komplikasi diabetes pleno
TRANSCRIPT
PBRC 2009 1
Complications of Diabetes
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Heart Disease Kidney Disease/Kidney
Transplantation Eye Complications Diabetic Neuropathy and Nerve
Damage
Foot Complications Skin Complications Gastroparesis and Diabetes Depression
Common Potential Complications of Diabetes
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Heart Disease
Caused by a narrowing or blocking of the blood vessels to your heart.
The vessels carry oxygen and nutrients to your heart.
Vessels can become partially or totally blocked by fatty deposits.
A heart attack - when the blood supply to your heart is reduced or cut off.
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“A” is for A1C A1C is the blood glucose check “with a memory” over the past 2 to 3 months.
“B” is for blood pressure
The ADA recommends a blood pressure below 130/80.
“C” is for cholesterol
HDL protects your heart. LDL can clog your blood vessels, leading to heart disease. Triglycerides can increase your risk for heart disease.
“The ABCs”
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Kidney Function
Kidneys act as filters. Kidneys remove waste products from the
blood. We create waste products from digestion. Normally, waste products are eliminated in
urine from the body. Protein and red blood cells are too big to
pass through the filter and remain in the blood.
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Kidney Disease
High levels of blood sugar can put extra stress on the kidneys.
After years of damage, the kidneys start to leak. Useful proteins are lost in the urine. Get a condition known as microalbuminuria.
There are several treatments at this point that may keep the kidney disease from getting worse.
When kidney disease is diagnosed later, during macroalbuminuria, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) usually follows.
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Kidney Disease
Kidneys lose their filtering ability. Waste products begin to build up in the
blood. Finally, the kidneys fail. ESRD
kidney transplant or regular visits to a dialysis clinic.
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---Eye Complications---
Higher risk of blindness. Many have minor eye disorders. Early treatments critical.
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Cataracts
The eye’s clear lens clouds, blocking light. Wear sunglasses Use glare-control lenses in
eyeglasses. Damaged lens –
remove. transplant.
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Individuals with diabetes are: 60% more likely to develop cataracts
at a younger age faster progression have problems if removal of the lens is
necessary due to the beginning stages of glaucoma
Cataracts
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Retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy is a general
term for all disorders of the retina caused by diabetes.
There are 2 major types of retinopathy: Nonproliferative: This is the common,
mild form. Proliferative: This form is much more
serious.
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There are several factors that influence whether you get retinopathy: Blood sugar control Blood pressure levels How long you have had diabetes Genetics
Almost everyone with type 1 diabetes will eventually develop nonproliferative retinopathy.
Retinopathy
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Diabetic Neuropathy & Nerve Damage
~50% have some form of nerve damage. It’s more common in those who have had
the disease for many years. Blood glucose control can help prevent
or delay nerve damage.
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2 Common Types of Nerve Damage Sensorimotor neuropathy:
Also known as “peripheral neuropathy” Can cause tingling, pain, numbness, or weakness in
hands and feet.
Autonomic neuropathy: Can lead to Digestive problems such as feeling full, nausea Vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation Problems with how well the bladder works Problems having sex Dizziness or faintness Loss of the typical warning signs of a heart attack Loss of warning signs of low blood glucose Increased or decreased sweating Changes in how your eyes react to light and dark
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Foot complications
Skin Changes
Calluses
Foot Ulcers
Poor Circulation
Amputation
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Skin Changes and Calluses Skin Changes:
Dry skin and feet. Seal remaining moisture in with plain petroleum jelly,
unscented hand cream, or a similar product. It is important not to put oils or creams between toes.
Calluses Occur more often and build up faster. May need therapeutic shoes and inserts. Calluses can lead to ulcers (open sores). Never try to cut calluses yourself– this can lead to
infection. Let your healthcare provider cut them.
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Foot Ulcers and Poor Circulation
Foot Ulcers Every ulcer should be seen by your health care provider
immediately. Can result in infections, potentially leading to loss of a limb. It is important to keep off of your feet.
Poor Circulation Can lead to infection and delay healing. To improve poor circulation:
Stop smoking and keep blood pressure and cholesterol in check
Exercise improves circulation. It increases blood flow. Exercise is a good idea for individuals who currently do not have any open sores on the foot. Proper shoes are essential.
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Amputation
Highly likely in diabetes. Due to artery disease, which
reduces blood flow to the feet and nerve damage, which reduces sensation.
These can lead to ulcers and infections that may lead to amputation.
Amputations are preventable.
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Skin Complications Bacterial infections Fungal infections Itching Diabetic Dermopathy Necrobiosis Lipoidica
Diabeticorum Atherosclerosis Allergic Reactions
Diabetic Blisters Eruptive Xanthomatosis Digital Sclerosis Disseminated Granuloma
Annulare Acanthosis Nigricans
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Bacterial and Fungal Infections Bacterial infections
Many kinds. Styes. Boils. Carbuncles. Inflamed tissues are usually hot,
swollen, red, and painful. Treated by antibiotics.
Fungal infections Candida albicans is a yeast-like
fungus. Leads to common fungal infections. Can be treated by medication.
Stye
Athlete’s foot
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Acanthosis Nigricans
Acanthosis Nigricans This is a condition in which tan or brown raised
areas appear on the sides of the neck, armpits, and groin. Usually strikes people who are overweight. The best treatment is to lose weight. Some creams can help the spots look better.