kingdom animalia eukaryotic no cell wall multicellular heterotrophic most are capable of motion...
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Kingdom Animalia
• Eukaryotic• No cell wall• Multicellular• Heterotrophic• Most are capable of motion• About 30 phyla
Characteristics for animal classification
• Symmetry-the arrangement of body parts around the main axis of the body1. Bilateral-two almost identical halves2.Radial symmetry around the axis
3. Asymmetrical-lack of symmetry• Digestive systems: sac or tube where food
breaks down into small particles1. Incomplete-one opening2. Complete-two openings
3. Absent
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Figure 23.3 Symmetry Is an Equivalence in Body Sections
Radial symmetry:Symmetry around a central point
Asymmetry:No planes of symmetry
Bilateral symmetry:
Characteristics for animal classification
• Body Segmentation-multiple repeating units• Skeletal systems: provide support for the
body1.Exoskeleton - a hard skeleton on the outside
of the body (calcium carbonate shells, chitin, silica)
2.Endoskeleton - a hard skeleton inside the body, usually composed of bone or cartilage
Characteristics for animal classification
• Circulatory systems-distribute nutrients to all parts of the body and removes waste products. [Not found in Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, or Nematoda].1.Closed-the blood is always inside of blood vessels (all vertebrates, some molluscs).2.Open-the blood fills the body cavity (arthropods, some molluscs)
Classification system• domain • kingdom - a group of related phyla• phylum (plural = phyla) - a group of related classes. It is called a division in Botany. • class - a group of related orders• order - a group of related families• family - a group of related genera• genus (plural = genera) - a group of related species• species - a kind of living organism . All organisms who can potentially reproduce together under
natural conditions and produce fertile offspring.
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Figure 23.2 A Family Tree for Animals
ancestral protist
tissuessymmetry
Protostomes Deuterostomesbilateral symmetry
(sponges) (flatworms) (roundworms)
Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes NematodaMolluscaAnnelida Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata
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mouthanus
mouth anus
invagination
invagination
blastopore
blastopore
Protostomes
Early embryo
Deuterostomes
All animals pass through a blastula stage of development, the blastula being a hollow ball of cells. The blastula then invaginates to form a structure that develops into the animal’s gut. The opening to this invagination is called a blastopore. In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth. In deuterostomes, by contrast, the blastopore becomes the anus.
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Table 23.1 Animal Phyla
Phylum Porifera ( pore-filled)
• Example: Sponges• Asymmetry or radial symmetry• Endoskeleton• Filter feeders (body with pores)• They are attached (cannot move)• marine
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Figure 23.6 Sponges: A Body Plan for a Simple Lifestyle
Inner cells withflagella createcurrents.
The currentscause water toflow into poresand out at top.
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Figure 23.7 Sponge Diversity
Phylum Cnidaria
• EX: coral, hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone• radial symmetry• incomplete digestive system (one opening)• no segmentation• no circulatory system • a circle of tentacles surrounds the mouth• have a cell structure called a nematocyst for
stinging prey
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Figure 23.8a Jellyfish
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Figure 23.8b Sea anemone
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Figure 23.8c Coral polyps
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Figure 23.9 Two Stages of Life for Many Cnidarians
medusa
polyp
gastriccavity
gastriccavity
mouth
mouth
tentacles
tentacles
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES = flatworms
• EX: planaria, flukes, tapeworms• bilateral symmetry• incomplete digestive system (one opening)• no segmentation• no circulatory system• concentration of sensory organs at anterior
“head” end
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Figure 23.12a Flatworm anatomy
nerve cords
genitalpore
primitive eyes
cerebralganglia
penis testes ovaries
Flatworm anatomy
Nervous system includes primitive eyes and twocollections of nerve cells, the cerebral ganglia, that connect tonerve cords that run the length of the animal. In reproduction,Dugesia is hermaphroditic, meaning it possesses male sexorgans (testes and penis) as well as female sex organs (ovariesand other structures). When two Dugesia copulate, eachprojects its penis and inserts it in the genital pore of the other.
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Figure 23.11 Flatworms
PHYLUM NEMATODA = round worms
• Examples: Ascaris, Toxocara canis• bilateral symmetry• complete digestive system• no segmentation• no circulatory system• body is round in cross section• free living organisms or parasitic organisms
PHYLUM ANNELIDA = segmented worms
• EX: earthworm, clam worm, blood worm, leech
• bilateral symmetry• complete digestive system• segmentation - the body is composed of many
nearly identical segments • closed circulatory system
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Figure 23.13 The Body Plan of an Earthworm
anus
segments
coelomic space
muscular wallsbetween
segments
pairs of bristles
mouth “hearts”
intestine
brain
dorsalblood vessel
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Figure 23.14a Hawaiian Christmas tree worm
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Figure 23.14b Medicinal leech
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA - the mollusks
• bilateral symmetry• complete digestive system • no segmentation in adults• open circulatory system
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA - the mollusks
• EX: snails, slugs, clams, scallops, oysters, octopus, squid
• soft body. Some have a muscular foot used for movement
• a protective shell made of calcium carbonate sometimes covers the soft body. The shell does support the body somewhat, but is not a skeletal system
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Snail (Gastropod)
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Squid (Cephalopod)
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Scallop (Bivalve)
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA arthropods
• EX: insects, spiders, ticks, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, etc.),
• the largest animal phylum• bilateral symmetry• complete digestive system• open circulatory system• exoskeleton
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA arthropods
• Segmentation – but many segments are fused into larger body regions (e.g., some of the 20 segments of an insect have fused together to form 3 body regions: head, thorax, and abdomen)
• many pairs of jointed appendages - arthropod means “jointed leg”
Class Insects
• Example: Beetles, flies, bees, grasshoppers
• largest group• 6 legs, 2 pair wings, 1 pair antennae
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Insect Features
head thorax abdomen
segments
exoskeleton
muscles
joint
Class Crustaceans
• Example: Crabs, lobsters , shrimp, barnacles • 2 part body• gills• many appendages
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Crustacean Diversity
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Crustacean Diversity
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Crustacean Diversity
MANY BODY SEGMENTS AND APPENDAGE
Class Centipedes and Millipedes
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Class Horseshoe crabs (most closely related to arachnids = spiders)
Class Arachnids
• Example: Spider, tick, scorpion• 8 legs, no wings, no antennae• Fang-like mouth parts
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Class Arachnid Diversity
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA “spiny-skinned” animals
• EX: starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber, sea lily, sand dollar
• radial symmetry in adults (the body is usually subdivided into five parts)
• complete digestive system • open circulatory system• no segmentation
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA “spiny-skinned” animals
• endoskeleton made of calcified plates• tube feet use suction, to move and feed• rough skin has spines
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Figure 23.24a Sea star
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Feather star. Related to sea lily. Has 10 arms, each of which branches many times.
PHYLUM CHORDATA - chordates
• EX: fish, birds, snakes, humans • bilateral symmetry• complete digestive system• modified segmentation - segmentation is
easily seen in the embryo but becomes somewhat hidden in the adult
• endoskeleton• closed circulatory system
PHYLUM CHORDATA - the chordates
Chordates have three unique characteristics:• notochord = hard supporting rod of the
skeleton along the back• nerve cord running with the notochord• pharyngeal gill slits - openings from inside the
pharynx to the environment. In fish, they contain gills which are respiratory organs.
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Three Universal Chordate Features
notochord
pharyngeal slits
dorsal nerve cord
The Vertebrate Classes:
• The Chordates are subdivided into three subphyla, but almost all species of chordate are within the Subphylum Vertebrata, the vertebrates.
• In the Vertebrata, the notochord is replaced during development by a new rod made of many pieces which is called the vertebral column or backbone.
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Subphylum Tunicates, a primitive chordate
3 CLASSES OF FISH
1. Jawless fish (e.g., lamprey) - 50 species2. Cartilaginous fish = fish with a skeleton of
cartilage (sharks, rays) - 800 species 3. Bony fish = fish with a skeleton of bone -
18,000 species
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Lamprey. No Jaw, a Predator
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Cartilaginous Fish. A ray
CLASS AMPHIBIA - amphibians
• EX: salamanders, frogs, toads • aquatic larvae with gills• adults with lungs• three chambered heart• Moist skin• no teeth, claws, or scales
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Figure 23.33 Amphibian Life Cycle
sperm
fertilizedegg
developing embryo
femalemale
immaturefrog
tadpole
maturefrog
egg
CLASS REPTILIA - reptiles
• EX: lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles • three chambered heart• dry skin covered with scales. (The shell of a
turtle is made of scales. The inner scales become bony and attach to the endoskeleton.)
• usually possess claws and teeth
CLASS AVES - birds
• Example: finch, blue bird• four chambered heart• warm blooded• skin covered with feathers• forelimbs adapted as wings• hollow bones - reduces the bird’s weight so
that flying is easier
CLASS MAMMALIA - mammals
• EX: kangaroo, mouse, bat, dog, cow, humans, fox, cat.• four chambered heart• warm blooded• skin covered with hair• modified sweat glands called mammary
glands to produce milk
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Mammal Diversity Plecental mammal, Bear
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Mammal Diversity Marsupial Kangaroo
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Mammal Diversity monotreme Duck-billed platypus