kuliah minggu 2_population

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KULIAH MINGGU 2POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT AND

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Dr. Zainizam Zakariya

[email protected]

Tel : 015-48117727

Room no: P12, Aras 3 B10, KSAS

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



OUTLINE

• Population and Growth in Malaysia

• Labour Force, Employment, Unemployment

• Foreign Labour Market

• Government Policy on Human ResourceDevelopment

• Issues of HRD



Population and Growth in Malaysia

• Census 2010

▫ the total population of Malaysia was 28.3m,increased from 13.8m in 1980

▫ Growth rate of population in a decrease trend

average annual population growth rate of 2.0% for2000-2010 compared to that of 2.6% in during1980-1990 and 1991-2000.

▫ Population density stood at 86 persons per skmcompared with 71 persons in 2000



Population and Growth in Malaysia

2,3423,788

6,279

10,882

13,87918,102

23,275

28,30029,300

0

2.6 2.5

3.9

2.32.6 2.6

2

1.2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

1911 1931 1957 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Feb-13

( ‘ 0 0 0 )

Year

Chart 1 Population growth rate, 1911 qnd 2013

Total population (million) Average annual growth rate



• Determination of population growth▫ i)Migration

Focus on net migration (NM) – the difference of immigrants and emigrants in a period of time divided(usually) per 1,000 inhabitants. (+) - people entering the country than leaving it

(-) - more people leaving than entering it.

▫ ii) the rate of natural increase (RNI) The RNI is the crude birth rate (CBR) minus the crude

death rate (CDR) of a population RNI = (Birth Rate –Death Rate)

CBR - the number of live births/deaths per 1,000 population

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_rate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigrant



Figure 1

Net migration rate world, 2008 (CIA Factbook)

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Net_migration_rate_world.PNG



19.4

27.1

36.539.7

42.0 40.9

32.430.6

27.9

23.4

17.5

39.1 32.3 24.118.6 15.8

9.5

6.75.3

4.6

4.5

4.8

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

1911 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010p

| %

Year

Chart 2Birth and death rate, 1911-2010 (per thousand inhabitants)

Crude death rate

Crude birth rate



• Age▫ Percentage of population under 15 years has been decreasing

continuously 1970 (44.9%), 1991 (36.5%), 27.6 (2010)

▫ Percentage of working age population (15-64 years) has beenincreasing steadily 1970 (52.1%), 1991 (59.8%), 2010 (67.3%) Median age increased to 26.2 years (2010) from 21.9 years (1991)

▫ The dependency ratio dropped from 59.2% (2000) to 48.5%

(2010)• State

▫ Selangor is the most populous state (5.46m), followed up by Johor (3.35m) and Sabah (3.21m) represent 42.4% of the population in Malaysia

▫ The least populated – WPP (72,413) and WPL (86,908)



Figure 2

Global Median Age, 2005 (CIA Factbook)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age



Source: Census 2010, DOS



3,348

1,257

1,540

821

1,021

1,501

2,352

231

1,561

3,206

2,471

5,462

1,035

1,674

88

72

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000

Johor

Kedah

KelantanMelaka

Negeri Sembilan

Pahang

Perak

Perlis

Pulau Pinang

Sabah

Sarawak

Selangor

Terengganu

WPKL

WPL

WPP

(‘000)

Chart 3Population by state, 2010




• Gender▫ Men have been outnumbered women (see Chart 4)

ratio of males-females increased to 106 (2010) from 101 (1980) In 2010 - the ratio was relatively high for Pahang (113) and

Johor (112) but men were outnumbered by women counterpartin WPP (89) and Perlis (97)

• Ethnic▫ 4 major ethnic groups (see Chart 5)

Bumiputera (67.4%), followed up by Chinese (24.6%), Indians(7.3%) and Others (0.7%) Malay has been the predominant ethnic , >60% over the period

of 1911-2010. the Ibans – 30.3% of the total citizens in Sarawak (DOS, 2010) Kadazan/Dusun made up 25% in Sabah (DOS, 2010)



1,4712,225

3,238

5,266

6,589

8,877

11,853

14,562

871 1,563 3,041

5,173

6,547

8,686

11,421

13,771

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

1911 1931 1957 1970 1980 1991 2000 2010

( ‘ 0 0 0 )

Year

Chart 4

Total population by sex, 1900-2010

Male

Female




56.4

51.6

55.6

59.2

57.2

61.2

67.4

31.2

38.5

33.9

31.7

27.3

24.5

24.6

10.8

8.8

9.0

8.4

7.8

7.2

7.3

1.6

1.1

1.5

0.6

7.8

7.1

0.7

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

1911

1957

1970

1980

1991

2000

2010

%

Y e a r

Chart 5

Population by ethnic group, 1911-2010 (%)

Malay/Bumiputera

Chinese

Indian

Others




• Strata▫ In tandem with Malaysia’s rapid development, the

proportion of urban population has been outnumberedthe rural population In 1957 (26%), 1980 (34%), 2010 (71%) In 2010

WPKL and WPP – 100% level in urbanisation PP and Selangor – 91%

Pahang & Perlis – 51% Kelantan – 42%

• Non-citizens▫ Made up 9% of the total population in Malaysia in

2010 as compared to 4.3% in 1991



Think about this

• Discuss the advantages anddisadvantages of Malaysia Population

Policy Towards 70 Million Population by 2020



Labour Force and Employment• Labour Force

▫ refers to those who, during the reference week, are in the15 -64 years (at last birthday) and who are either

employed or unemployed (LFS, 2011) • Employed

▫ All persons who, at any time during the reference weekworked at least one hour for pay, profit or family gain (asan employer, employee, own- account, worker or unpaid

family worker).▫ Also considered as employed persons who did not work during the reference week due to

illness, injury, disability, bad weather, leave, labour disputeand social or religious reasons but had a job to return to.

those on temporary lay-off with pay who would definitely be

called back to work.



• Underemployed

▫ Employed persons who had worked < 30 hours

per week due to the nature of their work or due toinsufficient work and are able and willing toaccept additional hours of work

• Over-employed

• Undereducation and overeducation

• Overskilling and underskilling



• Unemployed - Classified into two groups:▫ The actively unemployed

all individuals whodid not work during the reference

week but were available for work and actively looking for work during the reference week.

▫ Inactively unemployed persons persons who did not look for work because they believed

no work was available or that they were not qualified;

persons who would have looked for work if they had not been temporarily ill or had it not been for bad weather;

persons who were waiting for result of job applications;and

persons who had looked for work prior to the referenceweek.



• Outside labour force

▫ All persons not classified as employed or

unemployed as stated above.

▫ Includes housewives, students (including thosegoing for further studies), retired, disabled persons and those not interested in looking for a job.



Population

0-14 years old 15-64 years old

Employment

Fullemployment

Underemployment

Unemployment

Actively lookingfor a job

Inactively looking for a job

> 64 years old

Chart 6Population, employment, unemployment and outside labour force

Source: LFS, 2012



Year Number (‘000)

Labour force Employed Underemploy

ed

Unemployed Outside

labour force

1982 5,431.4 5,249.0 401.9 182.4 2,944.6

19855,990.1 5,653.4 696.5 336.8 3,124.9

19907,000.2 6,685.0 599.1 315.2 3,519.7

1995

7,893.1 7,645.0 482.4 248.1 4,297.72000

9,556.1 9,269.2 491.4 286.9 5,065.1

200510,413.4 10,045.4 484.4 368.1 6,048.2

201011,517.2 11,129.4 504.0 387.9 6,855.9

Table 1

Principles of statistics of the labour force, Malaysia, 1982-2010

Source: LFS, 2012



• Labour force participation rate (LFPR) LFPR is defined as the ratio of the labour force to

the working age population (15 to 64 years),expressed as percentage.

• Unemployment rate (U)



64.9 65.7 66.5 64.7 65.463.3 62.9

84.8 85.6 85.3 84.3 83.080.0 78.9

42.245.9

47.844.7

47.2 45.9 46.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

P e r c e n t ( % )

Year

All

Male

Female

Chart 7Labour force participation rate by gender in Malaysia, 1980 - 2009

Source: LFS, 2012



3.43.8

5.05.6

7.4 7.3 7.2

5.7

4.5

3.74.1

3.12.5 2.4

3.2 3.4

3.0

3.5 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.33.7

3.4

7.7

9.5

11.912.3

13.7

12.5

14.0

10.4

9.0

7.3

8.8

6.36.6

5.95.7

5.3 5.35.6 5.4 5.4

6.0

4.8 4.6 4.94.4 4.4 4.5

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

1 9 8 2

1 9 8 3

1 9 8 4

1 9 8 5

1 9 8 6

1 9 8 7

1 9 8 8

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 0

1 9 92

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 01

2 0 02

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 9

2 01 0

%

Figure 3Unemployment and underemployment, 1982-2010

Unemployment rate Underemployed

Source: LFS, 2012



Foreign Labour • LFS 2011- (DOS, 2012)

▫ the LFPR for Malaysian citizens registered to

62.4%, in contrast to 80.7% for non-Malaysiancitizens

Male/female (Malaysian) – 77.6%/46.8%

Male/female (non-citizens) - 94%/60%

▫ 14% of LF in 2011 was foreign person

▫ 14% of employed persons were foreign workers

15.4% - males

11.2% - females



Sector 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Total % Total % Total % Total % Total %

Maid 177,546 22.0 232,282 22.0 285,441 19.4 310,662 16.6 293,359 14.2

Manufacturing 307,167 38.1 323,299 30.6 475,942 32.4 646,412 34.6 728,867 35.3

Plantation 200,474 24.8 298,325 28.2 384,473 26.2 354,124 18.9 333,900 16.2

Construction 68,226 8.5 149,342 14.1 231,184 15.7 267,809 14.3 306,873 14.9

Services 53,683 6.7 64,281 6.1 93,050 6.3 166,829 8.9 212,630 10.3

Agriculture 123373 6.6 186967 9.1

Total 807,096 100 1,057,156 100 1,470,090 100 1,869,209 100 2,062,596 100

Table 2

Number of Foreign Workers in Malaysia by Sector, 1999 - 2008

Source: Ministry of Home Affairs



Government Policy on Human ResourceDevelopment• Starting from 6th MP (1996-2000), human

resource development has been properly

planned via:▫ Education

▫ Skills and Training

▫ Role of the Private Sector in Education andTraining



• Education▫ Aim – to produce more skilled and competent workers to

meet K-economy, Vision 2020, NEM primary schools increased from 7,601 in 2005 to 7,664 in 2009

secondary schools increased from 2,028 in 2005 to 2,219 in2009

there has been an increase in the number of public HEIs from just 21 in 1990 to 81 in 2010.

▫ boost enrolments in HEIs by nearly 80% between 1995 and2009, i.e. from 362,147 to 949,653.

▫ 1/3 of the total state budget was allocated to education between the period of 2001 and 2010 with 48% of the education budget spent on tertiary education



37,84060,030

75,709

170,794

244,527

25,15032,020

48,888

92,304

148,025

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

N u m

b e r o f s t u d e n t s

Year

Degree

Diploma

Chart 8Enrolment by type of education from public higher education institutions, 1985-2005

Source: Zainizam, 2012



27,422

52,84065,470

136,013

292,378

25,634

37,42039,870

76,159

122,733

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

N u m b e r o f g r a d u a t e s

Year

Degree

Diploma


Chart 9Number of graduates (output) by type of education from public higher education

institutions, 1985 -2005



• Skills and Training▫ There has been a considerable increase in public

training institution centre at such as ADTC, PusatGIAT MARA, ILP Aim – to produce more and better trained

manpower to meet the industrial needs of the nation Science and technical

compliments for education as suggested by HCT

▫ Allocation for each MP and State budget MP - increased from 6% in 1995 to 20.6% in 9th MP State budget – 16% (including education) in 2012



• Role of the Private Sector in Education and Training• The Malaysian government – at least 40% of the country’s

population in the age range of 19-24 years have access tohigher education by 2020

• the Malaysian government passed in 1996 the PrivateHigher Education Act (PHEA) in Parliament to allow agreater role for the private sector in education provision.

• Has had a direct impact on the development of private HEIs• between 1995 and 2005, PHEIs increased substantially from

156 to 559 (Lee, 1999; Ninth Malaysia Plan, 2006 - 2010).

• about 40% of the total enrolments in 2009 went to privateinstitutions, which had increased from 35% in 1995 (Ministry of Higher Education, 2010).



14.1 9.8 8.7 5.6 4.6 3.9

39.7

34.6

28.025.2

20.917.6

39.4

46.852.2

54.755.4

55.1

6.8 8.8 11.1 14.419.0

23.3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009

tertiary

secondary

primary

informal

Year

Chart 10The quality of labour force by educational attainment, Malaysia, 1985-2009 (%)

Source: LFS, 2012



Issues of HRD• Quantitative issues

▫ Shortage of skilled workers, i.e. – S&T (WB, 2009)▫ graduate unemployment

30-35% of the total graduates bet 2001 and 2010• Qualitative issues▫ Quality of workers produced - lack of soft skills▫ mismatch – overeducation, overskilling and underskilling

Annie and Hamali (2006), Lim et al. (2008) and Ishak et al. (2008) WorldBank (2009) , Zainizam (2012) – Zainizam (2012) - OE (18-22%), OS (30%), US (80%)

• Gender imbalance▫ Women are more educated than men

28% vs 18% - DOS, 2012▫ Left behind when it comes to educational-work transition

LFPR - 60% vs 70% - 2011 (DOS, 2012) Over-represented in Sales and Service (25%) and Clerical jobs (18%)



67,89677,085

70,668

57,058

73,597 68,972

39,078

46,415

44,188

35,827

39,54133,366

19,632

18,47724,818

20,408

23,628

25,438

54 54

51 50

54 54

3133

32 32

29

26

1613

18 18 17

20

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

N u m b e r o f g r a d u a t e s

P e r c e n t ( % )

TechnicalScience

Arts

Arts

Science

Technical

Year

Chart 11

Number and the percent of graduates by field of from public and private HEIs, 2002 - 2007




25

49

33 35

75

51

67 65

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Malaysia Singapore Taiwan Korea

low-skilled

High-skilled

Chart 12

High- and low-skilled labour in 2007 across four Asian countries (%)

Source: WB, 2009, 2010



1114.5

22.4 22.725.8

70

58.3

39.2

20.4

18.2

33.2

27.3 27.9

20.2 15.5

19.319.2

16.7

8.86.4

3.7 3.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

No qualification Primary Lower secondary Upper secondary College diploma University

%

Level of education

Overeducated

Undereducated

Moderately overskilled

Severely overskilled

Chart 13

The incidence of educational-skills mismatch across level of educational



18.2 18.8 20.8 15.3 18.116.7 13.7 14.4 18.6

28.331.4 28.4

30.3 26 34.928

28.332.3

24.2

22.224.3

19.2

19.920.9 13.7 19.9

24.8

9.65.9 8.7

2.77.2 5.4 5

2.57.3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Foodprocessing

Textiles Garments Chemical Rubber andPlastics

Machinery and

Equipments

Electir andElectronics

Auto parts Wood andFurniture

Type of industry

Severely overskilled

Moderately overskilled

Undereducated

Overeducated

Chart 14

The incidence of educational-skills mismatch across industry



Source: MOHE, 2009 - http://www.mohe.gov.my/web_statistik/statistik_pdf_2008_05/ipta_2-20.pdf



Source: MOHE, 2009 : http://www.mohe.gov.my/web_statistik/statistik_pdf_2008_05/ipta_2-19.pdf



Source: LFS, 2012

Table 3Number and percentage of employed persons by occupation and sex, 2011



Weekly Assignments• From your point of view, what factors contribute

to the incidence of graduate unemployment in

Malaysia? Discuss some actions taken by thegovernment to minimise such incident in future?

• Explain what issues are faced by Malaysia’seducation system in managing the transition of those who complete their studies as they enterthe world of world.

kuliah minggu 2_population

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