Slide 1

Kidney Slide 2 Learning Objectives 1.To understand why the kidneys are so important. 2.To know how your kidneys work. 3.To know how sugar and dissolved ions are moved back into the blood. (Higher) Slide 3 Kidneys Kidneys are important for homeostasis. Can you remember why?? Slide 4 Getting rid of urea!! If you eat too much protein it is broken down into amino acids. These amino acids are broken down by the liver and make urea. Slide 5 Getting rid of urea!! Urea is poisonous so it must be removed! It passes into the blood and the kidneys will filter it out. Slide 6 When it mixes with water it makes urine. The urine then passes to the bladder until you want to empty it! Slide 7 Kidneys If the concentration of fluids change in your body, it can cause water to move in or out by osmosis. This could destroy your cells. Slide 8 Kidneys Water levels can change by; -Breathing out water. - Eating and drinking. -If you sweat or not. So how do your kidneys balance these changes? Slide 9 When are you most likely to produce these urine samples? A and B Slide 10 Slide 11 Slide 12 Kidneys The renal artery- brings blood containing urea and other substances. The renal vein carries blood away from the kidneys after urea and other substances have been removed from the blood. Slide 13 The structure of the kidney. Blood flows in through the renal artery, is filtered and leaves the kidney in the renal vein. The waste urine, containing water, salts, and urea, passes down the ureter to the bladder. Slide 14 Videos about how the kidneys work http://www.nhs.uk/livewell/kidneyhealth/pa ges/kidneyhealthhome.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/livewell/kidneyhealth/pa ges/kidneyhealthhome.aspx http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bite size/standard/biology/animal_survival/wate r_and_waste_rev3.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bite size/standard/biology/animal_survival/wate r_and_waste_rev3.shtml Slide 15 Kidneys If you eat a lot of processed foods they are high in salt. The kidneys will remove excess mineral ions that can be lost in urine. Slide 16 How do your Kidneys work? Your kidneys filter your blood and then reabsorb everything you need. Glucose, amino acids, mineral salts and urea all move out of the blood into the kidneys by diffusion. Slide 17 How do your Kidneys work? Blood cells can not pass through the membrane as they are too big. Slide 18 How do your Kidneys work? Then, all of the sugar is reabsorbed back into the blood by active transport. The amount of water and mineral ions reabsorbed varies depending on what your body needs. This is called selective reabsorption. Slide 19 Higher Tier Both sugar and mineral ions move back into the blood by active transport. This is to make sure no sugar is left in the urine and the correct amount of mineral ions are reabsorbed. Slide 20 How do your Kidneys work The amount of water reabsorbed depends on what your body needs by a feedback mechanism. Urea is lost in your urine. However, some of it moves from the kidneys back into the blood by diffusion. Slide 21 How do your Kidneys work Kidneys have a rich blood supply so they constantly produce urine. It moves down the bladder until you wish to empty it. Slide 22 Dialysis- an artificial kidney Slide 23 Learning Objectives 1.To understand why kidneys fail. 2.To know what dialysis is. 3.To know how dialysis works. Slide 24 Dialysis- an artificial kidney Kidneys can be damaged in a number of ways; 1.By infections 2.Genetic problems 3.Accidents Slide 25 For centuries if someone had kidney failure it would lead to death. We can survive on one kidney very well, but total kidney failure would be fatal if not treated. But now there two methods to treat this, kidney dialysis or a kidney transplant. Liam has one kidney Nick Cannon had mild kidney failure Slide 26 Dialysis- an artificial kidney If the kidneys have been damaged, toxins such as urea could build up. And salt and water balance can be lost. Slide 27 1.With dialysis the blood leaves their body and flow between a partially permeable membrane. 2. On the other side of the membrane is dialysis fluid. Slide 28 Dialysis- an artificial kidney 3. The dialysis fluid contains the same concentration of glucose and mineral ions as normal blood plasma so there is no net movement of glucose out of the blood. 4. It contains normal plasma levels of mineral ions so excess ions are lost from the blood. Slide 29 Dialysis- an artificial kidney 5. The dialysis fluid contains no urea, so all of the urea moves from the blood in to the dialysis fluid. Slide 30 http://www.kidneypatientguide.org.uk/site/HDanim.php Slide 31 A dialysis machine works by, Slide 32 Slide 33 Slide 34 Slide 35 Slide 36 Slide 37 Videos about peoples experience with dialysis http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Dialysis/Pag es/Introduction.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Dialysis/Pag es/Introduction.aspx http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Dialysis/Pag es/Introduction.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Dialysis/Pag es/Introduction.aspx Slide 38 Disadvantages of Dialysis Have to follow a carefully controlled diet (amount of water) Have to have long sessions connected to a dialysis machine. Many years of dialysis means it can become difficult to control the balance of substances. Slide 39 Advantage of Dialysis It is about life rather than death. Slide 40 Kidney machines can keep patients alive until a transplant becomes available but they have several disadvantages: they are expensive the patient must have his or her blood connected to the machine for several hours every week patients must follow a very rigid diet to avoid complications they only work for a limited time for a patient Slide 41 Kidney Transplants Slide 42 Learning Objectives 1.To understand why kidney transplants are sometimes rejected. 2.To be able to explain, which one is better, dialysis or a kidney transplant. Slide 43 It is about life rather than death. Slide 44 Kidney Transplants If kidneys fail they can be replaced by a healthy kidney from a donor. Slide 45 Problems with Kidney Transplants Because the kidney comes from a different person, they will have different antigens on the surface. This means there is a possibility the kidney could be rejected by the immune system. Slide 46 Reducing the risk of rejection 1.The tissue type is similar between the donor and the recipient and same blood group. 2.Also the recipient will be given immunosuppresant drugs for the rest of their lives. Slide 47 Immunosuppresant drugs the down sides People who take these drugs means they can not deal with infectious diseases very well. Slide 48 Dialysis vs Transplants Advantages - Once a person has had a transplant they can eat what they like. They do not have to spend long periods of time having dialysis. Disadvantages - There is a risk of rejection. Have to take immunosuppresant drugs for the rest of their lives. Regular check up to ensure kidney is not being rejected. Finding a donor as there is a lack of donors avaliable. Slide 49 Videos about Kidney Transplants http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Kidney- transplant/Pages/Introduction.aspx