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TRANSCRIPT
Knowledge Organiser
Year 8
Name: ___________________
Self-quizzing
This is your personal knowledge organiser which contains lots of key information that you
need to learn for each of your subjects.
For every subject there are two columns – questions and answers
Every subject has also been divided up into different sections
Every week at home you are required to complete two sessions of self-quizzing. Each
session will last approximately 30 minutes:
1. Pick a subject and one section for this subject
2. Read the questions and answers and try to commit the answers to memory
3. Cover up the answers
4. Answer the questions from memory in your self-quizzing exercise book – with black pen
5. Uncover the answers
6. Check your answers – tick the answers you got right and correct the answers you got wrong - with a blue pen
7. If you got one or more of the answers wrong: Repeat this whole process again for the whole section (not just the questions you got wrong)
8. Once you have got all the answers right for this section – pick another section and complete the whole process again
9. Stop once you have completed this process for two sections
10. In your next self-quizzing session include a section you have previously covered and a brand new section
Art
Half term 1 (part a): Response to Heraldry
Question: Answer:
What part of history is considered Tudor? 1485-1837
In the 15th century, who ruled Great Britain? King Henry VIII
How many wives did King Henry VIII have? 6
What did their houses typically look like? One of the most distinctive things about a Tudor house is the black and white effect, because of their exposed wooden frames. They usually had a thatched roof, although rich people could afford to use tiles.
What did Tudors wear? Men mostly wore trousers made from wool and a tunic which came down to just above their knees. Women wore dresses of wool that went down to the ground, covering their feet. Women often wore an apron over this and a cloth bonnet on their heads
What did Tudor’s eat? Different types of meat including venison, beef, pork, veal, goat, lamb, rabbit, hare, mutton, swans, and herons. Poorer people would usually only eat bread and vegetables.
What was heraldry and why was it important? In Tudor times a special badge, or coat of arms, was used to show who you were. Pictures on a flag or a shield could be used to show who your family was or where you came from.
What is the heraldic symbol for the first daughter? A heart.
What is the heraldic symbol the third son? A mullet (a star).
What is a decorative shield or coat of arms? A decorative shield would have been created to represent a person or family. The shield would have included symbols and distinctive designs making the shield relevant and unique to that family.
Half term 1 (part b): Personalised Crests
What is a sphere? A 3D ball
What was the best technique when rolling the perfect sphere?
Use a hard surface to give it a smooth finish, don’t touch the clay too much and use smaller amounts to create more opportunities to get a smoother outcome.
What happens to the clay when it’s rolled into sausage shapes?
The heat from your hands dries the clay out. The clay becomes brittle. The length of clay breaks apart. The moisture reduction makes the clay difficult to manipulate further.
Which method of construction is most successful when trying to create height?
A wide base helps to distribute the weight above. Building up into a thin top point helps to lengthen the top. Short wide building blocks at the bottom with thinner taller blocks towards the top gives the most stable structure.
What happens to clay after long durations of using it? It becomes: Dry, brittle, difficult to roll and difficult to manipulate.
When attaching to pieces of clay together what technique do you have to use?
Score and slip.
How do you create a cylinder? Roll out a piece of play using a rolling pin and clay guides. Measure a rectangle out using a ruler, then cut it out using a clay knife. Form into a cylinder shape, score and slip the two edges that will go together and attach the two edges. Smooth the clay to get rid of the seam. Add a sausage of clay to the inside of the cylinder to add support.
What does recess mean? The surface has gone in., usually as the surface has been taken away.
What does relief mean? The surface it is sticking out, usually as something is added.
What happens to the clay after you are finished creating your pot?
They get fired.
What is the piece of equipment to (last question) called? A kiln
What is glaze?
A mixture of powdered materials added to water to create a paint like consistency. This is used to paint on to our ceramics to add colour.
How many layers of glaze should you apply to your clay pot (minimum)?
Three (Five if you are using lighter colours such as white and yellow).
What temperature will the kiln be set to when your pot is fired?
1000 degrees.
What should your pot evaluation include? Art vocabulary, analysis of what went well and why, analysis of what you could improve upon and how you would do so and a photograph of your pot.
Art Half terms 3 and 4: Hybrids and Mythology: mixed media response to Greek and Egyptian History
What is a hybrid? A mix of two different elements.
In Egyptian mythology, which Gods weighed your heart against a feather?
Ma’at and Anubis.
Where did the Ancient Egyptians believe you went after you died?
Hall of the dead.
What would happen to you if your heart was heavier than the feather when it was weighed?
If your heart was heavier than the feather then it was eaten by the demon Ammit, the Destroyer.
What creatures was Ammit a hybrid of? Ammit had the head of a crocodile, the shoulders of a lion and the rump of a hippopotamus.
How should you correctly apply pencil lines before adding watercolour?
Apply light pressure that won’t be visible through the watercolour.
What is the correct way of building the layers of watercolour to create 3D effect?
By creating layers of water colour, making each layer more pigmented and adding finer details.
What does the term ‘media’ mean in Art? This is the type of material used to create a piece of artwork. This could be: paint, pencil, collage, ceramics.
What does ‘mixed media’ mean? An artwork made of more than one material or ‘media’
When you begin the process of removing parts of the lino to create the first colour layer what do you need to consider?
What parts off your print you want to stay white (usually the outline).
What size blade do we use for the outline? Small
When printing, why do we have two rollers? One is for adding ink (wet roller), the other is for applying pressure to help the image print (dry roller).
When you begin the second cutting stage, what are you trying to add?
The areas that will be printed and texture.
When inking up your tile what do you need to consider? That you have enough ink and it’s an even layer.
What is the key to lino printing? Good registration.
What is Fauvism?
Fauvism is the style a group of early twentieth-century 1904 -1910. It was founded by a group of modern artists whose works emphasised soft brush strokes and strong colours rather than more realistic tones.
Half terms 5 and 6: Ndebele - Cultural Investigation, Shield Designs and Outcomes
Who are the Ndebele? The Ndebele is a South African tribe.
What are the Ndebele’s known for? They create the famous house-paintings and beadwork described as “Ndebele”.
Who in the Ndebele tribe is responsible for the artwork? The tribe’s women.
What are some of the characteristics of the Ndebele pieces? Bright, bold colour, geometric, symmetrical, black outline.
Why is white always used as a background colour? To make the colour put on top stand out.
What does symmetrical mean? The same on both sides.
Why do we use a template? We use a template to ensure that our design will fit together correctly.
In traditional Africa, what were shields used for? In traditional Africa, shields were used not only as defensive weapons, but also as decorative or ritual objects filled with symbolic meaning.
What were traditional African shields made from? Traditional African shield could be carved from wood, woven, made from a variety of hides and even metal.
What do the Ndebele use to symbolise their importance in society?
A variety of ornaments including elaborate dresses.
When using craft knives what must we remember?
To only have the blade up two notches, always use a cutting mat, always cut away from yourself and keep your fingers away from the blade.
What paint are we using to finish the shields? Acrylic paint.
Computing
Half term 1: Spreadsheets
Question: Answer:
What is a spreadsheet? an electronic document in which data is arranged in the rows and column
What are spreadsheets best used for? The three most common general uses for spreadsheet software are to create budgets, produce graphs and charts, and for storing and sorting data. Within business spreadsheet software is used to forecast future performance, calculate tax, completing basic payroll, producing charts and calculating revenues.
What are the advantages if using a spreadsheet? Used to perform multiple calculations automatically Safe and secure place to store data long term Used to analyse growth and progress over time Due to being electronic it and be stored on the internet Can be viewed and edited on multiple devices File sizes are small so can be transmitted quickly through the internet
What is a cell? a cell is a box in which you can enter a single piece of data
What is a cell reference? A cell reference is a coordinate to find a particular cell in a spreadsheet. For example, column “f”, row “13” would be f13.
What is a formula used for? Formulas are used make calculations using multiple cells
How do I make a formula? = (cell ref + cell ref) For example: =(C4*C5)
What symbols are used to add, multiply, divide and subtract?
+ to add - to subtract * to multiply / to divide
What is formatting? Formatting a cell means you can edit the way the data looks. Some examples would be to change the: 1) Font colour of text in the cells 2) Alignment of the text in the cells 3) Font type of the cell 4) Borders around the cells 5) Fill colours in the cells 6) Protecting cells from being edited
How do I create an if statement in my spreadsheet? You can create an if statement in a cell by using the following code: If (d3<d4, “the profit is lower”) If (d3>d4, “the profit is higher”)
Half term 2: Python programming
What is python? Python is a programming language
What is programming? Programming is when a person writes lines of code which converts into a usable program
What is software? Software is the programs on a computer that has been coded by a programmer
What is an algorithm?
A set of instructions a computer follows to complete a task.
What is an integer? An integer is a whole number
What is a string? A string is a collection of characters put together to create a word
What is a float? A float is a decimal number
What is boolean? Boolean is a state of either true or false. Example 3<4 is true or 5>10 is false. A statement is either true or false
What symbols are used to calculate integers? + = add - = subtract * = Multiply / = Divide ** = Indices // = Divide round up/down % = Modulus (divides & gives the remainder)
What is a variable used for? Variables are used to store values/data
Computing
How do I create a variable? 1. Give it a name (sport) 2. Put something inside it (sport = “football”) 3. Use it in your program print (sport, “is cool”)
sport = football print (sport, “is cool”)
How do I get user input? This line of code will make the computer ask you a question, and let you answer it. When you’ve answered, your answer will be stored inside the variable. See example below: Sport = input (“what is your favourite sport”) print (sport, “is cool”)
What is syntax? Syntax is the rules of writing code
What is a syntax error? Syntax error is when the rules of coding is incorrect
What are comparative operators? Comparative operators compare data: For example: < less than > more than <= less than or equal to >= more than or equal to == equal to != not equal to
What is the purpose of an if statement? The purpose of an if statement is to allow users to access different sections of code, depending on the user input. Temp = input (“what is the temperature outside”) If temp < 10: Print(“it is cold, wear a coat”) Else Print(“not bad, wear a t-shirt")
What is a branch? A branch is a pathway to a different section of code. Branches are used in if statements.
How do I create multiple branches? Using an “elif” statement allows you to create multiple branches to different sections of code. This will increase the number of outcomes your code can access. temp = input (“what is the temperature outside”) if temp < 10: print(“it is cold, wear a coat”) elif temp >40: Print(“Ok, you need to stay inside”) else print(“not bad, wear a t-shirt")
What is a loop?
A loop is a program that repeats the same instructions x=0 while x == 0 print(“man united are the best”)
What is a list?
A list is similar to a variable. Variables store a single value of data, however, List store multiple values. catNames = [“Jaspar”, “Jingles”, ”Tom”, ”Ollie”, ”Milo”]
Half term 3: Computerland
Write a list of devices that put data into a computer keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras, joysticks, and microphones.
Computing
Describe how a computer system works from start to finish.
A computer system takes sends data in, processes the data, and either saves it to the storage or outputs the data as information. (text, images or sound)
Identify the inputs, processes, outputs and storage of the following devices: kettle
Input The button to turn the kettle on
Process The device turns the heat on
Output Heat is output to boil the water
Storage A program is being stored that the kettle uses to heat the water
Write a list of internal components • CPU
• Drive (e.g., Blu-ray, CD-ROM, DVD, and SSD).
• Fan
• Modem
• Motherboard
• Network card
• Power supply
• RAM
• Sound card
• Video card
Define the acronym – NIC Network interface controller
What technology do you use to connect devices together? 1. Wired connection Computers can be connected through Ethernet cables which connect to the Ethernet port.
2. Wireless connection Computers can make a wireless connection if they have a wireless NIC. A wireless router provides a connection with the physical network. A computer device needs to be within range of the router to get access. A wireless connection uses radio signals to send data across networks. The wireless adapter converts the data into a radio signal and the wireless receiver decodes it so that the computer can understand it.
Define the acronym LAN & WAN Local area network
Wide area network
What is the difference between a LAN and a WAN A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually within the same building. A WAN (wide area network) is a group of LAN’s connected over a large geographic location. For example, an office in Manchester is connect to an office in London and Birmingham.
What is Malware? The term malware is a contraction of malicious software. Put simply, malware is any piece of software that was written with the intent of damaging devices, stealing data, and generally causing a mess. Viruses, Trojans, spyware, and ransomware are among the different kinds of malware.
What are the different types of malware?
Virus, Worms, Trojan Adware Spyware
What language do computers understand? Binary
Computing
What is binary? Binary is a number system that only uses two digits: 1 and 0. Is called base 2 as it uses only 2 numbers – 1& 2
Link the correct images together to create the correct pathway.
Half term 4: HTML & CSS
What does HTML and CSS stand for? HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
CSS: Cascading Style Sheets
What is a webpage made from? A webpage is a document coded in HTML (Hypertext Mark-up Language)
What are TAGS in HTML HTML tags are the hidden keywords within a web page that define how your web browser must format and display the content. Most tags must have two parts, an opening and a closing part.
Write the code for the below TAGS BOLD ITALIC PARAGRAPHS HEADINGS BACKGROUND COLOUR TEXT COLOUR
Bold <b> Add some text </b>
Italic <i> Add some text </i>
Paragraphs <p> Add some text </p>
Headings <h1>Add some text </h1>
Background colour <body bgcolor = "orange">
Text colour <h1 style="color:blue;">some text</h1>
Write the code for the Image Tag in HTML <img src="imagename.extension">
What is a Hyperlink? A hyperlink is a virtual connection between webpages. Hyperlinks are used to create websites. Multiple webpages linked together.
Write the code to add an image hyperlink. <a href="https://www.w3schools.com"> <img border="0" alt="W3Schools" src="logo_w3s.gif" width="100" height="100"> </a>
Write a code to add a hyperlink to another website. <h2>HTML Links</h2> <p><a href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a></p>
What is the purpose of CSS? The purpose of CSS is to style multiple webpages belonging
to the same website at one time.
What are the benefits of using CSS in your Website? • Easier to maintain and update.
• Greater consistency in design.
• More formatting options.
• Smaller code.
• Faster download times.
• Easy of presenting different styles to different viewers as changing the style is quicker.
How many ways are to insert a CSS file? • External CSS- An external style sheet can be written in any text editor, and must be saved with a .css extension.
The external .css file should not contain any HTML tags.
• Internal CSS - An internal style sheet may be used if one single HTML page has a unique style.
The internal style is defined inside the <style> element, inside the head section.
Computing
• Inline CSS-- An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single element.
To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element. The style attribute can contain any CSS property
Half term 5: App inventor 2
What is android? Android is a Linux based operating system. it is designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers.
What is an app? An app is a small program that can do a small number of tasks.
What is the emulator? An emulator is a piece of software used to simulate the functions of the app you have created
What is the difference between design view and block view?
Design view is the page you use to design your graphics Block view is the place where you code your design to work
What is a graphical user interface? The graphical user interface is a graphically designed display that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons
What is the purpose of a label? The purpose of a label is to add information to an app
What is the purpose of a button? The purpose of a button is to interact with apps when using them. They will allow users to input different instructions to the app.
What is an image canvas used for? An image canvas is a display board that allows the user to display different images of their choosing
What is a checkbox used for? A check box is used to allow the user to select answers in a form.
What is text box used for? A text box is used to allow the user to enter information into an app
What is the purpose of the clock? The purpose of the clock is to create time for your game. For example, you may have 30 seconds to guess the correct answer. The clock enables this to happen
What is the purpose of a variable in a game? The purpose of variables in a game format would be to store the current score, players health, top score, number of lives, etc. There are many reasons for variables. They are mainly used to store some form of data.
Half term 6: Graphics What is a JPEG? JPEG stands for "Joint Photographic Experts Group." JPEG is
a popular image file format. It is commonly used by digital cameras to store photos.
What is a GIF? GIF stands for graphics interchange format. It is a bit-mapped graphics file format used by the World Wide Web.
What is Copyright? Copyright is a law that gives the owner of a work (for example, a book, movie, picture, song or website) the right to say how other people can use it.
What is the Data Protection Act? The Data Protection Act 2018 controls how your personal information is used by organisations, businesses or the government. Everyone responsible for using personal data has to follow strict rules called 'data protection principles'. These rules are designed to stop people using information about you without your permission.
What is the Computer Misuse Act? The Computer Misuse Act 1990 is a piece of law that deals specifically with the crime of accessing or modifying data stored on a computer system without being authorised to do so.
What are the environmental considerations when discarding electronic devices?
When e-waste is warmed up, toxic chemicals are released into the air damaging the atmosphere. The damage to the atmosphere is one of the biggest environmental impacts from e-waste. When electronic waste is thrown away in landfills their toxic materials seep into groundwater, affecting both land and sea animals.
What is the safest way to get rid of electronic devices without harming the environment and animals?
Take your electronic devices to a recycle unit in your local area. They will dispose of it in a responsible way as set out by the law.
Design Technology
Half term 1 and 2 (part A): Food Preparation and Nutrition - Seasonality of food
Question: Answer:
What are the names of the 4 seasons? Autumn Winter Summer Spring
What are seasonal foods? Foods which are available at certain times of the year
What are the benefits of eating seasonal foods? Foods are likely to be local or grown in the UK The food miles will be low Food will have more nutrients as they are fresher They are plentiful, which makes them cheaper
What are the disadvantages of eating seasonal foods?
Food can become repetitive If the food cannot all be sold or used quickly enough, it can be wasted
How does eating seasonal food help the environment?
Reduces food miles as food can be grown locally Less use of fertilisers
Half term 1 and 2 (part B): Cooking What are the names of the two techniques for cutting fruit and vegetables?
Bridge hold and Claw hold
Describe how you slice a tomato using the bridge hold?
Use your thumb and forefinger to grip either side fo the ingredient. Use the knife to slice the ingredients in the bridge-like gap created by your finger and thumb.
Describe how to cut cucumber into slices using the claw grip?
With the tip of your finger and thumb tucked under towards the palm of your hand, hold the ingredients to be cut in a claw like grip. Hold the knife in your other hand, carefully bring the knife across and slice the ingredients.
What is a salad dressing? Seasoned mixture of liquids that is added to a salad.
What is it called when you cut vegetables into matchsticks strips?
Julienne
What is it called when you cut vegetables into tiny dice?
Brunoise
What method can you use to cut vegetables into medium dice?
Macedoine
What method can be used to cut vegetables into batons?
Jardiniere
Design Technology
What can you use to remove the very thin layer of skin of fruit and vegetables?
Peeler
What can you use to measure liquid? Measuring Jug
What colour chopping board will you use to cut vegetables?
Green chopping board
Half term 1 and 2 (part C): Nutrients
What are the two types of nutrients? Macronutrients Micronutrients
What are macronutrients? Macronutrients are the nutrients we need in larger quantities that provide us with energy
What are micronutrients? Micronutrients are mostly vitamins and minerals, these are equally important as macronutrients but consumed in very small amounts.
What is a nutrient? A nutrient is a chemical substance that comes from the food you eat. Food is eaten and digested in the body to allow the absorption of energy and nutrients.
What are the 4 macronutrients? Carbohydrates Protein Fat Water
What are the two type of carbohydrates? Simple carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates
What are simple carbohydrates? Simple carbohydrates are sugars. They are found naturally in foods such as fruits, milk, and milk products.
What are complex carbohydrates? Complex carbohydrates are mostly dietary fibres and starch
Why do we need carbohydrates in our diet? For Energy
What are carbohydrates made from? Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Why do we need protein in our diet? Proteins are essential for growth and repair of the body as well as for keeping cells and muscles and healthy.
What are proteins made from? Amino acids
What are the names of the two types of proteins? Complete proteins Incomplete proteins
What is complete protein? Complete proteins are from animal sources such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy
What is incomplete protein? Incomplete protein is from plant sources such as beans, pulses and cereals.
Why do we need fat in our diet? Fat helps to protect our vital organs and it also helps insulate the body.
Name the two types of fats. Saturated Unsaturated
What are saturated fats? Saturated fats are mainly found in animal's sources such as meat and dairy products.
What are unsaturated fats? Unsaturated fats are mainly found in plant-based sources such as avocados, nuts and oil.
Why is water important for our diet? We need water to maintain all bodily functions and to balance our body fluids. Drinking plenty of water (re-hydrates) is very important as it will improve concentration and reduce headaches.
Why is it important to eat foods containing vitamins A?
Vitamin A keeps the eyes and skin healthy.
What food sources are high in Vitamin A? Animal – Liver and milk Plant – carrots and red peppers
What is the main function of the B group vitamins? Releases energy from food
Which mineral builds strong bones and teeth? Calcium
What is the function of iron in the body? Keeps red blood cells healthy
What is the main function of sodium in are body? Keeps the correct water balance in the body.
Half term 1 and 2 (part D): Packaging
What is primary packaging? Prevent – Food from physical damage, e.g. from knocking, shaking or crushing and contamination. Protect products from damage whilst in transit and during long journeys and Protects the environment because packaging saves space through stacking objects which make transporting more efficient. Protects the environment because packaging saves space through stacking objects which make transporting more efficient. Promote the product and display important information about the product, such as nutritional content or allergy advice
What will happened to food without packaging?
problems with food safety and hygiene Products would get damaged, contaminated or loose it’s freshness. Food wastage would increase – this would have a negative environmental impact.
What is secondary packaging? Secondary packaging is the middle layer of packaging - for example a cardboard box with a number of identical products inside
What is a transit packaging? Transit packaging is the outer container that allows easier handling during transfer between factory, distribution centres and retailers. It has simple, easy to read instructions about handling, contents and destination.
What materials can be used for food packaging? Paper Board Foil Plastic Cans
Design Technology
Glass
What is the most commonly used material for food packaging?
Different types of plastic
Why is plastic a good material for food packaging?
Advanced plastic packaging increases shelf life of food which means this reduces food waste. Plastic packaging makes a positive contribution to saving resources and reducing emissions.
What information is needed on a food packaging by law?
Name of the product Ingredient list Food allergies Quantity/weight Use by or best before Date Storage instructions Name and address of the food manufacture The country of origin Instructions for use Nutritional information
What is the difference between use-by date and best before date?
Use by dates indicate when a product may no longer be safe to eat. You should not eat, cook, or freeze it after the date displayed, even if it looks or smells fine. Best before dates are an indication of quality rather than safety.
Why do you need the name and address of the manufacturer on the food label?
To give consumers the opportunity to contact the manufacturer if they have a complaint about the product or if they want to know more about it.
What is traffic light labelling? Fats, saturated fat, salt and sugar are labelled on a product in either green, amber or red. Green indicates – low amounts Amber indicates – medium amounts Red – High amounts
What does reference intake (RI) mean? The reference intake is a guide to the maximum amount of fat, saturates, sugar and salt that an adult should eat each day.
What is a food allergen? An allergen is a substance or food that may cause an allergic reaction.
What can happen to someone who accidentally eats food they are severely allergic to?
Stop them breathing, they will need an injection of adrenaline from an EpiPen to help them recover.
How can someone who has an allergy check the food they want to eat is safe for them?
Allergen information on food packaging must be highlighted in bold in the main ingredients list on the back of a food packet.
Half term 1 and 2 (part E): Cooking
What can be used to make vegetables and fruit coarse or fine?
Grater
What colour chopping board is used to cut meat? Red
What is a saucepan used for? Boiling or simmering foods
What is a frying pan used for? Frying food
Half term 3, 4, 5 and 6: Product Design What is a design brief? A design brief is a written statement or document given to a designer
about the design project.
What is primary research? Gathering new data or information from primary sources that have not
been collected before.
Example - using questionnaires or doing interviews with people.
What is secondary research? Looking up existing data or information about something, from
secondary sources. This information has been collected by someone
else and is available for others to read.
Example from books, magazines or the internet.
Who is a target customer? The person who the product is being designed for or who it is aimed
at.
What is ACCESS FM used for? ACCESS FM is an acronym used to help you analyse.
What is the purpose of a mood board? A mood board is a collage or collection of pictures which help
designers with the design process
What is an exploded diagram? An exploded view diagram shows the parts of a product separated and
how the whole product fits together.
What is quality control?
Quality Control is when products are checked to make sure they are a
suitable quality
Design Technology
Why is it important to make a prototype before you make a final
product?
It reduces time and costs: Prototyping improves the quality of the
specifications and requirements provided to customers.
Where do plastics originate from? Most plastics are made from oil, which is a non-renewable resource, however some plastics are made from renewable resources.
What are the natural sources of plastic? Natural sources of plastics are cellulose extracted from plants or resin extracted from trees e.g amber.
What are the two main categories of plastics? Thermoforming and Thermosetting plastics
Why can thermoplastics be reheated and reshaped? Thermoplastics are made of long chains of polymers which don’t cross over very often. When heated, the molecules slip easily over one and another.
What are the four main types of thermoplastics? Acrylic
PVC
ABS
Polyetyhlene
What are the 3 main types of thermosetting plastics?
Urea formaldehyde resin
Polyester resin
Epoxy resin
What are the properties of Thermoplastics? Formed by heat
Can reheated and reshaped
Variety of colours
Softens when heated
Made of long polymer chains with few cross links
What are the properties of Thermosetting plastics?
Made of polymer chains with strong bonds between each
Strong and durable
Can resist high temperatures
Available in variety of colours
Cannot be reshaped once set.
What tool is used to cut curves in wood, metal and plastic? Coping saw
What can be used to smooth rough surfaces and edges of wood? Glass paper
What tool is used for mark lines exactly at 90 degrees? Try-square
What tool is used for holding wood when cutting? Bench hook
What tool is used to shape material? Metal file
What material are metal hand files made from? High carbon steel
Why are hand files made from high carbon steel? They are made from high carbon steel and they are heat treated so that they are tougher than the steel or other materials that they are to be applied to.
What are the different techniques used to smooth the edges of
acrylic?
Through filling
Draw filing
Wet and dry paper or emery cloth What are the first stage of filing is called? Through filling The technique used to make the surface smoother with a file is
called? Draw filing
The cloth used to smooth the surface after filing is called?
Wet and dry paper or emery cloth
What does MDF stand for? Medium density fibreboard
What is MDF? MDF is a manufactured wood which means it is man-made. A
combination of wood fibres combined with resin.
Describe MDF? Generally low cost as not real wood
Can get it in a variety of sizes
Often painted of cover by another material to create a better surface
finish.
What is used to hold the bench hook or a piece of material? Bench vice
What are the 3 main types of wood? Softwood, Hardwood and Manufactured wood
What are the names of the two main trees that wood comes from? Deciduous trees and Coniferous trees
What is Memphis? Memphis is the name of an Italian design group from the 1980’s
What were Memphis designs like? Minimalist using asymmetrical shapes and bold colours.
Who was the founder of the Memphis design group? Ettore Sottsass
What does it mean to be eco conscious? Showing concern for the environment.
What are the 6 R’s Recycle
Reuse
Design Technology
Reduce
Repair
Refuse
Rethink
Half term 3, 4, 5 and 6: Textiles What are the three different methods of how fabric can be made? Woven
Knitted
Non-woven
What are the basic hand stitches used for sewing? Running stitch
Back stitch
Whip stitch
Blanket stitch
Where do natural fibres come from? Plants and Animals
What are the 4 main natural fibres? Cotton
Linen
Wool
Silk
Where do synthetic fibres come from? Synthetic fibres are made from small molecules synthesized polymers.
The substances used to produce such fibres are extracted from raw
materials such as chemicals based on petroleum or petrochemicals.
What are the 4 main synthetic fibres? Polyester
Elastane
Acrylic
Nylon
What is woven fabric? When yarns go over and under one another to make up fabric
This process is called weaving
What are the three woven fabrics called? Plain Weave
Satin Weave
Twill Weave
What are the properties of Plain Weave?
Strong and hardwearing
What are the properties of Satin Weave?
Strong and Smooth
What are the properties of Twill Weave?
Strong and Durable
What can you use to decorate fabric? Applique
Fabric Paints
Fabric Pens
Batik
What is a non-woven fabric? This is where no yarns are found. Fibres are compressed together to
form a new fabric.
Give an example of a non-woven fabric. Felt
What is knitted fabric? When yarns are made into loops, which are then inter-locked together
to make fabric.
This process is called knitted
How are fabrics made?
What is a seam allowance? A seam allowance is the area between the fabric edges and the line of
stitches. The seam allowance is an important part of a seam and is usually unseen, inside the garment.
Design Technology
What does a sewing machine do? A sewing machine is a mechanical device that joins fabrics together using thread.
What was Pop Art movement a reaction against?
It was a movement against the traditional ways of accepted art. It often
used bright colours such as red, blue and yellow, as well as images of
celebrities or fictional characters from TV or comics.
Who is the well-known pop artist who prints look like comic strips?
Roy Lichtenstein
What art techniques were mostly used in Pop Art?
Repeated patterns of everyday objects
Which Artist created the famous portrait of Marylyn Monroe? Andy Warhol
Drama Half term 1: Shakespearean Theatre
Question: Answer:
Who was the monarch when Shakespeare was born? Queen Elizabeth 1.
What was the name of Shakespeare’s Theatre? The Globe.
What is an aside? A remark made by a character that is heard by the audience but not by anyone else on stage.
What is a monologue?
When the actor speaks to the audience.
What does status mean in a play? The characters rank or social position.
What is a freeze-frame? A frozen image of a scene.
Who was not allowed to act on stage in Elizabethan times? Women.
What is the main theme of Macbeth? Ambition.
Which century was Shakespeare born? The 16th century.
Who was king when Macbeth was written? King James 1.
What is the basic story of Macbeth? Three witches tell the Scottish general Macbeth that he will be King of Scotland. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth kills the king, becomes the new king, and kills more people out of paranoia. Civil war erupts to overthrow Macbeth, resulting in more death.
What prophecy do the witches reveal to Macbeth?
After a battle in Scotland, Macbeth and his friend Banquo meet three witches, who make three prophecies - Macbeth will be a thane, Macbeth will be king and Banquo’s sons will be kings.
How does Macbeth become king? When King Duncan visits Macbeth’s castle, Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to murder King Duncan in his sleep to make the second prophecy come true.
Half term 2: Theatre in Education and Protest Theatre
What is Theatre in Education? Using performance to encourage learning. Quite often a group of actors will create a performance in order to tackle and educate their audience about a specific topic.
What is a typical topic for a TIE performance? Road safety, alcohol and drug abuse, health and safety, environmental issues, racism and bullying.
What does “target audience” mean? The specific audience the performance is aimed at. A target audience’s age could be Year 4 pupils, youths, adults or senior citizens.
What kind of social factors can be explored when finding a target audience?
Single parents, women’s groups, immigrants, trainees, offenders or people in residential care.
What are the five characteristics of a TIE performance? • There is a clear aim and educational objective running throughout.
• A small cast so actors must be versatile and often have to multi-role.
• The production must be portable so the design is simple and representational.
• They explore issues from various viewpoints, so we can see the effect of an action upon a range of people.
• There is some level of audience involvement.
Why is it crucial to know who your audience is when devising theatre?
Theatre in Education is always aimed at a specific audience.
What’s the significance of the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry, in the context of TIE?
The theatre still has a TIE programme.
What is multi-rolling? When an actor plays more than one role.
What is role reversal? When two actors swap roles.
What is the average cast size of a TIE production? Three.
Half term 3: Victorian Melodrama
What is meant by the term “stock character”? A stock character is a stereotypical fictional character.
What are the characteristics of a hero? Hero: The hero is moral, manly, brave, courageous and handsome. He believes in justice and fights against evil and injustice. He also saves the heroine from danger and defeats the villain.
What are the characteristics of a heroin? Heroine: The heroine is beautiful, kind, gentle and innocent. She is in love with the hero. She is often in some distress or danger and needs to be saved (Damsel in distress). At the end of the story, she has her happily ever after with the hero
What are the characteristics of a villain? Villain: The villain is the main enemy of the hero. He is evil, powerful, dishonest, vengeful, corrupt and rich. He hates the hero. In most melodramas, the villain tries to kidnap or marry the
Drama heroine.
How was Melodrama performed? Exaggerated and stylised movement and extended vocal technique expressing extreme emotions and sentimentality.
Why were facial expressions, movement and gestures exaggerated?
Based on the large size of the theatres of the time
What were the stories like? Stories about good vs evil.
What is mime? A theatrical technique of suggesting action, character, or emotion without words.
What three things do you need to exaggerate when performing Melodrama?
Facial expressions, gestures and movement.
What is “clocking the audience”? A technique where you invite the audience into your performance by ‘clocking’ them (staring at them).
Who was Charlie Chaplin? An English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film.
Half term 4: Elizabethan and Jacobean Theatre
What sort of language adds to the comedy in Twelfth Night? Witty word-play.
How does Viola come to be alone on the island? A young noblewoman named Viola speaks with the captain whose crew has just rescued her from a shipwreck. Although Viola was found and rescued, her brother, Sebastian, seems to have vanished in the storm. The captain tells Viola that Sebastian may still be alive. He says that he saw Sebastian trying to keep afloat by tying himself to a broken mast. But Viola does not know whether or not it is worth holding onto hope. In the meantime, however, she needs to find a way to support herself in this strange land. Viola decides that she will disguise herself as a young man in order to protect herself in a strange land. She will then try and work for the local ruler, Duke Orsino.
Who is involved in the “love triangle” in Twelfth Night? Orsino is in love with Olivia, but she's mourning for her dead brother, so has rejected all his advances so far. He sends Cesario (who is really Viola) with love letters to woo Olivia on his behalf. Unfortunately for the Duke, Olivia is taken in by Cesario’s disguise and falls in love with him. Viola has secretly fallen in love with Orsino, and Orsino is confused by his feelings for his new ‘male’ servant. So, Viola loves Orsino, Orsino loves Olivia and Olivia loves Cesario/Viola.
What is the trick that is played on Malvolio? Malvolio is secretly in love with Olivia, and the others trick him into believing that these feelings are returned. Maria forges a letter to Malvolio, supposedly from Olivia, suggesting that she loves him and he should wear yellow stockings and smile all the time. Malvolio does as the letter suggests, and Olivia thinks he has gone mad, so has him locked up.
How is language used to show that Sir Toby and Sir Andrew are drunkards?
They speak in prose.
How are Feste and Sir Toby shown to be united against Malvolio?
They share Rhyme.
What does Orsino compare the beauty of women to? Roses.
How many syllables are in a line of blank verse? 10.
What sort of language does Feste often use to create comedy?
Puns.
How does Viola find herself in Illyria? She is ship wrecked.
How does Viola disguise herself? She dresses as a boy.
Why does Orsino send Viola to Olivia? To try and win her heart.
How do Maria and the others trick Malvolio? With a letter.
What does Olivia send to Cesario (Viola) after their first meeting?
A ring.
Half term 5: History of Theatre
Where did western theatre begin? Ancient Greek and Roman (600BC to 400AD) - The origins of
Western theatre began in Ancient Greece in about 600BC. The
Greeks used masks (comedy and tragedy). Only men were
allowed to act.
Romans used slaves as actors and allowed women to perform. They tried to draw huge audiences with chariot races and public executions.
What was the name of the first known actor? The first known actor was called Thespis – hence why actors are
Drama sometimes called thespians
Who banned theatre in Roman times? Christians.
When did theatre become popular again after the Christians banned Roman Theatre?
Medieval times (500-1500). By the 1100s priests and monks started acting out parts of the bible – called Mystery plays. Miracle plays – plays on the lives and works of the saints. Later Morality plays were acted out – teaching people how to act morally. Spiritual trials of the average man.
What does renaissance mean and what are the features of renaissance theatre?
Renaissance Theatre (mid1500s-mid1600s) Renaissance means rebirth. Shakespeare, Globe Theatre, all male casts, proscenium arch, backdrops. The developments in art came into the theatre. Perspective, set design, painted backdrops.
What is the “Theatre of Realism”? Realism (late 1800s) Natural movements and everyday dialogue. New playwriters Ibsen and Chekov created new realistic storylines.
What was the name of the Russian actor who introduced realism to the stage?
Stanislavski – Russian actor who introduced realism to acting. Believed that actors needed to draw upon feelings they’d experienced in their own lives. Authentic emotion. Stanislavski method. Being in character. Developed naturalistic performance technique.
Who created the term Epic Theatre?
Brecht
Half term 6: Roles and Responsibilities
What is the role of the Director? This person conceives, develops and implements the artistic vision for the specific performance. They help the actors with their performance.
What is the role of the producer? The Producer is responsible for finding the money to finance a show and managing the financial risks.
Name the four different types of design used in the theatre. Lighting Design Sound Design Set Design Costume Design
What is the purpose of set design? To tell the audience when and where the play is set. To create a mood and atmosphere.
Who is responsible for all aspects of the staff’s welfare, including dealing with pay?
The company manager.
What does the Stage Management Team do? They are responsible for the organisation of the backstage crews and cast during performances.
What is a lighting plot? A list of the cues to be performed by a lighting desk operator
What is a gobo? A gobo is a stencil or template placed inside or in front of a light source to control the shape of the emitted light
English
Half term 1: 19th Century Gothic Literature
Question: Answer:
When did the Gothic literary tradition begin? The Gothic literary tradition originates from the mid-eighteenth century.
What are some of the features of Gothic fiction?
Some of the features of Gothic fiction are: mystery and fear, atmosphere
and setting, supernatural and paranormal activity, omens or curses.
Who wrote Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus?
Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus.
When was Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus written?
Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein in 1818.
What is the name of the scientist who creates the creature?
Victor Frankenstein is the name of the scientist who creates the creature.
Which features of Gothic fiction can be found in Frankenstein?
The novel is set in an isolated setting with an atmosphere of mystery and suspense.
Who wrote Northanger Abbey? Jane Austen wrote Northanger Abbey.
When did she write the novel? Austen wrote Northanger Abbey in 1803.
When was Northanger Abbey published? Northanger Abbey was published in 1817, after Austen’s death.
Northanger Abbey is a parody of Gothic fiction. What is a parody?
A parody intentionally copies the style of someone famous or copies a particular situation, making the features or qualities of the original more noticeable in a way that is humorous.
Who wrote Wuthering Heights? Emily Bronte wrote Wuthering Heights.
When was Wuthering Heights written? Wuthering Heights was written between 1846 and 1847.
Which character is troubled by nightmares in
the extract from Wuthering Heights?
Mr Lockwood is troubled by nightmares in the extract from Wuthering Heights.
Which features of Gothic fiction can be found in Wuthering Heights?
The novel Wuthering Heights includes references to the supernatural and the isolated setting suggests fear.
Who wrote Dracula? Bram Stoker wrote Dracula.
When was Dracula published? Dracula was published in 1897.
What is a novel formed of letters or diary entries called?
Dracula is an example of an epistolary novel: it is made up of journal entries, letters, newspaper clippings and ships’ logs.
Which features of Gothic fiction can be found in Dracula?
Dracula contains supernatural beings (vampires) which creates an atmosphere of uncertainty and fear. The novel also refers to an unfamiliar setting (Transylvania).
Who wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles? Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles.
When was The Hound of the Baskervilles published?
The Hound of the Baskervilles was published in 1902.
Which famous character is the novel about? The Hound of the Baskervilles presents another investigation by Sherlock Holmes and his partner Dr Watson.
Which features of Gothic fiction can be found in The Hound of the Baskervilles?
The novel The Hound of the Baskervilles is set out on the moors in the West Country. The story concerns an attempted murder by a supernatural creature.
Half term 2: A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Who wrote ‘A Christmas Carol’? 'A Christmas Carol’ was written by Charles Dickens.
When and where was Charles Dickens born? Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Hampshire into a middle class family.
What happened to Charles Dickens’ father
when Charles Dickens was young?
Dickens’ father was imprisoned for falling into debt. This sent the family
into poverty.
How did this event affect Charles Dickens? He was put to work at Warren’s Blacking Factory.
When was ‘A Christmas Carol’ first published? 'A Christmas Carol’ was first published on 19th December, 1843.
When did Charles Dickens start writing ‘A Christmas Carol’?
Charles Dickens started writing ‘A Christmas Carol’ in October 1843.
What happens in Stave One of ‘ A Christmas Carol’?
1. Introduced to Ebenezer Scrooge on Christmas Eve. He is a lonely miser obsessed with money. He won’t pay to heat the office properly – meaning Bob Cratchit is very cold. 2. We learn Jacob Marley, Scrooge’s business partner, died exactly 7 years earlier. 3. Scrooge is irritated that Christmas Day seems to be interrupting his business. 4. Scrooge is visited by his nephew Fred, who invites his uncle to Christmas dinner. Scrooge refuses. 5. Scrooge is visited by two charity workers, asking for donations. Scrooge refuses and exclaims he wants to be left alone. 6. Scrooge allows Bob to have Christmas Day off. 7. Scrooge, when he is home, is visited by the Ghost of Jacob Marley – warning him he will be visited by three more ghosts to help him change his ways.
What happens in Stave Two of ‘A Christmas 1. Scrooge is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past who takes him to
English Carol?’ witness his past.
2. Scrooge is taken first to his schoolboy years and he is reminded how his friends would go home from Christmas while he was left at school. 3. We see him with his sister, who one year took him home for the holidays. 4. Next we are shown Scrooge as a young apprentice, working for Fezziwig. Dickens describes the Christmas ball Fezziwig organised for his employees. 5. Finally, Scrooge is taken to see his ex-fiancée, Belle. We see the scene when they break up, as money has taken over Scrooge’s life. 6. Scrooge cannot bear to see any more and struggles with the spirit.
What happens in Stave Three of ‘A Christmas Carol’?
1. Scrooge is then visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present. 2. The spirit shows Scrooge how the Cratchit family celebrate Christmas. Scrooge asked if Tiny Tim will life. The spirit explains that, unless there are changes, Tiny Tim will die. The spirit reminds Scrooge of his earlier words: ‘If he is to die, he had better do it, and decrease the surplus population.’ 3. Scrooge is then taken to see how others celebrate Christmas: miners, lighthouse workers, sailors on a ship. 4. He is then taken to Fred’s house at Christmas, where they are playing games. 5. The spirit then begins to age, and two children are revealed under the spirit’s robes: Want and Ignorance. 6. The Ghost of Christmas Future then appears.
What happens in Stave Four of ‘A Christmas Carol’?
1. The Ghost of Christmas Future is described. 2. The spirit takes Scrooge to see a group of businessmen discussing someone who has died. 3. Scrooge is then taken to see Old Joe, where he is in the process of buying property of the dead man – which have been stolen. 4. Scrooge then returns to Bob Cratchit’s house, where it is revealed Tiny Tim has died. 5. Scrooge is then taken to the graveyard and is shown a gravestone and realises this is for him. 6. Scrooge falls to his knees and begs that he will change his ways.
What happens in Stave Five of ‘A Christmas Carol’?
1. Scrooge wakes up in his own bed. 2. Scrooge wonders how much time has passed and calls to a boy. He then sends the boy to the poulterer for the prize turkey to give to Bob Cratchit, 3. Scrooge meets one of the charity collectors from earlier and whispers to him that he will give a large donation. 4. Scrooge then goes to Fred’s house and is welcomed in. He enjoys the dinner and party. 5. On Boxing Day, Scrooge arrives early to work, and plays a trick on Bob. Scrooge then tells him he is going to raise his salary and promises to help Bob’s struggling family. 6. Scrooge is described to have completely changed and becomes a ‘second father’ to Tiny Tim – ‘who did not die.’
Which words could you use to describe Ebenezer Scrooge?
Miserly, mean, bitter, materialistic, unsympathetic, indifferent, cold, selfish, isolated, cynical, charitable, value driven, generous, happy, sociable, transformed.
Which words could you use to describe
Marley’s Ghost?
Materialistic, self-centred, terrifying, haunting, exhausted, direct, reformed, regretful, hopeful, selfless, wise.
Which words could you use to describe Bob
Cratchit?
Uncomplaining, tolerant, courteous, deferential, patient, civil, eager, pleasurable, good-humoured, playful, caring, tender, cheerful, loving, forgiving.
Which words could you use to describe Fred,
Scrooge’s nephew?
Warm-hearted, empathetic, cheerful, optimistic, even-tempered, insightful, determined, generous, forgiving, jovial, enthusiastic, caring.
Which words could you use to describe the Ghost of Christmas Past?
Contradictory, strong, gentle, quiet, forceful, questioning, mysterious.
Which words could you use to describe the Ghost of Christmas Present?
Compassionate, abundant, generous, cheerful, jolly, friendly, severe, sympathetic.
Which words could you use to describe the Ghost of Christmas Future (Yet to Come)?
Mysterious, silent, ominous, intimidating, frightening, resolute.
Which words could you use to describe Tim? Frail, ill, good, religious.
English
Half term 3: Poetic terms and types of poems
What is alliteration?
Alliteration is where two or more words begin with the same consonant sound.
What is assonance?
Assonance is when words share the same vowel sound
What is a ballad?
A ballad is a poem that tells a story with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain (repeated section).
What is blank verse?
Blank verse is poetry written in iambic pentameter that does not rhyme.
What is diction?
Diction is the language of poetry – a poet’s choice of words, phrases, sentence structures and images.
What is enjambment?
Enjambment is the running on of lines between verses and rhyming couplets – not stopping sentences between verses / couplets.
What is free verse?
Free verse is a type of poem where the lines have no set pattern or structure.
What are half-rhymes?
Half-rhymes are words that have a similar, but no identical, end sound e.g. crisp and grasp.
What is iambic pentameter?
Iambic pentameter is poetry with a metre of ten syllables – five of them are stressed, five of them unstressed. The stress falls on every second syllable.
What is imagery?
Imagery is a picture created by the words that a poet uses, often in the form of a comparison.
What is juxtaposition? Juxtaposition is when a poet puts two ideas, events, characters or descriptions close to each other to encourage the reader to contrast them.
What is a metaphor?
A metaphor is a type of image. Instead of saying something is like something else, it is described as if it were that thing.
What is metre?
Metre is the rhythm of the lines in a poem based on the number and the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
What is mood?
The mood of a poem is the atmosphere or the feeling of a poem e.g. humorous, threatening, calm.
What is onomatopoeia?
Onomatopoeia is the use of words to imitate the sounds they describe.
Who is the persona? The persona is the speaker of a poem.
What is personification?
Personification is a type of image where a thing or idea is given human characteristics. It describes a non-living thing as if it has human qualities and feelings or behaves in a human way.
What is rhyme? Rhyme occurs when two words both end with a similar sound.
What is a rhyme scheme? A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyming words in a poem.
What is rhythm?
Rhythm is the pattern of stressed and unstressed words within a poem.
What is a rhyming couplet?
A rhyming couplet is two lines together, usually of equal length, that end with words that rhyme.
What is sibilance? Sibilance is the repetition of ‘s’ or ‘sh’ sounds. These sounds can be within a word as well as at the start or end of the word.
What is a simile?
A simile is a type of image. It involves a comparison in which one thing is said to be similar to another.
What is a sonnet? A sonnet is a poem with fourteen lines, that usually follows a clear rhyme scheme.
What is a stanza? A stanza is another word for a verse of a poem.
What is structure? Structure is the order and arrangement of ideas and events in a poem e.g. how it begins, develops and ends.
What is a syllable? A syllable is a single unit of sound in a word e.g. a beat within a word.
What is symbolism? Symbolism is when an object stands for something else.
Half term 4: Writers’ viewpoints and perspectives
What is non-fiction? There are many different types of non-fiction writing, such as newspapers, adverts, brochures, reference books and biographies. A non-fiction book is about facts. You can't just make it up.
What is a writer’s perspective? Perspective is the way that one looks at something. An example of perspective is farmer's opinion about a lack of rain.
What is a writer’s viewpoint? An author's viewpoint is the way an author looks at a topic or the ideas being described. ... Students identify words and phrases that show an author's strong feelings for or against a person, group, or issue. They identify selections that present various perspectives on a topic.
How do you synthesize two texts? Synthesizing takes the process of summarizing one step further. Instead of just restating the important points from text, synthesizing involves combining ideas and allowing an evolving understanding of text. “synthesis” commonly refers to writing about printed texts, drawing together particular themes or traits that you observe in those texts and organizing the material from each
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text according to those themes or traits.
Why do we read non-fiction? 1) One understands the reality after reading non-fiction. While fiction, sometimes takes you to the imaginative world, non-fiction unfolds the reality you get to know real people and their lives. 2) Non-fiction enlightens one with a specific idea of subjectivity. It also gives knowledge in a specific subject which helps in learning new things. 3) It provides you with facts. It gives the true picture of the surroundings. 4) Non-fiction helps in making readers practical. People tend to think practically using facts and hence become subjective. 5) Non-fiction expands the reader’s horizon. It makes one smarter to understand the real-life concepts. 6) Reading non-fiction helps in discussions, debates, etc. 7) It helps in expanding the thought process and allows you to form your own arguments. You then tend to re-evaluate and re-assess the situations in life which make you more practical. 8) Non-fiction makes one curious to know things. It helps in improving the ability to perceive the situations and contradict ideas with your own intellect. 9) It helps in doing the mental assignment than in giving you mental relaxation. It is different as it provokes one to use their minds and formulate the path of understanding. 10) Last but not the least, reading non-fiction makes you feel like more of a student who is ready to learn and understand the reality and know the subject.
How do we write persuasively? 1. Vary your sentences – type and length. 2. Use AFORREST devices: alliteration, facts, onomatopoeia,
rhetorical questions, repetition, emotive language, statistics, rule of three.
3. Use figurative language devices: similes, metaphors, personification.
4. Use sophisticated punctuation. 5. Use sophisticated vocabulary. 6. Use unorthodox structural devices: incomplete sentences, one-
word sentences, one-sentence paragraphs, one-word paragraphs. 7. Use lists 8. Use anaphora 9. Use anadiplosis (a form of repetition in which the last word of one
clause or sentence is repeated as the first word of the following clause or sentence)
How do we evaluate a text? This is asking for a judgement, so you are evaluating as well as analysing. Your main task is to explain the extent to which you agree with an opinion and how the extract makes the reader feel. You still need to use quotations to support each point you make - look closely at the word choices the writer makes and explore how these affect the reader.
How do we analyse language of a text? Language Analysis means to understand what a writer is saying in his piece of writing like an essay or an article. Analysis refers to how a writer is conveying his ideas through language techniques, such as figures of speech, sentence structure, tone, word choice, etc.
Half term 5: The Tempest by William Shakespeare
Who wrote 'The Tempest' and what's his background?
'The Tempest' was written by William Shakespeare and was originally printed in the First Folio of 1623. Shakespeare was born into a well-to-do family in the market town of Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire. Between the late 1580s and 1613 Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays and contributed to some by other dramatists.
What is drama? Drama is a special kind of writing because it needs a performance in a theatre to arrive at a full interpretation of its meaning. Try to imagine you are a member of the audience when reading the play.
What is the play about? The Tempest is, at one level, a fairy tale complete with magical occurrences, suspension of the laws of nature and a happy ending, but it is much more than this. It attempts to examine the connection between suffering and purification, the supposed contrast between civilised and uncivilised people, and to illustrate the results of colonialism.
What happens in the play? The play opens with a storm at sea. Alonso, the king of Naples, is sailing home after the marriage of his daughter, Claribel, to the king of Tunis. During the voyage the weather suddenly deteriorates, and Alonso's ship is separated from the rest of the fleet and driven towards an island. The ship hits the coastal rocks and all the passengers leap overboard in the hope of swimming ashore. From this point onward, all the action occurs on the
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island.
Who is Prospero and what is his role in the play?
Prospero plays the most significant role in the play in that he is on the stage longer than any other character and he controls the fate of all the others on the island. You might like to consider whether he uses his powers wisely and humanely or selfishly. His name means 'fortunate' or 'prosperous' and you might like to examine how fortunate he is in the kindness he received from Gonzalo and in his ability to win back his dukedom.
Who is Caliban and what is his role in the play?
Caliban is, to a modern audience, one of the most interesting and sympathetic characters in the play. He is described in the play as 'a salvage and deformed slave'. The word 'salvage' is an earlier form of the modern 'savage', but in Shakespeare's day it meant 'wild and uncivilised'. Most people in English believed that uncivilised people were below their civilised counterparts. However, there is evidence that Shakespeare believed that the corruption in so called 'civilised' society was more abhorrent than any natural behaviour.
Who is Ferdinand and what is his role in the play?
Ferdinand is handsome, courageous and honourable. His good looks impress Miranda so much that she thinks he is a spirit, albeit a fine-looking one. He is a loving son. He grieves for the father he believes he has lost and describes himself as one. His love for Miranda is instantaneous but sincere. He is willing to give up his throne and country for her.
Who is Alonso and what is his role in the play?
Alonso, the king of Naples, has sinned in the past, but he shows himself to be capable of remorse and to have a keen desire to repent. HIs crime against Prospero was inspired by Antonio, but he showed weakness in falling for Antonio's temptation, and cruelty in sinning against Prospero and Miranda. He is condemned by Ariel for his crimes against Prospero and Miranda, his conscience is pricked to such an extent that he thinks of committing suicide.
Who is Gonzalo and what is his role in the play?
Gonzalo is an old man who is well intentioned and talkative. You might like to compare him to Polonius in Hamlet, a character that, according to tradition, Shakespeare himself played. His statements provide a commentary on the various incidents in the plot, from the shipwreck to the discovery of Ferdinand and Miranda. His remarks are usually optimistic, and he seems cheerful even during disaster.
Who is Antonio and what is his role in the play?
Antonio is Prospero's brother. Prospero loved and trusted him, but Antonio proved false. Antonio is a pragmatist. He arranged with Alonso, king of Naples, to deprive Prospero of his dukedom, and pays a yearly levy to the king. According to Prospero, Antonio would have killed Miranda himself, but he was afraid people would not tolerate such an action.
Who is Sebastian and what is his role in the play?
Sebastian is Alonso's brother and his friendship with Antonio suggests the nature of his character. Like Antonio, he mocks Gonzalo, and indication of the ungenerous nature. Shakespeare leaves us in no doubt that Sebastian is an evil man, but perhaps his evil may be said to be triggered by Antonio rather than to come from any obvious personal sinfulness.
Who is Trinculo and what is his role in the play?
Trinculo is Alonso's jester and his role in the play is to provide some of the coarse humour that was a feature of the theatre at the time. He was probably dressed in a multicoloured garment, which would have informed the audience of his position. He is greedy and see's Caliban as a potential source of future income.
Half term 6: Our Day Out by Willy Russell
What is the name of the playwright who wrote Our Day Out? What’s his background?
Willy Russell. He was a Liverpudlian playwright. Before becoming a full-time writer, he variously was a hair-dresser and a teacher.
What are Russell’s most famous other plays? Educating Rita and Blood Brothers,
Where is Our Day Out set? It is set in Liverpool and at the places the students visit
What is Our Day Out about? Based on his own experiences as a teacher and set in 1977, Our Day Out is a poignant comedy about a day out (school trip) for the Progress Class – a bottom set for students with difficult backgrounds who struggle with their learning.
What medium was Our Day Out written for? It was written for television – there are 41 scenes, which reflects the constant cutting and editing between shots – even at the same location.
Who are the main teacher characters? Mrs Kay – main teacher of the Progress Class. She is kind, understanding, nurturing and motherly. Mr Briggs – the strict and nearly always shouting angrily deputy head teacher, told to keep everything in check and make sure the students behave themselves. Part of the comedy of the play revolves around the friction between these two characters.
Where does the day out take the students? The students visit a zoo, Conwy Castle, a beach and a fairground.
Who is the main student character? Carol Chandler is a sensitive student who becomes very disillusioned when she realises the hopelessness of her future and that of the other Progress Class students. She ends up at the top of a cliff. The play, despite being a
English
comedy, is an important social indictment of 1970s Britain, in which communities in towns and cities up and down the country were torn apart by an uncaring Conservative government.
What is the language of the play like? It is a mixture of teenage slang and Liverpudlian accents and dialect. There are swear words and informal language which add to the comedic effect of the play.
What happened to Liverpool in the 1970s? Liverpool suffered badly in the countrywide recession of the 1970s and 1980s, with high unemployment and rioting on the streets. From the late 1980s however, the city started to bounce back, invigorated by new growth and redevelopment, particularly of the dock areas.
Geography
Half term 1 (part a): Weather
Question: Answer:
What is Weather? Weather is the day to day condition of the atmosphere
What is Climate?
Climate is the average temperature taken over longer period of time. E.g. 30 years
What is the UK’s climate like? The UK’s climate is temperate which means it is not too hot nor too cold.
What is an environmental impact? Environmental impact is an impact on wildlife and landscape including water and air
What is an economic impact?
Economic impact is an impact which affects the economy and jobs (costs money) of a country
What is a social impact?
Social impact is an which affects people. E.g. homes, health and society)
Give three impacts of the Great Storm of 1987?
Three impacts: 1. 19 people were killed 2. 15 million trees were blown down and 3. The total cost of damage was £ 1 billion.
What is a tropical climate? The tropical climate is hot and humid climate found between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
What is a polar climate? Polar climate is very cold climate found at North and South poles
What is used to measure temperature? A thermometer is used to measure temperature.
What is used to measure pressure?
A barometer is used to measure pressure.
What is used to measure wind speed?
An anemometer is used to measure wind speed.
What is used to measure humidity?
A hygrometer is used to measure wind humidity.
What is used to work out the direction of the wind?
A Windsock or wind vane is used to work out the direction of the wind.
What is the ‘MET OFFICE’ and what do they do? The ‘MET OFFICE’ is a short form used for the meteorological office, where they forecast the UK’s weather.
What is humidity measured in? Humidity is measured in percentage (%)
What is cloud cover measured in? Cloud cover is measured in Oktas.
Half-Term 1 (part b): Weather
What is Micro-climate? A microclimate is a climate over a small area, which might be very different to climate very nearby.
Why is the gym at school cool? The gym at school is cool because it has no windows, it is a large space with little heating and little insulation, it doesn’t face the sun.
Why are the geography rooms warm? They are well heated. The face the sun during the summer months and have large windows. They have good insulation and little air flow.
What is Isoline? Isolines are lines drawn on a map connecting data points of the same value. For example, places with equal temperature.
Why are cities warmer. Give any two reasons? Cities are usually warmer than the countryside as too many tall buildings can reduce the amount of wind in a city and Tarmac which is dark in colour absorbs and gives off heat.
What is an urban heat island like?
What was the effect of the urban heat caused in Chicago in 1995?
There was death of 700 people due to the heat wave in Chicago in 1995.
What is convectional rainfall? Convectional rainfall occurs when the energy of the sun heats the earth's surface and causes water to evaporate changing to water vapour
What is relief rainfall? Relief rain is formed when air is forced to cool when it rises over
Geography
relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains.
What is frontal rainfall? Frontal rainfall, two air mass of different temperature i.e., warm and cold air mass, meet to eventually cause the rainfall.
What is depression? A depression is an area of low pressure which moves from west to east in the northern hemisphere.
What is anticyclone? Anticyclone are the opposite of depressions,they are an area of high atmospheric pressure where the air is sinking.
What do you mean by greenhouse gases? The greenhouse effect is a warming of Earth's surface and the air above it. It is caused by gases in the air that trap energy from the Sun. These heat-trapping gases are called greenhouse gases.
Name any two greenhouse gases? The two greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and methane.
Half term 2: Rivers
What is a river basin? A river basin is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
What is mouth of the river? The mouth of the river is where the river meets the sea or an ocean.
What does watershed mean? Watershed an area of highland that forms the edge of a river basin.
What is the source of a river? The source of a river is the original point from which the river flows.
What do you understand by the word confluence? Confluence is a small river or stream joining the larger river.
What is a tributary? Tributary is a river or stream flowing into a larger river (where two rivers meet)
What does a drainage basin look like from above?
Why is special about River Severn? River Severn is the longest river in Britain and is about 5 kilometres
wide.
When did the Boscastle flood take place?
The flood in Boscastle took place on 16th August 2007.
What happened during the Boscastle Flood? 12 noon: Storms in the mountains upstream with heavy rainfall 12-3:30pm: Intense rainfall 3:30pm: River Valency breaches its banks 4pm River flows very fast –reaching speeds of 40mph People evacuate houses by climbing onto roof-tops 4:30 Helicopters come to the rescue and airlift people to safety 5pm: Cars washed out of the car park and into the harbour Afterwards –for a while people are too scared to visit Boscastle, the hotels remain empty.
What is a meander? A meander is a winding curve or bend in a river
What is a flood plain? A flood plain is a generally flat area of land next on either side of a river or stream.
Why are flood plains useful?
Flood plains are useful because they are areas of flat land and have rich fertile soil for farming.
What is a V-shaped valley?
A V-shaped valley is the shape of a valley formed by the erosion of a river in its upper course.
What are physical causes of flooding? Physical causes of flooding include very heavy rain, steep valley sides and impermeable rock
What are the human causes of flooding? Human causes of flooding include deforestation and urbanisation where people cover the ground in tarmac and make it impermeable.
What caused the Ara Sea to shrink? Irrigating cotton with large quantities of water.
Half term 3: Population
What is demography? Demography is the study of human population particularly facts and statistics about them.
What is a population pyramid? A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.
What is the birth rate? The birth rate is the number of babies being born per year per 1,000
Geography
population.
What is the death rate? The death rate is the number of people who die each year per 1,000 population.
What is natural increase? Natural increase is the birth rate – death rate.
What is an ageing population? An ageing population is a population where there are a lot of old people e.g. Japan. This is the population pyramid for Japan.
What is a youthful population? A youthful population is a population where there are a lot of young
people. e.g. Gambia. This is the population pyramid for Gambia:
Was China’s One Child Policy a success? China’s One Child Policy had both advantages and disadvantages.
1) China has approx. 20% of the world people but only 8% of the world’s arable land and water supplies. In the 1950s there was severe famine. In the 1960s there was a population explosion with an extra 55 million people born in 1 decade.In 1979 the OCP was brought in to control population. 2) The OCP was designed to reduce the birth rate, which it did. It prevented an estimated 300 million people being added to the total population of China. 3) However, many people suffered human rights abuses as the policy was enforced. There was infanticide and forced abortions. In other countries birth rates came down of their own accord due to increased use of contraception and wealth. 4) For every 100 men in China there are only 95 women. This has led to a gender imbalance in the country.
What is densely populated? Densely populated is too many people living in an area.
What is sparsely populated?
Sparsely populated is when there are few people living in an area.
What is population distribution? Population distribution is how people are spread out across the country.
What is population density? Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually quoted per square kilometre or square mile.
What is migration? Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily at a new
location. What is rural-to-urban migration? Rural-to-urban migration is when people move from the town to cities
for different reasons.
What is international migration? International migration is the movement of people from one country to another.
What is a push factor? Give an example. Push factor is when people migrate from an area to get away from things they do not like about that area. One of such examples can be
Geography
poor living conditions.
What is a pull factor? Give an example.
Pull factor is a reason for people to be attracted to things in a certain area. One of such examples is good medical facilities.
What is the main effect of migration in the UK? Migration has produced a multicultural society in the UK where people with different beliefs and traditions live and work together. There have been economic benefits as migrants have filled skills gaps, worked hard, paid taxes and been entrepreneurial.
Half term 4: Energy
What is a fossil fuel? A fossil fuel is fuel that was formed from the remains of dead plants and animals laid down millions of years ago. Fossil fuels include oil, gas and coal.
What is non-renewable energy? Non-renewable energy is energy which is used-up when it is used. Fossil fuels are non-renewable as once they have been burnt; they cannot be used again. Examples include coal, oil and gas.
What is renewable energy? Renewable energy includes solar, wind and tidal energy. These types of energy do not get ‘used-up’ in the same that non-renewable energy supplies do, instead the source of these types of energy mean that they can continue to be used indefinitely into the future. Examples include wind, solar and tidal power.
What is the UK’s current ‘energy mix’? The UK’s energy mix is the mix of different energy types we rely upon to produce the energy we need. In 2017 our energy mix was 39% gas, 29% renewable sources, 19% nuclear power, 6% coal power, 6% other.
What is a power station? A power station is where fuel is used to heat water, which turns into steam, which then drives a turbine to generate electricity.
What is the National Grid? The National Grid is the UK’s system of linking people and power stations together to ensure everyone always has enough electricity.
What is nuclear power? Nuclear power is where heat is produced by nuclear reactions. Usually nuclear fission reactions of uranium.
What is nuclear waste and why is it dangerous? Nuclear waste is produced by nuclear reactions. Nuclear waste is very radioactive and potentially harmful to people. Radiation can cause cancer in people. Nuclear waste remains radioactive for thousands of years. Some people believe this makes it too dangerous, and that we should not be leaving future generations with our waste.
What happened during the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986?
26th April – Explosion occurs. 5% of the radioactive core is blown into the atmosphere. 27th April –Fire fighters work to put out the blaze, sand is dropped on the site. 27th April – The town of Pripyat is evacuated. 29th April – First announcement on TV. In Sweden high radiation levels are recorded. The full truth is not known. 10th May –The fire is put out but most of the firefighters die of radiation poisoning. 14th December – The plant is encased in a sarcophagus Over the following months many thousands fall sick from the radiation.
Why do some people believe we should build more nuclear power stations?
Some people believe that we should build more nuclear power stations as it is a reliable source of energy that does not produce greenhouse gases when it is made.
What is acid rain? Acid rain occurs when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide (from impurities in coal released when it is burnt), mix with condensation in the atmosphere, forming an acidic solution which then falls as rain.
Geography
What happens to trees affected by acid rain?
Trees affected by acid rain lose their leaves and needles and die. The acid rain releases heavy metals in the soil which poison the trees.
What is fracking? Fracking is hydraulic fracturing. It is when a liquid under high pressure is forced into the ground, causing the release of small amounts of gas or oil from inside rocks.
What is meant by the term ‘carbon footprint’? Our carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions we are each responsible for through transportation, goods that we buy, food that we eat and how we heat our homes.
What is the ‘electric revolution’? The electric revolution refers to the phasing out of fossil fuels in favour of electricity made from renewable sources, especially electric cars.
Half term 5: The Middle East
What is the Middle East? The Middle East is a geographical and cultural area stretching from North Africa to West Asia.
What is the capital of Egypt? The capital of Egypt is Cairo.
What is the city of Cairo like? The city of Cairo is the largest city in the Middle East. There are not enough homes for everyone in Cairo. Some people live in the City of the Dead.
What is the City of the Dead like to live in? The City of the Dead is difficult to live in. People sleep and cook on top of tombs. There is no electricity. There are no flushing toilets or bathrooms.
Which major river runs through Egypt? The River Nile runs through Egypt. The River Nile is the longest river in the world.
What advantages does the Aswan Dam bring to Egypt?
The Aswan Dam generates hydroelectricity, it controls the flow of the Nile and prevents flooding.
What are the disadvantages of the Aswan Dam? The main disadvantage of the Aswan Dam is that it traps fertile silt which used to be spread onto the land when the river flooded. The silt needs to be removed regularly.
Why is Egypt worried about the new Great Ethiopian Dam?
Egypt is worried about the new Great Ethiopian Dam because they are worried it will divert some of the water and make their electricity and water resources less, further downstream.
What benefits will the Ethiopian Dam bring? It will lift ordinary people out of poverty in Ethiopia. It will provide electricity for families and businesses. It will develop the country.
Half term 6: The Middle East
Where is Dubai? Dubai is the largest city in the UAE (United Arab Emirates).
What is the Burj Khalifa? The Burj Khalifa is a very tall skyscraper in Dubai, which when it was built was the tallest building in the world.
What is the Burj Al Arab? The Burj Al Arab is a 5 Star hotel on the beach in Dubai.
What can you do in Dubai? You can go shopping, visit aquariums, visit the Snowdome and go on a desert safari.
What is sustainable development? Sustainable development is about meeting the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It means the human race being able to sustain itself and continue into the future.
What is a sustainable city? A sustainable city is one which is designed to have a zero-carbon footprint, is very environmentally friendly and can continue into the future.
What is grey water? Grey water is water that has already been used for washing something and is too dirty to drink but still useful for watering crops or flushing toilets.
Where is Masdar City and what is it famous for? Masdar City is a sustainable city in the UAE. It has electric cars, narrow streets to keep pedestrians cool, solar panels and they use grey water in their gardens.
What is a desalinisation plant? A desalinisation plant takes seawater and purifies it into drinking water.
What is infrastructure? Infrastructure is the basic services a country needs to operate, such as roads, airports, the internet, education and health services.
History Half term 1(part a): Industrial Revolution
Question: Answer:
How did banks cause the Industrial Revolution?
They leant money to businesses to help them buy machinery and raw materials
How did raw materials cause the Industrial Revolution?
Coal was used to power steam engines Cotton was used to make clothing
How did transport cause the Industrial Revolution
Better roads, canals and railways carried raw materials to the factories
How did entrepreneurs cause the Industrial Revolution?
They turned ideas into successful businesses to make money
How did the British Empire cause the Industrial Revolution?
India provided cotton for clothes and then they bought back the finished goods
How did farming improvements cause the Industrial Revolution?
Farmers grew more crops to feed the increasing population in the towns and cities
How did the higher population cause the Industrial Revolution?
They provided the workforce for the new factories
What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Most people lived in the towns instead of the countryside It took 9 hours instead of 12 days to travel from London to Scotland Great iron ships instead of small wooden ships sold goods to the Empire People voted for who run the country instead of a few rich people ruling Cars and trains were used instead of just rivers to transport goods
Half term 1(part b): Slavery
What were the three stages of the Triangular Slave Trade?
Manufactured goods were taken from Britain to Africa to buy slaves Slaves were taken to America to be sold to produce sugar, cotton and tobacco Sugar, cotton and tobacco were taken to Britain to be sold
How were slaves captured? Men, women and children would sometimes be captured at night while they were sleeping. Sometimes they would be taken while they were hunting or fishing. Once captured, slaves were marched to the coast where they would be held in ‘factories’ until they were sold Europeans would come to these ‘factories’ to buy the slaves captured by Africans. They would be examined by a doctor. Once a slave was thought to be fit enough, they would be bought and branded with a hot iron on the chest or back with the initials of the ship owner. They would then be stripped of their clothing and their hair and forced on board ships.
What was the Middle Passage? The voyage the slaves took across the Atlantic from Africa to America
What was the Middle Passage like? Slaves were squashed in They had to lie down They were chained in They were sick from the smell of human waste and the sea movement 25% died
What happened at a slave auction? Treated like a possession and cold Before the auction they had to wash and were given new clothes. They were fed. Then the buyers felt their arms and bodies and asked what they could do. They had to open their mouths and show their teeth They would talk about what a healthy body they had. They would talk about what kind of work they would be fit for Mothers often killed their babies with poison rather than letting them be sold Families were split up at the auction. When husbands and wives were kept together, they were not allowed near each other. Slaves had to walk from the auction to their new farms. Sometimes this showed that they were not as healthy as they first thought.
What was a plantation? Plantations / farms were located in the Americas. The slaves would produce sugar, tobacco and cotton
What punishments were used on plantations?
Rebellions – rebels nailed to ground, fire applied starting at the feet and moving upwards Running away – neck ring or iron muzzle Continued running away – removal of hand or foot Flogging – one lash for each year of slave’s life
Who was William Wilberforce? White British campaigner who campaigned for the end of the Slave Trade
Who was Oladuah Equiano? Slave who managed to buy his freedom who campaigned for the end of the Slave Trade
What did Wilberforce do? Published leaflets Organised a petition Slowed people around a slave ship so they could see how bad it was
What did Equiano do? Wrote a book about the story of his life as a slave which the British people read
When was the Slave Trade abolished? 1807
History Half term 2: French Revolution
What was life like for the First Estate? French society was divided into three separate estates The first and highest estate was made up of priests and religious leaders They were 1% of the population and controlled 10% of the land. This brought them a lot of wealth from the products produced on it and from rent from peasants They also received a tax of 10% of all earnings of those who lived on the land This was supposed to be used to run the church but it was often used to fund extravagant lifestyles
What was life like for the Second Estate? The second estate was made up of the nobility They live on manors which they inherited They make up 2% of the population and own about 25% of the land They collect rent from the peasants who live on their land This is an endless source of income for their lavish lifestyles
What was life like for the Third Estate? The third and lowest estate was made up of everyone else – 97% of the population They had few rights and little political power They were required to pay a 10% tithe (10% of what they produced) to the church, taxes to the nobles and a land tax to the king They were left with little money to support their families
Why did debt cause the King problems? In 1774 Louis XVI came to the throne – 19 years old His 18 year old wife was called Marie Antoinette He inherited a massive amount of debt which got worse because he supported the American Revolution in it’s fight against Great Britain (France’s rival) King Louis XVI was desperate to raise funds to pay off the debts He decided he would tax the first and second estates, which had always been exempt from paying taxes They refused
What did the Estates General do? In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General to meet in Versailles to discuss the issue This was a body representing each of the three estates They had not met since 1610 The Estates-General had other plans They wanted to use the meeting to take power away from the King The Third Estate wanted to do this to solve all their social and economic problems
How was the National Assembly formed? At the Estates-General members of the Third Estate outnumbered members of the First and Second Estate combined If each representative were to be given one vote, the third estate would have more votes and would be able to get their will passed To ensure this did not happen, the King locked representatives of the third estate out of the meetings They were outraged. They met at a nearby tennis court where they gave themselves the name of The National Assembly They took an oath where they said they would not leave until they had written a new constitution for France The King was worried about the form this would taken if written solely by the Third Estate and so ordered representatives from the first and second estates join the National Assembly
How did the French Revolution begin? Their debates spilled out onto the streets of Paris The sentiment of revolution was expanding through the city King Louis XVI was scared and so placed troops throughout the city Supporters of the National Assembly were worried that the King planned to use these troops to put an end to the National Assembly and to the reforms they were making To defend the National Assembly, rioters attacked the Bastille Prison where weapons and ammunition were stored A number of rioters and soldiers were killed in the battle The rioters gained control of the prison and set up a new government in Paris
What was the Great Fear? The violence spread to the countryside There were rumours that the nobility had hired robbers to murder peasants The rumours were not true but it caused the peasants to rise up against their landlords Peasants broke into manor houses They killed many of the nobles They took possession of their properties
What was the Declaration of Rights and why was it passed?
As violence spread, members of the third estate demanded equality for all citizens of France Members of the first and second estates refused to grant equal rights and refused to give up their special privileges The violence escalated and continued They were now convinced that they had no choice but to give up and submit
History to the much larger third estate On the 4th August 1789 the National Assembly passed a series of laws that abolished the unfair taxes and established taxes on members of the first and second estates They then created the Declaration of Rights which included the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press and the freedom of religion. It also protected citizens from being falsely arrested
Why did the King move to Paris? The King refused to acknowledge the new reforms and the Declaration of Rights The people demanded that he acknowledge the new laws and that he move to Paris to show his support for the National Assembly In October 1789 his palace was surrounded by an angry mob who threatened to attack This caused him to agree to move to Paris
What did the new constitution say? After passing the new reforms and forcing the king of France to accept them, the National Assembly began the process of setting up a new government, including writing a constitution By 1791, the constitution was ready It kept the monarchy, but limited its powers It established a legislature (people to make laws) which would be elected by the people The new constitution granted equal rights to all men and they could all vote as long as they paid tax The lands owned by the Catholic Church were confiscated and sold – in order to pay off the national debts Catholic priests had to take an oath of loyalty to the French government and the priests were now to be elected by the people
What happened when the King tried to escape?
In June 1791 King Louis XVI feared for his life and the lives of his family He attempted to escape to Austria Marie Antoinette’s brother was the emperor of Austria They were recognised along the road by a passer-by who called for soldiers to have them arrested The King and his family now had to remain in their home as prisoners
What happened when France declared war on Austria?
In 1792 France declared war on Austria They were worried that Austria would attempt to re-instate King Louis XVI Austria were joined in the war by Prussia and Sardinia The war had devastating effects in France – food shortages and poverty It looked like France would lose However the French armies pulled off a stunning victory at Valmy, a city less than 100 miles away from Paris The victory boosted the morale of the French troops and turned the tide of the war
What was the new Republic? From 1792-1795 a National Convention met in Paris to further define the new form the French government would take. They decided to completely do away with the monarchy and establish a republic. They also granted the right to vote to all men, regardless of whether they could pay their taxes or not
Why was King Louis XVI beheaded? In 1792 King Louis XVI was tried before the National Convention where he was found guilty of having conspired against the liberty of the nation. In January 1793 he was put to death by the Guillotine News of the death of the king was received with great joy and celebration throughout Paris and France This was seen as a great moment and that the revolution would now go forward
What happened when the King was executed?
It was a cold, rainy morning on 21st January 1793. Everything was quiet. Shops had been ordered to stay shut and the route was lined with troops. The night before Louis had his last supper of chicken wings, vegetables, two glasses of wine and sponge cake. He had written an emotional goodbye to his wife. There was a wild but unsuccessful rescue attempt by Baron de Batz but by 10am the king arrived at the Guillotine. When he got out of the coach and reached the top of the steps to the scaffold he cried out ‘I die of innocent crimes of which I am charged. I forgive those that are guilty of my death and I pray God that the blood you are about to shed may never be required of France. The drummers began again and the sound was thumping. The executioners strapped the King’s head to the plank and pushed him under the ‘widow’s window’. The King uttered a frightful cry as the blade fell. The executioner grabbed the head out of the basket and held it to the crowd.
History People ran to the scaffold to dip their handkerchiefs in the blood as a souvenir. One said it tasted ‘bitter’. The executioner began to sell the hair of the King (it was his right) and his clothes. The new government of France was keen to get rid of any trace of the King so they quickly took his body to the cemetery and placed it in a mass grave
Why did the revolution become threatened?
Monarchs throughout Europe were concerned that the same thing could happen in their own countries To avoid the revolution spreading, they joined together to fight against France Soldiers were sent from Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain and Sardinia to fight the revolutionaries in France This made life very difficult in France In order to fight the large armies, the new French government called up all men between 18 and 45 to fight for their liberties This started a civil war in Western France where royalists who had supported the king were angry that their sons had been forced to fight in a war they did not support
What was the Reign of Terror? Seeing the turmoil that was both within and surrounding France, the leading political party known as the Jacobins determined they would crush any resistance within the nation They established neighbourhood watches that were intended to find anyone who was not loyal These watches would turn in suspected traitors who would often be put to death This Reign of Terror lasted from July 1793 until July 1794 17,000 people were executed It was led by Robespierre
What was the Directory? After the Reign of Terror ended, the Jacobins lost their power A new constitution was written which established the office of five directors, known as the Directory, who ruled France They ruled from 1795 to 1799 They used the army to put down a number of disputes Once again the rich grew wealthier and the poor had very little The same old problems returned The government was also running out of money
Half term 3 (part a): British Empire
What was the British Empire? By 1900 the British Empire controlled nearly a quarter of the world They gained this through trade (they wanted to control land to sell their goods), war and exploration
How was the British Empire gained? 1600: East India Company created. At first it traded with India – then it set up settlements there The New World (America) was very attractive to Britain. They had lots of tea, cotton and corn which they could sell for lots of money 1600s: British people travelled to America and set up colonies (settlements of British people who would bring the local people under their rule and claim the local resources) 1607: Set up a settlement in Virginia. Set up colonies in the West Indies Other colonies were set up by Puritans (strict Protestants) who were escaping religious persecution in Europe 1756-1763: Lots of European powers fought one another to gain control of colonies – Seven Years War Britain did very well and in the Treaty of Paris (1763) with France and Spain Britain gained significant colonies. From France they gained Louisiana, all of their territories in Canada and the islands of Tobago, Dominica, St Vincent and the Grenadines. From Spain they gained Florida 1770: Captain Cook claimed New South Wales in Australia
How did the British Empire continue to be gained?
Britain taxed the colonies heavily The American colonists protested violently 1773: Tea Act gave the British East India Company a good deal importing tea to America. This undercut other companies. American colonists dumped a shipment of tea into the sea in protest. This is known as the Boston Tea Party 1775: Colonies rebelled against these taxes 1783: Americans win. British lose thirteen American colonies in the War of Independence 1793-1815: British gain more colonies in wars with France 1857-1859: Mutiny of Indian soldiers in India because British rule didn’t respect Indian culture. They killed some of their soldiers and rebellion spread 1858: Rebellion in India was crushed by the British and Britain take direct control of India and the East India Company is ended 1875: Buys shares in the Suez canal which provided a trade route to India and the Far East 1876: Britain receive the rest of Canada through treaties 1899-1902: British Empire extends over the rest of Australia
History What did the Victorians do because they were proud of their Empire?
Empire Day (May 4th Queen Victoria’s birthday) became a public holiday in 1902 Children were encouraged to dress up and sing patriotic songs
Why did the Sepoys mutiny in 1857? In 1857, the British East India Company faced an enormous rebellion in India. It began among the Indian troops in the army (the Sepoys), who rebelled for many reasons. Firstly, the East India Company and many British rulers in India did not seem to respect the traditional Indian values and way of life. They started to introduce new laws, new technology and tried to force Christianity upon the Indian people. Also, the British wanted to conquer more lands in India. To conquer these lands, the British used the Sepoy army. The Sepoys found themselves fighting against fellow Indians. They didn’t have much reason to feel loyal to their British commanders. In the lands that they controlled, the British demanded high taxes and rents of ordinary Indians. This meant that millions of Indians died in terrible famines. Millions more had their land taken off them. The British were accused of using violence and torture to keep control and collect the taxes. An investigation was set up to see if this was true. However, during the three months of the investigation people with complaints about the British were not allowed to leave their homes. The final spark came with the introduction of the Lee Enfield Rifle to the army. Loading it involved biting the end off the cartridge, which was lubricated with beef and pork fat. Hindus saw cows as sacred and Muslims saw pigs as unclean. Soldiers refused to use the rifle. The Sepoy rebellion spread quickly. It involved many battles. It took fierce fighting and over a year for the British to regain control. Anyone suspected of being involved in the rebellion was treated harshly: many were tied to cannons and blown to pieces. The Victorians played down the importance of the rebellion. They called it a ‘mutiny’ (a rebellion limited to the army). Modern historians see the rebellion as very important and the start of Indian resistance to British rule.
Why did the British leave India in 1947? 20 August 1917: The Montagu Speech. The British were grateful for Indian help in the First World War. The government in London promised “to gradually allow the Indians, when they were ready, a greater share of power as part of the British Empire.”
13 April 1919: Massacre at Amritsar. Thousands of unarmed Indians formed a peaceful crowd in protest against British rule. The world was shocked when 100 British troops under officer General Dyer, shot and killed 379 of the protestors.
September 1920–February 1922: Non–cooperation. Gandhi launched a non-cooperation movement all across India. While many people stopped paying tax or sending their children to school, many Indian lawyers and politicians still continued to work for the British. Gandhi ended the movement after some of his supporters used violence.
March–April 1930: The Salt March: Gandhi walked over 200 miles from his home to the seaside to make salt. Only the government was allowed to make and sell salt, so Gandhi and over 60,000 other Indians were arrested. Headlines around the world said the British were being unfair. 1930-1931: The Round Table Conference. In 1929 a new government came to power in Britain and set up talks with Indian leaders in London. Gandhi wanted to speak for all Indians at these talks. But the Indian princes, Muslims and untouchables wanted some power and all opposed Gandhi’s ideas on how India should be run. September 1939: Second World War. As part of the British Empire, India had no choice but to join Britain in war with Germany. Gandhi organised a non-cooperation campaign called “Quit India” to protest. 23,000 Indians were imprisoned for supporting Gandhi, but “Quit India” was defeated. 15 August 1947: Independence Day. India was divided into two countries: India (mostly Hindu) and Pakistan (mostly Muslim). Gandhi had opposed the division. He started a fast to try and end the violence that had broken out in many Indian cities between Hindus and Muslims. It worked for a while in Calcutta and Delhi.
History Half term 3(part b): Voting Reform
What was the voting system like in 1800? You were not allowed to vote until you were 21 You were not allowed to vote unless you owned property or land Women were not allowed to vote. It was felt they could not deal with the stresses and pressures of voting You had to announce who you were going to vote for at the polling station You were offered money to vote for certain parties You were threatened with violence if you did not vote for someone Rotten boroughs – small constituencies, with very few voters, who would still send two MPs to parliament. For example Old Sarum – no one lived there but it still sent two MPs
What happened in the 1819 Peterloo Massacre?
In 1819, people in Manchester held a mass meeting at St Peter's Field to listen to speeches demanding the vote for all adults The main speaker was to be a man called Orator Hunt. The organisers wanted a non-violent event. Halfway through the gathering, the local magistrates declared that the meeting was illegal and sent cavalry in to break it up. Those nearest the mounted soldiers stopped them from doing this. General confusion broke out and the cavalry charged the crowd. Eleven people were killed and 400 were wounded. The magistrates were congratulated by Parliament. People called what happened "Peterloo" in mocking tones of the British victory at Waterloo.
What were the 1831 Reform Riots? Riots in the countryside Farm workers destroyed the machines Rioters stormed Nottingham castle Rumours that the riots would spread to London Government ordered the army to get ready The army refused The government had no choice but to change the voting system
What was the 1832 Reform Bill? 56 Rotten Boroughs were abolished More parliamentary seats given to industrial cities 300,000 extra men could vote However still only 3% of the population had the right to vote It did not help the working class
Who were the Chartists? Working class movement founded in the 1830s Wanted a vote for every adult over the age of 21 Wanted a secret ballot Wanted annual parliaments – elections every year Wanted to remove property qualifications – so poorer people could be come MPs Wanted MPs to be paid – so you didn’t have to be rich to become one Wanted constituencies with equal numbers of voters – so a large city would have more MPs than a small town because it would have more constituencies
Were the chartists successful? May 1839 – 1.2 million people signed the petition NO CHANGE July 1839 – Riots in Birmingham NO CHANGE 1839 – Rebellion in Newport NO CHANGE 1842 – Lots of strikes NO CHANGE 1848 – Large peaceful meeting on Kennington common NO CHANGE
What did the 1867 Reform Act say? The REFORM LEAGUE campaigned for change from 1865 They were successful Disraeli’s government passed the Reform Act of 1867 Most ordinary working men in towns got the vote if they were over 21 and paid more than £10 a year in rent – or if they owned a house Two million men could now vote
What did the 1884 Reform Act say? This extended the vote to all working men in the countryside
Half term 3(part c): Voting Reform - Women
Why did many Victorians argue against giving women the right to vote?
Women’s work and responsibilities were in the home Men had bigger brains than women – thus men were cleverer and women were hormonally unstable Women were the weaker sex and needed to be protected Women were more individualistic and would be unable to cooperate in politics Women would allow their emotions to affect their decisions about law and politics
Who were the Suffragists and what did they believe?
The National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies - Known as the Suffragists.
History Formed in 1896 - led by the intelligent and determined Millicent Fawcett. Millicent believes in patient tactics. She believes that a woman’s nature is more pure than a man’s. If women were to use violence to campaign then they would be lowering themselves to the level of men. Millicent says the NUWSS is like a glacier – slow yet mighty and irresistible in the long run. She says that women need to use tactics which influence male MP’s in parliament by using logical argument.
Who were the Suffragettes and what did they believe?
WSPU: The Women’s Social and Political Union (known as the Suffragettes). Founded in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst (mother of Sylvia and Christabel Pankhurst). Emmeline argues that women have waited too long for the vote and she is determined to speed up the process. She argues it is a woman’s right to demand the vote – not to ask for it as a gift from men. The WSPU argues that women need to campaign for the vote in a military way that uses violence if needed. The organisation needs to stop being so democratic and start organising it’s members like an army. Men are no allies of women. The struggle for the vote is a battle of the sexes.
What were the Suffragette actions? 1908: Smashed windows in Downing Street using stones Militant members are put in prison. They go on hunger strike and are force fed 1912: Mass window smashing campaign 1913: Bomb and arson campaigns 1914: Tried to force their way into Buckingham Palace to petition the King 1914: Campaigning stops when the war starts There has been no change
What happened between 1914 and 1918? When the war broke out women took on the jobs of men in factories whilst the men became soldiers. This proved that men were just as equal as men and deserved the vote in 1914 Sylvia Pankhurst refused to stop campaigning for women’s rights. She condemned the war but recognised that it was causing great hardship for women. Women were often unable to work because of childcare and people working in munitions factories found their health suffered. Sylvia did not ignore this. She took over an old pub called the ‘Gunmaker’s Arms’ and renamed it ‘Mother’s Arms’ and ran it as a nursery and creche, allowing women to work without worrying about their children. She ran a cheap health-food restaurant called the Suffragette HQ (Women hated the strange beans and potatoes) She continued to keep the government aware of how women were working under great strain in order to allow men to fight in what she considered a ‘man’s war’ Her tactics moved away from militancy Millicent Fawcett and the Suffragists supported the war but didn’t stop looking for chances to pressure the government When she realised the government had to introduce a new voting law to allow all soldiers and sailors to vote abroad she insisted that the price of her continued support for the war was inclusion of women’s votes in that law. In 1918 women over the age of 30 who owned property were given the vote. The rest gained the vote in 1928 – the year Emmeline Pankhurst died.
Why did women get the vote in 1918? Suffragists – Gained support for the cause because they were peaceful. However the peaceful methods were not strong enough to bring about change Suffragettes – The government could not be seen to be giving in to violent methods as it would encourage others to be violent. People also lost respect for some women WW1 – Showed the women deserved the vote because they took on the role of men and showed that they were equal to men Government – Recognised the work that women did in WW1 and accepted a compromise. Probably wanted to avoid a return to the violence
Half term 4: World War I
Why was there an explosive situation in 1914?
In 1914 the major powers of Europe were divided into two groups. TRIPLE ENTENTE (France/Russia/Britain) TRIPLE ALLIANCE (Germany/Austria-Hungary/Italy) Great hatred between these two groups All that was needed was a spark to set off World War!
How was Franz Ferdinand assassinated? Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria visited Sarajevo in Bosnia Six teenage terrorists waited amongst the crowds for the procession of cars to appear They had pistols in their pockets and poison which they promised to swallow if caught He arrived in a green open top car with his wife Sophie The first two waiting killers lost their nerve and did nothing The third threw his bomb, swallowed his poison and then jumped in the river The archduke threw the bomb off the car and it exploded under the car being
History injuring several people The Archduke demanded to see the bomb victims The driver of the car was not told about the new route to avoid the crowds The driver realised he had taken the wrong route and stopped to reverse Princip pulled a pistol from his pocket and fired two shots They both died
How did the assassination of Franz Ferdinand cause WWI?
The heir to the Austrian throne is assassinated by a Serbian terrorist Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia Russia prepares for war against Austria-Hungary in order to protect her ally, Serbia Germany declares war on Russia to help her ally, Austria Hungary Germany declares war on France, Russia’s ally. They attack through Belgium Britain orders Germany to withdraw from Belgium Germany does not withdraw and Britain declares war on Germany to support Belgium and France Turkey entered the war on the side of Germany In 1917 the USA entered the war on Britain’s side
Why were trenches built? Trench warfare is a type of fighting where both sides dig deep trenches into the ground as a defence against the enemy They stretched many miles and made it almost impossible for one side to advance on the other By the end of 1914 both sides had built trenches to protect their positions. This is because the Germans could not advance any further. They went from the North Sea and through Belgium and France Neither side advanced much for three and a half years
Why was propaganda needed? All the Great Powers relied on Conscription They ‘called up’ their men to the army Only Britain had a voluntary army A huge propaganda campaign was therefore needed to try to persuade men to join up Posters played a major role in this campaign Propaganda is a method to heavily influence/change your thinking/behaviour
What was the plan for the Battle of the Somme?
Recruit a huge new army of volunteers to assemble at the Somme sector of the front Bombard the German defences with one and a half million shells for seven days. This would break their barbed wire, destroy their defences and kill most of the German soldiers Dig and explode three big mines and seven small ones under German strong points After this the new army can WALK across No Man’s Land and occupy the German trenches All the Germans would be dead and so could not shoot back
What happened in the Battle of the Somme?
The army was not experienced enough to win the battle The barbed wire was too strong and too far away and so was not destroyed by the British shells Most German soldiers were not killed because they hid in big German dug-outs under ground The explosion of the mines made the Germans realise that they would be attacked and so they prepared themselves The German’s shot the British one by one as they walked across
Why did Britain and her allies win WWI? Germany had been using deadly ‘U-Boat’ submarines, desperately trying to sink any ships going to Britain. Germany had warned the USA that they would even sink any American ships that went to Britain. Germany had sunk the British liner ‘Lusitania’ in 1915, killing many Americans who were on board. It was this type of tactic that convinced the USA to join the war in April 1917, on the side of the Allies. Meanwhile, Russia was a massive but very poor country. World War One had been going really badly for them and the poorest people were suffering the worst The Russian people were sick of this. People called ‘Communists’ (who believe that poor people should kill the rich and share their property amongst everyone) took over in Russia in November 1917. The Communists pulled Russia out of the war, which meant that all the German army could concentrate fully on the Western Front. Germany took the chance to pour all their troops into one last full-on attack in Spring 1918. But their soldiers were weak, sick and demoralised and the attack failed. Germany was now almost certain to lose the war, especially as thousands of energetic fresh American soldiers were arriving to fight them. Italy had also switched to the Allied side. The final straw was that the British Royal Navy successfully blocked any ships getting to Germany. No food was getting through and thousands of ordinary Germans were starving. German Communists were ready to take over, just like in Knowing that they were going to lose, the German Navy decided there was no
History point any more, and in October 1918 they refused to obey orders. The leader of the German Army resigned. In November, Germany decided to cut its losses and agree to an ‘Armistice’ (ceasefire). German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II resigned and escaped to Holland. WW1 was finally over!!
Half term 5(part a): Russian Revolution
Why were there problems with Tsar Nicholas II’s rule?
The Tsar was an Autocrat and believed God placed him in that position He was not very effective as ruler and found it difficult to concentrate on the business of being a Tsar. He did not understand the modernising changes that Russia was going through He was a kind and loving family man and only appointed family and friends to important positions in government Many of these family and friends were corrupt Priests regularly preached how good a job the Tsar was doing The special police force had 10,000 officers to concentrate on political opponents. The Tsar also had his own secret police called the Okhrana There was also Censorship which prevented the publication of many books, leaflets and newspapers
What happened on Bloody Sunday? On Sunday 22nd January 1905 a crowd of 200,000 protestors, led by Father Gapon, came to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Tsar. It was a peaceful group that were asking for some reform. They still respected him and carried pictures of this to show him. The problem was that the Tsar was not in his palace and the soldiers opened fire on the peaceful crowd – the Cossacks charged.
What happened in the 1905 revolution? The people of Russia now lost respect for the Tsar and a revolution was starting. Peasants started to murder their landlords.
How did the Tsar respond? It took time for the Tsar to respond. In his October manifesto he offered his people an elected parliament (called the Duma) and the right to free speech. After this he announced financial help for the peasants. However the Tsar made peace with Japan and used the army to crush the revolutionaries. He also put limitations on the powers of the Duma so that it could do virtually nothing. The Tsar also appointed a tough new Prime Minister called Stolypin. He came down hard on revolutionaries and hanged 1000 people. The countryside was now afraid to oppose the Tsar.
Why did WW1 cause further problems for Russia?
Russia was doing extremely badly in the war. The war had a terrible effect on the conditions in Russia. There were not enough trains to keep the army and towns supplied with food. Therefore food supplies ran out, prices rose but wages did not. People were VERY hungry. There was a 400% rise in inflation between 1914 and 1917. Strikes and demonstrations became common in Moscow and Petrograd. In August 1915 the Tsar took personal command for the Russian army. He was a weak commander and so did very badly. This meant the people blamed him for all of the military failures. The Tsar had left to run the war and left the Tsarina running the country. This upset people for two reasons: A) SHE WAS GERMAN/ B) She was under the influence of RASPUTIN who the people did not trust.
Why did many Russian people not trust Rasputin?
He had influence over the Tsarina because he managed to ‘cure’ her son of hemophilia Thus she thought he was a miracle worker sent by God and so kept him close The people did not like him because he was a womanizer and a drunk There were rumors that they were having an affair The Tsar left a German and a drunk running the country
When was the Tsar forced to abdicate? February 1917
Who took over? The provisional government
What did Lenin believe? Lenin believed that the workers and peasants should seize power They could then share out everything equally Lenin believed that there should not be rich and poor people This would then develop into a Communist society where there is no need for a government – everyone would just be equal Lenin believed that his Bolshevik party should seize power and implement Communism in Russia
How did it go wrong for Lenin in the July days?
Bolsheviks led protests against the war These turned into a rebellion Kerensky said Lenin had been helped by Germans in order to cause chaos in Russia Lenin had to flee to Finland
How did things improve for Lenin in September?
September 1917: Kornilov (army leader) marched his troops towards Moscow intending to get rid of the Provisional Government
History Kerensky did not have enough troops and so had to ask the Bolsheviks for help The Bolsheviks organised an army called the Red Guard Kornilovs troops would not fight the Bolsheviks because they were members of the Petrograd Soviet. Bolshevik’s gained support because they stopped a rebellion
How did the unpopularity of the Provisional Government help Lenin seize power?
Land - Peasants took land even though PG said wait Hunger - The workers in the cities were demanding food The war – PG would not stop and it went badly. Failure of June offensive. Lost support of army The peasants and workers did not support them
How did Lenin help he and the Bolsheviks seize power?
Believed time was right and would not give up Offered people exactly what they wanted (Peace/Bread/Land/Freedom) Great planner and organiser
How did Trotsky help Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power?
Organised the Red Guard Gained tremendous support Made fantastic speeches Organised the actual days of the Revolution
When did Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power?
October 1917
What was the Russian Civil War? A Civil War is when people from the same country are fighting against each other. In Russia this was the Reds (Communists) versus the whites (the people that did not want the Bolsheviks to be in power
Why was there a Civil War? The Monarchists wanted the Tsar back in power The Kerenskyists wanted a parliament back in power Britain and France wanted Russia to re-join WW1 (Lenin pulled out to deliver peace)
Why did the Reds (Bolsheviks) win the civil war?
1. THE REDS CONTROLLED LARGE INDUSTRIAL AREAS OF RUSSIA. This meant they could produce all the weapons and equipment they needed to win. The whites could not do this.
2. THE REDS WERE UNITED IN ONE PLACE. This meant they could fight together. The whites were spread out over Russia and so in effect were a collection of smaller armies. Thus it was easy to defeat them.
3. THE REDS HAD CONTROL OF THE RAILWAY LINES. This meant that they could easily get to all the separate white armies to defeat them. The whites could not move around easily.
4. THE REDS HAD ONE AIM. This was to stay in power. The whites had lots of aims. This meant the whites were not united and did not work together. It was easy to defeat an army that argued amongst themselves.
5. TROTSKY WAS A SUPERB LEADER OF THE RED ARMY. He was motivational and insertional. He regularly visited the troops.
6. FACTORIES BECAME NATIONALISED. This meant they could be told to produce the weapons that the reds needed. This was called War Communism.
7. STRICT DISCIPLINE WAS IMPOSED IN FACTORIES. This meant the workers produced the weapons quickly for fear of the consequences.
8. GRAIN REQUISITIONING WAS INTRODUCED IN THE COUNTRYSIDE. This meant that grain was forcibly taken from the peasants to feed the soldiers. This meant the reds were never hungry. This was also part of War Communism.
9. THE CHEKA (secret police) DEALT WITH ANYONE WHO APPEARED DISLOYAL TO THE BOLSHEVIKS. This meant that the reds had all the support they needed to win.
10. THE TSAR WAS EXECUTED. The Bolsheviks killed him and his family which undermined what the Monarchists were fighting for.
Why was 1921 a year of crisis? By 1921 Russia’s economy was in ruins. The country had been drained of its resources There was a shortage of labour War Communism had resulted in a sharp decline in Industrial Production Many migrated to the countryside where they believed they could find food and work Production of grain fell dramatically under War Communism, leading to widespread famine. The situation was made worse by a drought in 1920 and 1921 which resulted in famine on a large scale
History Over 5 million people died from starvation Some people turned to Cannibalism in a desperate attempt to survive
What was the Kronstadt Rising? This all caused opposition to Lenin’s government to grow. Early in 1921 workers in Petrograd went on strike Later on the sailors in Kronstadt joined them to demand better conditions This was a shock for Lenin because the sailors used to be his loyal supporters 60,000 troops were used to put down the rising 10,000 men were killed or sent to labour Camps
What did Lenin do? Opposition to Lenin and the Communists grew as a result of the grim economic situation. Lenin knew he had to act quickly if the Communists were to survive, so he introduced the New Economic Policy
What was the New Economic Policy? Requisition squads were ended Peasants would pay a small fixed amount of grain as tax each year but any surplus grain could be sold on the open market Small factories which employed less than 20 workers were returned to their former owners and allowed to make a profit Traders could now buy, sell and make goods at a profit. This allowed ‘Nepmen’ to buy goods cheaply and sell them on at higher prices Trade with foreign countries was encouraged. An Anglo-Soviet trade agreement in 1921 helped boost the economy
Why was the NEP ironic? A betrayal of Communist ideas Workers are making a profit Private industry and private trade is capitalism Lenin saw it as a temporary measure to allow Russia to get back on its feet
What was the situation when Lenin died in 1924?
When Lenin died in 1924, there were several possible candidates to take his place: KAMENEV ZINOVIEV BUKARIN STALIN TROTSKY There would not be leadership elections, the new leader would be the person who had shown the most power in the party.
Who did Lenin want to be next leader? Trotsky. He said this in his testament.
Why did Stalin become the next leader? 1. By lying about Lenin’s funeral - Before Lenin’s funeral Stalin tricks Trotsky into not coming. People think Trotsky can’t be bothered. Stalin, makes a speech praising Lenin and saying he was Lenin’s disciple.
2. By keeping the Testament a secret- Leading Communists decided not to publish Lenin’s testament (will), as it contained criticisms of them as well as Stalin.
3. By forging photos - Stalin made the most of every opportunity to appear close to Lenin. This photo is widely regarded as a fake.
4. By defeating Trotsky - In 1924 at the Party Congress, Zinoviev & Kamenev join forces with Stalin to defeat Trotsky. Trotsky lost the vote and soon his job as Commissar for the War. This was the start of Divide and Rule.
5. By joining with Bukharin – 1926: Stalin turns on Zinoviev & Kamenev, joining forces with Bukharin. Zinoviev and Kamenev lose their jobs. 1927: Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev were expelled from the Party. This is the continuation of Divide and Rule
6. By attacking Bukharin: Stalin turned on Bukharin and his supporters. He attacked the NEP and had them removed from office. By 1929, his 50th birthday, Stalin was undisputed leader of the USSR. This was the end of divide and rule
Half term 5(part b): USSR
How did the cult of Stalin’s personality help maintain his control over the USSR?
Was portrayed as a God like figure Children were taught to love Stalin more than there parents He was portrayed as the main of the people – surrounded by workers Towns were named after him Statues were built showing him taller than he actually was
How did Socialist Realism help maintain Stalin’s control?
Artists, writers, musicians and film makers put under his control Nothing critical of the government was allowed to be published Anyone who tried to keep their artistic freedom risked their life
How did the re-writing of history help Stalin maintain control?
History was rewritten to show Stalin as a Key figure in the October 1917 revolution and as Lenin’s second in command
How did the 1936 constitution help Stalin maintain control?
People were given right to work, to rest and leisure, health protection, care in old age, housing and education. This made him popular
What did the Secret Police do? Began a campaign of terror against anyone who didn’t like Communism They used torture to extract information
History What were the Purges? Anyone suspected of disloyalty was murdered, sent to prison camps or put on
public show trials at which they pleaded guilty to incredible crimes they could never have done
Half term 6: The USA (1910-1929)
Question: Answer:
What was prohibition? Period of time between January 1920 and December 1935 when it was illegal to make, sell or transport alcoholic drinks in the USA
What were speakeasies? Illegal saloons, often in a cellar behind locked doors with peepholes. There were more speakeasies than there had been saloons
What were bootleggers? Bootleggers brought illegal supplies of alcohol into cities. They became very rich.
How did prohibition lead to gangsters? Gangsters, such as Al Capone, made a fortune from supplying speakeasies with illegal alcohol. This often led to violence between rival gangs as they fought to gain control of particular districts
How did prohibition lead to corruption? Government agents were set up to enforce prohibition. They were badly paid and many were willing to accept bribes from gangsters
What was the St Valentines Day Massacre?
In 1929 the St Valentines Day Massacre was the climax of the gangster wars. Bugs Moran killed one of Al Capone’s friends. In retaliation seven members of Moran’s gang were killed by Capone’s men disguised as police officers. This turned the public against prohibition
How did the Great Depression end prohibition?
Legalising alcohol would create more jobs and money and the government could get taxes from alcohol
What was political life like for Black Americans?
In the south the Jim Crow Laws prevented Black Americans from voting. The Grandfather clause said that you could only vote if your grandfather voted. The Literacy clause said that you could only vote if you proved you could read. There were no laws preventing voting in the north. However poverty prevented voting because they could not afford to go to the towns to register to vote
What was life like socially for Black Americans?
In the south the Jim Crow laws introduced segregation which segregated transport, education and public facilities. The facilities for Black Americans were a lot worse. In the north there were no laws that discriminated against Black Americans but their ghetto life led to the feeling of discrimination
What was the economic life like for Black Americans?
In the south many Black Americans were employed as sharecroppers which meant they only got paid a share of the crop instead of money. In the north many were unemployed and faced great hardship.
Who were the Ku Klux Klan? They were a white supremacy movement that used violence to intimidate Black Americans.
What methods did the KKK use? They used parades, beatings and lynchings
What was the Open-Door policy? The US government encouraged immigration to populate the continent. The US became a melting pot of different races, cultures, religions and languages.
What were the pull factors why people wanted to emigrate to America?
• Space – Lots of farmland and growing cities
• Lots of natural resources
• Land of the Free
• Higher wages
What were the push factors which made people want to leave Europe and go to America?
• European cities were overcrowded
• Many European workers were unemployed
• Much of Europe was class based
• Many people in Europe faced persecution for political or religious reasons
Where did most immigrants arrive in America?
Ellis Island
Why did the US government pass acts to limit immigration?
• Fear that immigrants from southern and eastern Europe were bringing Communism
• Many were poor and illiterate and blamed for prostitution and drunkenness
• People thought they were taking all the jobs
• WWI meant that German immigrants were hated
What did the acts to limit immigration say? Literacy Test – Pass a series of tests to prove you could read or write Emergency Quota Act – Limit of 357,000 immigrants per year National Origins Act – Only 2% of the population of any foreign group could arrive (based on population in 1890)
What was the Economic Boom? Profits of American companies rose enormously in the 1920s – mainly in the industries making consumer goods
History What were the causes of the economic boom?
• Lots of natural resources
• Taken over overseas markets during WW1
• Invention of electricity
• Invention of mass production techniques
• Invention of mass marketing techniques
• Invention of credit
• Republican presidents kept taxes low
What were the causes of the Great Depression?
• Overproduction caused a loss of jobs and a drop in profits
• Fall in trade caused a loss of jobs and a drop in profits
• Loss of jobs increased sale of houses which lowered house prices which meant they could not pay back their credit
• Not being able to pay back credit caused banks to collapse and people lost their savings
• Lowering profits caused people to sell their shares. This caused share prices to fall and the Wall Street Crash
Latin & Classical Civilisation
Half term 1(part a): Ancient Civilisations Question: Answer:
What is an ancient civilisation? Ancient civilisation refers specifically to the first settled and stable communities that became the basis for later states, nations and empires.
What is the Incan Civilisation? The Incan civilisation was the largest empire in South America in the pre-Columbian era. They were great builders and constructed amazing fortresses. They were around from 1438 – 1532 AD.
What is the Aztec Civilisation? The Aztec civilisation was a very powerful empire in South America in the pre-Columbian Mexico. They were great warriors. They were around from 1345 – 1521 AD.
What is the Roman Civilisation?
The Roman civilisation was the most powerful empire which ruled over all of the present-day Mediterranean countries. They saw the rise and fall of some of the greatest emperors in human history. They were around from 550 BC – 465 AD.
What is the Persian Civilisation? The Persian civilisation was a potent empire which conquered lands and was known as the military strength and wise rulers. They were around from 550 BC – 331 BC.
What is the Ancient Greek Civilisation?
The Ancient Greek civilisation was one of the most influential and invented a lot of things that we use to this day and age; the Olympic Games, democracy, the Senate, and they laid foundations for modern geometry, biology and physics. They were around from 2700 BC – 479 BC.
What is the Chinese Civilisation?
The Chinese civilisation was one of the most diverse as they had a lot of dynasties. They have also given the world some of its most useful inventions; gunpowder, paper, printing, the compass and cannons. They were around from 1600 BC – 1046 BC.
What is the Maya Civilisation?
The Maya civilisation was a rich empire compared to others in South America. They devised the calendar and have helped us with complex understandings of astronomy. They were around from 2600 BC – 900 AD.
What is the Ancient Egyptian Civilisation?
The Ancient Egyptian civilisation had a prodigious culture. They constructed the pyramids which preserved the mummified ancient pharaohs to this day and hieroglyphics. They were around from 3150 BC – 30 BC.
What is the Indus Valley Civilisation?
The Indus Valley civilisation was one of the oldest and widespread civilisations, covering 1.25 million km. It flourished in areas extending from what is today northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. They were around from 3300 BC – 1900 BC.
What is the Mesopotamian Civilisation?
The Mesopotamian civilisation was the oldest civilisations; there is no known evidence of any other civilised society before them. They developed the idea of agriculture and started to domesticate animals for both food and assist in farming. They prospered in the regions of modern-day Iraq (known as Babylonia, Sumer and the Assyria Highlands). They were around from 3500 BC – 500 BC.
What is the Rosetta Stone? A broken part of a bigger stone slab. It was an important clue that helped researchers read hieroglyphics.
Half term 1(part b): What is Mythology?
What is mythology? Mythology (from the Greek mythos for story-of-the-people and logos for word or speech) is the study and interpretation of legends, tales or stories which deal with various aspects of the human condition.
What is a myth?
Myths are stories people tell each other and help people make sense of the world around them. In ancient times, the world was a mysterious place to them, and people used myths to explain nature and how the world was created. As well as, express the beliefs and values about these subjects held by humans.
What is the importance of mythology?
Mythology gives us context into our world, our literature and our own beliefs. It is a constant reminder of who we are and where we come from. It teaches us the importance of values and morals we should follow as humans.
Describe how myths relate to our modern-day society?
Knowledge of mythology has long-influenced society in subtle ways. It has shaped culture and tradition, directed political systems and encouraged problem-solving. The whole basic concept of modern thinking can be traced back to myths and stories and the valuable lessons they taught.
Describe how they used to retell mythology in the ancient world? Teachers and poets would tell the myth to the audience (or the class). The reason that there are many versions of each myth is because the storyteller would change and adapt the myth to please the listeners.
How were myths retold in art? The ancient civilisations painted scenes from their myths on pots, vases and other objects.
How were myths retold in architecture? The ancient civilisations often decorated temples and buildings with statues and friezes with mythical themes and above all gods they worshipped.
Latin & Classical Civilisation
Half term 1(part C): Latin Greetings Question – Translate to English Answer:
salve/salvete hello
bonum diem good day
bonum noctem goodnight
vale/valete goodbye
quid agis? how are you?
bene váleo I’m fine,
grátias ago thank you
óptime very well
bene good
quod nomen tibi est? what’s your name?
mihi nomen est my name is
Half term 1(part d): Latin days of the week and months Question – Translate to English Answer:
dies Lunae Monday
dies Martis Tuesday
dies Mercúrii Wednesday
dies Iovis Thursday
dies Véneris Friday
dies Satúrni Saturday
dies Solis Sunday
Ianuárius January
Februárius February
Mártius March
Aprílis April
Maius May
Iúnius June
Iúlius July
Augústus August
Septémber September
Octóber October
Novémber November
Decémber December
Half term 1(part e): The Roman Empire
What is Latin? Latin existed as a living language for well over a thousand years, and across a huge geographical area.
When was Rome founded? According to legend, Rome was founded by a small village in 753 BC.
What is the Roman Empire?
The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia ruled by emperors.
What was the population of Rome by AD 64? Approximately one million people lived in Rome itself, but between 50 and 100 million people lived in the empire it governed.
What is a Province? The Romans organised their empire into provinces, each under the control of a governor.
What is the name of the sea that Roman empire was centred around? Rome’s empire centred around the Internal Sea (Mare Internum), which we now call the Mediterranean Sea.
What were roads and rivers used for in the Roman empire? Road and rivers were used to help people, goods and armies move around the Empire more easily. The Romans built a network of over 50,000 miles of roads.
Half term 1(part f): Greek alphabet
Why is the Greek Alphabet important? Our modern alphabet is based on the Roman alphabet, which in turn was based on the ancient Greek alphabet.
What do we use the Greek Alphabet for nowadays? The Greek Alphabet is widely used in mathematical and scientific equations.
Why is the Greek Alphabet still used for mathematical and scientific equations?
The roots of the usage of Greek letters comes from the earliest philosophers and they used letters from the Greek Alphabet as symbols to represent various variables.
Half term 1(part g): Latin numbers (one to ten) ūnus one
duo two
trēs three
quattuor four
Latin & Classical Civilisation
quīnque five
sex six
septem seven
octō eight
novem nine
decem ten
Half term 1(part h): Latin in the Subura Question – Translate to English Answer:
dormiō I sleep
ego I
frāter brother
soror sister
hōra hour
in in, on
īnsula block of flats
labōrō I work
legō I read
meus my
nōn not
pater father
māter mother
rīdeō I laugh, smile
servus slave, enslaved person (male)
tū you (singular)
turba crowd
ubi? Where?
via street, road, way
sum I am
es you (singular) are
est (he/she/it) is
iuvenis young person
senex old person
nox night
fūr thief
pauper poor
quid est? what is it?
cārum expensive
imperātor emperor
Half term 2(part a): The Subura Where was Subura? Subura was a district near the centre of Rome in AD 64.
Where did people live in Subura? People lived packed together in multi-storey apartment buildings.
What was Subura known for? It was a residential area and a centre of trade and manufacturing.
What was banned in the city? In order to reduce congestion, wheeled traffic was banned during the day.
Who was Juvenal? Juvenal was a poet living in Rome and wrote about the vices of Roman society and the difficulties of living in Rome.
What was the population in the city of Rome in AD 64? About one million people lived in the city, making it the largest city in the western world then.
Why did people come to Rome?
Rome attracted people from all over Europe. Wealthy people came to undertake a career in politics and ordinary people came to find a job. The very poor arrived to receive the free grain dole that the emperor gave out.
Who was Seneca? Seneca was a well-known Roman intellectual and was the tutor and adviser to the young Emperor Nero.
In what way was Rome a multicultural city then? It is said that a third of the city’s inhabitants were not from Rome originally.
In what way did multiculturalism help Rome? A wide variety of cultural and religious practices from across the Empire flourished among the immigrants living in the city and the Romans embraced their new traditions and religions.
Did women work in Rome? Yes, some women worked outside the home. Others raised the children and did more domestic work at home, such as making clothes.
What specialist work did women do? Women specialised as mainly textile-workers, doctors and artisans, as well as fish-seller, innkeepers and barbers. They were also performers and dancers.
Who lived in flats? The majority of Rome’s population lived in a rented flat in a multi-storey block.
Who owned their own houses? Only the very wealthy owned their own houses.
Latin & Classical Civilisation
Who were landlords? The landlord was responsible for managing the property and collecting rent from the other tenants. Rents were extremely high in Rome.
Where was the best flat located? In a Roman insula, the best accommodation was on the ground and first floors.
Why were the poorer tenants on the top floors? There were more risks such as fire and the building collapsing. Also, there was no running water on the upper floors. The rooms were dark and cold in the winter months.
What was located on the ground floor? The ground floor of an insula was often divided into shops and workshops.
What was sanitation like? Sanitation was poor. Although ground and first floor apartments had lavatories, most people used chamber pots, urinated in the street or went to a public lavatory.
Half term 2(part B): Rome in AD 64 What is the traditional foundation of the city of Rome? Rome was founded in 753 BC.
What is the exact date of the birth of Rome? To this date, modern Romans celebrate their city’s birthday on 21st April.
Who was the first emperor? Emperor Augustus established one-man rule in 27 BC.
Who was Nero? In AD 54 the teenage Nero became the fifth emperor.
Why were women not allowed to be emperors? The title of emperor always passed down through the male line, as women could not hold political office in Rome. Women in the imperial household, had considerable power.
Who was Nero’s mother? Nero’s mother was called Agrippina and he was under her control.
What was Nero like as a ruler? At first, Nero was generous and a benevolent ruler. He was a great supporter of the arts and sport.
What happened to Nero as he grew older? He became erratic and cruel and if someone displeased him or he felt threatened, he had them exiled or killed.
Why did the Romans like Nero? Nero’s support for arts and sports made him popular as ordinary people could benefit from the entertainment. He also put in place legal and tax reforms for the common people.
What does AD stand for? The abbreviation AD stands for Annō Dominī meaning ‘in the year of our Lord’. We use it to indicate a year after the traditional date of the birth of Jesus Christ (BC meaning ‘before Christ’).
Half term 2(part c): Latin numbers (ten to twenty) Question – Translate to English Answer:
ūndecim eleven
duodēcim twelve
trēdecim thirteen
quattuordecim fourteen
quīndecim fifteen
sēdecim sixteen
septendecim seventeen
duodēvīgintī eighteen
ūndēvīgintī nineteen
vīgintī twenty
Half term 2(part d): Latin in Via Flaminia Question – Translate to English Answer:
cadō I fall
cibus, cibum food
dūcō I lead, take
et and
fīlia, fīliam daughter
fīlius, fīlium son
forum forum, marketplace
habeō I have, hold
habitō I live
intrō I enter
magnus big, large, great
pecūnia, pecūniam money, sum of money
quaerō I searh for, look for, ask
quoque also
salūtō I greet
sed but
spectō I look at, watch
videō I see
vīnum wine
vocō I call
clāmor noise, shouting
Latin & Classical Civilisation
ad to
mercātor merchant
multum much, a lot of
Rōmānum Roman
curia Senate House
pecūniam money, sum of money
dēbēs owe
basilicam hall
sed but
pēnsiōnem rent
uxōrem wife
marītus husband
laudat praises
aspectam view
parva small
obscūra dark
columba dove
mūs rat
iānuam door
Half term 2(part e): Roma What is the river called running through Rome? It is called River Tiber.
What is the site of the first settlement called? It was the Palatine Hill which provided a good defensive position.
What is Rome’s harbour called? Ostia was Rome’s habour, which is about 15 miles downriver and ships brought goods upriver to the docks in Rome.
When was the Great Drain constructed? The Great Drain (Cloāca Maxima) was constructed in about 600 BC to drain the marshy land that lay between the hills of Rome.
What were aqueducts used for? Aqueducts supplied the city with fresh water from springs in the surrounding countryside.
Why do all roads lead to Rome? As a huge empire, a network of roads linked Rome to the cities of the Empire (from all over Europe).
What was the Via Flaminia? The Via Flaminia was one of the roads out of Rome to the north, was a route that was often taken to and from norther Gaul (France) and Britannia (Britain).
What was the Via Appia? The Via Appia went south to the south-east of Italy. Travellers were able to sail onto Greece and the East.
What was the Via Aurelia? The Via Aurelia followed the coast through north-west Italy and into southern Gaul.
What was a forum? A forum was a marketplace with stalls selling food, clothes, pots and pans, jewellery, and plenty more.
Where was a forum found? At the centre of most Roman towns there was a rectangular open space surrounded by buildings and colonnades (covered walkways).
What was important about a forum? People from all classes of society gathering in the fora to shop, conduct business and to visit temples.
Why were some forum used for other purposes?
Some fora were used mostly for public business and ceremonies. This is because lawyers argued cases, candidates made speeches, religious processions and ceremonies took place and the emperor made appearances.
Why did Rome have specialised fora? Rome would sell certain foods such as fish, pork, herbs, vegetables and wine.
What is a basilica? A basilica was a large public hall. There were two stretching along the sides of the Forum Romanum.
Who was Concordia? Concordia was the goddess who symbolised unity among the different classes of the Roman people.
What was the Rostra? The Rostra was a high stone platform. The emperor and his family stood here to make speeches and to show themselves to the people.
What was the Curia? The Curia was the Senate House, where the emperor and Senate met to discuss affairs of government.
Who was Vesta? Vesta was the goddess of the hearth and of fire. The shrine of Vesta was a small circular building, where the sacred fire was found.
Latin & Classical Civilisation
Half term 3(part a): Latin in Circus Maximus Question – Translate to English Answer:
ambulō I walk
amīcus, amīcum friend
ancilla, ancillam slave, enslaved person (female)
clāmō I shout
clāmor, clāmōrem shout, shouting, noise
cum with
currō I run
dīcō I say, speak, tell
equus, equum horse
festīnō I hurry
gladius, gladium sword
īnfēlīx unlucky, unhappy
laetus happy
multus much, many
omnis all, every
per through, along
prīmus first
senātor, senātōrem senator (wealthy politician)
urbs, urbem city
vincō I conquer, win, am victorious
diēs fēstī festival days
lūdī games
palma palm, victory
spectātor spectator
āmittō I lose
albus white
russeus red
aurīga charioteer
mortuus dead
cursus race
iterum again
lentus slow
Half term 3(part b): Sport and public festivals
What were public holidays? Throughout the year, Romans celebrated a lot of religious festivals. On festival days, everyone was allowed a day off.
What did the celebrations include? They included religious rites such as processions, prayers and offerings to the gods, as well as public entertainment known as ludi.
When were ludi held? Most ludi were held annually, but some were held every four years.
What types of entertainment were associated with festivals? The three types of entertainments were chariot-racing, theatrical performances and fights (including gladiators and wild beast hunts).
Were the ludi free to attend? The ludi were free to attend for all spectators and were mostly paid for by the state.
Why did the Romans have a festival for everything? Festivals were held in honour of a wide range of gods and occasions, each one having its own rituals and traditions for people to celebrate.
What was the festival Florales? Florales was held in April and May and was in honour of the goddess Flora, celebrating the fertility of spring.
What was the festival Apollinares? Apollinares was held in July and was in honour of Apollo.
What was the festival ludi Romani? Ludi Romani was held in September and was in honour of Jupiter. It is known as the chief festival and one of the oldest.
What was the festival Plebeii? Plebeii was held in November and was instituted to celebrate and entertain the common people of Rome.
What was chariot-racing? Races were held in a circus, an oval-shaped open-air stadium, like a modern athletics track.
What was the Circus Maximus? The Circus Maximus was the largest man-made structure in the Roman Empire and could hold 150,000 spectators.
What were charioteers? Charioteers were the people driving the chariot. They wore tunics in the colour of the team they represented. They also wore helmets and held a whip.
How many teams competed in Rome? There were four teams who regularly competed in Rome: green, blue, red and white.
How did people become charioteers? Most charioteers were slaves or former slaves. They could then win fame and fortune if they were lucky and skilful enough to survive.
Latin & Classical Civilisation
Half term 3(part c): Three phases of ruling
What was the beginning of the Romans? The Romans claimed that a Trojan prince, Aeneas, left Troy and settled in Italy. His son Alba Longa created a new town.
What were the three phases of ruling in Rome? Roman had three phases of ruling: Monarchy (753-509 BC), Republic (509-31 BC) and Empire (31 BC – AD 476).
Who was the first king of Rome? Romulus founded Rome and was the first king.
Who are the six kings who succeeded Romulus? The six kings are called Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquin the Elder, Servius Tullius and Tarquin the Proud.
How did the Monarch phase become a Republic phase? A group of wealthy Romans overthrew the monarchy and created a new political system (Res Publica).
What was the Roman Republic? Rome was governed by both a Senate and the People of Rome.
What was the Senate composed of? The Senate was composed of senior, wealthy Roman men, many of whom had been politicians and they took the political decisions in Rome.
What is meant by the ‘People of Rome’? The People meant only Roman-born male citizens. No women, slaves or non-citizens were allowed to be ‘People of Rome’. They voted for or against laws proposed by the Senate.
How did the Republic phase become the Empire phase? There were many weaknesses in the Republic as the system clearly gave more power to the aristocracy than to everyone else. Also, a series of civil wars plunged Rome into crisis.
Who was the first Emperor? When general Octavian (later called Augustus) ended the civil wars. He changed the Republican system back into rule by one man.
How was the Empire run by the Emperor? Augustus maintained all the institutions of the Republic; however, he kept the most important positions of power for himself (commander in Chief of the army, Chief Priest and Chief magistrate).
What does SPQR mean? SPQR stands for ‘Senātus Populus Que Rōmānus’; meaning the Senate and the People of Rome.
Half term 4(part a): Latin in dei Question – Translate to English Answer:
ad to, towards; at
adsum I am here, I am present
deus, deum god
dominus, dominum gift, present
dōnum, dōnum gift, present
laudō I praise
nōs we, us
parvus small
perīculum danger
perterritus terrified
puella, puellam girl
quod because
rēx, rēgem king
Rōmānus Roman
subitō suddenly
templum temple
teneō I hold, keep, possess
tollō I raise, lift up, hold up
veniō I come
vōs you (plural)
saxum rock, stone
Christiānus Christian
Christus Christ
adōrō I worship
fenestra window
verbum word
caelum sky, heaven
rēgnum kingdom
gaudium joy, pleasure
incendium fire
ōmen omen, sign
pompa procession
animal animal
amō I love
sacerdōs priest
caput head
sanguis blood
simulācrum statue, image
cīvis citizen
homō man, person
Latin & Classical Civilisation
focus hearth
fār grain
familia household
lucerna lamp
silentium silence
incendō I burn
bonus good
īrātus angry
inūtilis useless
Half term 4(part b): Religion
How was Christianity introduced to Rome? Christianity was a new religion to the Romans. Some of the first Christians, such as Peter and Paul, were in Rome during the reign of Nero, preaching and converting others to Christianity.
What was appealing about Christianity to the Romans? Christianity appealed to the poor and slaves as the message was that anyone who worshipped Jesus Christ and led a good life would be rewarded with a blessed afterlife.
What was the Roman state religion? The Roman state religion was the need to keep peace with the gods. This was done by worshipping the many gods that looked after Rome.
How did the Romans worship the gods? The Romans worshipped their gods with sacrifices, festivals, rituals at temples and processions. They believed that if they didn’t attend, the god would be offended, and this would disrupt their lives.
What is it called when people believe in more than one god? Believing in more than one god is called polytheistic.
What were the homes of the gods called? The homes of the gods were called temples. Inside each temple was a statue of the god.
What would people bring to offerings at the temples? People would bring gifts to the gods at their temples.
Why did the Romans build grand temples? The Romans believed that the grander and more beautiful the temple was, the more it honoured the god to whom it was dedicated.
What was one of the most important ways that Romans honoured their gods?
Romans honoured their gods by making sacrifices to them.
What type of sacrifices did the Romans make? Sacrifices ranged from small offerings of food or wine to great public ceremonies where a lot of sacrificial animals were slaughtered at the altars of temples.
What sacrifices did people make at home? People made sacrifices at home which included cakes, grapes, little wreaths or incense, accompanied by prayers.
When were public sacrifices made? Public sacrifices were held on days of significance in the calendar, or when the help of a particular god was desired.
Half term 4(part c): Greek and Roman Gods
How many Olympian gods were there? There are twelve chief gods who lived at the top of the tallest mountain in the land, Mount Olympus.
Why did the Ancient Greek believe in the twelve Olympian gods?
The Ancient Greeks believed their gods to be superhuman being with extraordinary powers and abilities. The gods were also believed to have powerful human emotions, such as love, jealousy and anger. Each god had an individual personality, a different area of responsibility and certain symbols by which he or she represented.
Who are the twelve Olympians? The twelve Olympians are Zeus, Hera, Demeter, Athena, Poseidon, Artemis, Apollo, Hermes, Dionysus, Ares, Aphrodite and Hephaestus.
What are the Roman gods? The Roman gods are Jupiter, Juno, Ceres, Minerva, Neptune, Diana, Apollo, Mercury, Bacchus, Mars, Venus and Vulcan.
Why have the Romans emulated the Greek gods? Due to the presence of Greek colonies, the Romans adopted many of the Greek gods as their own. Religion and myth became one.
Why are planets named after Greek and Roman Gods?
Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Venus and Mercury were given their names thousands of years ago. The other planets were not discovered until much later, after telescopes were invented. The tradition of naming the planets after Greek and Roman gods and goddesses was carried on for the other planets discovered as well.
Half term 5(part a): Latin in aqua Question – Translate to English Answer:
aqua, aquam water
audio, audīre hear, listen to
cupiō, cupere want, desire
custōs, custōdem guard
dēbeō, dēbēre owe
dō, dare give
effugiō, effugere escape
iuvenis, iuvenem young person
maneō, manēre remain, stay
nēmō, nēminem no one, nobody
Latin & Classical Civilisation
nōlō, nōlle don’t want, refuse
nox, noctem night
portō, portāre carry, bear, take
possum, posse can, am able
pulcher beautiful, handsome
respondeō, respondēre reply
taceō, tacēre am silent, am quiet
timeō, tamēre fear, am afraid
vēndō, vēndere sell
volō, velle want, wish, am willing
febris fever
calidus hot
nēmō no one, nobody
lūdō I play, am at leisure
soleō I am accustomed, am used
cupiō I want
aeger sick, ill
fōns fountain
iaceō I lie down
surgō I get up
lacrimō I cry
vale goodbye, farewell
fīnis end
incipiō I begin, start
lātrīna toilet
vīsitō I visit
volō I want
negōtium agō I do business
nōlō I don’t want
tandem at last
luxuria luxury
fundus farm
rūsticus rural
vērum? really?
vīta life
sēcūras safe
prōtegō I protect
difficilis difficult
fuga escape
sub below
absum I am away
quōmodo? How?
cloāca sewer
porta gate, grate
aperiō I open
ūnā together
tamen however
ōrō I beg
sonor noise
tenebrae darkness
celeriter quickly
vehementer loudly
Half term 5(part b): Thermal baths
What were the baths used for? Romans believed that regular exercise and bathing were good for health, preventing illness and sometimes providing a cure.
What were the large public baths called? The large baths were called thermae. There were many different baths in Rome and other cities in the Roman Empire.
What were the baths used for? The baths were a social centre, where people would meet their friends. If they had enough time, they would go once a day.
When did the working day end? The working day usually ended at about noon and the main meal was in the late afternoon.
Who went to the baths?
Most wealthy men would visit the baths every day. Women could also go to the baths, usually baths just for women. Slaves also went to attend to their masters or to bathe themselves. Poor Romans went to baths with cheaper entrance fees.
Who had public toilets in their houses? Wealthy Romans had a private toilet and some flats on the ground and second floor.
What did public toilets look like? People sat next to each other on stone benches arranged in a rectangle or semicircle.
What did people use instead of toilet paper? Romans used a sponge on a stick or dry leaves, scraps of cloth or even pine corns.
Latin & Classical Civilisation
Where did the Romans get their water supply from? The Romans constructed aqueducts to bring water from outside sources and springs into the city.
What did they use water from? The water supplied public baths, fountains, toilets and some private houses.
Why did the water supply help the population? The fresh water fulfilled a basic human need and raised the level of hygiene. It also displayed supremacy and power to control natural resources.
How was water distributed around the city? Lead pipes distributed the water to various public amenities or private houses.
How was waste washed away? Any excess overflowed into the main sewer called Cloaca Maxima, and into the River Tiber, flushing the city clean of waste.
What was water sanitation like in Rome? Romans would judge the quality of the water. The worst was used for gardens and agriculture. The best and purest was used for drinking.
How did the Romans use urine practically? People were encouraged to relieve themselves or empty urine into giant clay pots on the street This was then used to clean clothes, tan leather, prepare wool and even clean teeth.
Half term 5(part c): Rome under attack! Who were the Gauls? The Gauls are now known as the French.
What happened in 387 BC? The Senones (a group of Gauls) defeated the Roman army which left the city unprotected. People were encouraged to leave the city to surrounding villages.
What happened when the Gauls entered the city? They burned, looted and killed many of the people left in the city. Eventually the Romans were starving and unable to resist any longer.
What agreement did the Gauls and Romans come to? The Romans would pay 1,000 pounds in weight of gold and the Gauls would go home.
Who were the Visigoths? The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe, led by Alaric.
Why did the Visigoths raid Rome? The Visigoths crossed into Italy and laid siege to Rome itself. The Romans negotiated for peace. The Romans had to pay in gold.
What was the final payment to liberate Rome? The final payment was 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 of silver, 4,000 silk robes, 3,000 scarlet fleeces, 3,000 pounds of pepper and some hostages.
When did the Roman Empire finally collapse? The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.
Half term 6(part a): Latin in servitium Question – Translate to English Answer:
ā, ab + ablative from, away from
capiō, capere take, catch, capture, adopt (a plan)
diēs, diem day
discēdō, discēdere depart, leave
ē, ex + ablative from, out of
exspectō, exspectāre wait for, expect
faciō, facere make, do
iam now, already
in + accusative into, onto
inquit says
marītus, marītum husband
māter, mātrem mother
prope + accusative near
rogō, rogāre ask, ask for
sedeō, sedēre sit
stō, stare stand
tōtus whole
trīstis sad
tuus your (singular), yours
uxor, uxōrem wife
media middle, middle of
dē from, down from
sarcina bag
līberī children
tacitē quietly, silently
quō? where…to?
īnstrūmentum instrument, tool
tectum roof
annuus yearly, annual
hodiē today
mox soon
optimē very well
dūrus hard, harsh
tempus time
lībertās freedom
Latin & Classical Civilisation
sī if
vir man
nōmen name
epistula letter
cōnsul consul (leading politician)
liber book
scrībō I write
philosophia philosophy
historia history
ab from
et…et… both…and…
vīvō I live
lēgātus governor
sapiēns wise
esse to be
iter journey
lībertus former slave, freedman
fidēlis faithful
flūmen river
carcer prison
corpus body
dolor pain
ager field
agricola farmer
Half term 6(part b): Slavery
What was a slave? A slave was the property of his or her enslaver, regarded as a commodity that could be bought or sold like a cow or a donkey.
Did slaves have their own identity? Enslaved people had no liberty or rights. They had to obey the orders of their masters and were given new names.
Where were slaves from?
Enslaved people had many different ethnic backgrounds and were born in various places (Italy, France, Britain, Spain, Germany, Greece, Egypt, North Africa and Turkey). They weren’t distinguished from free people by skin colour or race.
Where did slaves live?
Household slaves lived in their enslaver’s house and did the work of domestic servants: cooking, cleaning, attending to the owners of the house and looking after children. Some worked in a trade or business for or alongside their enslaver.
What are the different ways people were enslaved? People were enslaved by being prisoners of war, pirates and kidnappers, they were born a slave or abandoned children, and some chose to become slaves.
What was the slave market? When a Roman wanted to buy a new slave, they would go to the slave market. Every town had one.
What was life like for a slave? Not all slaves worked as household slaves. In the city, some worked in industry or were public slaves.
What was used by the Romans to write letters? Romans did not have paper and they usually wrote their letters on papyrus.
How were letters delivered? The slave or freedman took the letter to the recipient across the Empire to ensure it arrives safely.
What happened during a slave revolt? When an occasional slave rebellion occurred, slaves and at times gladiators would revolt along the streets to fight for their rights.
How were slaves defeated during a revolt? Slaves would be defeated by forces from the Roman army.
What happened if slaves ran away? If a slave got caught running away, the punishment was branding on the face, wearing a collar or sometimes even death.
What does Manumission mean? If a slave was hardworking in a wealthy household, they were able to earn or buy their freedom. Manumission was common in Rome.
What happened if the slave’s owner died? Slaves were often freed after the death of their owner, if they had put it in their will. Some roman slaves received a small wage or gifts from their owner.
Latin & Classical Civilisation
Half term 6(part c): Mythology in our modern life Question: Answer:
Discuss whether mythology is used in the marketplace? Many modern products are named for characters and places in Greek mythology.
Why is mythology used in the marketplace? Manufacturers choose names for their products, hoping that consumers will associate the positive qualities of the character with the product.
How have myths influenced modern literature and films? Even though myths are stories from many years ago, they influence the books we read with ideas and provide plots for films we watch.
How do myths influence our daily lives? Ancient mythology surrounds us from the sayings we use, to the names of the cities and towns we live in today. Myths have also helped us shape our moral standards today.
How is the word ‘medusa’ used nowadays? Medusa is the name given to the adult stage of a jellyfish which is named after the monster with snakes as hair.
How is the word ‘atlas’ used nowadays? Atlas is the name given to a book of maps which is named after the Titan who holds up the world.
How is the word ‘cupid’ used nowadays? Cupid is a symbol for Valentine’s Day which is named after the Roman god of love who carries a bow and arrow.
How is the word ‘mercury’ used nowadays? Mercury is a liquid metal used in old thermometers which is named after the Roman messenger of the gods.
Maths
Half term 1: Rounding and Estimation
Question: Answer:
What does square mean? Multiply by itself
What are the first 10 square numbers?
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
What does square root mean and what is the symbol?
The number you multiply by itself to get another number. The inverse (opposite) of squaring. The symbol is √
What does cube mean? Multiply a number by itself 3 times
What are the first 5 cube numbers? 1, 8, 27, 64, 125
What is a lowest common multiple? The smallest number that is in the times table of each of the numbers given.
What is a highest common factor? The biggest number that divides exactly into two or more numbers
What are positive numbers? Numbers that are greater than 0. They have no sign or a + sign
What are negative numbers? Numbers that are less than 0. They have a – sign
What happens when we add a negative number?
It is the same as subtracting a positive number
What happens when we subtract a negative number?
It is the same as adding a positive number
What type of number would we get if we multiply or divide a positive and a negative number?
The answer will be negative
What type of number would we get if we multiply or divide two negative numbers?
The answer will be positive
What does round mean? Make a number simpler but keep its value to close to what it was
What is the rule for rounding? Identify the position of the last digit that you want to keep – the ‘rounding digit’ If the digit to the right of the rounding digit is: Less than 5, round down: rounding digit stays the same 5 or more, round up: add 1 to the rounding digit
What are significant figures (sf)? The digits in a number except zeros at the start of the number
What does estimate mean? Find an answer close to the true answer but easier to calculate
What is an error interval? The range of values that a number could have been taken before being rounded
Half term 2: 3D Shapes
What is a ‘solid’? Another name for a 3D shape
What is ‘face’ of a 3D shape? One of the flat surfaces of a 3D shape
What are ‘vertices’? A corner (one corner is called a vertex)
Which 3D shape has six identical square faces?
A cube
Which 3D shape has six rectangular faces, where the opposite faces are identical?
A cuboid
Which 3D shape has two circular faces and one curved side?
A cylinder
Which 3D shape has a constant cross-section?
A prism
Which 3D shape has a base that is a polygon and sides that are triangles which meet at the top?
A pyramid
Which 3D shape is shaped like a ball? A sphere
What is ‘volume’? The amount of space inside a 3D shape
What is surface area? The sum of the areas of each face of a 3D shape
What is a ‘net’? A pattern that you can cut and fold to make a model of a 3D shape.
What is a ‘plan’? The 2D view of a 3D object from above
What is an ‘elevation’? The 2D view of a 3D object looking from the front (front elevation) or the side (side elevation)
What is a ‘plane of symmetry’? Where you could slide the 3D object into two identical halves that are mirror images of one another
Maths
Half Term 3: Probability
What is a probability? How likely an event is to occur
What values can probability take? A value between 0 and 1. It can be a fraction, decimal or percentage
What does it mean if an event is certain?
It will definitely happen. The probability of the event is 1
What does it mean if an event is impossible?
It will definitely not happen. The probability of the event is 0
How do we write the probability of (A)?
P(A)
What is an outcome or event? A possible result of an experiment or trial
What does it mean if events are mutually exclusive?
They cannot happen at the same time
What does it mean if events are exhaustive?
They cover all possible outcomes. The sum of the probabilities is 1
What is the sample space? All the possible outcomes for one or more events
What does frequency mean? The number of times an event or value occurs
What is relative frequency? In an experiment, how often something happens as a proportion of the number of trials. Also known as experimental probability
What is the expected frequency? How often we expect to get a particular outcome
What is a frequency tree? Shows the number of people who chose different options for different choices
What is a Venn diagram? A diagram that uses circles to represent sets. The space inside the circle represents everything in the set.
Half term 4: Algebraic Manipulation
What is a ‘variable’? A letter that represents any number. It can take on any value
What is a ‘coefficient’? The number before the variable (letter)
What is a ‘term’? The variable(s), coefficient and symbol (+/-) before it
What are ‘like terms’? Terms with the same variable(s) (letters) with the same powers
What is an ‘expression’? A collection of terms (variables, coefficients, operator symbols) but no equals (=) sign
What does ‘simplify’ mean in algebra? Collect ‘like terms’ by adding/subtracting the coefficients
What does ‘expand’ mean? Multiply each term in the bracket by what is outside the bracket
What does ‘square’ mean? Multiply by itself
What does ‘factorise’ mean? Put into brackets. Look for the highest common factor (HCF) of all the terms. It is the opposite of expanding brackets
What is a power or index? The small number on the top-right; the number of times a value/term is multiplied by itself
What is the base number? The big number on the left. The number/term that will be multiplied by itself
What is the law of indices for multiplying with the same base?
Add the powers, base stays the same
What is the law of indices for dividing with the same base?
Subtract the powers, base stays the same
What is an equation? One or more terms with an equals (=) sign. Can be solved.
What is a ‘linear equation’? The highest power of the variable is 1
What does ‘solve’ mean? Find the answer/value of an unknown letter
What is an ‘identity’? An equation that is true for all values of the variables
What is an ‘inequality’? It compares two values, showing if one is less than, greater than or not equal to another value
What is the symbol for less than? <
What is the symbol for greater than? >
What is the symbol for less than or equal to?
≤
What is symbol for greater than or equal to?
≥
What are strict inequalities? Greater than > or less than <
How are strict inequalities represented on a number line? (<>)
An empty circle
How are non strict inequalities represented on a number line?
A solid circle
Maths
What happens when we multiply or divide an inequality by a negative value?
The inequality sign ‘flips over’. E.g < changes to >
What is a compound inequality? Multiple inequalities combined in one e.g. 3 < x <8
Half Term 5: Angles
What is an ‘angle’? The amount of turn from one straight line to another straight line connected at a point
What units are used for measuring an angle?
Degrees
What is a right angle? A 90 degree angle
What do angles around a point sum to?
360 degrees
What do angles on a straight line sum to?
180 degrees
What is an acute angle? An angle which is less than 90 degrees
What is an obtuse angle? An angle which is less than 180 degrees but greater than 90 degrees
What is a reflex angle? An angle which is greater than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees
What are parallel lines? Straight lines that will never meet, no matter how far they are extended
What is a polygon? A 2D shape with 3 or more straight sides
What is a ‘regular polygon’? A 2D shape with 3 or more equal straight sides and equal angles
What are ‘interior angles’? The angle inside each vertex (corner)
What are ‘exterior angles’? The angle between the side of the shape and a line extended from the next side
What do exterior angles in any polygon sum to?
360 degrees
What does the exterior angle and the neighbouring interior angle sum to?
180 degrees
What does bisect mean? Cut in two exactly equal halves
Half term 6: Transformations
What does ‘transformation’ mean? Change – in this case the size or position of a shape
What is the ‘object’? The original shape
What is the ‘image’? The new transformed shape
What does ‘reflection’ mean? The shape is ‘flipped’ in a mirror line
What does the line x = a look like? A vertical line through the x axis at a
What does the line y = b look like? A horizontal line through the y axis at b
What does the line y = x look like? A diagonal line through the origin that is positive (upward sloping)
How do we describe a reflection? The equation of the mirror line
What does ‘rotation’ mean? Turn around a point
What does translation mean? Move the shape
How many degrees is a quarter turn, half turn, three quarter turn?
90, 180 and 270 degrees
What is a ‘column vector’? Describes a movement from one point to another. It has both direction and magnitude
What is an enlargement? Change the size of the shape. Multiply each side by the scale factor
What is a ‘scale factor’? The ratio of corresponding lengths in similar shapes, i.e. how much larger or smaller the shapes are
What does it mean if 2 shapes are ‘similar’?
One shape is an enlargement of the other. Each side has been multiplied by the same scale factor
Music
Half term 1: Recycled Rhythms
Question: Answer:
What does Ostinato mean? A repeated rhythmic pattern (a loop)
What does syncopation mean? Music or notes which are played off the beat
What does Polyrhythm mean? Different rhythms being played at the same time
What does Melody mean? A rhythmic patter with changing pitches
What is call and response mean? It is a pattern played by an individual then repeated or adapted by a group
What does texture mean? How thick of thin the music sounds
What does tempo mean? How Fast or slow the music is
What does Pitch mean? How high or low notes are or sound
What does duration mean? How long or short a note is played for
What do dynamics show? They show or tell you how loud or soft to play the music
What does timbre mean? What instruments are playing in a piece of music
What does structure mean? How a piece of music is laid out for example a song might go verse, chorus, verse chorus.
What does polyphonic mean? Multiple lines of music being played at the same time
What does Monophonic mean? A single line of music is being played
What does Homophonic mean? A melody with an accompaniment
What is a time signature? Two numbers at the start of a piece which tell you how many
beats are in a bar and what you are counting in.
Example: 4 = 4 beat In a bar
4 = crotchets
What is a Treble clef? Is a symbol to show the higher pitched notes on the stave
Draw a treble clef
What is another name for the Treble clef? The G clef
What are the Five lines which we write music called? The stave
What are the two sentences we use to help us remember the notes for the treble clef?
Every Green Bus Drives Fast Face in the Space
What is the name of a 1 beat note? Crotchet
What is the name of a 1/2 beat note? Quaver
What is the name of a 1/4 beat note? Semiquaver
What is the name of a 2 beat note? Minim
What is the name of a 4 beat note? Semibreve
What is the duration of a crotchet? 1 beat
What is the duration of a Quaver? ½ beat
What is the duration of a Semiquaver? ¼ beat
What is the duration of a Minim? 2 beats
What is the duration of a Semibreve? 4 beats
What is the value of a crotchet? ¼ note
What is the value of a quaver? 1/8 note
What is the value of a semiquaver? 1/16 note
What is the value of a minim? Half note
What is the value of a semibreve? Whole note
What are the 8 elements of music? Structure, Dynamics, Timber, Pitch, Duration, Tempo,
Texture and Silence
What is Structur The overall plan of a piece of music.
What are Dynamics How Loud or quiet the music is
What is Timber? The different types of instruments or sounds used in a piece.
What is Pitch? How high or low the sounds of notes or music are.
What is Duration? How long or short a note is played for.
What is Tempo? How fast or slow a piece is.
What is Texture? Who thick or thin the piece is (lots of sounds or few sounds).
What does Lento mean? Very slow
What does Andante mean? At a Walking speed
What does Forte Mean? Loud or Strong
What does Piano mean? Quiet or soft
What does Crescendo mean? Gradually getting louder
What does Diminuendo mean? Gradually getting quieter
Music Draw a keyboard and label the note on the keyboard?
Half term 2: Film Music
What are the five reasons we use music in Films? Creates an appropriate mood.
Creates a sense of time.
Creates a sense of Place.
Depicts the characters.
Creates and releases tension.
What is a musical convention? It is the way in which something is usually done.
What is spotting? When the director and composer discuss each scene
including genres, styles of music, atmosphere and emotion.
What musical conventions are used in Films? Major chords for positive scenes.
Minor chords for negative scenes.
Screeching strings for horror.
Soaring strings for romance.
Fast tempo for action.
From slow to fast tempo for suspense.
Instruments used for a certain historic period.
What is a soundtrack? Pre-existing music that has been chosen to accompany a
scene.
What is an underscore? Music that has been composed specifically for the film.
What is a light motif? Music which represents a character.
What are the different genres of Film music? Fantasy
Action
Adventure
Romance
Horror
Family
Comedy
Sci-fi
Half term 3: Songs of Peace and protest
What is meant by a song of peace and protest?
A song used to convey social, cultural or political ideas which need to be voiced. For example Black lives matter
Describe some of the different types of peace and protest songs?
Peace and protest music can use a variety of genres of music to convey messages about: War Religion Culture Colour Love Friendship Anything that you feel needs to be voiced because of injustice.
Explain how to write a song? For writing your own song you need to have an idea about what your main message or story will be. Verses tell the story of the song Choruses tell the main message of the song You can have instrumental sections if you wish to break the song up. Lyrics need to follow a similar pattern to poems where ends of lines rhyme. You can decide what rhyming scheme works for oyu.
What are some of the main styles of music used in protesting ?
Reggae Pop RapRecycled Rhythms Blues Folk Music Rock
Music
Half term 4: Rap and Hip Hop Vocal Pop
What is a semitone? A half a step between two notes. e.g. C – C#
What is a tone? A full step between two notes e.g. C-D
What does a sharp do to a note? Raises the note by a semitone e.g. C-C#
What does a flat do to a note? Is flattens the note by a semitone. e.g E- E flat
What are some of the main influences on pop music? Social and technological Hair, Fashion, society Microphones, auto tune, recording studios
Half Term 5: Blues
Why did slaves sing songs? To tell their unhappiness Make them feel better Singing to their children Passing down traditions or songs Help to communicate with each other
What instruments did slaves use to make music? Drums Shakers / tambourines Scrapers Stringed instruments – guitar and fiddle (violin)
In what centuries did Blues develop? 17th and 18th Centuries
How many bars are there in a 12 bar blues? 12 bars
How many chords make up the 12 bar blues ? 3 C major, F major and G Major
Who were the first Blue singers? African slaves
How are Blues lyrics made up? Only made up of 3 lines Structure AAB The 1st line is repeated, and the 3rd line is different.
What notes go into the Blues scale? C, D# F, F#, G, A# C 7 notes
What instruments did slaves use to create their music? Shakers Drums Scrapper Guitars Violins
Where did blues develop? New Orleans America, blues developed into music for dance halls and to help keep spirits up during war time.
Half term 6: Minimalism
What is minimalistic music? Repetitive number of small musical ideas, melodies, harmonies and rhythms.
What are the six features of minimalist music? Rhythm plays an important part. Polyrhythm Layering Looping Pieces are long and hypnotic Harmony changes slowly
What are broken chords? Where notes of the chord are played singly rather than together.
What does Resultant melody mean? A melody emerges as the same notes occur at the same time in the phase, giving them emphasis
What is tonal ambiguity? The key of the piece is not clear or different harmonisations are possible.
What is rhythmic transformation? Where a rhythm gradually changes shape.
Who are some of the Minimalist composers? Steve Reich Philip Glass Terry Riley John Adams
Describe where you might hear minimalist music in everyday life?
Adverts for products Spas Rock music During hypnosis In art galleries
Physical Education
Half term 1 and 2: Athletics
Question: Answer:
What are the events for the indoor athletics competition?
2, 4 & 6 lap runs and relay. Shot put, triple jump, long jump, speed bounce and vertical jump.
How are events in athletics categorised? Track (all running) and field events (throwing and jumping)
Describe what pacing is? Pacing is a mental plan of how to complete a race without tiring
Describe why pacing is lined to breathing? The body requires oxygen to create energy. Maintaining an appropriate breathing rhythm is important to be successful when pacing to keep the same pace over the run distance.
Describe what types of movement are used to shape the opitmal running technique
Flexion and extension of the elbow and knee are used to move the body forwards
Describe the technique for rebounding successfully using the rebounder boards
The foot of the dominant leg should land exactly in the middle of the board in order to turn to face in the opposite direction
What is the sprint start protocol Take your marks, set, go!
Describe what type of throw a discus is A rotation throw
Describe what type of throw a javeline is A pull throw
Describe what type of throw a shot it A push throw
Half term 1 and 2: Fitness
What is the definition of health? Complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not only the
absence of illness or infirmity
What is the definition of fitness? The ability to meet the demands of the environment
What is the definition of exercise? A form of physical exercise done to improve health or fitness or
both
What are the health-related components of fitness? Body composition – The percentage of body weight that is fat,
muscle and bone. Cardiovascular fitness – Being able to work or
exercise the entire body for long periods of time. Flexibility – Is the range of movement possible at a joint Muscular endurance – Is the ability to use the voluntary muscles
many times without getting tired/ Strength – The amount of force a muscle can exert against a
resistance
What are the skill related components of fitness? Agility – Is the ability to change the position of the body quickly
and to control the movement of the whole body. Balance – Is the ability to retain the body’s centre of mass
(gravity) above the base of support. Coordination – The ability to use two or more body parts together. Power – Is the ability to do strength performances quickly (power
= speed x strength) Reaction time – This is the time between the presentation of a
stimulus and the onset of a movement. Speed – is how fast a task is completed
What is the purpose of baseline fitness tests? To assess baseline fitness to identify a person's ability to meet
the demands of an environment and set a relevant goal. (Baseline
testing is also used to monitor the impact of training and judge the
success of the training)
What are the principles of training? The principles of training are a set of values and ideas that should
be followed in order to make training effective: Individual needs – Considers the needs of the individual rather
than the needs of the sporting activity. Specificity – Is matching the training to the demands of the sport. Progressive overload – Is gradually increasing the amount of
training an athlete does without increasing the potential for injury FITT (frequency, intensity, time and type): Frequency - How often you train Intensity – How hard you work when you train (at what intensity) Time – How long you train for within each session Type – This is the principle of specificity Overtraining – A decrease in performance due to insufficient rest
and recovery from training sessions. Reversibility – The loss of training adaptions due to a reduction in
training levels Thresholds of training - Aerobic = 60-80% MaxHR and anaerobic
= 80-90% of MaxHR)
Physical Education What factors should be considered when deciding
appropriate training movements? Fitness/sport requirements, facilities available, current levels of
fitness
What are the different training methods? Continuous – Develops cardiovascular fitness and muscular
enduring where you do not rest when training. Fartlek – Is another form of continuous training where you run at
different paces over different terrains. Circuit – A number of different exercises at stations; rotate from
one exercise to the next. Interval – Is a form of intermittent training. Breaks are built into
the training session so that performer can recover before working
against. This training method allows the performer to work at
higher intensities. Plyometric training – A form of intermittent training that develops
power and strength. Resistance training – A training method where the performer must
manage an additional weight or resistance when carrying out the
exercise; used to increase strength, power or speed. Fitness classes for specific components of fitness – Are designed
to train a specific component of fitness. Examples are: body
pump, aerobics, Pilates, yoga, spinning.
Half term 1 and 2: Rounders
What type of sport is rounders? Striking and fielding
How many teams play? Two (one batting and one fielding)
How do you stand when ready to bat? Sideways on to the bowler with the bat raised behind you
How do you hold the bat? With one hand
How do you bowl the ball? Underarm
How many bases are there? Four
Where does the backstop stand? Behind the batter at a safe distance away
How can a batter be “out” Struck out, run out, caught out
How do you score ½ a rounder? By running to second base without stopping
How do you score 1 rounder? By running around all four bases and returning to the batting plate
without stopping
When does the batting team’s innings end? When the time is up or all the batters are out
Half term 3 and 4: Netball
What is the distance you must be before raising your
hands to defend a player with the ball?
1 metre/ 3 feet
How many thirds can the centre position move
between in a full court Netball game.
Centres are allowed to play in all three areas.
What area is the WA (wing attack) allowed to play in? The wing attack is allowed to move in the attacking third and the
centre third however not the defensive third.
How long can you hold on to the ball for before
making a pass?
You can hold on to the ball for a maximum of 3 seconds
Which positions are allowed inside the netball goal
circle?
Goal Attack (GA), Goal Shoot (GS), Goal Defence (GD), Goal
Keeper (GK)
If a player contacts another player what happens?
The player who caused the contact must stand next to the player
of the opposite team who is taking the free pass. They cannot
move or talk until that pass is made.
What are the 5 different types of passes you can use
in netball?
Chest, shoulder, bounce, overhead and lob.
Describe the ‘replay ball’ rule You cannot lose control of the ball and pick it upa gain if it has not
been touched by another player or the post.
If opposing players contact each other at the same
time, what will the umpire award?
A toss-up. The players will stand 1 metre apart, hands at their
side, the umpire will then throw the ball into the air whilst both
players try to catch it
Physical Education
Half term 3 and 4: Rugby
Which direction must the ball travel when passing? The ball must travel backwards when passing.
How can a player be offside in a rugby game? Yes. The only people who can collect the ball must be people who
start behind the kicker
A player can be offside if the player is in front of the ball when it is
being kicked.
What is a “high tackle” and what are consequences? A tackle that is made where contact occurs above a person’s waist.
If there is a high tackle in the game the referee will stop the game
and award a penalty to the opposing team.
What is known as the “breakdown”? The breakdown is the phase of play that happens when a tackle has
been made and the tackler and the ball carrier are lying on the floor.
Who is the “ball carrier” and what must the ball
carrier do when they are tackled.
The ball carrier is the person who is holding the ball at any time, the
ball carrier must present the ball to the team and release the ball.
What is a “ruck”? The ruck is where opposing players bind on to each other and try
and clear each other away from the break down
1) What is a “maul”?
2) what is a “rolling maul”?
1) a maul is when a tackle has occurred, but the ball carrier doesn’t
go to ground and then more players bind on the push each other
forwards or backwards towards the try line.
2) a rolling maul is when the players have bound on to each other
and start moving either forwards or backwards
What happens if a player knocks the ball forward? This is called a “knock on” and a penalty is awarded to the other
team who restart the game in a scrum.
What is a scrum and how many players are involved
in scrum?
A scrum is when eight players in three rows bind on to each other in
an attempt to restart the game. The team who puts the ball in is the
team who the infringement went for.
What happens when a team performs a forward
pass or knock on
The referee blows the whistle and allows for a scrum when both
these fouls are performed.
How many points are awarded in rugby?
Try:
Conversion:
Penalty/Drop goal:
5 for a try
2 for a conversion
2 for a penalty or drop goal
How are the teams divided up? The teams are divided into two main groups: the forwards and the
backs
Half term 5: Football
How many players are there on a football team? 11
In what part of a football pitch is the goalkeeper allowed to handle the ball?
The 18 yard box
Describe the offside rule An attacking player is offside when they are stood between the last defender and the goalkeeper and the ball is passed to the attacking player by someone on their team.
Describe how to control the ball successfully when passed to you
A player controls the ball by using the instep of their foot
Describe what part of the foot a player shout kick with when trying to score successfully
The laces of the boots
Describe the part of the head that should be used when heading the ball successfully
The forehead
Describe what the main role of the goalkeeper is The goalkeepers main role is to stop the attackers from scoring. They do this by using their arms and legs to prevent the ball from going in to the goal.
Describe what the main role of the defenders is The main role of defenders is the mark opposition attacking players. The follow them closely around the pitch and tackle them to win possession of the ball ack for their team.
Describe what the main role of the midfielders is The main role of the midfielders is to create opportunities for the strikers to score. They pass the ball and move around the pitch creating space for others.
Describe what the main role of the attackers is The attackers main role is to score goals. They do this by creating space around the opponents goal and shooting.
Half term 5: Basketball
What is the triple threat position? The triple threat position is when you receive a pass, guard the
ball and rotate to face the basket you are shooting in
What is the advantage of the triple threat position A player is able to pass, shoot or dribble with the ball
What are the different types of pass in basketball? The passes are chest pass, bounce pass, javelin pass and
overhead pass.
How can you travel with the ball in basketball? Players can dribble with the ball by ensuring the ball is bounced
every two steps
Physical Education Describe how to perform the set shot consistently and
with success By using the BEEF technique repeatedly.
How can you outwit your opponent with the ball in
basketball?
A player could ‘fake’ with the ball, for example pretending to do
something but then doing something else.
How do you defend in basketball? Players can ‘guard’ opposition players by ensuring that they are
closely followed on the basketball court in order to prevent them
from passing, dribbling, shooting or finding space.
Describe the main violations used when playing
basketball Double dribble, travel, charge and half-court violation
Half term 6: Tennis
Different types of shots in tennis? Forehand, Backhand, Volley, Drop shot, The Lob
What is the name given to a sequence of back and
forth shots between players?
A rally.
What type of shot do you use to start a point or play? A serve ‘Service’
How do you win a point in tennis? When your opposition can’t return the ball over the net. If the ball
bounces more than once on your opponents side.
What are the different boundaries for doubles and
single tennis?
Same back line. Single players use the inside side line, doubles
use the outside side line.
It takes 4 points to win a game, how does the scoring
go?
Love – 15 – 30 – 40 – Game.
When should you use a backhand shot? When the ball is on your non-dominate side.
How many people can play tennis on a side at a time? 1=Singles or 2= Doubles.
How do you perform a forehand shot? ‘Over the bridge, under the bridge’
Face of your racket pointed towards your target.
Standing side on.
Extension of arm ‘Straight arm’.
What can you do to be more successful at returning
the ball over the net?
Stand further back on the court, let the ball bounce once before
returning it.
Half term 6: Cricket
What type of sport is cricket? Striking and fielding
How many teams play? Two (one batting and one fielding)
How do you stand when ready to bat? In front of stumps
Where does the wicket keeper stand? Behind the stumps ready to catch the ball if the batter misses it
How do you hold the bat? With two hands. Your non-dominant hand grips the handle at the top and your dominant hand grips the handle at the bottom
How do you bowl the ball? Overarm with the bowling arm remaing straight and not flexing at the elbow
How many sets of stumps are there? Two, opposite each other.
How can a batter be out? Bowled – the ball hits the stumps Hit wicket – the batter hits the stumps Caught – any member of the fielding team catches the ball after the batter has hit it Run out – when the batters run between the stumps and a fielder throws the ball and it hits the stumps before the batter arrives
How do you score a run? A batter hits the ball and the batters run between the stumps to effectively ‘swap’ ends
When does a batting teams ‘innings’ end? When all the batters are up or the allotted time to bat is over
Religious Studies
Half term 1: Buddhism
Question: Answer:
What is the religious symbol for Buddhism? A wheel.
Who was Buddha? Born a Prince, eventually left his palace to become a religious leader and teach people how to live a good, ethical life.
What are the ‘four sights’? An old man, a sick man, a dead man, a holy man.
Why did Prince Siddhartha leave the palace (forever)? To find how to overcome suffering and find greater meaning in life.
What does Dhamma mean? Buddha’s teachings.
What are the three marks of existence and what do they mean?
Anicca - Everything (situation) is impermeant and changing. Anatta - the soul is impermanent, and people are constantly changing. Dukkha - impermanence leads to suffering and suffering exists.
What are the four Nobel truths and what do they mean?
1st Nobel truth - Dukkha - suffering exists. 2nd Nobel truth - suffering is caused by greed and selfishness. 3rd Nobel truth - Greed and selfishness can be stopped. 4th Nobel truth - following the eightfold path is the way to stop suffering.
What are three ways to achieve enlightenment? Meditation, following the middle way and following the eightfold path.
What is the ‘middle way’? Living a life that is not too extreme or not too deprived of pleasures. What is the eightfold path? Eight actions Buddhists should do to live in the ‘middle way’ and
reach enlightenment.
What are the eight actions of the eightfold path? Right action, right speech, right livelihood, right effort, right concentration, right mindfulness, right view and right intentions.
What are different ways a Buddhist can worship? Go to the temple, meditate, light incense sticks, light candles, recite the mantra and offer fruit.
Half term 2: Religion in the Media
What is the media? The main means of mass communication.
What are the three main types of media? Print media (magazines/newspapers), broadcast media (TV/Films) and the internet (world wide web).
What is a stereotype? A stereotype is a mistaken idea or beliefs about a group of people based upon how they look/behave. Stereotyping people is a type of prejudice.
What is prejudice? Unfairly judging someone before the facts are known.
What is Islamophobia? Unreasonable dislike or fear of, and prejudice against, Muslims or Islam.
Explain how Islamophobia is protrayed in the media. -Associating Islam with violence. -The news focusing on Jihad and misinterpreting the true meaning of Jihad.
What is a fundamentalist? A person who believes in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture in a religion.
What are two causes of islamophobia? 1. Media associating terrorism with Islam. 2. Miseducated ideas about Islamic beliefs.
Who were the KKK and what were their beliefs? KKK - Ku Klux Klan A hate group based in the US who believe in white supremacy and upholding ‘Christian morality’.
What is propaganda? Biased information used to promote a political cause or point of view.
What is Semitism? Bias and stereotypical information about Jews.
How does the media (film) make light of religion? (offend religion)
-Takes away the seriousness of God -Portrays God as a human -Mocks the purpose of worship and prayer.
Half term 3: Hinduism
What does Brahman mean? The idea of One true God/ One ultimate reality.
What is the Trimurti? The 3 forms of God; Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva.
What does reincarnation mean? The process of the soul being born into a new body.
What is Moksha and why is it important? Moksha is liberation (freedom) from rebirth. It is important because it reunites one with Brahman/God.
What is the name of a Hindu temple? Mandir.
What are four key aspects/objects in a temple? Shrine area, arti tray, offerings, a bell and murti (image/statue).
What are two ways Hindu’s worship and explain how. Puja - ceremonial worship of a deity visa a murti by reciting prayers or mantras. Darshan - act of personal worship on one particular deity/murti. Act involves bowing of heads and holding hands together.
What are the four main groups of Hinduism? Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism and Smartism.
What does the Green Pilgrimage Network organization do?
What are two significant Hindu places? Vrindavan and Varasani.
Religious Studies
What are the two main festivals in Hinduism and why are they important?
Diwali - festival of lights to celebrate the return of Rama and Sita. This is the story written in the Holy Book, the Ramayana, where Rama and Sita were banished by the king to the forest. They were not allowed to return until they killed the demon King Ravana. They returned from the forest after many years. Holi - festival of color celebrate the beginning of Spring.
Half term 4: Ethics
What is the UDHR? Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
What is article 18 in the UDHR? Everyone has the freedom to think or believe what they want, including the right to religious belief. We have the right to change our beliefs or religion at any time, and the right to publicly or privately practise our chosen religion, alone or with others.
What is a right? Something that someone is entitled to.
What is a rule? A procedure that needs to be followed.
What are the Ten Commandments? 1 – I am your Lord, who brought you out of Egypt, from the place of slavery. 2 – Do not have any other gods before Me. 3 – Do not take the name of God your Lord in vain. God will not allow the one who takes His name in vain to go unpunished. 4 – Remember the Sabbath to keep it holy. 5 – Honour your father and mother. You will then live long on the land that God your Lord is giving you. 6 – Do not commit adultery. 7 – Do not steal. 8 – Do not commit murder. 9 – Do not testify as a false witness against your neighbour. 10 – Do not be envious of your neighbour’s wife, his slave, his maid, his ox, his donkey, or anything else that is your neighbour's.
What is Shari’ah Law? Muslim law that is outlined in the Qur’an.
What are the six types of punishment? 1 – Protection: Preventing innocent people from suffering. 2 – Retribution: Getting even. 3 – Deterrence: Go deter people from committing the same crime. Using criminals as an example. 4 – Reformation: Rehabilitating criminals. Using education, training and counselling. 5 – Vindication: Effective punishment proves that the government and law need to be respected. 6 – Reparation: Repairing the damage done by crime.
What does PETA stand for? People for the Prevention of Cruelty to animals.
What does RSPCA stand for? Royal Society for the Prevention of cruelty to animals.
What is speciesism? It is the idea that being human is a good enough reason for human animals to have greater moral rights than non-human animals.
Half term 5: Sikhism
Who is Guru Nanak? Founder of Sikhism, the first Guru / teacher.
State three qualities of God. • He is the creator. • He is everywhere. • He has no beginning or end.
What does ‘Ik Onkar’ mean? A symbol that represents God. The belief that God is One.
What does Gurmukh mean? Being God-centred/ purifying the soul.
What are the 5 K’s? Kesh, Kara, Kangha, Kirpan and Kachera.
Why do Sikh people follow the 5 Ks? • Shows commitment to their faith. • Following the teachings of their Guru. • A way of symbolising they are Khalsa.
What does ‘Martyr’ mean? Someone who dies for their religion.
What does Sewa mean? And state an example of it. Giving service to others (I.e., feeding the poor).
What are the three types of Sewa? • Tan; helping in a physical way. • Dhan; helping financially. • Man; helping in a sincere way with pure intentions.
What is a Gurdwara? A holy place for worship for Sikhs.
State 3 objects that can be found in a Gurdwara. The Guru Granth Sahib; the 10th Guru. Palki; throne for the Guru Granth Sahib to sit in. Pictures of the Gurus and other religious founders. The Mool Mantar; poem written by Guru Nanak about God.
State 3 ways Sikhs worship Singing hymns from a Gutka - small book. Bowing down to the Guru Granth Sahib.
Religious Studies
Repeating the name of God during prayers. Using a Mala (prayer beads) to help them focus.
State three things Sikhs do on a pilgrimage • Bath in the holy water. • Make offerings at the Golden Temple. • Prepare and share the Langar (free food given as a
blessing). • Go inside the temple and worship the Guru Granth
Sahib. What is the festival of Vaisakhi? Remembering and celebrating the day Guru Nanak set up the
Khalsa (Sikh community).
Half term 6: Punishment and Suffering
What is conscience? It is a sense of what is right and wrong.
What is moral suffering? It is suffering caused by humans acting in a way that is considered morally wrong (human evil).
What is natural suffering? It is suffering caused by events that have nothing to do with humans, and which are to do with the way the world is (natural evil).
What does theodicy mean? It is an argument about why evil and suffering exist in the world.
What are examples of theodicies? • Freewill • Evil force • God also suffers • It is a test • Result of sin
What was the original sin? When Adam and Eve disobeyed God in the Garden of Eden when they ate the forbidden fruit from the Tree of Knowledge and God and Evil.
What is original sin? The inherited spiritual defect in human nature that was caused by the disobedience of God in the Garden of Eden.
How does a Christian cure original sin? • Believing that Jesus Christ died on the cross to redeem their sins.
• Be baptised. What is St Augustine's Theory about original sin? That everyone is born sinful.
What are modern ideas of original sin? • The world is not as good as we want it to be. • We are not as good as we want to be. • Individual behaviour is greatly influenced by things
outside the individual's control. .
Science
Half Term 1: Periodic Table
Question: Answer:
What are the typical properties of metals? • Shiny
• Solid at room temperature
• Hard and strong
• Good thermal conductors
• Good electrical conductors
What are the typical properties of non-metals? • Dull
• Can be gas, liquid or solid
• Poor thermal conductors
• Good thermal insulators
• Poor electrical conductors
What is a metalloid? An element that is a non-metal but has some metallic properties
What is the definition of malleable? Can be bent or moulded without breaking
What is the definition of ductile? Can be stretched into thin wires
What is each column in the periodic table called? Group
What is each row in the periodic table called? Period
What happens as you go down a group? The reactivity of the elements increase as you go down the group. They react in a similar way.
How are elements arranged in a period? The elements have similar properties
What are group 7 elements called? Halogens
What are the physical properties of halogens? • Non-metals and do not conduct electricity
• Brittle and crumbly
• Poisonous and smelly
Name the halogens Fluorine, Bromine, Chlorine and Iodine
Half Term 1: Space
What is the sun? A star
What are the names of the planets in order? Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
What ‘planet’ is no longer considered to be a planet
but a dwarf planet? Pluto
Which are the inner planets? Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Which are the outer planets? Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
What do all planets orbit? The sun
Which force holds the planets in orbit? Gravity
When the Earth spin on its axis what does it cause? Day and Night. It takes 24 hours for the Earth to spin fully.
How long does it take for the Earth to orbit the Sun? 365 days (1 year)
What are the changing shapes of the moon called? Phases of the moon
What is a solar eclipse? When the moon completely blocks the light from the sun because
it is positioned between the Earth and the Sun
Which planet will be the hottest and why? Mercury because it is the closest to the Sun
Which planets are gaseous? Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
How many moons does the Earth have? One
What are the two types of satellites? Natural and Man-Made
What is an example of a natural satellite? The Moon
What causes seasons? The Earth’s movement (orbit) around the Sun
If it is summer in the UK what season will it be in
Australia at the same time? Winter
Name an example of a star The Sun
Half Term 2: Health and Lifestyle What are the 7 food groups? Carbohydrates
Proteins Fats Fibre Vitamins Minerals Water
Why do we need carbohydrates in our diet? Main source of energy
Why do we need proteins in our diet? For growth and repair of cells Why do we need fats in our diet? For insulation and protection. Fats are a secondary source of
energy. What is a balanced diet? A diet that has the correct proportion of the 7 food nutrients.
Science
What are some of the effects of obesity? Type 2 diabetes Heart Disease Arthritis High blood pressure
What is the food test to identify if the food contains starch?
Iodine test. Put a few drops of iodine onto the food product and if the iodine turns black, the food contains starch
What is the food test to identify if the food contains sugars?
Benedicts Test. Add Benedicts solution to the food and heat. If the benedict solution turns to a orange- red colour it contains sugar
What is the food test to identify if the food contains fats?
Emulsion test. Add the food to an equal amount of ethanol and water, then shake. If a white layer forms on top, it contains fats.
What is the food test to identify if the food contains proteins?
Biuret test. Add a few drops of Biuret reagent to the food product, if it turns lilac/ purple, it contains protein.
What is the purpose of digestion in the body? To break down large molecules into small molecules. These small molecules are absorbed by blood, at the small intestine, which are then supplied to cells
What are the enzymes used in digestion and what are the molecules that they break down?
Amylase – breaks down carbohydrates into sugars Protease- breaks down protein into amino acids Lipase- breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
What is the difference between a recreational drug and a medicinal drug?
Recreational drugs are drugs that people take for enjoyment, to
help them relax, or to help them stay awake. They have no health
benefits and, in many cases, cause harm.
Medicinal drugs are used in medicine. They benefit your health
and can help treat the symptoms of a condition or cure an illness.
What is the effect of smoking on the body? Smoking is a stimulant, which makes the heart beat faster and narrows the blood vessels. It contains tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide which all have a negative effect on the body. Tar- narrows airways in the lungs Nicotine- causes addiction Carbon Monoxide – poisonous gas, which stops red blood cells from picking up and transporting oxygen to cells.
What is the effect of drinking alcohol on the body? Alcohol is a depressant- it slows down the body’s reaction. A person can become addicted to alcohol. Drinking large amounts of alcohol can cause stomach ulcers, heart disease and brain and liver damage
Half Term 2: Chemical Reactions
What is a reactant? Substances that go into a reaction
What is a product? Substance(s) that are made in a reaction
What are the differences between chemical and
physical reactions?
Chemical – is irreversible; new products are formed
Physical – is reversible; usually involves a change in state
What does the pH scale range from? 1-14
What pHs are acids? 1-6
What pHs are alkalis? 8-14
What is the chemical reaction that happens during
neutralisation? Acid + Alkali --> Salt + Water
What pH will the salt and water be? 7
What does combustion mean? Burning
What happens during an exothermic reaction? Heat is released
What happens during an endothermic reaction? Heat is absorbed
Half Term 3: Forces How can a force affect a body? It changes the shape, motion or size of an object
What type of force occurs when the force is touching an object?
Contact force
What are interaction pairs of forces? These are forces that act opposite to each other.
What do we use to measure forces? Use a newton meter
What are the possible effects of balanced forces on an object?
Object stays still Object moves at a constant speed
What is the overall force acting on an object called? Resultant force
Calculate the resultant force acting on an object when the reaction force moving forward 100N and frictional force acting 40N.
60 N moving forward
What does the change in motion of an object depend on?
The size of the resultant force The direction of the resultant force
Science
Describe how frictional force can be useful. Friction between our shoes and the floor stop us from slipping Friction between tyres and the road stop cars from skidding Friction between the brakes and wheel help bikes and cars to slow down
What happens to the extension on a spring if the force applied is doubled?
The extension doubles
Give some examples of non-contact forces. Weight, Magnetic force, Electric force
Give some examples of contact forces. Drag, Friction, Reaction
Half Term 3: Reproduction
What is a gamete? A reproductive cell that can produce a new living organism.
What is the male reproductive cell? Sperm
What is the female reproductive cell? Egg
What is puberty? The emotional and physical changes that happen when you
change from a child to an adult
What is another word for puberty? Adolescence
Which reproductive organ makes sperm? Testicles
Which reproductive organ makes eggs? Ovaries
What is fertilisation? The process when the nuclei of a sperm and egg join together
How many chromosomes does a sperm or egg carry? 23 chromosomes
Where does fertilisation take place? In the Oviduct or Fallopian Tube
What is implantation? When the fertilised egg attaches to the lining of the uterus
What is gestation? The time for the baby to develop in the uterus (womb)
On average how long is the gestation period in
humans? 9 months
What is the menstrual cycle?
A 28 day cycle in which the uterus gets ready to receive a
fertilised egg and if it does not receive a fertilised egg a female
has a period
What is contraception? Steps that can be taken to avoid pregnancy
What happens during pollination? Pollen from the anther transfers to the stigma
Half Term 4: Electricity and Magnetism
What is this circuit symbol?
Cell
What is this circuit symbol?
Light
What is this circuit symbol?
Ammeter
What is this circuit symbol?
Voltmeter
What is this circuit symbol?
Battery
What is a battery? More than one cell connected together
What is current? A flow of electrons in a circuit
What two things are needed for an electric current to flow?
1. something to transfer energy to the electrons, such as a battery or power pack
2. a complete path for the electrons to flow through (an electric circuit)
What is the function (job) of an ammeter? An ammeter measures current in a circuit
What is potential difference? Potential difference is a measure of the difference in energy between two parts of a circuit. The bigger the difference in energy, the bigger the potential difference.
What is the difference between a series and parallel circuit?
In a series circuit electrons flow around in one loop in a circuit. In a parallel circuit, electrons flow through different routes in a circuit.
If mmore than one ammeter was placed into a series and parallel circuit how would the ammeter readings be different in both circuits?
In a series circuit, all the ammeter readings will be the same.
Science
In a parallel circuit, the ammeter readings will be shared equally between the ammeters.
What is resistance? Any wires and the other components in a circuit that reduces the flow of charge through them.
What is resistance measured in? Ohms (Ω)
What needs to be done so this circuit lights up?
Close the switch
Half Term 5: Adaptation and Inheritance
What do animals compete for? Food, water, space and mates
What do plants compete for? Light, water, space, minerals
What does adaptation mean? Characteristics that enable an organism to be successful and to survive
How do some animals cope with seasons? They can migrate, hibernate or grow a thicker coat of fur
What does inherited variation mean? Characteristics that have been passed down to a child from their parents
What does environmental variation mean? Characteristics that have been developed by surroundings
What is continuous variation? A characteristic that can take any value within a range (I.e. it can be measured)
What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the difference between a gene and chromosome?
A chromosome is a long strand of genes. Genes code for the characteristics.
Who discovered DNA? Rosalin Franklin, James Watson and Francis Crick
What is the process of evolution? Evolution is the development of species over time
Half Term 5: Metals, Acids and Alkalis What is formed when a metal is reacted with;
a- oxygen b- water c acid
Metal oxide Metal hydroxide Salt + water
What is product formed when magnesium reacts with oxygen?
Magnesium oxide
What state symbols represent the following? Solid Liquid Gas Aqueous
(s) (l) (g) (aq)
List 3 observations that can be seen when sodium reacts with water.
Lilac flame Metal floats Fizzing and white smoke
Write the word equation for the reaction of magnesium and water
Magnesium + water --> magnesium hydroxide + hydrogen gas
What is a displacement reaction? Reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from a solution of its compounds.
List 3 uses of copper? Making electric cables, water pipes, and computer parts among other things
Place the following metals in order of most reactive to least. Copper Sodium Zinc
Sodium Zinc Copper
Write a word equation for the displacement of copper from copper sulphate using magnesium.
Magnesium + copper sulphate --> Magnesium Sulphate + Copper
How are metals below carbon extracted from their ores?
Reduction of the metal ore using carbon
How does we test for acids, alkalis and neutral substances?
Using universal indicator or pH meter
What is neutralisation? This is the complete reaction of an acid and alkali to produce a salt and water
Half Term 6: Energy State the law of conservation of energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only be
transferred.
Name the type of energy store associated with a. food, fuels and batteries b. Hot objects c. Moving bodies
Chemical Thermal Kinetic
Science
What is temperature? Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is.
Describe what happens when solid particles are supplied with thermal energy.
The particles will start to vibrate faster and faster the more thermal energy added.
Name three ways in which energy is transferred. convection, conduction and radiation
How do particles transfer energy during conduction? Particles collide and hit other nearby particles causing them to vibrate and pass the energy along
Why are gases poor conductors of heat compared to solids?
The particles of gases are too far apart for the them to transfer heat compared to a solid
What happens to hot particles when water is heated? The water particles will move a part become less dense and rise.
Describe what happens during convection. The particles closest to the heat source gets heated faster. The hotter particles become less dense and rise. The cold particles move in to take that space. Formation of a convection current occurs.
How does light and radiation travel? They travel as waves
Why are athletes sometimes given foil to cover themselves after running a marathon?
This is to prevent their body temperature from falling quickly
What is the purpose of the foil given to marathon runners?
This reflects the heat from their bodies unto them so their temperatures don’t fall too drastically when they cool down
Half Term 6: Fighting Disease
What is a microorganism? A living thing that cannot be seen with the naked eye. You need a microscope to see it.
What are the four types of microbes? Bacteria Fungi Virus Protocist
What is a communicable disease? A type of disease that is caused by microbes and can be passed on
How does the body fight off microbes? The body has a lot of natural defences, such as skin acts a
barrier, tears contain chemicals that kill microbes, ear wax and
mucus is sticky and can trap microbes. The white blood cells help kill microbes
What are the names of the two types of white blood cells?
Lymphocyte Phagocyte
What do platelets do and how do they work? Platelets are broken fragments of dead read blood cells. They clump together at the site of a cut to form a mesh. This stops bleeding and prevents microbes from getting inside the body
What does a vaccine contain? A dead or weakened microbe, so that the body can start making white blood cells to fight off the microbe.
Spanish
Half term 1(part a): Intensifiers and quantifiers Question – Translate to English: Answer:
muy very bastante quite un poco a bit súper super demasiado too
Half term 1(part b): Conjunctions
y and pero but sin embargo however además furthermore porque because
Half term 1(part c): Squencing words
primero first luego then después after además furthermore más adelante later on finalmente finally
Half term 1(part d):Seasons
otoño autumn invierno winter primavera spring verano summer
Half term 1(part e): De paseo por mi ciudad – Walking around my city
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
hay there is/are
el lugar place
el banco bank
la biblioteca library
la calle street
el cine cinema
la estación de tren train station
el estadio stadium
el hospital hospital
el hotel hotel
la iglesia church
el instituto school
la mezquita mosque
el museo museum
el parque park
la plaza de toros bullring
el restaurante restaurant
el supermercado supermarket
la tienda de ropa clothes shop
bonito/a pretty
histórico/a historic
tranquilo/a quiet, peaceful
Half term 1 (part f): Time phrases
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
todos los días every day cada día every day todos los fines de semana every weekend cada semana every week de vez en cuando from time to time no mucho not a lot a menudo often siempre always nunca never jamás never ¡nunca jamás! never ever!
Half term 1(part g): Por eso voy allí – That’s why I go there
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
apoyar to support
comprar to buy
estudiar to study
Spanish
ir to go
leer to read
observar to observe
pasear to walk
ver to see, watch
viajar to travel
visitar to visit
las ruinas ruins
el sitio site, place
único/a unique
Half term 1(part h): ¡Sigue todo recto! – Go straight on
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
¿por donde se va…..? how do i get to…..?
muchas gracias thank you very much
de nada you’re welcome
cruzar to cross
pasar to go past
tomar to take
toma…. take….
torcer to turn
tuerce…. turn
la primera the first
la segunda the second
la tercera the third
a la derecha on the right
a la izquierda on the left
sigue todo recto go straight on
al final at the end
la dirección direction, address
la plaza square
el semáforo traffic light
Half term 1(part i): Large and ordinal numbers
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
cien a hundred doscientos two hundred trescientos three hundred cuatrocientos four hundred quinientos five hundred mil a thousand un millón million mil millones billion centenas hundreds millares thousands millones millions mil millones billions un montón loads primero first segundo second tercero third cuarto fourth quinto fifth
Half term 1(part j): Planes para el finde – Plans for the weekend
bailar en la discoteca to dance in a club
cantar en el coro to sing in the choir
el fin de semana weekend
el finde weekend
ir a un concierto to go to a concert
ir de compras to go shopping
nadar en el mar to swim in the sea
practicar judo to practise judo
salir con amigos to go out with friends
va a ser it’s going to be
ver una exposición de arte to see an art exhibition
viajar en tren to travel by train
Spanish
Half term 1(part k): ¿En la ciudad o en el campo? – In the city or the countryside?
el aire air
la alergia allergy
allí there
aquí here
complicado/a complicated
la contaminación pollution
conveniente convenient
cosmopolita cosmopolitan
la cultura culture
el espacio space
estresante stressful
hay mucho que hacer there is a lot to do
lento/a slow
montar a caballo to go horse riding
la naturaleza nature
no me importa it doesn’t matter to me
la oportunidad opportunity
la paz peace
el peligro danger
peligroso/a dangerous
rápido/a fast
el ruido noise
ruidoso/a noisy
el servicio publico public service
el sistema system
tan so
tan….como as….as
al contrario on the other hand
no es verdad it’s not true
no estoy de acuerdo I don’t agree
sobre todo above all
Half term 1(part l): Mi barrio con nostalgia – Memories of my area
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
actualmente currently
ahora now
era it was
existir to exist
había there was
hoy today
el pasado past
el acceso access
las afueras outskirts
ave high-speed train
el barco ferry
el barrio neighbourhood, area
cerca near
contener to contain
diferente different
fresco/a fresh
lejos far
el parque de atracciones theme park
publico/a public
recorrer to go across
la red network
sucio/a dirty
tradicional traditional
el tren de vapor steam train
el turismo tourism
variado/a varied
la variedad variety
Spanish
Mi insti – My school
Half term 2(part a): Todo lo que estudio – Everything I study
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
las asignaturas subjects
la clase class
¿Qué estudias? What do you study?
Estudio…. I study
la biología biology
las ciencias sciences
el dibujo art
la educación física P.E
el español Spanish
la física physics
el francés French
la geografía geography
la gimnasia gymnastics
la historia history
los idiomas languages
la informática ICT
las matemáticas maths
la música music
la química chemistry
el teatro drama
la tecnología technology
el colegio school
estudiar to study
el instituto school
obligatorio/a compulsory
me aburre it bores me
me anima it cheers me up
me apasiona it’s a passion of mine
me da igual it’s all the same to me
me entretiene it entertains me
Half term 2(part b): Opinions
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
prefiero I prefer me gusta I like me encanta I love adoro I adore me apetece I feel like me preocupa I’m worried about me da miedo I’m scared of me da rabia I’m angry about me da pena I’m saddened by me da asco It makes me sick me repugna It disgust me odio I hate detesto I hate
Half term 2(part c): ¡Uff! ¡Qué rollazo! – How dull!
aburrido/a boring
difícil difficult
divertido/a fun
duro/a hard
fácil easy
interesante interesting
practico/a practical
útil useful
el/la profesor (a) es… the teacher is
despistado/a forgetful
estricto/a strict
gracioso/a funny
guay cool
inteligente intelligent
tolerante tolerant
trabajador (a) hard-working
Spanish
Half term 2(part d): Mi horario escolar – My school timetable
la hora time
¿Qué hora es? What time is it?
es/son it is
¿A qué hora…?
a la/las At…
y cuarto quarter past
y media half past
menos cuarto quarter to
el día day
especial special
el horario timetable
el recreo break
los domingos on Sundays
los sábados on Saturdays
Half term 3(part a): Lo que hay en mi insti –What’s in my school
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
las instalaciones facilities
¿Qué hay en tu instituto? What is there in your school?
los aseos toilets
el aula classroom
la biblioteca library
la cancha (de baloncesto) (basketball) court
el comedor canteen
el gimnasio gym
el laboratorio laboratory
la planta baja ground floor
la sala de profesores staff room
el salón de actos theatre
las taquillas lockers
el uniforme uniform
se debe/no se debe you must/ you must not
se puede/ no se puede you can/ you cannot
charlar to chat
comer chicle to chew gum
comer en el comedor to eat in the canteen
correr por los pasillos to run down the corridors
ensuciar las instalaciones to damage the facilities
estar en silencio to be silent
gritar en clase to shout in class
prestar atención to pay attention
respetar a los profesores to respect the teachers
ser educado/a to be polite
ser maleducado/a to be rude
ser puntual to be on time
usar el móvil to use your mobile
Half term 3(part b): Y después de las clases…. – And after school…
cocinar to cook
memorizar to memorise
participar to participate
tener que to have to
tener tiempo to have time
la actividad activity
anual annual
las artes marciales martial arts
el campeonato championship
el club…
…de ajedrez chess club
…de cine film club
…de deberes homework club
…de literatura book club
…de fotografía photography club
la excursión excursion
extraescolar extracurricular
la jornada day
las manualidades craft
el partido match
el taller workshop
Spanish
Half term 3(part c): Mis planes – My plans
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
aprender to learn
concentrarse to concentrate
esperar to hope
hacer amigos nuevos to make new friends
repasar to revise
sacar notas altas to get high grades
tener la intención de to have the intention of
trabajar to work
competitivo/a competitive
el curso que viene next academic year
estresado/a stressed
voluntario/a volunteer
el yoga yoga
el/la asistente/a assistant
el/la ayudante/a helper
el/la canguro/a babysitter
el/la cuidador/a carer
el/la entrenador/a de deportes sports coach
el/la repartidor/a de periódicos paper delivery boy/ girl
el trabajo a tiempo parcial part-time job
Half term 4(part a): Claro 2 - Módulo 1 – Dieta y salud – Diet and health
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
almorzar to have lunch
beber to drink
cenar to have dinner
comer to eat
desayunar to have breakfast
merendar to snack (afternoon)
tomar to have/take
la cena dinner
la comida lunch (also food)
el desayuno breakfast
la merienda (afternoon) snack
el agua water
la bebida drink
la leche milk
el zumo juice
el zumo de pina pineapple juice
la cantina canteen
vegetariano/a vegetarian
el arroz rice
la carne meat
ensalada salad
la fruta fruit
el marisco seafood
las patatas fritas chips
el pescado fish
el pollo chicken
el queso cheese
las salchichas sausages
el salmón salmon
la sopa soup
el tomate tomato
las tostadas toast
la verdura vegetables
el yogur yoghurt
Half term 4(part b): Ñam ñam! – Yum yum!
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
mi plato favorito my favourite dish
la cebolla onion
el champiñón mushroom
los guisantes peas
el pimiento pepper
el plátano banana
el refresco fizzy drink
amargo/a bitter
asqueroso/a disgusting
Spanish
delicioso/a delicious
dulce sweet
insípido/a bland/tasteless
picante spicy
sabroso/a tasty
salado/a salty
tradicional traditional
contener to contain
el ingrediente ingredient
Half term 4(part c): Una de bravas, por favor! – One bravas, please!
¿qué desea? what would you like?
¿qué va a tomar? what are you going to have\/
el primer/segundo plato first/second course
el postre dessert
alérgico/a allergic
el apetito appetite
el/la camarero/a waiter
la cuenta bill
el menú menu
servir to serve
el/la vegano/a vegan
fresco/a fresh
Half term 4(part d): Mi dieta sana – My healthy diet
la energía energy
la grasa fat
el mineral mineral
el nutriente nutrient
la porción portion
la proteína protein
diario/a daily
grasiento/a fatty
lácteo/a dairy
nutritivo/a nutritious
poco sano/a unhealthy
saludable healthy
sano/a healthy
el aceite oil
el caramelo sweet
la comida rápida fast food
derivado/a de derived from
la dieta diet
las fajitas fajitas
la hamburguesa hamburger
el helado ice cream
el huevo egg
la manzana apple
el pan bread
las sardinas sardines
aconsejable advisable
esencial essential
ideal ideal
importante important
recomendable recommend
variado/a varied
Half term 5(part a): Ay, qué dolor! – Ouch, that’s sore!
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
me duele…. my…hurts
el brazo arm
la cabeza head
el codo elbow
el cuello neck
el dedo finger
el dedo del pie toe
la espalda back
el estomago stomach
el hombro shoulder
la mano hand
Spanish
la nariz nose
el pie foot
la pierna leg
la rodilla knee
los oídos ears
los ojos eyes
el tobillo ankle
Half term 5(part b): Ponte esa crema! – Put this cream on!
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
tengo… I have…
un brazo roto a broken arm
gripe flu
una picadura a bite
una pierna rota a broken leg
una quemadura de sol sunburn
tos cough
vómitos sickness (vomiting)
estoy… I am
cansado/a tired
mal ill
mareado/a dizzy
la crema cream
el jarabe cough syrup
la leche con miel milk with honey
las medicinas medicine
las pastillas tablets, pills
la tirita plaster
el zumo de limón lemon juice
Half term 5(part c): Describing an image
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
en la foto in the photo en la imagen in the image en primer plano/ Al frente in the foreground en segundo plano/ Al fondo in the background a la izquierda on the left a la derecha on the right se puede ver you can see veo I see hay there is
Half term 5(part d): Las obras artísticas en la pintura (no) hay… in the picture there is (not)…
puedo ver… I can see…
la foto muestra the photo shows…
de flores floral
de lunares polka dot
rayas stripes
de rayas stripped
de cuadros checkered/plaid
negro/a black
azul blue
verde green
gris grey
blanco/a white
morado/ violeta purple
rojo/a red
amarillo/a yellow
rosa pink
naranja orange
marroon brown
plata silver
oro gold
la escena the scene
el pintor/ la pintora the painter
el artista the artist
una obra maestra a masterpiece
una obra de arte a piece of art
la pintura the painting
Spanish
abstracto abstract
bíblico biblical
friio cold
colorido colourful
claro light
oscuro dark
diferente different
expresivo expressive
intenso intense
melancólico melancholic
triste sad
alegre happy
saturado saturated
moderno modern
clásico classical
antiguo old
Half term 6(part a): Por fin de vacaciones! – Finally, its the holidays!
Allá voy! – Here I come!
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
el autocar coach
el avión plane
el barco boat
la bicicleta bicycle
el coche car
la motocicleta motorbike
el tren train
voy… I go/ I’m going
a pie on foot
en autocar by coach
en avión by plane
en barco by boat
en bicicleta by bike
en coche by car
en motocicleta by motorbike
en tren by train
Alemania Germany
Egipto Egypt
Escocia Scotland
Estados Unidos United States
Francia France
Gales Wales
Grecia Greece
Inglaterra England
Irlanda Ireland
Italia Italy
Turquía Turkey
estar de vacaciones to be on holiday
ir de vacaciones to go on holiday
ir de visita to pay a visit
una escapada a la ciudad city break
unas vacaciones en la playa beach holiday
un viaje cultural cultural trip
Half term 6(part b): Tengo mucho que hacer – I have a lot to do
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
alojarme en un hotel to stay in a hotel
comer en restaurantes típicos to eat in typical restaurants
ir de compras a mercados to go shopping in markets
jugar al vóley-playa to play beach volley ball
nadar en el mar to swim in the sea
pasear por la playa to stroll along the beach
sacar fotos to take photos
tomar el sol to sunbathe
visitar los monumentos históricos to visit historical monuments
la arena sand
la estrella star
el plato dish
el puerto port
Spanish
Half term 6(part c): Esto es la pera! – This is amazing!
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
¡es flipante! it’s amazing!
¡es la pera! it’s incredible!
¡es muy guay! it’s very cool
¡es un rollo! it’s a pain!
¡mola mucho! it’s out of this world!
¡qué aburrimiento! what a bore!
¡qué chulo! how awesome!
¡qué fastidio! how annoying!
hacer un picnic to have a picnic
hacer senderismo to go hiking
montar en globo to go up in a hot-air balloon
montar e moto acuática to ride a jet0ski
recoger conchas en los charcos to collect shells in rock pools
visitar el museo arqueológico to visit the archaeological museum
aproximado/a approximate
arriesgado/a risky
educativo/a educational
Half term 6(part d): Te cuento qué pasó – I’ll tell you what happended
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
el año pasado last year
el mes pasado last month
en mis últimas vacaciones on my last holiday
el verano pasado last summer
al aire libre in the open air
la barbacoa barbecue
el camping campsite
la isla island
bailar en una discoteca to dance in a night club
comprar recuerdos to buy souvenirs
hacer ciclismo to go cycling
nadir en la piscina to swim in the poll
probar la gastronomía local to try the local cuisine
sacar selfis to take selfies
salir con los amigos to go out with friends
ver un partido to watch a match
Half term 6(part e): Mi Aventura amazónica – My Amazonian adventure
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
hacer una visita guiada to take a guided tour
observar la naturaleza to observe nature
planear to plan
subir una montana to climb a mountain
la capibara capybara (large rodent)
la deforestación deforestation
el delfín dolphin
la experiencia experience
el hostal hostel
el mono capuchino capuchin monkey
la rana venenosa poisonous frog
el rio amazonas the amazon river
la selva tropical tropical rainforest
la tribu tribe
el tucán toucan
el valle valley
el vuelo flight
Half term 6(part f): El verano que viene vamos a flipar! – Next summer we are going to go wild!
Question – Translate to English: Answer:
el año que viene next year
el miércoles que viene next Wednesday
la semana que viene que week
el verano que viene next summer
Voy a… I am going to…
alojarme en un hotel stay in a hotel
dar de comer a las llamas feed the llama
dormir mucho sleep a lot
no hacer nada not do anything
Spanish
hacer un crucero go on a cruise
pescar en el rio fish in the river
planear mis vacaciones en internet plan my holiday on the internet
trabajar de voluntario/a work as a volunteer
ganar la lotería to win the lottery
ver muchos animales salvajes to see many wild animals
viajar alrededor del mundo to travel around the world
volar en un avión privado to fly in a private plane
el comedor social soup kitchen
incluido/a included
el mar Mediterráneo Mediterranean Sea
primera clase first class
sin techo homeless
el/la voluntario/a volunteer
wifi wi-fi