Key Issue 1

Shoppers in Salzburg,Austria

Origins & Types of ServicesTypes of services divided into three types

Consumer services: provide services to individual consumers who desire them & can afford them

Business services: facilitate other businesses

Public services: provide security and protection for citizens and businesses

Percent GDP from Services, 2005

Fig. 12-1: Services contribute over two-thirds of GDP in more developed countries, compared to less than one-half in less developed countries.

2/3 of GDP in MDCs are in Service IndustryLess than ½ in LDCs are in Service Industry

Consumer ServicesProvide services to individual consumersNearly ½ of jobs in US Four main types:

Retail & wholesale servicesEducation servicesHealth servicesLeisure and hospitality services

Retail and Wholesale Services11% of US jobs: retailDepartment storesGrocersCarsBuilding materialsClothing

Education Services11% of jobs in US2/3 of educators in public schools1/3 in private schoolsCounted in public-sector

Health Services10% of jobs in USHospitalsDoctor’s officesNursing homes

Leisure & Hospitality Services10% of all jobs¾ of these jobs are restaurants & bars¼ of these jobs in lodging/entertainment

Eco-tourism in Costa Rica

Costa Rica’s Tortuguero National Park draws eco-tourists to the tropical rainforest.

Rapidly growing sector, especially in MDCsMultitrillion dollar industryGenerates several hundred million jobsEspecially important in Latin America/Caribbean islands: near US

Read p.402

List Pros/Cons of EcoTourism of this growing industry

Business ServicesServices that primarily meet the needs of

other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

¼ of jobs in US

Financial Services6% of US JobsFIRE

Financial: ½Insurance: 1/3Real Estate

Professional Services13% of US jobsManagement positionsTechnical services: law, accountant,

architecture, engineering, design, consultingSupport Services: clerical, secretarial,

custodial

Transportation and Similar ServicesBusinesses that diffuse/distribute services6% of US jobsTransportation: truckingInformation services: publishing,

broadcastingUtilities: water & electricity

Public ServicesTo provide security and protection for

citizens & businesses16% of US jobsFederal government State governmentLocal government

Changes in Number of EmployeesChange in classification of jobs makes

changes difficult to compareService Sector: expansion in professional

servicesEngineering, management, lawConsumer Service: expansion in healthcare,

recreation/entertainmentPublic Services: declining. Many federal jobs

have moved to state & local

Employment Change in U.S.

Fig 12-2: Growth in employment in the U.S. since 1970 has been entirely in the tertiary sector, with the greatest increase in professional services.

Origin of ServicesServices clustered in settlementsFirst…

Early Consumer ServicesEarly Public Services

Later…Early Business Services

Early Consumer ServicesEarly consumer services: Bury the dead

Honor dead, celebrate anniversary of deathPermanent resting places, priests for servicesEncouraged building of structures

House familiesPots, tools, clothing, educate children

Evolved to include schools, libraries, theatres, museums

Became manufacturing centers: stones, tools, weapons, wood

Early Public ServicesFollowed religious activitiesPolitical leaders chose permanent

settlementsVulnerable for attack: needed soldiersSurround settlement with wall for defenseCenters of military power

Early Business ServicesTransportation ServicesImport food from other settlementsAllowed access to wide variety of vegetation,

animals, mineralsSome settlements became neutral warehouse

centers for surplus goods tor tradeNew services: setting prices, regulate trade,

keep records, create currency system

Services in Contemporary Rural SettlementsSettlements surrounded by fields, where food

was grown by planting & raising animalsMost people live in rural settlements todayClustered Rural Settlements: number of

families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses & farm buildings

Dispersed rural settlements: contemporary North American rural landscape , farmers live on isolated farms, away from neighbors

Clustered Rural SettlementsIncludes homes, barns, tool sheds, Consumer services: religious structures,

schools, shopsPublic/Business services also presentEach person allocated land for farming

(rent/own)Land may be allocate for specific agric

purposeEncourages living near farm settlements, less

distance between fields

Clustered Rural SettlementsSatellite SettlementNew settlements created when population

grewGreat Offley

Little OffleyOffley Grange

Clustered within a few kilometers of each other

Growth of Rural Settlements

Fig. 12-3: The establishment of satellite settlements in a rural landscape over time is illustrated by the number of places named “Offley” in this area.

Circular Rural SettlementsCentral open spaceSurrounded by structures

Krall Villages in Southern Africa Livestock in center Surrounded by houses

East Africa: Masai peopleGerman: Gewandorf settlement

Seen in Von Thunen’s Model

Circular Kraal Villages in Southern Africa

Linear Rural SettlementsBuildings clustered along a road, river, or

dike to facilitate communicationsFields extend behind buildings in long,

narrow stripsSeen along St Lawrence River in Quebec and

lower Mississippi River , settled by the French

“Long-Lot” Sytsem: houses along river

Rural Settlement Patterns

Fig. 12-4: Circular settlement patterns are common in Germany. Linear “long lot” patterns are often found along rivers in France, and were transferred to Québec.

Clustered New England Town

Newfane, Vermont is a clustered settlement with public buildings built around a common.