t"l& $,"i/i/3 i/ t1

&+!$o&. It i& " #i&"!!1"$i# !o/&i&ti/3 o: " ,ol!+l o: :$+!to& li/%# to " ,ol!+l o:

3l+!o&. 9+ to t1 3l-!o&i#i! o/# t1"t li/%# t1 :$+!to& "/# 3l+!o&@ $#+!tio/ ,"- /ot

o!!+$. A##i/3 "!i# ill 1-#$ol- t1 3l-!o&i#i! o/# $l"&i/3 :$ 3l+!o& "/# :$+!to&@

1i!1 "$ $#+!i/3 &+3"$&. I/ " /o/?$#+!i/3 &+3"$@ t1 "/o,$i! !"$o/ i& i/ "/ "!t"l@ &i/!

it1 "& 2$&/t@ t1 "!t"l li/%"3 i& &t"l "/# i& /ot !o/<$t# to t1 "l#1-# o$

1,i"!t"l.

St"$!1 i& "l&o " /o/?$#+!i/3 &+3"$. St"$!1 i& " 2ol-,$ o: 3l+!o& li/%# - ?@4

3l-!o&i#i! o/#&. It 1"& o/l- o/ :$ "/o,$i! OH 3$o+2 "t t1 /# o: " <$- lo/3 !1"i/.

H/! &t"$!1 i& /ot $#+!i/3 &+3"$.

T1 2+$2o& o: t1i& ;2$i,/t i& to #t$,i/ "/# #t!t 1t1$ t1 &",2l& "$ "

$#+!i/3 o$ /o/?$#+!i/3 &+3"$. T1 0@5?9i/it$o&"li!-li! "!i# (9NS o$ 9NSA@ IUAC /",

?1-#$o;-?0@5?#i/it$o/oi! "!i#) i& "/ "$o,"ti! !o,2o+/# t1"t $"!t& it1 $#+!i/3 &+3"$&

"/# ot1$ $#+!i/3 ,ol!+l& to :o$, 0?",i/o?5?/it$o&"li!-li! "!i#@ 1i!1 "&o$& li31t

&t$o/3l- "t "<l/3t1 o: 54 /,. T1i& ,t1o# t&t# t1 2$&/! o: :$ !"$o/-l 3$o+2

(CO)@ t1"t #t$,i/ it i& " $#+!i/3 &+3"$&. B"&# o/ t1 ;2$i,/t@ 1/ t1$ "$ /o

$#+!i/3 /#& 2$&/t@ t1 :i/"l !olo$ i& -llo "/# t1 "&o$"/! $"/3& :$o, .0 to .5.

Ho<$@ " 2o&iti< $&+lt i& 1/ " :o$,"tio/ o: $# !olo$ it1 "&o$"/! t1"t ,"- $"/3

+2"$# to ll o<$ ..

T1 $&+lt& ot"i/# $ i& +/li% 1"t ;2!t#. 9NSA "&&"- &1o# t1"t t1$

o: t1 &",2l& 1i!1 "$ 3l+!o&@ ,"lto& "/# &+!$o& "&o$"/! $"/3# i/ t/ .0?

4



.5 1$"& :o$ &t"$!1 "/# :$+!to& t1i$ "&o$"/!=& <"l+ i& "o< .5. t1i& ,i31t

!"+&# - " : $$o$& "/# ,i&t"%& #o/ 1il !o/#+!ti/3 t1 ;2$i,/t "& "ll t1 &",2l&

o: !"$o1-#$"t& $,"i/ i/ -llo !olo+$ ":t$ i/3 t&t# - 9NSA "&&"-&. Gl+!o& 1i!1

i& " $#+!i/3 &+3"$ $&+lt& i/ .0 o: "&o$"/! 1i!1 "!t+"ll- i/#i!"t " /o/?$#+!i/3

&+3"$@ &i/! it& !olo+$ $,"i/ +/!1"/3# :$o, -llo. S", 3o& to ,"lto& t1"t $&+lt& i/

.@ t1 !olo+$ "l&o $,"i/ +/!1"/3# ":t$ i/3 t&t# +&i/3 &2!to21oto,t$i! it1

9NSA "&&"-. Fo$ &t"$!1 it &1o# " <"l+ o: . o: "&o$"/! 1i!1 i& 1i31$ t1"t it

&+22o&# to 1$"& &+!$o& &1o# " <$- lo "&o$"/! o: .0. St"$!1 "/# &+!$o&=&

<"l+ o: "&o$"/! &+22o&# to i/ t/ .0?.5 &i/! t1- "$ " $#+!i/3 &+3"$.

O/l- o/ o: t1 "&&"- &1o " 2o&iti< $&+lt t1"t i& :$+!to& t1"t 1"& .57 "&o$"/!

i/#i!"t " $#+!i/3 &+3"$. Ho<$@ t1 !olo+$ o: :$+!to& #o&/=t &1o "/- #i::$/! "/#

$,"i/ -llo.

o+l# li% to ,21"&i t1"t t1 #i::$/! i/ $&+lt& ot"i/# ,"- #+ to t1

"ilit- o: 9NSA $"3/t to #t$,i/ $#+!i/3 /# i& l&& li%l- to "!!+$"t. Si/! "$

+/"l to !o,2lt t1 ;2$i,/t it1 SA (1/ol?&+l:+$i! "!i# "&&"-) !"//ot !o,2"$

t1 $&+lt& ot"i/#. Ho<$@ it i& %/o/ t1"t 1/ol &+l:+$i! "!i# "&&"- 1"& 4.8705 tot"l

!"$o1-#$"t& 1il 9NSA "&&"- 1"& 5.04 tot"l !"$o1-#$"t& - +&i/3 &t"$!1?3l+!o&

:$"!tio/. Hi31&t &t"$!1 :$"!tio/ &1o& 1i31&t tot"l !"$o1-#$"t "/# i& " 3oo# $"3/t :o$

/-,"ti! t&t.

B"&# o/ t1 ;2$i,/t #o/@ ,"- 1"< #o/ &o, ,i&t"%&. I/ t1i& ;2$i,/t

1/ +& t1 9NSA "&&"- $"3/t@ &1o+l# 3t $# !olo$ &i/! 3l+!o&@ :$+!to&@ "/#

,"lto& i& " $#+!i/3 /# +t 3t "ll t1 &",2l& -llo !olo$ (/o !olo$ !1"/3&). I/ t1i&

;2$i,/t "l&o@ &t"$!1 "/# &+!$o& &1o+l# 3t t1 "&o$"/! $"/3& :$o, .0 to .5@ +t

3t t1 $&+lt& "o< .5 :o$ &t"$!1 "/# lo .0 o: &+!$o&.

Ot1$ t1"/ t1"t@ t1 $&+lt& ,"- "::!t# - &o, 2$!"+tio/ &t2& t1"t $ /ot

2$"!ti!# 1il !o/#+!ti/3 t1 ;2$i,/t. 9+ to t1 ,i&t"%& "/ +/$li"l $&+lt& it1

D+it 1i31 2$!/t"3& o: $$o$& $ ot"i/#.

5



10"0 CONCLUSION

A& " !o/!l+&io/@ 3l+!o&@ :$+!to& "/# ,"lto& "$ " $#+!i/3 &+3"$ &i/! t1 :i/"l

!olo$ i& $# "/# t1 "&o$"/!& $"/3& +2"$# to ll o<$ . 1/ i/3 t&t# it1 SA

"&&"-. E</ t1o+31@ #i# /ot "!1i< 3oo# $&+lt&@ to &+, +2@ - +&i/3 9NSA "&&"-

:$+!to&@ 3l+!o& "/# ,"lto& "$ $#+!i/3 &+3"$ o: "&o$"/!& $"/3 t/ 3$"t$ t1"/

.5 it1 " &li31t !1"/3 o: -llo !olo+$ to $# o$ o$"/3 o$ -llo?o$"/3. B&i#& t1"t@

t1- !o/t"i/ "/ "l#1-# 3$o+2 "/# %to/ 3$o+2@ " 1,i?"!t"l !"$o1-#$"t ,ol!+l"$

&t$+!t+$ i/ 1i!1 "##itio/ o: "/ "l!o1ol ?OH to t1 !"$o/-l 3$o+2 o: t1 /o/?$#+!i/3

&+3"$. S+!$o& "/# &t"$!1 i& " /o/?$#+!i/3 &+3"$ !"+& it i& &+22o&# t1"t t1 :i/"l !olo$

o: t1 &",2l& i& +/!1"/3# "/# t1 "&o$"/! $"/3& "$ i/ t/ .0 to .5. S+!$o&

"/# &t"$!1 i& /ot $#+!i/3 &+3"$ !"+& t1- 1"< "!t"l !"$o1-#$"t ,ol!+l"$ &t$+!t+$ i/

1i!1 t1 "/o,$i! OH 1"& / $2l"!# - "/ OR 3$o+2.

6



T1 ,t1o# t1"t i& ,o$ +&:+l i/ " D+"/tit"ti< "&&"- :o$ &t"$!1 1-#$ol-&i& i& SA

"&&"-. T1i& i& !"+& &o, o: /o/?$#+!i/3 &+3"$& &+!1 "& &+!$o& &ol+tio/ "/# &t"$!1

&ol+tio/ !"/ #t$,i/ - "&o$i/3 t1 SA $"3/t "/# &1o& t1 2o&iti< &i3/ <"l+. It

i& %/o :$o, t1 2$<io+& $&"$!1& t1"t@ SA "&&"- 1"& 1i31$ &t"$!1 :$"!tio/@ 4.8705

!o,2"$# to 9NSA "&&"-@ 5.04. Hi31&t :$"!tio/ o: &t"$!1 i& " 3oo# $"3/t. T1+&@ SA i& "

3oo# $"3/t. It i& " 3oo# $"3/t :o$ /-,"ti! t&t.

11"0 RECOMMENDATIONS

I/ o$#$ to ,i/i,i t1 $$o$@ t1$ "$ " : $!o,,/#"tio/& t1"t /# to t"%/

"tt/tio/ to i/ t1 :+t+$.

) H"/#l t1 !+<tt ottl& !"$:+ll- to 3t "/ "!!+$"t "&o$"/! <"l+ to $"# -

t1 &2!to21oto,t$i! "/# "l&o to 2$</t !o/t",i/"tio/.

) E"!1 ti, 1/ 1"/#li/3 &$i"l #il+tio/@ t1 t&t t+& "/# "%$& &1o+l# $i/&

t1o$o+31l- to 1"< " 2$!i& !o/!/t$"tio/ o: &ol+tio/. It i& "l"-& tt$ to i2 t1

"%$&@ !+<tt& ottl "/# "/- "22"$"t+& it1 t1 ti&&+ o$ Ki,i2= :o$ +&i/3

t1,.

0) U& " 3lo<&i& <it"lto "<oi# l"<i/3 "/- t1+, 2$i/t 1il 1"/#li/3 t1 !+<tt ottl

&i/! " litt #+&t ,i31t "::!t t1 $"#i/3 o: "&o$"/! - t1 &2!to21oto,t$i!.



9o/=t to+!1 t1 !l"$ "$" 1$ UV $"- i& ,itt# t1$o+31 "& it ,"- !"+&

#i&t+$"/! 1il t1 ,"!1i/ $"# t1 "<l/3t1.

4) It i& " ,+&t to &t"$t it1 " lo&t !o/!/t$"tio/ to 1i31&t !o/!/t$"tio/ o: &",2l& o$

&ol+tio/&.

5) S1"% t1 ,i;t+$ o: 9NSA $"3/t &ol+tio/ :o$ &<$"l ti,& to ,"% &+$ "

1o,o3/o+& ,i;t+$ i& :o$,#.

6) T1 "22"$"t+& /# to $i/&# :o$ " : ti,& to ,"% &+$ "ll t1 "!i# i& !l"/+2.

) +t t1 !+<tt i/to S2! &lot t1"t i& i/ t1 ", 2"t1 /&+$ to !$t"i/ t1"t !l"/

2"/& :"! t1 ", 2"t1. M"&+$ o/l- it1 t1 li# !lo&# "/# "l"-& &t t1 &2!

it1 " #i&till# "t$ to $$o t1 $"#i/3. U&i/3 t1 &", !+<tt :o$ $2"t#

$"#i/3 i& /!o+$"3#.

12"0 REFERENCES

. R. N. S,it1 "/# C. i$!@ Sol<i/3 G/$"l C1,i&t$- $ol,&@ 5 t1 #itio/@ . H.

F$,"/ "/# Co,2"/-@ 87

. M.K. C",2ll "/# S. O. F"$$ll@ Bio!1,i&t$-@ 6t1 #itio/. T1o,&o/ B$oo%&*Col@

8

0. H.G"$$t1@ C1"$l& M. G$i&1",@ Bio!1,i&t$- Fo+$t1 E#itio/.University of Virginia.

Rt$i<# 7@ B$oo%&*Col@C/3"3 L"$/i/3@:$o, Mi!1"l S""t@ U/i<$&it-

o: Vi$3i/i" R&o+$! C/t$ #"t""&.

4. L" M"/+"l @ UiTM

5. Ri!1"$# M. F"+l%&@ St21/ B. Ti,,&@ A $"2i# ,t1o# :o$ #t$,i/i/3 t1

!"$o1-#$"t !o,2o//t o: #it"$- :i$@ Foo# C1,i&t$-@ Vol+, @ I&&+ 4@ 875@

"3& 0?7@ ISSN 07?746@ .6*07?746(75)806?6.

7



6. M"$- Hl/ .B. Vtto$i@ R+2/#$" M+%$"@ Jo1/ F. Ro-t@ Co,2"$"ti< &t+#- o:

t1 ::i!"!i& o: /i/ "&&"- ,t1o#& :o$ t1 #;t$"/&+!$"& &-/t1&i& o: #;t$"/@

C"$o1-#$"t R&"$!1@ Vol+, 046@ I&&+ 8@ J+l- @ "3& ?7@ ISSN

7?65@ .6*.!"$$&...5.

8

lab 2 biochem

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