korean architecture

7/16/2019 Korean Architecture

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bardelosa . conde . de leon . espiritu . parungao . razon . santos f . tolores . urquiola



Korea is an East Asian

geographic region that is

currently divided into two

separate sovereign states—

North Korea and South

Korea. Located on

the Korean Peninsula,

Korea is bordered by the

People’s Republic of

China to the

northwest, Russia to the

northeast, and is separatedfrom Japan to the east by

the Korea Strait and

the Sea of Japan and

separated from

the Taiwan to the south by

the East China Sea.



Archaeological and

linguistic evidence suggest

the origins of the Korean

People might havebeen Altaic Language-

speaking people from

south-central Siberia, who

populated ancient Korean

successive waves from

the Neolithic age to theBronze Age. The adoption

of the Chinese writing

system (“HANJA" in

Korean) in the 2nd century

BC, and Buddhism in the

4th century AD, had

profound effects on

the Three kingdoms of

Korea.



Korea was united byEmperor Taejo of the Goryeo Dynasty in

936. Goryeo was a highlycultural state and createdthe Jikji in the 14thcentury, using the world'sfirst movable metal typeprinting press. The

Mongol invasions in the13th century, however,greatly weakened thenation which was forcedto become a tributarystate. After the Mongol’sEmpire collapse, severe

political strife followedand Goryeo was replacedby the Joseon Dynasty in1388.



The first 200 years of Joseon were

marked by relative peace and saw

the creation of the Korean

alphabet HANGUL by King Sejong

the Great in the 14th century andthe rise in influence

of Confucianism in the country.

During the latter part of the

dynasty, however, Korea's

isolationist policy earned it the

Western nickname the “Hermit

Kingdom". By the late 19th

century, the country became the

object of the colonial designs

of Japan. In 1910, Korea was

annexed by Japan and remained

so until the end of World War II in

August 1945.



• In 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on the surrender of Japaneseforces in Korea and Soviet troops occupied north of the 38th parallel while U.S. troops

took surrender south of it. This decision by allied armies soon became the basis for

the division of Korea by the two superpowers exacerbated by their inability to agree

on the terms of Korean independence. The two Cold War rivals then established

governments sympathetic to their own ideologies, leading to Korea's current division

into two political entities: North Korea and South Korea. The ensuing conflict betweenthe two was largely a proxy war.

• North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a single-party

state with a centrally planned industrial economy. South Korea, officially the Republic

of Korea, is a free market, democratic and developed country with membership in the

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Group of

Twenty.



Korean architecture, the built

structures of Korea and their

context. Like the other arts of

Korea, architecture is

characterized by naturalistic

tendencies, simplicity,economy of shape, and the

avoidance of extremes. What

was a sharply curving Chinese

roof was modified in Korea

into a gently sloping roof.

Sharp angles, strong lines,steep planes, and garish

colours are all avoided. It

typically exhibits a quiet

inner harmony.



Ancient Architecture

Three Kingdom Period

United (Unified ) Silla Architecture

Goryeo Architecture

Choson Architecture



Neolithic remains are relatively

abundant in Korea and some

remains can be traced back to the

fifth millennium B, C. according to

archaeological verification. Korean

neolithic culture is classified into

two different kinds in terms of the

potteries which are found with

artifacts at remain sites. The early

culture is characterized by the

comb-pattem pottery and then the

later culture is by the burrlished

plain pottery with bronze making

techniques which started around

the seventh century B. C.



The evidence of ONDOL:, the unique Korean floor panel

heating system, was found at the remains of the burnished

plain pottery culture and the development of the vertical

wall was evident in the primitive houses of this culture.



Dolmens, which were primitive

tombs of important persons,have been found all over the

Korean peninsula. There are two

types of dolmens: the southern

type, which is rather low, often a

simple slab without supporting

stones; and the southern type,which is larger and more definite

in shape. The distribution of the

dolmens would imply some

relation to the megalithic

cultures of the Western world. In

the development of Koreanarchitecture



it can be said that the building technique of houses evolved from a pit dwelling to

that of a earthen wall with thatched roof, and finally, to a raised floor construction



The Three Kingdoms of

Korea refer to the

ancient Korea kingdoms

of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla,

which dominated the Korean

paeninsula and parts

of Manchuria for much of the Ist

millenium. The Three Kingdoms

period ran from 57 AD until Silla's

triumph over Goguryeo in

668, which marked the beginningof the North and South states

period (남북국시대) of Unified

silla in the South and Balhae in

the North.



Three kingdom period were

renowned for its mountainfortresses built horizontally and

vertically along the incline of

slopes.

Ruins of Hwando Mountain Fortress, a major

Goguryeo fortification



Goguryeo architecture show

vigor, boldness and rusticity,with a hint of nomadic quality.

Tomb of the general, presumed to be tomb of

great goguryeon king – northeastern korea



The plans of Buddhist temples were

characterized by one centrally located

pagoda, entrance gate, main hall,

lecture hall and rectangular cloister

enclosure, all were arranged in a

symmetrical layout along the north-

south axis.

Chongnim Temple Pagoda, one of the oldest

surviving pagodas in Korea. Baekje period,

Buyeo, South Korea.



Baekje Architecture

had a touch of elegance, refinement

and warmth



Silla architecture was well

developed in the Kingdom

and was evident in the

remains of Hwangnyong

Temple, built in the sixth

century as the nationaltemple. It was constructed in

a curious manner using

stone cut into the shape of

bricks and hence it was

named "Mock-brick pagoda.



Silla architecture was apparently much more

conservative than the other two kingdoms,

and preserved its customs, ideas and cultural

identity longer than the others.



Architecture flourished in the

royal capital of Gyeongju,

though almost all traces of

the former glory havevanished at the present time.

The city with nearly a million

inhabitants at her peak was

strategically located at the

junction of two rivers and

three mountains encircling a

fertile basin of about five by

seven miles in area.



Buddhist temples were characterized

by two pagodas in front of the

central main hall in a symrnetrical

layout on the north-south axis with

other buildings. The stone work of

the two story platform exhibits a

superb sense of architectural

organization and advanced building

methods. Two stone pagodas stand

in front of the main hall of the

temple. The simpler Sokka-toplocated to the left of the court

represents Buddha's manifestation in

a transcendent calm. It has three

stories with two pedestal layers and

a total height reaching about twenty-

five feet. The pagoda consists of simple undecorated pedestal slabs

and three story stupa each of which

has five stepped eaves and truncated

roofs. These characteristics

constitute a typical form of the

Korean stone pagodas



The design motif of the lotus

flower is apparent in

mouldings and other details

of the pagoda.



Intercolumnar bracket

system were adopted to

make buildings more

stable.



The Joseon Dynasty was founded by anambitious general, Yi-Songge, in 1392, and

continued until 1910, The history of Choson

architecture would be described in three

periods of the early, the middle, and the late

period, in accordance with the cultural and

architectural development.



The architecture developed as a

succession from the cultural

inheritance of the previous dynastywith the new political guiding

principles of Confucianism, that

took the place of Buddhism.

Through the influence of

Confucianism, a refined aristocratic

taste of the previous era was

replaced by the characteristics of

unsophisticated, simple and

humble beauty with the qualities of

commonness and steadiness. The

intercolumnar bracket set system

was used in building the most

important edifice on the premises.



HANOK. is a term to

describe Koreantraditional houses.

Korean architecture

lends consideration to

the positioning of the

house in relation to its

surroundings, withthought given to the

land and seasons.



GIWAJIP. (houses with

tiled roofs) Hanokoccupied by the nobility



CHOGAJIP. (houses with

straw-thatched roofs)

Hanok inhabited by the

peasantry.



MARU. The wooden floor

was made to store grains

and link rooms. It was also

used as a place of sacrificial

ancestral worship. To avoid

the humidity and heat

during the summer, the

wooden floor is made so it

doesnt touch the ground. Soit helps ventilation in the

house. It is not known

exactly why and how the

"maru" came to be, but

scholars say it was to

prevent the heat in southernareas of Korea. Its key use

was to help ventilate the

house.



ONDOL. Made by putting

mud over under-floor

heating stones, "ondol" is a

main feature of traditional

Korean houses. If lighted on

the morning and evening, itwitheld a pleasant l5 degree

Celcius. This shows that the

"ondol" system is quite

based on scientific terms.

These days steam heating is

used more than 'ondol'.



GIWA. If you look closely at Korea's

roofs, you'll see the no roofs are flat.

Almost all are in shapes of curved lines

and surfaces. The curves of the roof shows the originality of Korean

architecture. It is not known when tiles

were first used. Before using tiles (giwa)

people had used plates of wood and

bark but most were covered with

bundles of grass. The tiles were made sothe roofs could be slanted and was

useless in making flat roofs. If the angle

of the roof was exact, it was easier to

drain away rain water. The size and

shape of the tiles affected the angle of

the roof and the angle is determined bythe weather conditions of a certain

region.The giwas or tiles, were made of

clay from the rice paddy fields. Different

shapes and sizes were used for each

different places of the roof.



HANJI. (traditional

Korean paper made from

bark of mulberry tree) is

pasted on the wooden

window frames and

doorframes.



A Jjimjilbang (찜질방) is

a large, gender-

segregated publicbathhouse in Korea.

Jjimjil is derived from

the words

meaning heated bath.



MUNGAN CHAE.Traditional Korean

entrance gate



PAGODA. Generic termfor their place of

worship



KKOTDAM. Koreantraditional fence or gate,

designed with flowers



MUNSAL. Traditional

Korean woodframe



YONGMARU. Ridge of the roof that separates

its left and right parts



CHEOMA (eaves). Partof the roof protruding

outside.



CHEOMAKKEUT. Edge of the eaves slightly angled

up, like a bird’s wing

ready to take off.



MADANG. A place or

area inside hanok forsocializing. Commonly

an inner courtyard with

landscaping.



DAEMOKJANG. traditional

wooden architecture

specifically to the

woodworkers who employthe traditional carpentry

techniques. The activities of

these practitioners also

extend to the maintenance,

repair and

reconstruction of historicbuildings, ranging from

traditional Korean

houses to monumental

wooden palaces and

temples. Structures are

smooth, simple and

unadorned --

distinctive features of

traditional Korean

architecture.



SARANGBANG. Male

quarters inside a hanok



ANBANG. female

quarters inside a hanok

TYPICAL HANOK FLOOR PLAN



TYPICAL HANOK FLOOR PLAN



TYPICAL HANOK SECTION



Korean lattice patterns, in most cases, are

named after things they resemble: ttisal-

mun is literally the belted grid and the up-right

diagonal floral design; and their unlimited

variations and combinations.



The t'aeguk pattern is the central component in

the Korean national flag. It is also often seen on

residential and temple gates, memorial red arches

at royal tombs and shrines, the gates of Confucian

academies and schools, and the lattice doors of

Buddhist lecture halls, as well as on handicrafts.

The basic characteristics of the t'aeguk pattern

are the red comma shape, the male element, and

beneath it the blue comma shape, the female

element, both of which interlock in a circle toexpress infinite movement. As mentioned

above, t'aeguk is a symbol incorporating cosmic

dual entities-that is, heaven and earth, the

positive and the negative, and the male and the

female. It is the Great Ultimate, the law of cause

and effect, where things begin and end. Thesedual forces of the cosmos, it was believed, were

the fountains of human life. As it circles endlessly,

thet'aeguk was an image of immortality as well.



Generally speaking Tanch'long connotes the patterns painted on the exposed frames

of the eaves or doors of traditional wooden buildings and is also used on wooden

sculptures and handicrafts. Tanch‘long was used not only for decorative purposes but

also for preservation, by concealing flaws of exposed naked wooden frames. It waswidely used as a decorative motif in palatial and temple buildings. Lotus,

pomegranate, and other floral designs form the major tanch' long patterns in the

extant royal palaces and temples.



Red-crested White Crane: Spiritual, Longevity

Although a fairly common bird, people considered white cranes as holy and

spiritual. An old document (sanghak kyonggi ) described cranes as follows:

"Feathers are snow white but it could not be tainted with even mud. Males and

females meet in 160 years, and as soon as they look into each other's eyes, they

create a baby. They just drink for 1600 years but not eat. It is a king of birds and a

wizard-like unworldly man rides on it."



Dragon

The dragon signifies the virtue of the emperor

and the authority of heaven. Dragon patterns

extensively decorated the clothing andbuildings of the king.



Roof end tile shaped like an owl's tail, chimi in

Korean.

Details of wooden construction reconstructed

from archaeological remains recoved from a



from archaeological remains recoved from a

dredging of Anapji pond. Gyeongju National

Museum.



Roof end tile detail



FLORAL MOTIF



Danch'eong: Enlightenment

One of the most recognizable arts of Korean

Buddhism, the brightly colored patterns of

danch'eong adorn the ceilings, eaves,

support pillars, and walls of temple

buildings. The combination of certain colors

(blue, red, yellow, white, and black, based

on the Dual Principle and the Five Elements

of Eastern philosophy) symbolized the bright

enlightenment of the next world. Round

patterns meant people's lives are supposed

to transmigrate: when someone reaches

Nirvana, he or she can obtain the wisdom of Buddha.



Bat: Good Luck

The Chinese ideogram for bat is pronounced the same as the ideogram

for good fortune (pok in Korean). This led to bat images being

embroidered on pillow ends and incorporated into furniture designs

and fittings as a symbol of good fortune. As bats were supposed to live

1000 years, their image was also used as a symbol of longevity. A design

of 5 bats, called Obok (5 blessings), represents the five fortunes:

longevity, wealth, health, love of virtue, and natural death.



Temples Houses (Hanok) Palaces

Tombs Gateways /

Arches

Fortresses



Pulguksa Temple, South

Korea

The Pulguksa Temple, dating

from AD 751, is one of the

most ornate Buddhist

temples in South Korea. Thestairways leading to the

temple entrances are

symbolic of the Buddhist

journey toward spiritual

enlightenment. They were

constructed without mortarby placing cut stones in

perfect arrangement



The east pagoda of temple

Miruksa. Restored at 1993.

미륵사 (Iksan City North jeolla

province,KOREA,2001)본일촬영



Bunhwangsa (literally

"Fragrant Emperor Temple")

is a temple complex from the

Old Silla era of Korea. It islocated in Gyeongju. The

temple is recorded to have

been built in 634 under the

auspices of Queen

Seondok. Today the temple is

still used by a small group of worshipers but in its heyday,

the temple covered several

acres and was one of the four

main temples of the Silla

Kingdom used by the state to

ask the Buddha to bless thekingdom.



Hwangnyongsa was built during

the Silla period, under the

patronage of the Silla royal family,

on a plain encircled by mountains

near the royal palace compound

of Banwolseong (Half-Moon Palace).

Construction began in 553 under

the reign of king jinheung, and wasnot fully completed until 644. King

Jinheung originally intended for the

temple to be the site of a new

palace but when a dragon was seen

on the proposed site, a temple was

commissioned instead.



Geumsansa (literally "Golden Mountain Temple") is a head temple of the Jogye

Order of Korean Buddhism. It stands on the slopes of Moaksan in Gimje City,

Jeollabukdo, South Korea.



Wongudan Altar, located

in Jung gu, Seoul SouthKorea was built in 1897 to

serve as a site for the

performance of the rite of

Heaven. The site was also

known by other names,

suchas Hwangudan (환구단,

圜丘壇), Jecheondan (제

천단,祭天壇)

and Wondan (원단,圜壇)

Wongudan was

designated South Korea'sHistoric Site No. 157 on

July 15, 1967.

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Songgwangsa (Korean:

송광사 /松廣寺;

translation: Spreading

Pine Temple;

alternates: Songgwang-

sa, or Songgwang Sa,

or Songkwangsa; also

known as: PineyExpanse Monastery;

originally: Gilsangsa),

one of the three jewels

of Korean Buddhism, is

located in Jeollanam-

do[

on theKoreanPeninsula.



Bukchon Hanok Village isa Korean traditional

village with a long history

located

between Gyeongbok

Palace, Changdeok

Palace and Jongmyo RoyalShrine. The traditional

village is composed of lots

of alleys and is preserved

to show a 600-year-old

urban environment. Now it

is used as a traditionalculture center

and hanok restaurant,

allowing visitors to

experience the

atmosphere of the Joseon

Dynasty.



HAKINDONG HANOK, Seoul South Korea



Gyeongbokgung, also known

as Gyeongbokgung

Palace or Gyeongbok Palace, is a

royal palace located in

northern Seoul, South Korea. First

constructed in 1394 andreconstructed in 1867, it was the

main and largest palace of the Five

Grand Palaces built by the Joseon

Dynasty. The name of the

palace , translates in English as

"Palace of Shining Happiness.". As of 2009, roughly 40 percent of

the original number of palace

buildings still stand or are

reconstructed.



Cheomseongdae is an astronomicalobservatory in Gyeongju, South Korea.

Cheomseongdae means star-gazing

tower in Korean. Cheomseongdae is the

oldest surviving observatory in East Asia,

and one of the oldest scientific

installations on Earth. It dates to the 7th

century to the time of kingdom of Silla,

which had its capital in Gyeongju.

Cheomseongdae was designated as the

country's 31st national treasure on

December 20, 1962.

Changdeokgung, also



known

as Changdeokgung

Palace or Changdeok

Palace, is set within a

large park in Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea.

It is one of the "Five

Grand Palaces" built by

the kings of the Joseon

Dynasty. Because of its

location east

of Gyeongbok Palace,

Changdeokgung,

withChanggyeonggung,

is also referred to as the

"East Palace" (동궐,

東闕, Donggwol ). The

literal meaning of

Changdeokgung

(창덕궁,昌德宮) is

"Palace of Prospering

Virtue"



Changgyeong Palace is a palace located in Seoul, South Korea.

Originally the Summer Palace of the Goryeo Emperor, it later

became one of the Five Grand Palaces of the Joseon Dynasty.

Deoksu-gung Palace, South

Korea



Korea

Deoksu-gung is a walled

compound of several royal

palaces. The buildings vary from

traditional appearance andwood-and-stucco construction to

western style. The main property

was not originally a palace, but

rather the residence of a prince;

it enjoyed a promotion when the

actual palaces were burned inthe Japanese invasion of 1592.

By 1618 the main palace had

been rebuilt, and Deoksu-gung

was used as an "auxiliary palace"

for another 270 years. Of the

original buildings, two thirdswere destroyed by the Japanese

during their occupation in the

early 1900s. The Deoksu-gung

complex also has forested

gardens and an art museum that

are open to the public.



Gyeongju Area, South Korea

The area around Gyeongju is aUNESCO World Heritage site.

Architectural evidence reaches

back to the Silla kingdom of the

mid-seventh century, and

pyramidal tombs from that area --

consisting of a rock chamber inthe heart of an earthen

superstructure -- are to be found

in the center of the modern city.

The land around Namsan

Mountain is particularly rich with

relics, where mural and sculpture

art decorate ancient palaces from

as early as the seventh century.



The Tomb of the

General (Korean: Janggun-

chong, Hangul: 장굮총, Hanja:

將軍塚, Chinese: Jiangjun-

zhong), also known as

the Pyramid of the East, isthought to be the burial tomb

of King Gwanggaeto or his

son King Jangsu, both kings of

the Korean

kingdom of Goguryeo.

The pyramid is located in ji’an Jilin province China, a former

capital of Goguryeo. The

pyramid was "rediscovered" in

1905.



View from below toward part of the Bihwa

Gaya royal tomb complex in Changnyeong,

Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. Note the

doorway leading into one of the tombs.

Seolleung & Jeongneung Tombs (built from 1494-1544)

The Seolleung and Jeongneung tombs are the burial grounds of two Joseon kings and one



The Seolleung and Jeongneung tombs are the burial grounds of two Joseon kings and one

Joseon queen. The westernmost tomb (at far left on the map) belongs to King Seongjong (r.

1469-94), the ninth king of the Joseon dynasty. His first wife, Queen Han, died at age 18 and is

buried near Munsan, north of Seoul. Another wife, Queen Yun, is buried here because she gave

birth the the king's second son (the future King Jungjong) in 1506. Queen Yun outlived herhusband by 35 years and was buried in a splendid tomb to the east of her husband (image 5).

Her grave has a stone fence encircling the mound, whereas her husband's tomb, on the left, has

a retaining wall as well. Statues of civilian and military officials and their horses stand at

attention in front of the graves. South of the tombs is a single T-shaped shrine of the type

commonly found at Joseon-era royal tombs. There are also several ancillary buildings for storing

material used in sacrifices.



Tombs in Neungsan-ri, Buyeo, Korea



Tumuli Park or called Daeneungwon in Korean (literally "Garden of Great Tombs") at

Hwangnam-dong, Gyeongju is the largest tomb complex in Korea including 23 Silla

tombs in total. It contains Cheonmachong ("Tomb of the Heavenly Horse"), Hwangnam

daechong, King Michu's tomb and others.

5th century tombs of rulers of an ancient Korean (Koguryŏ) kingdom that lasted from

about 37 AD until the 600s when it was overthrown by the Tang Dynasty



about 37 AD until the 600s when it was overthrown by the Tang Dynasty.



The Independence Gate

(독립문) is one of those

gates that fall into this

category. The Independence

Gate is located in Seoul(서울). It commemorates

Korea’s independence from

China as a sovereign nation.

The Indpendence Gate is

made of granite and was

inspired by the Arc deTriomphe in Paris. It was

built in 1897 and to this day

it is a proud reminder of

Korea’s autonomy from

other nations.

Gwanghwamun (광화문) is



the largest gate of

Gyeongbokgung Palace

(경복궁). The Gate was

partially destroyed and

removed from its original

location by two Japanese

invasions, but it was

repaired in August of last

year. The Gate is now made

of wood, which has to be

maintained on a regular

basis. The Gwanghwamun

symbolizes one of the major

eras of Korean history,

which is the Joseon Era

(조선시대). TheGwanghwamun Gate is

located in Seoul and is there

to serve as a reminder of

Korea’s long history.

South Gate of Hwaseong Fortress. It is called Paldalmun (팔달문). The

Paldalmun lies in the city of Suwon (수원). It’s located in the center of a busy



Paldalmun lies in the city of Suwon (수원). It s located in the center of a busy

road, so it’s very visible to passing cars. The South Gate also contains a bell that

is decorated with a dragon’s tail and lotus flower. The inscription on the bell is

in Sanskrit, which indicates that the bell may have been used in Buddhist

ceremonies of the past.

Sungnyemun (숭례문) is



Sungnyemun (숭례문) is

also popularly known as

Namdaemun (남대문) In

2008, the Gate was

destroyed by an arsonist,but a newly repaired

version of the Gate is

scheduled to be revealed

sometime next year. The

picture on the left is a

picture of Namdaemunbefore it was destroyed by

fire. The reason why there

are two names for this

Gate is because

Sungnyemun is the official

Korean name for the Gate,but when Japanese

soldiers invaded the area,

they renamed it to

Namdaemun.

Potong Gate sits at the intersection of Mansudae and Chollima Street. It was originallyconstructed in the Goguryeo period as the west gate of Pyongyang's chief fortress. It was

reconstructed in 1473 and renovated several times thereafter Unfortunately the historic



reconstructed in 1473 and renovated several times thereafter. Unfortunately, the historic

gate was destroyed in the Korean war. The rebuilt gate sits about 55 meters from its

original location in order to stand at the intersection of the streets.

Heunginjimun (흥인지문), which is also referred to as Dongdaemun (동대문).

Heungjinjimun means “Gate of Rising Benevolence” which the name Dongdaemun



Heungjinjimun means Gate of Rising Benevolence which the name Dongdaemun

means “East Gate”. The name ‘East Gate’ refers to the fact that the Gate used to

surround the eastern side of Seoul when it was first built. The Heungjinjimun is a

major tourist attraction in Seoul because it is a famous landmark in Korea.



Taedong Gate



Ruins of

Hwando

Mountain

Fortress, a

major Goguryeo

fortification,

Ji'an, China. A

UNESCO World

Heritage Site

dated to circa

fifthy century.

Haemieupseong – HEIMI



p g

FORTRESS



Hwa Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Notrh Gate of the Dongnae Eupseong fortresssite



Choksuk pavilion, Jinju fortress wall.



After the Surrender of Japan in 1945, American architecture assumed supremacy.

Under Douglas MacArthur, who set Korean domestic and political policy from the Supreme

Command of the Allied Powers headquarters in Tokyo. Korean architecture by Koreans began

once again in domestic areas, with extensive repair of the missionary churches being given

priority funding. Essential repair to infrastructure followed, more patch-work than new

projects, and block-built hospitals, schools, industries began simple construction undermilitary supervision.

Seoul had survived much of World War II but during the Korean War (1950 –1953), many

buildings were destroyed, with the city changing command between North Korean and South

Korean powers five times. Street-to-street fighting and artillery barrages levelled much of the

city, as well as the bridges over the Han River. Important architectural sites were over-run

and burnt by invading armies, looting was extensive, and the urban landscape suffered withlittle money for repairs.

With the armistice, and distinct architectural styles determined by foreign governments

began a long period of development.

In the north, Stalinist and

b l ti t ft b t li t



absolutist, often brutalist

architecture, was championed.

North Korean architects studied

in Moscow or Soviet satellites, and

brought back socialist worker styles

and huge celebratory people's

architecture on a grand and

massively impressive

scale. Nomenclatura lived in Soviet-

style apartment blocks, farmers andrural workers lived in traditional

houses as they always had;

urbanization did not occur. Grand

buildings and huge public squares

were developed in Pyongyang as

architectural showpieces. Formalprocessional landscapes

accompanied these sites. Nearly all

architecture was government

sponsored, and maintained great

homogeneity of function and style.Ryugyong Hotel - Pyongyang, North Korea

Seongnam City Hall



In the south, American models defined all new Korean buildings of any importance, with

domestic architecture both civil and rural keeping to traditional buildings, building techniques,

and using local materials, and local vernacular styles. The pragmatic need to rebuild a country

devastated by genocide, then a civil war, led to ad hoc buildings with no particular styles,

extended repeatedly, and a factory system of simple cheap expendable buildings. As few Korean

cities had a grid-system, and were often given limits by mountains, few if any urban landscapeshad a sense of distinction; by the mid-1950s, rural areas were underfunded, urban areas

overfilled, and urban sprawl began with little money to build distinctive important buildings.

Buildings tended to be built quickly with little regard for local identity. traditional hanok villages

were razed, hundreds of simple cheap apartments were put up very fast, and bedroom

communities on the periphery of the urban centres grew, built and financed as company

housing.



The Juche Tower (officially the Tower

of the Juche Idea) is a monument

in Pyongyang, North Korea. The tower

is named after the principle of Juche,

developed by Kim Il Sung as a blend

of autarky, self-

reliance, nationalism, isolationism,

Korean traditionalism, and Marxism-

Leninism.



Trade Tower, Seoul, South Korea



Kim Swoo Geun (February 20, 1931 – June 14,1986) was a prominent South Korean

architect,educator, publisher and patron of

artists. Along with architect Kim Joong Up (김중

업), he is recognised as a significant contributor

in the history of Korean architecture. With his

support for diverse art genres of Korean culture,he was referred to as Lorenzo de Medici of

Seoul by TIME in 1977. Kim designed over 200

projects inside and outside of South Korea during

his lifetime. His representative works include

"SPACE Group building" (공간 사옥, 1978),

"Masan Yangdeok Catholic Church" (마산양덕성당 1979), "Jinju National Museum" (진주국립박

물관 1986) and "Olympic Main Stadium" (올림픽

경기장 1987), which feature his characteristic

view of architecture as well as Korean traditional

elements



Architect HyoMan Kim is the principal of IROJE KHM Architects. He was born in Seoul in

1955. He is many kinds of award-winning architect in Seoul, Korea.

Kim Won (金洹) Born in 1943, the architect,

Seoul Korea Institute of Construction



Seoul, Korea Institute of Construction

Engineering, Architectural Institute of

gimsugeun classes at me, and the Netherlands

bawoosenteurum Diploma from the

International Graduate Program (Diploma,

International Post Graduate Course for Housing

& Planning, Bowcentrum, Rotterdam , the

Netherlands) said.

Current Construction Environment Research

'square', and book publishing 'square'representatives, Korea Institute of Architects

Honorary Director, Honorary President of

Korea Association of Interior Architects,

gimsugeun Cultural Foundation Chairman and

Chairman of R & D, Seoul Architecture School,

Konkuk University, Graduate School of Architecture is an adjunct professor.

Cathedral of major works by Han, Myeong

ssaengppol Monastery, the National Bureau

villain, a unified Institute, Seoul,

comprehensive studios, include Gwangju

Catholic University.



Steven Phillip Song is a Korean-American

architect and writer on architecture.

Song, a founding partner of the think tank

team VIUM, first came to recognition

through collaborations with his mentors,

the architects and theoreticians Robert

Venturi and Denise Scott Brown.



Kim Joong-eop (1922 – 1988) was a

prominent Korean architect and educator. He

was born inPyongyang as the second son of his

father, Kim Yeong-pil (金永弼) and his mother,

Yi Yeong-ja (李英子). He spent his childhood in

various places such as Gangdong, Junghwa,

Seongcheon and others due to his father's job

as the country headman of the places. Kim was

awarded the 1962 Cultural Award from Seoul

Metropolitan Government in

1962, Chevalier from the France government in

1965, Order of Industrial Service Merit from

the South Korea government in 1985

korean architecture

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