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PowerPoint Lecture Notes PresentationChapter 1

Introduction andHistorical Review

Abnormal Psychology, Eleventh Editionby

Ann M. Kring, Gerald C. Davison, John M. Neale,& Sheri L. Johnson


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Psychopathology

Study of the nature, develo!ent, and

treat!ent of sy"hologi"al disorders

Challenges to the study of

sy"hoathology#

$ Maintaining ob%e"tivity

$Avoiding re"on"eived notions$ edu"ing stig!a

Copyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, NY 2


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Figure 1.1FourCharacteristics of Stiga



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Figure 1.# $ey Characteristics in the "S!%I&%'R "e(nition of !ental "isorder



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History of Psychopathology

De!onology$ 'ossession by evil beings or sirits

) (/or"is!

(arly 0iologi"al (/lanations$ 1io"rates 23th"entury 0C4

) Mental disturban"es have natural 2notsuernatural4 "auses

5hree "ategories# !ania, !elan"holia, & hrenitis 6our hu!ors# blood, bla"+ bile, yello7 bile, & hleg!



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History of Psychopathology)"ar* +ges

Dar+ Ages$ Mon+s "ared and rayed for !entally ill

-it"hes$ 5orture so!eti!es led to bi8arre delusional

sounding "onfessions, e.g., "on"ourse 7ithde!ons.) 1istorians "on"luded !any of the a""used 7ere

!entally ill.) Little suort for that "on"lusion.



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History of Psychopathology)Lunacy 'rials

Luna"y 5rials

$ 5rials held to deter!ine sanity

) 0egan in 9:th"entury (ngland

$ Muni"ial authorities assu!ed

resonsibility for "are of !entally ill

Luna"y

$Attribues insanity to !isalign!ent of !oonand stars



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History of Psychopathology)+sylus

Asylu!$ (stablish!ents for the "onfine!ent and "are of !entally

ill

$ 'riory of St. Mary of 0ethlehe! 29;e/istent or har!ful at asylu!s

(arly !edi"al treat!ent "ould be har!ful$ 0en%a!in ush re"o!!ended dra7ing "oious a!ounts

of blood?



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History of Psychopathology) Pinel,sRefors and !oral 'reatent

'hilie 'inel 29@9;B4$ 'ioneered hu!anitarian treat!ent at LaBicetre

Moral 5reat!ent

$ S!all, rivately funded, hu!anitarian !entalhositals

) 6riends Asylu! 299@4

) 'atients engaged in uroseful, "al!ing a"tivities 2e.g.,

gardening4

) 5al+ed 7ith attendants



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History of Psychopathology)"orothea "i-

Dorothea Di/ 29;>9@4

$ Crusader for risoners and !entally ill

$ rged i!rove!ent of institutions

$ -or+ed to establish :; ne7, ubli"

hositals

$ 1ositals staffed 7ith hysi"ians



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arly Foundations) /iological+pproaches

General paresis$ Degenerative disorder 7ith sy"hologi"al

sy!to!s

$ Caused by syhilis

Sin"e general aresis had biologi"al "ause,other !ental illness !ight also.


l F d ti


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arly Foundations)0enetics

GaltonEs 7or+ lead to notion that !entalillness "an be inherited

Behavioral genetics

$ (/tent to 7hi"h behavioral differen"es are due togeneti"s

(ugeni"s$ 'ro!otion of enfor"ed sterili8ation to eli!inate

undesirable "hara"teristi"s fro! the oulation

$ Many state la7s reFuired !entally ill to besterili8ed



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arly /iological treatents

*nsulin>"o!a theray$ Sa+el, 9:s

(le"tro"onvulsive 5heray 2(C54

$ Cerletti and 0ini 29:4$ *ndu"e eileti" sei8ures 7ith ele"tri" sho"+

'refrontal loboto!y$ Moni8 29:34

$ =ften led to listlessness, aathy, and la"+ of so!e"ognitive abilities



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arly Foundations) il$raepelin 1234%15#46

'ioneered "lassifi"ation of !ental illnessbased on biologi"al "auses

'ublished 9stsy"hiatry te/t 29:4

Mental illness assyndrome$ Cluster of sy!to!s that "o>o""ur

'roosed t7o !a%or syndro!es

$ Dementia praecox$ Manic-depressive psychosis


l F d i


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arly Foundations)Psychological +pproaches

Mes!er 29@:9934$ 5reated atients 7ith hysteriausing Hani!al

!agnetis!I

$ (arly ra"titioner of hynosis 0reuer 299;34

$ sed hynosis to fa"ilitate catharsis

$ Catharsis)

elease of e!otional tension triggered by relivingand tal+ing about event



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arly Foundations) Freud

'sy"hoanalyti" theory

$ 1u!an behavior deter!ined by

un"ons"ious for"es.

$ 'sy"hoathology results fro! "onfli"tsa!ong these un"ons"ious for"es.


Freud,s Structures of the


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Freud s Structures of the!ind

*d

$ n"ons"ious$ leasure principle

) *!!ediate gratifi"ation

$ Libido

) (nergy of *D (go

$ 'ri!arily "ons"ious$ !eality principle

) Atte!t to satisfy *DEs de!ands 7ithin realityEs "onstraints

Suerego

$ 5he "ons"ien"e$ Develos as 7e in"ororate arental and so"iety values


F d, St 'h f


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Freud,s Stage 'heory ofPsychose-ual "evelopent

"ral #tage $birth to %& mos'(

$ 'ri!ary satisfa"tion fro! su"+ing & "he7ing

Anal #tage $%& mos' to )(

$ 'leasure derived fro! eli!ination

hallic #tage $) to * or +($ 'leasure derived fro! se/ual organs

Latency eriod $+ to %,(

$ *d i!ulses not a fa"tor

enital #tage $adulthood($ 1eterose/ual interests redo!inate



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Fi-ation and Regression

.ixation

$ 5oo little or too !u"h gratifi"ation leads to

fi/ation at that stage

$ -hen stressed, individual regressestoearlier stage.

) 0ehaves in 7ays that 7ere aroriate at an

earlier age



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'a7le 1 1 Selected "efense


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'a7le 1.1 Selected "efense!echaniss


'a7le 1 # !a8or 'echni9ues of


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'a7le 1.# !a8or 'echni9ues ofPsychoanalysis



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Neo%Freudians

Jung$Analyti"al sy"hology

) *n"ororates 6reudian and hu!anisti" sy"hology

$ Collective unconscious Archetypes

Adler$ *ndividual sy"hology

) 6ulfill!ent derived fro! 7or+ing for the so"ial good

(go Analysis$ (!hasi8ed individualEs "ontrol of environ!ent



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Rise of /ehavioris

John -atson 29@>934

0ehavioris!

$ (!hasis on learning rather than innate

tenden"ies

$ 6o"us on observable behavior



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Classical Conditioning

'avlov 299:B4$ Learning through asso"iation

(le!ents of learning$ /nconditioned #timulus2/C#4$ Conditioned #timulus2C#4$ /nconditioned !esponse2/!4$ Conditioned !esponse2C!4

-atson & aynor 29;4$ Classi"ally "onditioned fear in Little

Albert



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!odeling

Learning by i!itating othersE behavior

$ Can o""ur 7ithout reinfor"e!ent

0andura & Menlove 29B4

$ Modeling redu"ed "hildrenEs fear of dogs

0ehavior 5heray

$ #ystematic Desensiti3ation

$Aversive conditioning



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!ental Health Professions

Clini"al 'sy"hologist

$ 'h.D. or 'sy.D.

'sy"hiatrist

$ M.D.

So"ial -or+ers

$ M.S.-.



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C:P;RI0H'

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