l2 source_composition_and_properties_of_solid_waste

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Solid Waste Sources andSeparation MethodsEnvironmental Engineering

Dr. Amirhossein Malakahmad

Civil Engineering Department

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

LO1:Describe the fundamentals of various disciplines ofenvironmental engineering.

LO4:Understand and apply the principles of solid waste management,and toxic and hazardous waste management.



Unit objectives

At the end of this session you will be able to:

Evaluate waste sources and importance ofwaste quantities and factors that affect

waste generation

Calculate the waste generation rate andmaterials recovered from MSW

Conduct waste characterization andcomposition rate for future plans



Sources of solid wastesResidentialCommercialInstitutionalConstruction and demolitionMunicipal services

Treatment plant sitesIndustrialAgricultural



Composition of Solid Waste in Malaysia



Solid waste composition dataComposition describes the individualcomponents that make up a solid wastestream and their relative distribution, usuallybased by percent by weight.Information on the composition of solid

wastes is important in evaluating equipmentneeds, system and management programand future plans.



How to determine the solidwaste composition?



Composition determination of the ofresidential MSW

Unloading and analyzing a largequantity of weekdayresidential waste ina controlled areathat is isolated fromwinds.

To obtain a sample for analysis, theload is first quartered. One part is thenselected for additional quartering until asample size of about 100 kg is obtained.



Solid WasteCharacterization andRecycling Potentialfor UniversityTechnologyPETRONAS

Academic Buildings



Volume and weight measurement

The use of volume as a measure of quantity canbe misleading because of degree of compaction.

To avoid confusion, solid waste quantitiesshould be expressed in terms of weight.

Highway limits restricted by weight rather thanvolume.

Weight and volume are equally important to thecapacity of landfill.



Units of expression for SW quantities

Residential.kg/capita.d

Commercial.Quantity generated to number of costumer ormoney value of sales

Industrial.kg/product

Agricultural.kg of waste/kg of raw products



Methods for assessing wastequantities

Estimate waste quantitiesMaterial mass balance analysisStatistical analysis of measured waste

quantities



Example 1:From the following data estimate the unit waste

generation rate per day for a residential area consisting of1200 homes. The observation location is a local transferstation which receive all the collected waste for disposal. Theobservation period was one week.

Number of compactor truckloads = 9Average size of compactor truck = 15 m3Number of flatbed loads= 7Average flatbed volume = 1.5 m3Number of load from individual residents private cars andtruck = 20Estimated volume per domestic vehicle = 0.25 m3

Assume that the specific weight, .for compactor truck,flatbed truck and individual private vehicle are 300kg/m3, 135 kg/m3and 90 kg/m3, respectively.



Compactor truckImage PreviewFlatbed loads



Example 2You are assigned as juniorengineer in R&D department ofDBKL to estimate the wastegeneration rate in Kuala Lumpurfor possible planning for

implementation of recyclingamong the citizens. According toyour senior the completion of thistask should be done within twoworking days. Discuss andpresent you plan in the class.



Municipal Solid Waste generation rates

Estimates of MSW quantities are usuallybased on the amount of waste generated perperson per day. If actual data are notavailable, the unit waste generation rates for

MSW can be found using reference tables forestimating purposes.



Factors that AffectingGeneration RatesSource reduction and recyclingactivitiesPublic attitudes and legislationGeographic and physical factors



Source reduction and recycling

Source reduction is the design,manufacture and packing of products withminimum toxic content, minimum volumeof material and or longer useful life.

Waste reduction may also occur at thehousehold, commercial or industrial facilitythrough selective buying patterns and thereuse of products and materials.



Decrease unnecessary or excessive packing

burning-man-packaging-before



Develop and use products with greaterdurability and reparabilityxserve



Substitute reusable products for disposable,single-use products

IM00050103bad2



Use fewer resourcesposter



unbranded-garden-recycling-unitThe importance of MSW separationAn example from USA



Material

WeightGenerated

Weight

Recovered

RecoveryRate

Paper/Paperboard

81.3

28.7

35.3%

Glass

13.3

3.1

23.4%

Metals

15.8

5.7

35.9%

Plastics

19.8

0.9

4.7%

Rubber/Leather

6.4

0.5

7.1%

Textiles

6.6

0.8

11.7%



Wood

14.6

1.4

9.8%

Food scraps

14.1

0.5

3.4%

Yard trimmings

30.6

7.0

22.9%

TOTAL

209.1

49.3

23.6%

Generation and Recovery of Materials in MSW: 1994. (www.pneac.org)

l2 source_composition_and_properties_of_solid_waste

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