key indicators for asia and the pacific 2013...snapshots • road networks have expanded rapidly in...

286 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013286

Transport, Electricity, and Communications

Snapshots

• Road networks have expanded rapidly in most economies in the Asia and Pacific region since 1990. The latest data show that the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and India account for almost two-thirds of the region’s road network.

• Vehicle ownership has surged. Thirteen economies have at least 100 vehicles per thousand people. Deaths from road accidents are high in some developing member economies.

• As demand and production for electricity expanded, several major power producing economies have increased their reliance on coal to generate electricity since 1990.

• Cellular phone subscriptions showed huge growth, while fixed-line phones increased more moderately and fell in some economies.

• Many developing economies in the region still have low rates of penetration of fixed broadband internet subscriptions.

Key trends

Road networks have expanded rapidly since 1990. Roads provide access to employment, markets, education, and health services, and thus are crucial for economic development. Road networks have been growing at an average annual rate of about 1%–6% since the 1990s in many of the economies with data for this period (Figure 5.1). Afghanistan and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) extended their road networks significantly in the latest year for which data are available—by 12% for Afghanistan in 2006 and 13% for the Lao PDR in 2009.

The PRC and India account for almost two-thirds of the length of Asia’s road networks (Figure 5.2). Both economies have expanded their road networks significantly since 1990—by an average of about 6% annually for the PRC and 4% for India.

Vehicle ownership surged as economies and incomes expanded. In 1990, only two developing member economies recorded ownership of 100 or more motor vehicles per thousand people. The latest data show that 13 developing member economies had more than 100 vehicles per thousand population (Figure 5.3), with the highest rate of ownership in Brunei Darussalam at 510, followed by the Republic of Korea (363) and Malaysia (361). Still, this remains below vehicle ownership in developed member economies—about 700 vehicles per thousand people in Australia and New

–2.6

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Kazakhstan

Tajikistan

Georgia

Armenia

Australia

Azerbaijan

New Zealand

Sri Lanka

Japan

Cambodia

Myanmar

Papua New Guinea

Singapore

Uzbekistan

Turkmenistan

Fiji

Mongolia

Solomon Islands

Philippines

Hong Kong, China

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Indonesia

Viet Nam

Malaysia

Korea, Rep. of

Kyrgyz Rep.

Taipei,China

India

Afghanistan

Lao PDR

Thailand

Nepal

Brunei Darussalam

China, People's Rep. of

Bhutan

Lao PDR =Lao People’s Democratic Republic.Source: Table 5.1.

Figure 5.1 Average annual percentage increase in road networks, 1990 to latest year

287Transport, Electricity, and CommunicationsRegional Trends and Tables

287

Zealand and 600 in Japan. In Singapore, which imposes high costs on vehicle ownership, the rate per thousand population in 2010 was 149, barely changed from 1990.

The number of vehicles on the PRC’s roads rose steeply from about 13 million in 1998 to more than 77 million in 2010. Even this large total represents only 58 vehicles per thousand people, suggesting that vehicle numbers will likely rise further.

The increase in motor vehicles was accompanied by high levels of road accidents. Figure 5.4 shows deaths caused by road accidents per 100,000 population in 2000 and 2010 or the latest year. Seventeen of 41 economies had fatality rates exceeding 10 deaths

Source: Table 5.1.

India33

China, People's Rep. of31

Japan10 Australia

7Indonesia

4Pakistan

2Bangladesh

2Philippines

2Thailand

1Viet Nam

1Others

8

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Bangladesh

Nepal

Myanmar

Papua New Guinea

Viet Nam

India

Pakistan

Lao PDR

Cambodia

Maldives

Afghanistan

Philippines

Micronesia, Fed. States of

Tajikistan

Sri Lanka

Bhutan


Kyrgyz Rep.

Mongolia

Samoa

Hong Kong, China

Indonesia

Azerbaijan

Armenia

Turkmenistan

Kiribati

Singapore

Georgia

Thailand

Fiji

Kazakhstan

Taipei,China

Malaysia

Korea, Rep. of

Brunei Darussalam

Japan

Australia

New Zealand

Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.Source: Table 5.2.

Latest year 1990

Figure 5.3 Motor vehicles per 1,000 population, 1990 or earliest year and 2010 or latest year

Figure 5.2 Distribution of road network in Asia and the Pacific, latest year (%)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Fiji

Philippines Hong Kong, China

Micronesia, Fed. States of Bangladesh

Maldives Pakistan

Nepal Vanuatu

Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands

Singapore Japan

China, People's Rep. of Myanmar Australia

Afghanistan Brunei Darussalam

Tajikistan Kiribati Tonga

Indonesia New Zealand Taipei,China

Armenia Azerbaijan

Thailand India

Korea, Rep. of Sri Lanka

Samoa Lao PDR

Cambodia Viet Nam

Turkmenistan Georgia Bhutan

Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Rep.

Mongolia Malaysia

Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.Source: Table 5.3.

2010 2000

Figure 5.4 Road accident deaths per 100,000 population, 2000 and 2010 or nearest year


Source: Table 5.4.


30

India29

Japan9

Kazakhstan6

Australia4

Pakistan4

Thailand2

Uzbekistan2

Others10

Korea, Rep. of2

Indonesia2

Figure 5.5 Percentage of rail networks in Asia and the Pacific, latest year

per 100,000 population in the latest year, with Malaysia and Mongolia recording more than 20. By contrast, the number of fatalities in developed member economies averaged about 6 (Table 5.3).

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) Road Safety Action Plan 2012 notes that the high fatality rate is the result of underdeveloped road networks, mixed traffic, limited availability of traffic engineering expertise, governance issues, and rapid increases in motorcycles and the rest of the vehicle fleet. Moreover, road deaths are concentrated among poorer households, which have fewer resources to draw on in times of emergency or income loss. The ADB plan quoted estimates that the cost to developing member economies from road accidents in 2007 was about 2% of their total gross domestic product, or $96 billion each year.

Measures including safer road construction, better protection for pedestrians, stricter enforcement of traffic regulations, and road safety education can sharply reduce road deaths. Nearly half the 32 economies with data have reduced fatalities per 100,000 population since 2000, often sharply. For example, three economies—the Republic of Korea; Taipei,China; and Thailand—lowered their fatality rates by at least 40% between 2000 and 2010.

Rail networks are concentrated in three economies in Asia and the Pacific—the PRC, India, and Japan(Figure 5.5). The PRC invested heavily in railways, extending its total rail route by 24.1% between 1990 and 2011. Taipei,China expanded its rail system by

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on k

Wh

kWh = kilowatt-hour.Source: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013).

2010 2000

Figure 5.6 Top 10 electricity producers, Asia and the Pacific, 2010

more than half and Thailand also extended its network significantly, by 14.7% in this period. India, with the second biggest network, added to its rail route by 2.6%. Rail networks declined in several economies, including Japan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, and Viet Nam.

Japan had the highest rail density in 2011, with 55 kilometers of railway per thousand square kilometers of land area (Table 5.4).

Expansion of industry and electrification of households spurred huge demand for electricity. Output of electricity in the PRC rose by 210% to 4,208 billion kilowatt hours between 2000 and 2010 and power production there exceeds the combined total of the next nine biggest regional producers (Figure 5.6). Viet Nam boosted power output by 257% over the 10 years, but, as in some other economies, it still faces shortages.

Per capita electricity consumption rose by at least 200% in 11 economies between 1990 and 2010 (Figure 5.7). Consumption levels in higher-income economies such as the Republic of Korea still far outstrip those for lower-income economies, suggesting that the latter will continue to experience rapid growth in demand. Large price increases for power in some Central and West Asian economies led to a reduction in per capita consumption since 1990.


289

kWh = kilowatt-hour, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.Source: Table 5.6.

0 5,000 10,000 15,000

Japan

New Zealand

Australia

Timor-Leste

Solomon Islands

Kiribati

Vanuatu

Tuvalu

Tonga

Papua New Guinea

Samoa

Fiji

Marshall Islands

Cook Islands

Lao PDR

Myanmar

Cambodia

Indonesia

Philippines

Viet Nam

Thailand

Malaysia

Singapore

Brunei Darussalam

Nepal

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

Maldives

India

Bhutan

Mongolia


Hong Kong, China

Korea, Rep. of

Taipei,China

Pakistan

Kyrgyz Rep.

Azerbaijan

Armenia

Uzbekistan

Georgia

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Kazakhstan

2010 1990

Figure 5.7 Per capita electric power consumption (kWh), 1990 to latest year

Several major power producing economies became more reliant on coal to generate electricity.Figure 5.8 shows the sources of electricity production for the biggest producers, excluding Taipei,China where a breakdown of sources was not available. Five of the nine economies—Australia, the PRC, India, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea—use coal, the most polluting carbon fuel, as their biggest single source of power generation. Moreover, coal increased its share of power generation in the PRC, India, Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Malaysia between 1990 and 2010 (Table 5.5).

Burning coal contributes to air pollution, which the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction predicted will become the main environmental cause of mortality worldwide by 2050, ahead of dirty water and lack of sanitation (OECD 2012). It expects that premature deaths from exposure to air pollutants could double to 3.6 million a year, with most occurring in the PRC and India.

Percent

Coal Natural gas Oil

Nuclear Renewable Othera

a Computed as a residual that includes combustible renewables and waste; and geothermal, solar, wind, and other sources.

Source: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013).

0 20 40 60 80 100

Viet Nam

Malaysia

Thailand

Indonesia

Australia

Korea, Rep. of

India

Japan


Figure 5.8 Sources of electricity (top producers), 2010


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53,624

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4,699

6,528

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120,151

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New Zealand

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Timor-Leste

Fiji

Papua New Guinea

Brunei Darussalam

Myanmar

Lao PDR

Singapore

Cambodia

Malaysia

Thailand

Philippines

Viet Nam

Indonesia

Maldives

Bhutan

Nepal

Sri Lanka

Bangladesh

India

Mongolia

Hong Kong, China

Taipei,China

Korea, Rep. of


Armenia

Turkmenistan

Georgia

Tajikistan

Kyrgyz Rep.

Azerbaijan

Afghanistan

Uzbekistan

Kazakhstan

Pakistan

Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.Source: International Telecommunication Union.

Figure 5.9 Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions, 2012 (‘000) Cellular telephone subscriptions rose at very rapid rates. Figure 5.9 shows that economies with the largest number of cellular phones in 2012 were the PRC (where the number soared from 85.3 million in 2000 to 1.1 billion in 2012), India (up from just 3.6 million in 2000 to 864.7 million in 2012), and Indonesia (up from 3.7 million to 282.0 million over 12 years). All economies recorded rapid increases in cellular phone subscriptions over this period.

By comparison, growth in fixed telephone lines was moderate, and the number fell in some economies.Between 2000 and 2012, the number of fixed-line phones at least doubled in some developing member economies, such as Georgia, Nepal, and Papua New Guinea. The fixed-line phones showed small increases in higher-income economies, including Singapore and Japan, but the number fell in Afghanistan, Brunei Darussalam, India, Malaysia, the Maldives, the Federated States of Micronesia, and Vanuatu.

Fixed broadband internet subscription rates have increased but remains low in many economies (Figure 5.10). Although the number of fixed broadband internet subscriptions has soared since 2000 (Table 5.7), the region’s average penetration level—the number of subscriptions per 100 inhabitants—is 6.7, below the global average of 11.2, according to the International Telecommunication Union. Higher income economies have penetration levels above 25 per 100 inhabitants, but for 74% of economies in Asia and the Pacific the penetration level is below 5.


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25.1

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New Zealand

Japan

Timor-Leste

Papua New Guinea

Solomon Islands

Kiribati

Vanuatu

Tonga

Fiji

Palau

Tuvalu

Myanmar

Cambodia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Philippines

Brunei Darussalam

Viet Nam

Thailand

Malaysia

Singapore

Bangladesh

Nepal

India

Sri Lanka

Bhutan

Maldives

Mongolia


Taipei,China

Hong Kong, China

Korea, Rep. of

Afghanistan

Turkmenistan

Tajikistan

Pakistan

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyz Rep.

Armenia

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Azerbaijan

Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic.Source: International Telecommunication Union.

Figure 5.10 Fixed broadband subscription per 100 inhabitants, 2012 Data issues and comparability

Recent and complete data for all types of road indicators are scarce. Consequently, it is possible to describe but not draw analytical results that may be needed to convince policymakers to adopt corrective measures. The most recent data are usually 2–3 years lagged. Some subregions, especially the Pacific, have incomplete or no data. The problems with the data organization, collection, compilation, and dissemination pose a continuing challenge and affect the availability, quality, and timeliness of road statistics.

Data for the indicator on the household electrification rate are lacking. Rather than having data for one starting and one ending year, data for each are posted over a different range of years depending on data availability; thus, the data may not be comparable. This could indicate infrequent or irregular timing in the submission of data, making data inconsistent and limiting possibilities for analysis.

Similarly, data on the sources of electricity are incomplete. The Pacific island economies, which have limited resources for power generation, provide no data on the source of their electricity generated.

Most data on telephone and internet subscription come from questionnaires the International Telecommunications Union sent to participating countries. Other information and reports are sourced from the ministries in charge of telecommunication and staff estimates.


Transport

Table 5.1 Road Indicators: Network

… = Data not available at cutoff date.

Sources: For Taipei,China: Council for Economic Planning and Development; World Road Statistics (International Road Federation 1995 and 2012); World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013).

Road Density Access to an All-

Regional Member Roads, Total Network (kilometers of road per thousand Paved Roads Season Road(thousand kilometers) square kilometers of land area) (% of total roads) (% of rural population)1990 Latest Year 1990 Latest Year 1990 Latest Year Latest Year

Developing Member Economies Central and West Asia

Afghanistan 21.0 42.2 (2006) ... 64.6 (2006) 13.3 29.3 (2006) ...Armenia 7.7 7.7 (2010) 270.0 270.5 (2010) 99.2 93.6 (2009) ...Azerbaijan 52.4 52.9 (2006) ... 640.7 (2006) 93.9 (1994) 50.6 (2006) 67.0 (2002)Georgia 21.6 20.3 (2007) 310.8 292.5 (2007) 93.8 94.1 (2007) ...Kazakhstan 158.3 96.8 (2009) ... 35.9 (2009) 55.1 88.5 (2009) ...Kyrgyz Republic 18.9 34.0 (2007) ... 177.3 (2007) 90.0 91.1 (2001) 75.6 (1998)Pakistan 169.2 258.4 (2009) 219.5 335.1 (2009) 54.0 65.4 (2006) 61.3 (2004)Tajikistan 29.9 27.8 (2001) 213.4 198.4 (2000) 71.6 82.7 (1995) 73.7 (2003)Turkmenistan 21.3 24.0 (2001) 45.3 51.1 (2000) 73.5 81.2 (2001) ...Uzbekistan 72.5 81.6 (2001) 170.4 191.8 (2000) 79.0 87.3 (2001) 57.0 (2000)

East Asia

China, People’s Rep. of 1181.0 3860.8 (2009) ... 413.9 (2009) 72.1 53.5 (2008) ...Hong Kong, China 1.5 2.1 (2009) 1424.2 1967.4 (2009) 100.0 100.0 (2010) ...Korea, Rep. of 56.7 105.0 (2009) 574.4 1081.2 (2009) 71.5 79.3 (2009) ...Mongolia 42.4 49.3 (2002) 27.3 31.7 (2002) 10.2 3.5 (2002) 36.0 (2003)Taipei,China 20.0 40.3 (2008) 553.9 1120.0 (2008) ... ... ...

South Asia

Bangladesh 188.0 239.2 (2003) 1444.3 1837.8 (2003) 7.2 (1991) 9.5 (2003) 37.0 (2000)Bhutan 2.3 8.1 (2003) ... 200.9 (2003) 77.1 62.0 (2003) 47.0 (2003)India 2000.0 4109.6 (2008) 672.7 1382.2 (2008) 47.3 (1991) 49.5 (2008) 60.0 (2001)Maldives ... 0.1 (2005) ... 293.3 (2005) ... 100.0 (2005) ...Nepal 6.8 19.9 (2008) ... 138.6 (2008) 37.5 53.9 (2008) 17.2 (2003)Sri Lanka 93.0 97.3 (2003) 1483.0 1551.4 (2003) 32.0 (1991) 81.0 (2003) ...

Southeast Asia

Brunei Darussalam 1.0 3.0 (2008) ... 564.0 (2008) 31.4 81.1 (2008) ...Cambodia 35.8 38.3 (2004) 202.8 216.7 (2004) 7.5 6.3 (2004) 80.7 (2003)Indonesia 288.7 476.3 (2009) 159.4 262.9 (2009) 45.1 56.9 (2009) ...Lao PDR 14.0 39.6 (2009) ... 171.4 (2009) 24.0 13.7 (2009) 64.4 (2002)Malaysia 54.0 90.1 (2006) ... 300.5 (2004) 70.0 82.8 (2006) ...Myanmar 25.0 27.0 (2005) 38.3 41.3 (2005) 10.9 11.9 (2005) ...Philippines 160.6 200.0 (2003) 538.5 670.9 (2003) 16.6 (1994) 9.9 (2003) ...Singapore 2.8 3.4 (2009) 4176.1 4794.3 (2009) 97.1 100.0 (2009) ...Thailand 72.2 180.1 (2006) 141.3 352.4 (2006) 55.3 98.5 (2000) ...Viet Nam 96.1 160.1 (2007) 295.2 516.3 (2007) 23.5 47.6 (2007) 83.5 (2004)

The Pacific

Cook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji 3.1 3.4 (2001) 166.9 188.3 (2000) 44.5 49.2 (2001) ...Kiribati ... 0.7 (2001) ... 827.2 (2000) ... ... ...Marshall Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Micronesia, Fed. States of ... 0.2 (2001) ... 342.9 (2000) 15.9 17.5 (2001) ...Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea 18.5 19.6 (2001) 40.9 43.3 (2000) 3.2 3.5 (2001) 68.0 (1997)Samoa ... 2.3 (2001) ... 279.2 (1998) 42.0 (1995) 14.2 (2001) ...Solomon Islands 1.2 1.4 (2001) 43.2 49.7 (2000) 2.1 2.4 (2001) ...Timor-Leste ... ... ... ... ... ... 89.5 (2001)Tonga ... 0.7 (2001) ... 944.4 (2000) 27.0 (1995) 27.0 (2001) ...Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu ... 1.1 (2001) ... 87.8 (2000) 21.6 23.9 (2001) ...

Developed Member Economies

Australia 810.3 817.1 (2009) 105.5 106.4 (2009) 35.0 43.5 (2009) ...Japan 1114.7 1207.9 (2009) 3057.3 3313.8 (2009) 69.2 80.1 (2009) ...New Zealand 92.7 94.3 (2010) 352.0 358.0 (2010) 57.0 66.2 (2010) ...


Transport

Table 5.2 Road Indicators: Vehicles

… = Data not available at cutoff date, 0 = Magnitude is less than half of unit employed.

Source: World Road Statistics (International Road Federation 2012).

Total Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicles Motor VehiclesRegional Member (thousands) (per 1,000 people) (per kilometer of road)

1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010Developing Member Economies Central and West Asia

Afghanistan ... 962 ... 28 ... 19 (2008)Armenia 17 315 (2007) 5 103 (2007) 2 42 (2007)Azerbaijan 374 913 52 101 11 13 (2007)Georgia 331 (1998) 690 74 (1998) 155 16 (1998) 28 (2007)Kazakhstan 1368 3579 82 (1998) 219 11 (1998) 37Kyrgyz Republic ... 309 (2007) ... 59 (2007) ... 9 (2007)Pakistan 554 3045 5 18 3 12Tajikistan 18 257 (2007) 3 38 (2007) 1 9 (2008)Turkmenistan ... 534 (2008) ... 106 (2008) ... 22 (2008)Uzbekistan ... ... ... ... ... ...

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 12827 (1998) 77217 10 (1998) 58 10 (1998) 19Hong Kong, China 375 544 64 77 253 254 (2009)Korea, Rep. of 3395 17941 79 363 60 165 (2009)Mongolia 68 (1998) 190 (2008) 29 (1998) 72 (2008) 1 (1998) 4 (2008)Taipei,China ... 6719 (2009) ... 291 (2009) ... 166 (2008)

South AsiaBangladesh 122 (1993) 466 1 (1993) 3 5 (1993) 22Bhutan ... 40 (2009) ... 57 (2009) ... 7 (2009)India 3664 21200 (2009) 5 18 (2009) 3 (1993) 5 (2008)Maldives ... 9 ... 28 ... 79 (2008)Nepal ... 148 (2009) ... 5 (2007) ... 8 (2007)Sri Lanka 337 1000 20 48 4 13 (2008)

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam 120 200 (2008) 120 510 (2008) 90 67 (2008)Cambodia 5 285 (2005) 0 21 (2005) 0 6 (2005)Indonesia 2806 15829 16 79 (2009) 12 38 (2009)Lao PDR 36 122 (2007) 9 20 (2007) 3 3 (2007)Malaysia 2253 10253 ... 361 46 71Myanmar ... 344 ... 7 ... 13 (2008)Philippines 604 2835 9 30 3 14 (2007)Singapore 396 755 147 149 142 223Thailand 2579 10846 46 157 49 50 (2006)Viet Nam ... 1146 (2007) ... 13 (2007) ... 7 (2007)

The PacificCook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji ... 154 ... 179 ... 43 (2008)Kiribati ... 14 (2008) ... 146 (2008) ... ...Marshall Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Micronesia, Fed. States of ... 4 (2007) ... 37 (2007) ... ...Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau ... ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea ... 56 (2007) ... 9 (2008) ... ...Samoa ... 14 (2007) 59 (2005) 77 (2007) ... 5 (2005)Solomon Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Timor-Leste ... ... ... ... ... ...Tonga ... ... ... ... ... ...Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu ... ... ... ... ... ...

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 9052 15496 530 695 12 (1991) 19Japan 57702 75299 467 591 52 63 (2008)New Zealand 1800 3108 527 712 20 33


Transport

Table 5.3 Road Indicators: Safety


Source: World Road Statistics (International Road Federation 2012).

Number of Injury Accidents Number of Persons Killed in Road AccidentsRegional Member (per 100,000 population) (per 100,000 population)


Afghanistan ... ... 7.0 ... ... 6.5 (2007)Armenia ... 30.4 63.8 ... 6.9 9.5Azerbaijan 23.7 24.7 30.1 17.6 7.4 10.2Georgia ... 36.2 114.5 ... 10.6 15.4Kazakhstan 34.6 76.0 73.6 11.9 13.8 17.1Kyrgyz Republic ... 54.3 80.8 ... 12.4 18.1Pakistan 12.5 6.5 (2002) 6.0 4.4 3.8 (1998) 2.9Tajikistan 79.0 21.6 23.9 (2009) 15.3 6.6 6.9 (2009)Turkmenistan ... 41.1 (2002) ... ... 10.9 (1998) 13.2 (2006)Uzbekistan ... ... ... ... ... ...

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of ... 48.9 16.4 ... 7.4 4.9Hong Kong, China 267.4 222.7 211.4 5.6 3.3 1.7Korea, Rep. of 595.5 617.9 475.9 (2009) 28.8 21.8 11.1Mongolia ... 249.8 ... ... 14.1 21.5 (2007)Taipei,China 30.6 238.7 800.8 (2009) 19.3 15.3 9.1 (2009)

South AsiaBangladesh 1.4 (1993) 4.9 ... 1.0 (1993) 2.9 2.0 (2006)Bhutan ... 33.0 ... ... ... 16.4 (2007)India 33.8 38.5 35.2 6.5 7.8 10.9Maldives ... ... ... ... 0.6 (2003) 2.7 (2007)Nepal ... ... ... ... ... 3.4 (2007)Sri Lanka 213.0 280.2 159.9 (2007) 11.0 11.1 11.2 (2009)

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam ... 858.0 709.5 (2006) ... 12.3 6.5Cambodia 2.7 23.2 27.8 (2003) 0.9 3.2 12.8Indonesia ... ... 27.7 ... 4.6 (2003) 8.3Lao PDR 22.4 82.1 93.6 3.3 6.8 12.5Malaysia 486.2 1088.9 1380.9 (2008) 22.4 26.2 24.2Myanmar ... 10.2 18.8 ... 2.7 5.1Philippines ... 18.7 4.5 (2009) ... 1.1 1.4Singapore 225.5 179.9 170.5 (2009) 7.7 5.3 3.8Thailand 72.5 120.0 175.0 (2006) 12.5 19.5 10.5Viet Nam ... 28.6 14.3 (2009) ... 9.6 13.2 (2009)

The PacificCook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji ... ... 99.2 (2005) ... 9.5 (2004) 12.8Kiribati ... ... ... ... ... 7.4 (2007)Marshall Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Micronesia, Fed. States of ... ... ... ... ... 1.8 (2007)Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau ... ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea ... ... ... ... ... 3.7 (2007)Samoa ... ... ... ... ... 11.2 (2007)Solomon Islands ... ... 6.4 (2009) ... ... 3.8 (2007)Timor-Leste ... ... ... ... ... ...Tonga ... 315.8 (2002) 329.0 (2004) ... 9.0 (2002) 7.8 (2007)Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu ... ... ... ... ... 3.5 (2007)

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 129.4 ... 5.5 13.7 9.5 6.1Japan 520.8 734.6 569.5 9.1 7.2 4.5New Zealand 385.0 203.0 249.2 21.9 12.0 8.6


Transport

Table 5.4 Rail Indicators


Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013); ADB staff estimates; for Taipei,China: Council for Economic Planning and Development.

Rail Lines Rail Network, Length per Land AreaRegional Member (total route, kilometers) (kilometers per thousand square kilometers)


Afghanistan ... ... ... ... ... ...Armenia 845 842 826 29.7 29.7 29.0Azerbaijan ... 2116 2079 ... 25.6 25.2Georgia 1583 1562 1566 22.8 22.7 22.5Kazakhstan 14465 13545 14202 5.4 5.0 5.3Kyrgyz Republic ... ... 417 ... ... 2.2Pakistan 8775 7791 7791 11.4 10.1 10.1Tajikistan ... ... 621 ... ... 4.4Turkmenistan ... 2529 (2005) 3115 ... 5.4 (2005) 6.6Uzbekistan ... 3645 4227 ... 8.6 9.9

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 53378 58656 66239 5.7 6.2 7.1Hong Kong, China ... ... ... ... ... ...Korea, Rep. of 3091 3123 3379 31.7 31.6 34.8Mongolia 1920 1810 1814 1.2 1.2 1.2Taipei,China 1105 1190 1741 30.6 32.9 48.2

South Asia Bangladesh 2746 2768 2835 21.1 21.3 21.8Bhutan ... ... ... ... ... ...India 62367 62759 63974 20.9 21.1 21.5Maldives ... ... ... ... ... ...Nepal ... ... ... ... ... ...Sri Lanka 1453 1449 (2004) 1463 (2008) 23.2 23.1 23.3 (2009)

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam ... ... ... ... ... ...Cambodia 600 601 650 (2005) 3.4 3.4 3.7 (2006)Indonesia ... 3370 3370 (2008) ... ... 1.9 (2009)Lao PDR ... ... ... ... ... ...Malaysia 1668 1622 1665 5.1 4.9 5.1Myanmar 3336 ... ... 4.9 ... ...Philippines 479 491 479 (2008) 1.6 1.6 1.6 (2009)Singapore ... ... ... ... ... ...Thailand 3861 4103 4429 7.3 7.9 8.7Viet Nam 2832 3142 2347 8.7 8.7 7.6

The PacificCook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji ... ... ... ... ... ...Kiribati ... ... ... ... ... ...Marshall Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Micronesia, Fed. States of ... ... ... ... ... ...Nauru ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau ... ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea ... ... ... ... ... ...Samoa ... ... ... ... ... ...Solomon Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Timor-Leste ... ... ... ... ... ...Tonga ... ... ... ... ... ...Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu ... ... ... ... ... ...

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 6612 9499 8615 0.9 1.2 1.1Japan 20254 20165 20035 55.8 55.3 55.0New Zealand 4029 3913 3913 (1999) 15.3 14.9 14.9 (1999)


Electricity

Table 5.5 Electricity Production and Sources

… = Data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = Magnitude is less than half of unit employed, – = Magnitude equals zero, kWh = kilowatt-hour.

a Computed as residual that includes combustible renewables and waste; and geothermal, solar, wind, and other sources.

Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013); Economy sources for Afghanistan; Bhutan; the Cook Islands; Fiji; Kiribati; the Lao PDR; the Maldives; the Marshall Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia; Nauru; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Samoa; Solomon Islands; Taipei,China; Timor-Leste; Tonga; Tuvalu; and Vanuatu.

Total ElectricityProduction (billion kWh)

Sources of Electricity (% of total)Regional Member Coal Natural Gas Oil Hydropower Othersa

1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010Developing Member Economies Central and West Asia

Afghanistan 1.1 0.6 (2011) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Armenia 10.4 6.5 – – 16.4 22.2 68.6 – 15.0 39.4 – 38.5Azerbaijan 23.2 18.7 – – – 81.4 97.0 0.2 3.0 18.4 – –Georgia 13.7 10.1 – – 15.6 7.2 29.2 0.3 55.2 92.5 – –Kazakhstan 87.4 82.6 71.1 80.7 10.5 8.9 10.0 0.8 8.4 9.7 – –Kyrgyz Republic 15.7 11.4 13.1 2.3 23.5 6.7 – – 63.5 91.0 – –Pakistan 37.7 94.5 0.1 0.1 33.6 27.4 20.6 35.2 44.9 33.7 0.8 3.6Tajikistan 18.1 16.4 – – 9.1 3.4 – – 90.9 96.6 – –Turkmenistan 14.6 16.7 – – 95.2 100.0 – – 4.8 0.0 – –Uzbekistan 56.3 51.7 7.4 4.1 76.4 73.5 4.4 1.5 11.8 21.0 – –

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 621.2 4208.3 71.3 77.8 0.4 1.6 7.8 0.3 20.4 17.2 – 3.1Hong Kong, China 28.9 38.3 98.2 62.1 – 37.6 1.8 0.3 – – – –Korea, Rep. of 105.4 496.7 16.8 44.1 9.1 20.8 17.9 3.8 6.0 0.7 50.2 30.5Mongolia 3.5 4.5 92.4 96.0 – – 7.6 4.0 – – – –Taipei,China 51.0 250.4 (2012) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

South AsiaBangladesh 7.7 42.3 – 1.5 84.3 89.9 4.3 4.6 11.4 3.9 – –Bhutan 1.6 6.8 (2012) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...India 289.4 959.9 66.2 68.0 3.4 12.3 3.5 2.8 24.8 11.9 2.1 5.0Maldives 0.0 0.3 (2011) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Nepal 0.9 3.2 – – – – 0.1 0.1 99.9 99.9 – –Sri Lanka 3.2 10.8 – – – – 0.2 47.5 99.8 52.3 – 0.2

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam 1.2 3.9 – – 99.1 99.0 0.9 1.0 – – – –Cambodia 0.2 (1995) 1.0 – 3.1 – – 100.0 92.0 ... 2.6 ... 2.3Indonesia 32.7 169.8 29.9 40.1 2.2 23.6 46.9 20.3 17.5 10.4 3.4 5.6Lao PDR 0.8 12.8 (2012) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Malaysia 23.0 125.3 12.7 34.4 21.7 56.5 48.3 2.9 17.3 5.2 – 1.0Myanmar 2.5 7.5 1.6 8.9 39.3 23.0 10.9 0.4 48.1 67.7 – –Philippines 26.3 67.7 7.3 34.4 – 28.8 47.2 10.5 23.0 11.5 22.4 14.8Singapore 15.7 45.4 – – – 78.7 98.9 18.7 – – 1.1 2.6Thailand 44.2 159.5 25.0 18.8 40.2 74.8 23.5 0.7 11.3 3.5 – 2.1Viet Nam 8.7 94.9 23.1 20.7 0.1 45.9 15.0 4.2 61.8 29.0 – 0.1

The PacificCook Islands 0.0 0.0 (2012) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji 0.4 0.8 (2011) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Kiribati 0.0 0.0 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Marshall Islands 0.0 0.1 (2006) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Micronesia, Fed. States of 0.1 (1995) 0.1 (2011) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Nauru 0.0 0.0 (2007) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Palau 0.2 (1992) 0.2 (2009) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea 1.8 3.0 (2008) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Samoa 0.1 0.1 (2011) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Solomon Islands 0.0 0.1 (2012) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Timor-Leste 0.1 (2006) 0.1 (2011) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Tonga 0.0 0.1 (2012) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Tuvalu ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Vanuatu 0.0 0.1 (2012) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 154.3 241.5 78.7 74.8 9.3 15.0 2.3 1.3 9.2 5.2 0.5 3.7Japan 835.5 1110.8 14.0 27.4 20.0 27.4 18.5 7.0 10.7 7.4 36.8 30.8New Zealand 32.3 44.8 2.1 4.6 17.7 22.0 0.0 0.0 71.9 55.1 8.4 18.3


Electricity

Table 5.6 Electric Power Consumption and Electrification

… = Data not available at cutoff date, kWh = kilowatt-hour.

Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013); Demographic and Health Surveys Online (ICF Macro 2012); Results Measurement System Online (International Development Association 2013); PRISM website (www.spc.int/prism/country/mh/stats/Utility/Lighting.pdf); Economy sources for Afghanistan; Bhutan; Cook Islands; Fiji; Kiribati; the Lao PDR; the Maldives; the Marshall Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia; Nauru; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Samoa; Solomon Islands; Taipei,China; Timor-Leste; Tonga; Tuvalu; and Vanuatu.

Electric Power Consumption Household Electrification RateRegional Member (per capita kWh) (% of households)

1990 2010 Earliest Year Latest YearDeveloping Member Economies Central and West Asia

Afghanistan 20 (2001) 64 (2011) ... 25.0 (2005)Armenia 2718 1606 98.9 (2000) 99.8 (2005)Azerbaijan 2584 1603 97.0 (1999) 99.5 (2006)Georgia 3039 1743 … 99.9 (2002)Kazakhstan 5905 4728 99.9 (1995) 97.0 (1999)Kyrgyz Republic 2331 1375 99.8 (1997) 100.0 (2002)Pakistan 267 457 59.6 (1990) 89.2 (2006)Tajikistan 3346 2004 97.0 (1999) 99.3 (2003)Turkmenistan 2293 2403 … 99.6 (2000)Uzbekistan 2383 1648 99.6 (1996) 99.7 (2002)

East Asia

China, People’s Rep. of 511 2944 ... ...Hong Kong, China 4178 5923 ... ...Korea, Rep. of 2373 9744 ... ...Mongolia 1540 1530 67.3 (2000) 86.2 (2005)Taipei,China 4159 10356 (2012) ... ...

South AsiaBangladesh 49 279 17.8 (1993) 46.5 (2007)Bhutan 254 977 (2005) 41.1 (2003) 72.0 (2007)India 268 616 50.9 (1992) 67.9 (2005)Maldives 113 521 (2011) 83.8 (2000) 99.8 (2009)Nepal 35 93 17.9 (1996) 76.3 (2011)Sri Lanka 154 449 ... 80.7 (2002)

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam 4438 8759 ... ...Cambodia 13 (1995) 146 16.6 (2000) 31.1 (2010)Indonesia 160 641 48.9 (1991) 91.1 (2007)Lao PDR 64 103 (1997) ... 46.3 (2002)Malaysia 1146 4117 ... ...Myanmar 46 131 ... 47.0 (2002)Philippines 363 643 71.3 (1998) 83.3 (2008)Singapore 4983 8307 ... ...Thailand 703 2243 ... ...Viet Nam 98 1035 78.4 (1997) 96.1 (2005)

The PacificCook Islands 775 1713 (2012) ... ...Fiji 607 867 (2011) ... ...Kiribati 109 171 ... ...Marshall Islands 961 1502 (2006) ... 63.4 (1999)Micronesia, Fed. States of ... ... ... ...Nauru ... ... ... ...Palau ... ... ... ...Papua New Guinea 485 470 (2008) ... 11.0 (1996)Samoa 312 521 (2011) 78.8 (1991) 80.0 (1994)Solomon Islands 102 100 (2012) ... 15.7 (1999)Timor-Leste … 79 (2011) 27.0 (2002) 38.0 (2009)Tonga 250 436 (2012) ... 80.0 (1994)Tuvalu 124 406 (2006) ... ...Vanuatu 177 236 (2012) 18.0 (1994) 19.1 (1999)

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 8527 10286 ... ...Japan 6486 8394 ... ...New Zealand 8972 9566 ... ...


Communications

Table 5.7 Telephone and Internet Subscriptions

… = Data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = Magnitude is less than half of unit employed.

Sources: International Telecommunication Union World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database (International Telecommunication Union 2013).

Fixed Telephone Lines Mobile Cellular Telephone Fixed Broadband InternetRegional Member (thousands) (thousands) (thousands)


Afghanistan 29.0 13.5 0.0 18000.0 0.2 (2004) 1.5 (2010)Armenia 533.4 584.2 17.5 3322.8 0.0 (2001) 206.4Azerbaijan 801.2 1733.6 420.4 10125.2 1.0 (2002) 1300.0Georgia 508.8 1276.1 194.7 4698.6 0.4 (2001) 392.1Kazakhstan 1834.2 4340.3 197.3 28731.4 1.0 (2003) 1592.1Kyrgyz Republic 376.1 488.9 9.0 6797.9 0.0 (2002) 142.9Pakistan 3053.5 5803.3 306.5 120151.2 14.6 (2005) 926.9Tajikistan 218.5 393.0 1.2 6528.0 0.0 (2003) 5.4Turkmenistan 364.4 575.0 7.5 3953.0 0.1 (2008) 1.4Uzbekistan 1655.0 1963.4 53.1 20274.1 2.8 (2003) 202.7

East AsiaChina, People’s Rep. of 144829.0 278858.6 85260.0 1100000.0 22.7 175624.8Hong Kong, China 3925.8 4361.7 5447.3 16403.1 444.5 2270.7Korea, Rep. of 25863.0 30099.2 26816.4 53624.4 3870.0 18252.2Mongolia 117.5 176.7 154.6 3375.2 0.0 (2001) 104.3Taipei,China 12642.2 15997.6 17873.8 29455.2 229.0 5561.7

South AsiaBangladesh 491.3 961.6 279.0 97180.0 43.7 (2007) 516.6Bhutan 14.1 27.0 0.0 560.9 2.1 (2008) 16.8India 32436.1 31080.0 3577.1 864720.0 50.0 (2001) 14306.0Maldives 24.4 23.1 7.6 560.5 0.2 (2002) 17.9Nepal 266.9 845.0 10.2 16380.0 1.0 (2006) 124.0Sri Lanka 767.4 3449.4 430.2 20324.1 0.3 (2001) 423.2

Southeast AsiaBrunei Darussalam 80.5 70.9 95.0 469.7 1.9 (2001) 19.8Cambodia 30.9 584.5 130.5 19105.1 0.1 (2002) 29.7Indonesia 6662.6 37982.9 3669.3 281963.7 4.0 2983.0Lao PDR 40.9 112.0 12.7 6492.0 0.0 (2003) 93.2Malaysia 4628.0 4588.9 5121.7 41324.7 4.0 (2001) 2459.9Myanmar 271.4 556.0 13.4 5440.0 0.2 (2005) 5.4Philippines 3061.4 3939.0 6454.4 103000.0 10.0 (2001) 2146.6Singapore 1946.0 1989.5 2747.4 8063.0 69.0 1371.0Thailand 5591.1 6391.0 3056.0 84075.0 1.6 (2001) 4357.4Viet Nam 2542.7 10191.0 788.6 134066.0 1.1 (2002) 4446.6

The PacificCook Islands ... ... ... ... ... ...Fiji 86.4 88.4 55.1 858.8 7.0 (2005) 13.5Kiribati 3.4 9.0 0.3 16.0 0.0 1.0Marshall Islands 4.0 5.5 (2004) 0.4 0.7 (2005) 0.0 0.0Micronesia, Fed. States of 9.6 8.4 0.0 27.6 0.0 (2003) 1.0 (2010)Nauru 1.8 1.9 (2009) 1.2 6.8 0.0 0.4 (2010)Palau 6.9 (2002) 7.3 2.5 (2002) 17.2 0.1 (2004) 0.6Papua New Guinea 64.8 139.0 8.6 2709.0 3.0 (2008) 9.2Samoa 8.5 19.5 (2005) 2.5 86.0 (2007) 0.0 (2004) 0.2 (2010)Solomon Islands 7.7 8.1 1.2 302.1 0.2 (2004) 2.1Timor-Leste 2.0 (2003) 3.0 20.1 (2003) 621.0 0.0 (2003) 0.6Tonga 9.7 30.0 0.2 56.0 0.0 (2002) 1.5Tuvalu 0.7 1.5 0.0 2.8 0.1 (2004) 0.6Vanuatu 6.6 5.8 0.4 137.0 0.0 (2003) 2.6

Developed Member EconomiesAustralia 10050.0 10471.0 8562.0 24338.0 122.8 (2001) 5743.0Japan 61957.1 64273.1 66784.4 138362.8 854.7 35295.5New Zealand 1831.0 1880.0 1542.0 4922.0 4.7 1240.0

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