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Kharkov National Medical University Department of Histology, cytology and embryology LECTURE for dentistry students Slide 2 Immune system = hemopoietic Functions: Production of immune cells (and rbc) Immune defense Slide 3 Organs Central: Central: red bone marrow, thymus peripheral: peripheral: lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen Slide 4 LYMPHOID SYSTEM I cvl A R U o - - - - - - - Tonsils of Waldeyers Ring Spleen Solitary nodules Peyers patch V Appendix Lymph nodes - cervical, axillary, inguinal, mesenteric, etc Lymphocyte circulation via blood vessels and lymphatics T Primary lymphoid organs - Marrow M & Thymus T Secondary organs M Slide 5 Red Bone Marrow Functions: 1. formation of all blood cells, except T-lymphocytes Functions: 1. formation of all blood cells, except T-lymphocytes 2. contains CFU blood stem cell 2. contains CFU blood stem cell Structure: -- basic reticular tissue, -- sinuses (wide capillaries), -- sinuses (wide capillaries), -- cords of hemopoietic cells -- cords of hemopoietic cells Slide 6 Thymus Functions: Functions: 1. production of T-lymphocytes independent 1. production of T-lymphocytes independent /they become antigendependent /they become antigendependent in the peripheral organs/ in the peripheral organs/ 2. production of hormones (thymopoietin, thymosins) 2. production of hormones (thymopoietin, thymosins) to promote development and action of T lymphocytes to promote development and action of T lymphocytes Slide 7 Thymus Capsule gives off trabeculae, divide parenchyma into lobules with cortex and medulla Capsule gives off trabeculae, divide parenchyma into lobules with cortex and medulla Reticular epithelial cells basis of lobules Reticular epithelial cells basis of lobules secrete hormones secrete hormones Very large in fetus; after age 14 begins Very large in fetus; after age 14 begins aging involution aging involution in elderly mostly fatty and fibrous tissue in elderly mostly fatty and fibrous tissue Slide 8 Histology of Thymus Slide 9 THYMUS young Cortex - dark Medulla - light Lobules Connective tissue Hassalls thymic corpuscle round, red, flattened epithelial cells. Their amount increases with age Packed lymphocytes (thymocytes) Slide 10 Lymph Node Functions: production of B-lymphocytes, Functions: production of B-lymphocytes, filtration of lymph flows through sinuses filtration of lymph flows through sinuses STRUCTURE: STRUCTURE: Cortex contains lymphatic nodules with stroma (reticular CT) and lymphocytes Cortex contains lymphatic nodules with stroma (reticular CT) and lymphocytes Paracortical zone contains T-lympocytes Paracortical zone contains T-lympocytes Medulla consists of medullary cords of plasmocytes lymphocytes, producing antigens Medulla consists of medullary cords of plasmocytes lymphocytes, producing antigens Slide 11 Basic are reticular cells = macrophages phagocytize foreign matter Basic are reticular cells = macrophages phagocytize foreign matter lymphocytes respond to antigens lymphocytes respond to antigens lymphatic nodules contain germinal centers lymphatic nodules contain germinal centers for B cells activation for B cells activation Slide 12 Lymph Node Fig. 21.12 a and b Sinuses for lymph flow Slide 13 Lymph Node Slide 14 Tonsils Functions: 1. production of B- lymphocytes, 2. immune defense Functions: 1. production of B- lymphocytes, 2. immune defense Slide 15 Tonsils Location folds of mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal cavities Location folds of mucous membrane of the oral and pharyngeal cavities Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules Palatine tonsils Palatine tonsils Pharyngeal tonsil Pharyngeal tonsil Lingual tonsils Lingual tonsils Slide 16 Tonsil Covered by stratified epithelium Covered by stratified epithelium Pathogens get into tonsillar crypts and encounter lymphocytes Pathogens get into tonsillar crypts and encounter lymphocytes Slide 17 Spleen Parenchyma contains: Parenchyma contains: red pulp: sinuses filled with erythrocytes red pulp: sinuses filled with erythrocytes white pulp = lymphatic nodules: lymphocytes, macrophages; surrounds small branches of splenic artery white pulp = lymphatic nodules: lymphocytes, macrophages; surrounds small branches of splenic artery Functions Functions B-lymphocytes production B-lymphocytes production blood storage blood storage RBC distruction RBC distruction immune reactions: filters blood, detects antigens immune reactions: filters blood, detects antigens Slide 18 Spleen Slide 19 Lymph Nodules in the GIT - PROTECTION Slide 20 Endocrine System is the second regulating system Slide 21 Produces hormones to the blood Produces hormones to the blood Regulates growth, metabolism Regulates growth, metabolism Slide 22 Classification CENTRAL organs : hypothalamus, hypophysis, epiphysis CENTRAL organs : hypothalamus, hypophysis, epiphysis PERIFERAL : thyroid, parathyroid, PERIFERAL : thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands. Slide 23 In some organs the endocrine tissue constitutes part of them : the pancreas, the pancreas, the ovaries and the testes. the ovaries and the testes. Slide 24 Individual endocrine cells are found in a variety of organs, e.g. the GIT and the kidneys. Slide 25 Hypothalamus Part of the CNS Part of the CNS Contains Nuclei of neurosecretory cells Contains Nuclei of neurosecretory cells anterior(1) anterior(1) intermediate(2), intermediate(2), posterior(3) posterior(3) Slide 26 H.-1 Supraoptic nucleus produces vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH) increases reabsorbtion of water in kidney. Supraoptic nucleus produces vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH) increases reabsorbtion of water in kidney. Paraventricular nucleus produces oxytocin - contraction of muscle of the uterus during parturition Paraventricular nucleus produces oxytocin - contraction of muscle of the uterus during parturition Slide 27 H.-2 Releasing factors - liberins (stimulate) and statins (inhibit) for tropic hormones of the adenohypophysis Releasing factors - liberins (stimulate) and statins (inhibit) for tropic hormones of the adenohypophysis Slide 28 HypothalamusHypophysis 32 1 Slide 29 H.-3 contains nerve cells, innervating endocrine glands contains nerve cells, innervating endocrine glands Slide 30 (Hypophysis) Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is attached to the brain by the infundibulum 1 The pituitary gland is attached to the brain by the infundibulum 1 locates under the hypothalamus locates under the hypothalamus Slide 31 Pituitary Gland 2 Parts: neurohypophysis adenohypophysis (d.- pars distalis, i. - pars intermedia). i. - pars intermedia). n a id Slide 32 Pars distalis acidophil cells basophil cells. Slide 33 Acidophils cells 1. somatotrophs (produce growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) 2. mammotrophs secrete prolactin (LH). Slide 34 Basophil cells 1. Thyrotrophs 1. Thyrotrophs produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin). Slide 35 Basophil cells 2. Gonadotrophs 2. Gonadotrophs produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates ovogenesis, spermatogenesis luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates production of testosterone by Leydig cells in males, formation of corpus luteum in females. Slide 36 Basophil cells 3. Corticotrophs 3. Corticotrophs secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Slide 37 Pars intermedia Pars intermedia produces melanocytostimulating hormone and produces melanocytostimulating hormone and lipotropic hormone lipotropic hormone Slide 38 Neurohypophysis Cells are pituicytes Cells are pituicytes Herings bodies ends of axons, contain hormones of hypothalamus Herings bodies ends of axons, contain hormones of hypothalamus Slide 39 Development Neurohypophysis develops from the floor of third brain ventricle. Neurohypophysis develops from the floor of third brain ventricle. Adenohypophysis develops from an ectodermal diverticulum - Rathkes pouch, that grows upwards from the roof of the stomatodaeum. Adenohypophysis develops from an ectodermal diverticulum - Rathkes pouch, that grows upwards from the roof of the stomatodaeum. Slide 40 Slide 41 Epiphysis or PINEAL BODY Slide 42 contains two basic types of the cells: 1 pinealocytes; 1 pinealocytes; 2 interstitial cells (glial cells) 2 interstitial cells (glial cells) Slide 43 Epiphysis or PINEAL BODY controls all cyclic processes in human organism Slide 44 Hormones of the thyroid gland thyroxin, or tetraiodothyronin, T4, thyroxin, or tetraiodothyronin, T4, triidothyronin T3, triidothyronin T3, calcitonin calcitonin Slide 45 and T3 regulate carbohydrate, lipid T4 and T3 regulate carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism calcitonin lowers blood calcium level calcitonin lowers blood calcium level Slide 46 consists of follicles, consists of follicles, lined by cuboidal epithelium lined by cuboidal epithelium The follicle cavity is filled with colloid = thyroglobulin complex of hormones The follicle cavity is filled with colloid = thyroglobulin complex of hormones Slide 47 Between follicles there are parafollicular cells Between follicles there are parafollicular cells (or C-cells), (or C-cells), produce calcitonin Slide 48 TSH of hypophysis stimulates T3,T4 production! Slide 49 PARATHYROID GLAND chief or principal cells and chief or principal cells and oxyphil cells. oxyphil cells. Slide 50 Its Parathormone (PTH) increases the blood calcium level by stimulating bone resorption Its Parathormone (PTH) increases the blood calcium level by stimulating bone resorption is not under control of hypophysis is not under control of hypophysis Slide 51 ADRENAL (suprarenal) GLANDS consist of : an outer cortex and an inner medulla Slide 52 Cortex- epithelial cords: zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis Medulla Slide 53 Hormones: zona glomerulosa -- mineralocorticoids Na,Ca homeostasis and water balance zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids carbohydrate metabolism zona reticularis - sex hormones Slide 54 zona fasciculata and zona reticularis are under control of ACTH of hypophysis zona fasciculata and zona reticularis are under control of ACTH of hypophysis Slide 55 Medulla Consists of sympathetic neurons chromaffin cells Consists of sympathetic neurons chromaffin cells produse: produse: adrenaline and adrenaline and noradrenaline noradrenaline -- stress hormones -- stress hormones Slide 56