kyoto+montreal
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presentation on kyoto environmental conditionsTRANSCRIPT
MADE BY :VIRANTA (142323)NEHA SINGLA (142325)PAARAS (142326)Vivek (142324)
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused it. •The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005.•There are currently 192 Parties associated to the Protocol.•Kyoto Protocol entailed “annex 1 countries” to reduce their emissions to ten percent below 1990 levels.
Kyoto Protocol: Emission Regulations
Options to reduce emissions include: Improved technologies Nation-created sinks Tradable Permits for Emissions
Unfortunately, these have some down sides: Sometimes it is less expensive to buy
permits then decrease emissions There are no credit for conservation,
even though existing forests contain 40% of terrestrial carbon.
Kyoto Problems
Currently, 166 countries have ratified the protocol but: United States, the number 1 emitter
of CO2 gases has not joined Developing nations, such as China
(#2 emitter) and India (#5 emitter) are not required to reduce or limit their emissions under the Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Debate
The United States has not ratified the Protocol because the Bush Administration believed it gave developing countries an manufacturing advantage that would hurt the U.S. economy.
The rebuttal to the United States point of view is that the developing countries don’t have the financial resources to be able to support the changes needed to decrease emissions
Also, per capita, China and India have very low emissions and it is unfair to be judged nationally.
The Kyoto Debate
The United States
With a 10% reduction, the ppm changes from 395 to about 365
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Current emissions
World With 10% reduction, the ppm
changes from 405 t0 380
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10% reduction in 1990 emissions
Current emissions
The Future These models only show until 2002 levels which we have already reached.
Under the Kyoto Protocol, the future emissions will be reduced through lowering carbon dioxide emissions and increasing sinks.
World Projection to 2150 with current levels of CO2
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World Projection to 2150 with 10% reduction in CO2 emission (following
Kyoto Protocol):
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So what does this mean?
Even if the Kyoto Protocol was written more strictly, making every nation reduce emissions by 10%, including developed and developing nations, that would not be enough.
More action must be taken, such as decreased emission limits and more carbon sinks, to have any significant impact on slowing the increase of atmospheric CO2 emissions.
World Projection to 2150 with 10% reduction in CO2 levels (under Kyoto Protocol) and manmade sink through
reforestation of 1 gigaton/year
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Scope of Montreal ProtocolThe Montreal Protocol is an international agreement
adopted in 1987 to control the production and consumption of specific man-made chemicals that destroy the ozone layer, the earth’s protective shield.
An agreement /mechanism to reduce and eliminate the production and consumption of ODS
Developed and developing countries have different phase out schedules.
Ratification Status
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer signed in 1985
Montreal Protocol adopted in 1987
191 countries have signed the Montreal Protocol including all the CARIFORUM countries
Depletion of ozone layer
What are Ozone depleting substances (ODS) ?
1. Chemicals that potentially deplete the ozone layer2. Contain chlorine or bromine atoms3. Have long atmospheric life
Examples: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) e.g. CFC-12 (aka R-12 or F-12) Halons (Bromochlorofluorocarbons) e.g. Halon 1301 Carbon tetrachloride Methyl chloroform Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) e.g. HCFC-22 (aka R-22 or F-22) Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) Bromochloromethane Methyl bromide
Main uses of ODS
Refrigerants (gases)Fire extinguishersFumigants, pesticidesFoam-blowing agentsCleaning solventsAerosol propellantsAir-conditioning systems (and components)Refrigerators/freezersCompressorsVehicles (mobile air-conditioning systems)Insulating boards/pipe coversMetered-dose inhalers (medical inhalers
Why control Ozone Depleting Substances?
Harmful to the environment and human health Ozone (Layer) depletion Climate Change Global Warming Economic impact Others?
International agreement for their complete phase out
National legal obligation for their phase out .
Personal obligation to protect and care for our natural environment Our generation Our children’s generation
Some Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion
Human HealthDamages DNA which suppresses immune system resulting inincrease in infectious diseases eg Skin Cancer; Eye Cataracts
Plants & TreesReduces crop production, damage to seedsReduces quality of crops
Aquatic OrganismsDamage to plankton, aquatic plants, fish larvae, shrimp, crabsAffects marine food chain
Materialsdegrades paints, rubber, wood, & plastics, especially in tropical regions
Ground Level Smog Increase in the formation of Ground level ozone as a pollutantHigh economic cost
Damages could be in billions of US dollars
Phasing out ODSParties to the Montreal Protocol must freeze, reduce and phase out their production and consumption of ODS according to a specific step-wise schedule.
- Approaches:Production ControlConsumption ControlTrade, Import, export and reimport controlAdaptation to Ozone Friendly technologyTraining and Capacity Building
Phase-out Mandates of the Montreal Protocol
Ozone depleting Substance Consumption = Imports + production – Exports
developed Country (Article 2 Parties) (this schedule will be applicable for USA CANADA
Article 5 Parties developing Country (Mexico)
CFCs 100% phase out Jan. 1st, 1996
Base level: 1995-97Freeze in Consumption: Jan 1st, 199950% Cut-200585% Cut-2007Phase out: Jan. 1st 2010
Halons 100% phase out Jan. 1st, 1994
Base level: 1995-97Freeze in Consumption: Jan 1st, 199950% Cut-2005Phase out: Jan. 1st 2010
Methyl Bromide Phase out 2005 Base level: 1995-98
Freeze in Consumption:
Jan 1st, 2001
20% Cut-2005
Phase out: Jan. 1st 2015
Monitoring
Most developing countries do not produce ODS and are completely dependent on ODS imports.
Consequently, monitoring the legal trade and preventing the illegal trade of these chemical is crucial to achieving the gradual phase-out of ODS and conversion to non-ODS alternatives.
Measures - Import License System
An Import / Export Licensing System for ODS controlled by Montreal Protocol is necessary to: Facilitate control of ODS supplyIncrease the monitoring / collecting of informationIdentify end usersprevent illegal imports
Conclusions
Montreal Protocol provided dual protection:to Ozone layer and to Climate change
Already achieved climate benefits 5-6 times larger than Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008-2012
Potential for additional climate benefits significant compared to Kyoto Protocol targets (2008-2012): Better containment in refrigeration Destruction of CFCs, HCFC in exiting refrigerators, foams Alternatives with lower GWPs.
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