PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE AT KWANOGAWU VILLAGE MSINGA KWAZULU-NATAL

NWAK GROUP DIVISION

MR C MOTHOBISO

8 / 2 1 / 2 0 1 5

STRUCTURES AND CONCRETE

MEMBERS:

A.K. MSANE 21201764

N.W. GCABASHE 21201807

ContentsDescription of Project..................................................................................................................................4

Details of the principal contractor...........................................................................................................4

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................5

OUTLINE OF THE ASSIGNMENT...............................................................................................................5

KWANOGAWU VILLAGE BRIDGE DESIGN BRIEF PROPOSAL.........................................................................6

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................6

KwaNogawu Village New Bridge proposal...............................................................................................6

Purpose of the Document.......................................................................................................................6

Project Objectives....................................................................................................................................6

Project Specifications..............................................................................................................................6

Site Constraints and Opportunities and Specifications................................................................................6

ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION................................................................................................................................8

Project Location and description.............................................................................................................8

Feasible and Reasonable Alternatives.....................................................................................................9

Alternative 1................................................................................................................................................9

STRUCTURAL STEEL CABLE STAYED TRUSS BRIDGE......................................................................9

DESIGN..................................................................................................................................................10

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF A STRUCTURAL STEEL CABLE STAYED TRUSS BRIDGE ...................10

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD...................................................................................................................10

MAXIMIZATION OF PROFITS............................................................................................................11

FLEXIBILITY..........................................................................................................................................11

CONSTRUCTION SPEED.....................................................................................................................11

SAFETY.................................................................................................................................................11

QUALITY...............................................................................................................................................12

SUSTAINABILITY.....................................................................................................................................12

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY........................................................................................................12

ADVANTAGES OF A CABLED STAYED STRUCUTRL STEEL TRUSS.............................................................12

ALTERNATIVE 2..........................................................................................................................................13

CONCRETE BEAM BRIDGE WITH STILL RAILS.........................................................................................13

DESIGN..................................................................................................................................................13

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF A CONCRETE BEAM BRIDGE..........................................................................13

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD........................................................................................................................14

MAXIMIZATION OF PROFITS..................................................................................................................14

FLEXIBILITY.............................................................................................................................................14

CONSTRUCTION SPEED..........................................................................................................................14

SAFETY...................................................................................................................................................14

QUALITY.................................................................................................................................................14

SUSTAINABILITY.....................................................................................................................................15

AESTHETICALLY PLEASING.....................................................................................................................15

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES....................................................................................................15

ALTERNATIVE 3..........................................................................................................................................16

CABLE STAYED TIMBER PEDISTRIAN BRIDGE.........................................................................................16

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ACABLED STAYED TIMBER PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE...........................................17

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD........................................................................................................................17

MAXIMIZATION OF PROFITS..................................................................................................................17

FLEXIBILITY.............................................................................................................................................17

CONSTRUCTION SPEED..........................................................................................................................17

SAFETY...................................................................................................................................................18

QUALITY.................................................................................................................................................18

SUSTAINABILITY.....................................................................................................................................18

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY..............................................................................................................18

AESTHETICALLY PLEASING.....................................................................................................................18

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES....................................................................................................18

SITE LOCATION..........................................................................................................................................19

SITE LOCATION......................................................................................................................................19

THE SITE.................................................................................................................................................19

SITE ACCESS...............................................................................................................................................20

Accessing the Bridge..................................................................................................................................20

FACILITY ILLUSTRATION.............................................................................................................................20

SOCIO ECONOMIC VALUE OF THE ACTIVITY..........................................................................................20

NEED AND DESIRABILITY OF THE ACTIVITY............................................................................................21

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY..........................................................................................................................22

SITE ESTABLISHMENT METHOD STATEMENT............................................................................................23

Purpose.................................................................................................................................................23

Method..................................................................................................................................................23

QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT....................................................................................................................24

WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN....................................................................................................................25

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................25

OBJECTIVE OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN..................................................................................25

TYPES OF WASTE THAT MAY BE GENERATED ON THE PROJECT............................................................25

Solid Waste including:...............................................................................................................................25

Chemical Waste:........................................................................................................................................25

PROCESS FOR WASTE DISPOSAL............................................................................................................25

EMPLOYEE SAFETY DURING WASTE DISPOSAL......................................................................................26

SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE.......................................................................................................26

ENVIRONMENTAL INDUCTION..................................................................................................................26

RECOMMENDATIONS ALTERNATIVE 1.......................................................................................................27

CABLE STAYED STEEL TRUSS BRIDGE.....................................................................................................27

ALTERNATIVE 2..........................................................................................................................................27

CONCRETE BEAM WITH STEEL BALLUSTRADES/HANDRAILS.................................................................27

ALTERNATIVE 3..........................................................................................................................................27

TIMBER CABLE STAYED BRIDGE.............................................................................................................27

ASPECTS CONDSIDERED BEFORE FINAL DECISION.................................................................................28

PLANNING AND DESIGN PHASE.............................................................................................................28

Social.........................................................................................................................................................28

Bridge Design.............................................................................................................................................28

Waste Management..................................................................................................................................28

CONSTRUCTION PHASE.............................................................................................................................28

Noise Pollution......................................................................................................................................28

Air Pollution...........................................................................................................................................28

Waste Management..............................................................................................................................28

BUDGET.....................................................................................................................................................29

Alternative 1..........................................................................................................................................29

STRUCTURAL STEEL CABLE STAYED TRUSS BRIDGE...................................................................................29

Description of Project

Details of the principal contractor NWAK GROUP ORGANISATION Address : 141 Sangro House, 417 Smith Street, Durban 4001 Office tell: 031 836 0001 Fax: 031 836 0011 Email: nwak@contractors.com Cell: 081 458 2083

The Times 26th March 2012 published the following:

Pensioners from KwaNogawu village, in KwaZulu- Natal, risk drowning each month when they are forced to cross the ragging crocodile-inhabited river to collect their old age pension. The elderly, school children and mothers have for years braved the uThukela River in the province’s

midlands as the nearest bridge to their social grant pay point is more than 45km away. A week ago an eight year old school drowned while crossing the river to attend a school activity.

By: Mhlaba Memela

ABSTRACTIntroducing such structure in the rural areas will prove to be of great significance as the villagers including the school children and the elderly people will be able to access the basic services plus joining two communities which fall under different wards and also with regards to the school, as the school children will be able to arrive early at school without suffering a loss in case of a crocodile attack.

The development of a pedestrian bridge is one that is most economic and also incorporates lean and value engineering and is sustainable on its own. Simple methods of construction shall be incorporated after carrying out simple technique test such as that of soil and geotechnical tests and coming up with designs that will actually be suitable for the type of environment upon which it will be placed.

OUTLINE OF THE ASSIGNMENT

Analyse

Sustainable Design Lean Engineering Value

Engineering Alternative

Design Budget

Pedestrian Bridge

KWANOGAWU VILLAGE BRIDGE DESIGN BRIEF PROPOSAL

IntroductionKwaNogawu Village New Bridge proposalThe uThukela River in KwaZulu-Natal is 100m wide situated within the Nogawu village and has crocodiles. It is used by pensioners to get across so as to collect their pension rather than travelling 45 km to the nearest bridge, they brave through it and also used by school learners, etc…

Purpose of the DocumentTo provide a statement for the new project development of the design of a new bridge at the uThukela river just outside the Kwa-Nogawu village. To provide a specification that the success of the design can be evaluated against.

Project ObjectivesThe objectives off the project to build a new bridge are as follows:a) A new bridge for the pensioners b) Bridge that accommodates the handicapped people and also safec) Bridge which meets the highest possible standards of environmental sustainability, minimize waste and maintenance costs.d) A structure high enough that it doesn’t overflow during floods e) Bridge wide enough to accommodate a group of people when crossingf) A durable structure that will last without defects for a given period of time

Project SpecificationsSoilWidth and depthCrocodiles

Site Constraints and Opportunities and Specificationsa) Timeb) Costc) Be sustainable (people)d) Handicapped

e) Site planf) Geographic locationg) Access and Movementh) Environmental Consideration

SECTION A: ACTIVITY INFORMATION

ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

FIGURE 1.1 Location of the proposed Pedestrian bridge at Kwa-Nogawu village, near R33 Tugela Ferry

Project Location and description

The pedestrian bridge is proposed over a section of Tugela River. This bridge will connect the settlement of Nogawu village which is located South of Tugela river to the settlement that falls under Ezingulubeni tribal land located North of the river.

There is currently no formal crossing that links Nogawu Village and the Ezingulubeni. In times of heavy rain, the residents south of the river cut off from access to schools and pension funds etc.

Currently people put their clothes in a bucket and swim across the river manifested with crocodiles, in times of rain, the pupils either carry on swimming or walk 45km to the nearest

1. Introduction

NWAK GROUP DIVISION proposes to construct a pedestrian bridge over uThukela/ Tugela River at Kwa-Nogawu village located in the midlands of KwaZulu-Natal under uMsinga Municipality which is located approximately 4.5KM from R33 which is near Tugela ferry.

PROPOSED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE LOCATION

bridge before they can cross and get to school, or in the case of Grandparents or old people including the ones whom are handicapped have to travel 45km to receive their pensions and grant money and travel 45 km back.

Feasible and Reasonable Alternatives

Alternatives for the proposed bridge have been considered in terms of material and in terms of where the proposed bridge will be located and in case of a span and the type of bridge to be used.

Location of the proposed bridge is 4.5 km away from R33 and just opposite the primary school of which learners use to cross to school and it is nearer for them and might increase their results.

The geotechnical conditions are visibly favorable if the river is not full with exposed rock in the river bed

The bridge designs have been assessed of which there are three alternatives which have been considered and evaluated in detail:

Alternative 1

STRUCTURAL STEEL CABLE STAYED TRUSS BRIDGE

Speed and efficiency Requires less labor. Less plant is used. Skilled labor is required. Steel requires less maintenance. It is cheaper than concrete. All building joints are delivered Eases onsite risks Light material when cast Reduced noise and dust and construction times ease disruption Steel can be used or recycled Flexible to modification with ease

DESIGN

Construction Period: 6 months

Cost of Construction: R2 400 000.00

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF A STRUCTURAL STEEL CABLE STAYED TRUSS BRIDGE

Increased production at low cost Can be made fire and corrosion proof due to low production costs Cheap to acquire

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

Earlier acquisition of material Faster rate of assembling Utilization of site space to its best Better profits for contractor Easy programme to follow during construction phase No vibration required

MAXIMIZATION OF PROFITS

Supplier already known and the rate of the material Less maintenance Less pollution on site as opposed to its counterpart concrete Long un-sported spans Low foundation costs, and allows flexibility and modification In terms of eliminating the costs of vibration

FLEXIBILITY

The bridge can be designed using a software at which all the pieces are put together and the final product presented as per specification when ordering such it becomes easy and also changes can be made to the bridge since it is simply supported at the spans therefore making it easier to pull one piece while the bridge itself can hold its own weight.

CONSTRUCTION SPEED

Material readily available upon inquest/order from supplier saving time for other activities Steel requires a small foundation since it is light in weight as compared to its counterpart

therefore also saving time for other activities to take place etc. Easily coordinating of activities within site in line with the programme. Minimal temporary works.

SAFETY

Less activities, therefore less plant and machinery and less risks involved. Working at height certificated required Less hazardous but medicals of all workers required

QUALITY

Wide range of shapes and sizes on are produced in a range of qualities and thus is efficient in that manner and also most economic.

Offering training for workers who are not exposed to the works and also thus ensuring they are left with a form of training and not only that but a company may permanently employ someone for such reason.

Controlled costs as they are predictable before the construction phase of the bridge or common structure.

High quality coating finishes available for pre-site approval

SUSTAINABILITY Steel can be delivered onsite upon request with all members at once if required. Fast erection of steel thus saving time. Machinery normally required is that of cranes and mobile platforms. Less pollution on site. Easily maintainable upon completion and after the project

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY

Steel is easily maintainable and clean, requires little machinery. Can be re-used and recycled.

AESTHETICALLY PLEASING

Esthetically appealing look over long spans. Modification and Flexibility. Meets the needs of the client with regards to it being attractive.

ADVANTAGES OF A CABLED STAYED STRUCUTRL STEEL TRUSS Less risks involved on site upon handling of material Less pollution experienced on site therefore less carbon footprint Environmentally conscious Suitable for long span distances Can be constructed with speed and efficiency due to the design and pre-tender stage and

the availability of material upon order or request from supplier. The structure itself is light in weigh therefore requiring less concrete in regards to

foundations pads. Less onsite congestion thus reducing traffic on site.

ALTERNATIVE 2

CONCRETE BEAM BRIDGE WITH STILL RAILS Strength and Durability

Versatile Sustainable Ecological benefits Minimal waste and thermal mass Aesthetically pleasing More plant required

DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: 12 months

CONSTRUCTION COST: R 3 100 000.00

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF A CONCRETE BEAM BRIDGE Less maintenance required for this particular structure It is durable and ductile. More concrete is needed for the construction phase therefore that makes it incur expenses

on its own. Construction of piers, and the need for reinforcement more costs involved

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD Slow construction rate as opposed to it counterpart wood and steel. Erecting and dismantling of formwork Curing of concrete takes a period of time thus waiting for other activities on site to take

place.

MAXIMIZATION OF PROFITS Re-use of formwork when casting concrete for the piers. Use of large plain bars in place of ribbed bars

FLEXIBILITY Can be designed to any form of shape and size depending on the intended use of the

structure. Use of admixtures during predesign stage of the intended concrete. Can be used for conditions which best suit the structure in terms of frost resistance,

corrosion and any attacks by sulphates.

CONSTRUCTION SPEED Takes long to complete as opposed to its counterparts, steel and timber bridge.

SAFETY Almost every plant and or concrete material used on site must be safe and this is

administered by a health and safety officer.

QUALITY If ordered it is under controlled conditions when using materials. Site concrete is less controlled in that there’s wastage.

SUSTAINABILITY Concrete remaining can be used as rubble. Poses a more carbon footprint in terms of manufacturing

AESTHETICALLY PLEASING Admixtures can be used to make the structure beautiful and with a bit of colour.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Excellent to be used to cover short spans Long distances require piers which could be situated at every interval for support and load

distribution Costly to construct as they require supports, and also for reinforcement Large pad foundations/ piers therefore more labour costs, machinery and time consuming

plus ordering of concrete Concrete may vary though it is in controlled conditions when being produced etc. Less maintenance required thus increasing the economical side of it Concrete is not susceptible to wind and rotting as opposed to its counterparts Like steel and timber may burn etc., concrete however is not a combustible material and

can withstand high temperatures when placed on an environment to a certain degree. The concrete structure can incur cracks.

ALTERNATIVE 3

CABLE STAYED TIMBER PEDISTRIAN BRIDGE

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: 4 months

CONSTRUCTION COSTS: R2 000 000.00

ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ACABLED STAYED TIMBER PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE Less maintenance required for this particular structure It is durable and ductile. Less concrete is used, only used for foundation. Construction of piers, and the need for reinforcement more costs involved

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD Easy to handle thus saving time for other activities as opposed to its counterparts which is

concrete and steel. No reinforcement needed within the timber straps.

MAXIMIZATION OF PROFITS Eliminating reinforcement as opposed to its counterpart concrete thus maximizing profit. Less area covered by the concrete for foundation purposes thus reducing costs in terms of

cubes. Takes less time to assemble therefore allowing the contractor to perform other duties and

can release the contractor to other projects.

FLEXIBILITY It is flexible in that it can create more designs but without compromising the structural

requirements.

CONSTRUCTION SPEED Easy to erect All members available to assembly Easily handled material

SAFETY Not hazardous to human health No excess oil on site and safe to the reptiles that inhabit the waters

QUALITY Manufactured under controlled conditions Rot resistant Storage of material in an airtight room to prevent moisture

SUSTAINABILITY When cut onsite, dust can be used to make soil fertile. Less reinforcement therefore less carbon footprint and mining.

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY Maintains better humidity thus providing a healthy environment.

AESTHETICALLY PLEASING Its warmth and beauty of wood is aesthetically pleasing on its own.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Experiences design challenges. Is susceptible to heat, therefore is not fire resistant and durable. Has known properties which are predictable and one can cater for them in the future. Timber is generally lightweight and one can work with ease with this type of material. Cheap to acquire when ordered and cheaper than the rest of the materials. May deteriorate or rot if not treated.

SITE LOCATION

SITE LOCATION

THE SITE

The bridge has been proposed to be in the above location due to the width of the river and the depth and not only that but also because it is nearer to the school and to the access gravel road, therefore making it easy to acquire material and transport vehicles to find the location, there’s also a big enough space for all the material storage in terms of site offices.

DEVELOPMENT AREA

SITE LOCATION

NOGAWU PRIMARY

PROPOSED BRIDGE

CROCODILE RIVER / UThukela River

SSITE LOCATION

SITE ACCESS

There is a ready access to the site which is a gravel road immediately off ramping the R33 road heading towards North east, after Church of Scotland and head south east till you reach Nogawu village primary school, the site is just 10 m South of Nogawu primary school.

Accessing the BridgeThe bridge is only to be used by people, and it is not suitable motor cars/ vehicles, and also can be used by cyclists and handicapped personnel. At the entrance of the bridge there will be a ramp of which will allow comfortable use of the bridge, facing the village and extending to the other end, easily accessible.The bridge should have a rough like surface so as to prevent slipping and ensures grip when walking, hand rails also for easy movement

FACILITY ILLUSTRATION

SOCIO ECONOMIC VALUE OF THE ACTIVITY The activity will contribute to the infrastructure of the community Number of employment opportunities shall be determined on site 100% will accrue to the previously disadvantaged people

NEED AND DESIRABILITY OF THE ACTIVITY

There is currently no formal crossing bridge within the Nogawu village, formal crossing bridge is situated 45km away from the village, which is a long walk, for old age people and handicapped people including the kids whom have to travel and wake up in the early hours of the morning.

In times of heavy rainfall, the residents are cut off from the basic services, having an option of walking 45km in heavy rainfall and swimming across a crocodile manifested river.Due to the construction of such pedestrian bridge, it will allow job creation within the community members, for both skilled and unskilled labour, providing with onsite training so they can have some form of background education with regards to steel erection, including improved river crossing over the crocodile manifested waters

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Minimize adverse impacts on the site environment and on the surrounding communities during all project phases.

Liaise openly with all interested and affected parties on environmental matters.

Identifying environmental objectives to allow for continuous improvement in the environmental management of our projects.

Complying with relevant environmental legislation.

Providing on-going environmental training for all staff in order to reduce the number of environmental non-compliances and incidents on our projects.

Promoting good waste management on our projects.

Working towards minimising, re-using and recycling waste wherever possible.

Ensuring, where possible, the use of environmentally responsible suppliers and contractors.

Address all environmental impacts of the Project responsibly.

Name: Ayandiswa Msane

Designation: Managing Director

Signature:

Date: 13/08/2015

SITE ESTABLISHMENT METHOD STATEMENT

Purpose

To ensure the Principal Contractor’s Site Camp and Work Areas are constructed with minimal impact to the environment.

Method

The Site Camp shall be established on site in a manner that does not adversely affect the environment. The area required for the Site Camp shall be kept to a minimum and all environmentally sensitive areas shall be avoided.

The site shall be clearly demarcated, and all construction activities including the Site Camp, the storage of materials, machinery and equipment, stockpiling and building material must be strictly confined to this demarcated area. The site shall be maintained in an orderly and tidy condition. Trees, shrubs and vegetation shall not be damaged cut down or disturbed unnecessarily. Trees and vegetation shall be uprooted only once all alternatives are found to be unsuitable and the necessary permission is obtained.

A cut-off berm shall be constructed if necessary to prevent storm water runoff from entering the camp.

A designated eating area for workers on site shall be identified.

Sufficient toilets shall be provided for employees on site at a ratio of 1 toilet per 30 employees. Where possible temporary toilets linked to existing sewer services shall be constructed. Where this is not possible, chemical toilets shall be used and serviced accordingly by the supplier.

An adequate number of fire extinguishers shall be provided on site. They shall be strategically placed according to the risks identified on site and contain the necessary signage.

Adequate refuse bins containing black bags shall be strategically placed and emptied regularly. The refuse will be sent to a registered disposal site.

Immediately after completion of the contract, all temporary offices, buildings, fencing and other temporary structures shall be removed and these areas rehabilitated.

QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT

Top management of the NWAK GROUP DIVISION is committed to delivering projects that exceed client expectations.

We will provide appropriate resources to meet client requirements. We will utilize our skills in the most efficient manner to provide our clients with high quality products which exceed their requirements and are fit for their purpose. We will enhance the skills of management and staff through ongoing training to ensure that employees perform their work more effectively.

We will promote a culture of continual quality improvements.

We will communicate effectively with our suppliers to ensure that standards are met.

We will regularly seek feedback from our clients on the quality of our work and continually improve our quality management system.

We will promote the quality management system and ensure implementation is achieved by internal auditing and continual improvement.

WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

INTRODUCTION

The organization shall ensure that all waste generated on the project is disposed of in a safe

and efficient manner and in compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements. The project

Manager has the responsibility of monitoring refuse/waste disposal and ensuring compliance.

OBJECTIVE OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The objective of this plan is to ensure safe, efficient and effective, control and disposal of waste

from the project.

TYPES OF WASTE THAT MAY BE GENERATED ON THE PROJECT

Solid Waste including:

Paper, Cardboard, Plastic

Chemical Waste: Oils, Lubricants, Chemicals

PROCESS FOR WASTE DISPOSAL

TYPE OF WASTE COLLECTION STORAGE DISPOSALPaper, cardboard and Plastic

Waste material to be collected by employees and placed in black garbage bags, while they are on the job.

Bags are to be deposited into recycle bins at the workplace/client’s premises.

Bags will be removed at the end of the day to a waste disposal site.

Oils, Lubricants, Chemicals

Liquid Waste to be collected by employees and contained in

Containers to be stored in a safe area in the workplace.

Container to be disposed off at a chemical disposal facility.

containers.

EMPLOYEE SAFETY DURING WASTE DISPOSALEmployees are to utilise gloves and masks when handling waste material.

SAFE TRANSPORTATION OF WASTEThe project manager must ensure that all waste is transported in a safe manner to waste disposal sites

ENVIRONMENTAL INDUCTION Take care of the environment – it is there for all of us to enjoy.

All employees and equipment must remain within the site boundaries at all times unless

requested by their supervisor.

Do not damage or cut down any trees or plants unless instructed to do so by your

Supervisor.

Never take plants or flowers off site.

Leave wild animals alone – don’t kill any animals on site.

No urination is allowed anywhere on site. Please use the toilets available and report full or

leaking toilets to your Supervisor.

Leave toilets in the way that you have found them - respect other employee’s right to go to

a clean toilet.

Eat only in the demarcated eating area.

Reports any incidents such as spills, litter and fire to your supervisor immediately.

Do not litter – put all rubbish into the bins provided - Report full bins to the responsible

person to empty regularly.

Ensure that waste material is moved to the correct areas.

All employees are to keep away from sensitive environmental areas on site.

RECOMMENDATIONSALTERNATIVE 1

CABLE STAYED STEEL TRUSS BRIDGE Takes less time to construct and assemble in that it requires less time to assemble and the

material is readily available upon request from supplier where it has been manufactured under controlled conditions, it is economic, sustainable and social at the same time

Requires less reinforcement with regards to pad foundations Can be made corrosion proof Requires maintenance

ALTERNATIVE 2

CONCRETE BEAM WITH STEEL BALLUSTRADES/HANDRAILS Recommended for short spans Requires reinforcement since it is good in compression but low in tensile strength Requires support should it span over 100m Piers might disturb the water flow or have the impact on the rate at which the water flows. Shuttering and formwork takes time to erect and dismantle. Is costly to construct than its counterparts being the timber/ wood bridge and the

structural steel cable stayed bridge May require a cofferdam for the sake of working in the water so as to divert the stream of

water Requires more excavation for the piers therefore incurring more costs. Less maintenance required

ALTERNATIVE 3

TIMBER CABLE STAYED BRIDGE No need for vibration Eliminates need for formwork. It is susceptible to rot but can be made rot proof. Requires a lot of maintenance Easy to handle on site and erect Easily acquired

Can be assembled by semi-skilled labour It is too technical when it comes to design.

ASPECTS CONDSIDERED BEFORE FINAL DECISION

PLANNING AND DESIGN PHASE

Social An assessment is to be conducted on site for any artifacts that may exist along the rock

shore or any of the reelects that may be uncovered during the construction period as the case being that the crocodiles inhabit the water.

Bridge Design The bridge design will in no way cause any environmental health problems and also

impede the water flow of the river and cause any harm to the crocodiles that inhabit the water amongst other species within the water.

Before construction commences, an environmental plan is to be carried out and also be in line with the local authorities and the Department of Water and Sanitation is to be notified of any construction that is to take place.

Waste Management An environmental plan will be attached hereinto for the purposes of waste management

and will be implemented on site.

CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Noise Pollution Limitation of the noise pollution will be dependent on the start of the shift in the morning

from 08:00 till 16:40 in the afternoon. Thus machinery on site will stop operating.

Air Pollution Use of cement bags will be kept at minimum and since we working along the gravel road,

the place at which the vehicles are to travel or the road at use is to be dampened so as to reduce the amount of dust in the air or reduce pollution.

Waste Management All waste after construction is to be collected and put into bins and sent where the

municipal trucks will be able to collect, and a waste management plan is to be attached.

BUDGET

Alternative 1

STRUCTURAL STEEL CABLE STAYED TRUSS BRIDGEThe most efficient design which my team has decided to go with is the structural steel cable stayed truss bridge due to its efficiency and it is sustainable in terms of it being economic, social and also being environmentally friendly.

It is a lightweight material, therefore increasing the speed or rate at which it the structure is to be built so it can be easily and readily available to be accessed by the public, including the school children and also the elderly people.

It maximizes profits to its optimum but at the same time does not sacrifice the structural integrity of each member or key component within the structure, it is flexible and able to sustain itself under loads imposed on it be it the load is vertical or horizontal.

Description Amount ( R )

1. Preliminary and General R 120 000.00

2. Structural steel R 1 250 000.00

3. Foundations and support R 90 000.00

4. Bridge modules R 124 400.00

5. Earth works R 100 000.00

6. Steel deck R 70 000.00

SUB TOTAL 1  R1 754 400.00

15 % ContingenciesR 309 600.00

TOTAL CONSTRUCTION COST R 2 064 000.00Value Added Tax at 14%  R 336 000.00TOTAL AMOUNT OF TENDER CARRIED FORWARD TO FORM OF OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE R 2 400 000.00