kentucky pest news march 22, 2011

8/7/2019 Kentucky Pest News March 22, 2011

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Online at:www.uky.edu/KPN

Number 1260 March 22, 2011

TOBACCO

-Special Local Need Label for Use of Quadris

on Greenhouse-Grown Tobacco Approved

-Controlling Pythium Root Rot in the FloatSystem

WHEAT

-Wheat Soil-Borne Mosaic Virus Prevalent

FRUIT CROPS

-Manage Diseases of Small Fruits Using

Dormant or Delayed Dormant Sprays

FOREST, SHADE TREES &

ORNATMENTAL

-Eastern Tent Caterpillar Egg Hatch Is

Underway

-Emerald Ash Borer Products and Treatment

Window for Homeowners

-New Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Detection

Knott County

TOBACCO

Special Local Need Label for Use of Quadris

on Greenhouse-Grown Tobacco ApprovedBy Kenny Seebold

Over the past few years, Kentuckys burley

producers have had to contend with some fairly

serious outbreaks of target spot on seedlings in

float beds. These outbreaks often delay

transplanting and may even provide a source of

inoculum for epidemics of target spot in thefield. Recommendations for managing target

spot include taking steps to maintain good

ventilation, adequate fertility, and application of

mancozeb fungicides (such as Dithane, Manzate,

or Penncozeb) on a 5-7 day schedule. Mancozeb

is not specifically labeled for target spot, but is

reasonably suppressive when applied in a

preventive manner. Mancozeb falls short,

LANDSCAPE & TURF

-Sawflies Basking on Sunny Surfaces

-Ground-Nesting Bees Are Important Pollinators

PASTURE

-Poison Hemlock

PESTICIDE NEWS & VIEWS

-Glyphosates

-EPA To Begin Endosulfan Phaseout

DIAGNOSTIC LAB HIGHLIGHTS

however, when the disease becomes establishedprior to application, or when the environment

remains favorable for disease for long periods of

time. Clearly, there has been a need for a

stronger chemical tool for managing target spot.

Quadris fungicide, used widely on field-grown

tobacco, received a Special Local Need, or

24 (c) label for control of target spot in float

beds in 2009 and 2010 to help fight notably

severe epidemics of these diseases. However,

these labels expired each year with no guarantee

that they would be reinstated the following year.

This situation has changed. We now have a very

useful fungicide tool for use on tobacco

seedlings, and it is in place early enough to be

used in a preventive program for controlling

target spot.

Lexington, KY 40546
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production and infection are possible after initial

infections occur.

The most common ways for Pythium spp. to be

introduced into float systems are contaminatedwater, infested soil, or recycled (and

contaminated) Styrofoam trays. Pythium spp.are found widely in our soils and surface water,

so anything that moves these sources can be a

means of contaminating float beds. Pythiumspp. can persist in the tissue of roots that have

penetrated Styrofoam float trays, providing a

source of inoculum when the trays are used the

following season.

Sanitation is an important part in the

management of Pythium root rot in the float

system. Never use pond or surface water to fill

float beds, since water from these sources islikely contaminated with Pythium and other

plant pathogens such as Phytophthora or

Fusarium. Make sure that shoes and tools are

cleaned before bringing them into a transplant

facility.

Terramaster 4EC is labeled for use in float

systems and is very effective against Pythium

root rot when used correctly. Detailed

information on this fungicide can be found in the

product label, or refer to ID-160 (2011-2012

Kentucky-Tennessee Tobacco Production

Guide) or PPFS-AG-T-8 (2011 Fungicide Guidefor Burley and Dark Tobacco). For preventive

use, apply 0.7-1 fl oz of product per 100 gallons

of float water beginning 2-3 weeks after seeding,

or when roots first enter the water. A secondtreatment of 0.7-1 fl oz per 100 gallons of water

can be made 3 weeks after the first, and a final

application of 0.8 fl oz can be made two weeks

after the second treatment (if needed). Do notapply Terramaster later than 8 weeks after

seeding; make sure that the product is mixed

thoroughly in float bays to minimize the risk of

plant injury. Rescue applications ofTerramaster (1.4 floz/100 gallons of float water)in systems with active Pythium root rot will halt

further development of disease, and

symptomatic seedlings will likely recover.

However, the higher rates of Terramaster used in

rescue treatments increase the risk of plantinjury AND recuperating plants may still harbor

Pythium, which increases their susceptibility to

black shank and Fusarium wilt. For these

reasons, preventive use of Terramaster is

recommended over curative applications of the

product. Before using Terramaster, or anypesticide, refer to the label for specific

instructions and safety information. Quality

tobacco transplants are one of the most

important parts of a successful growing season.

Through careful management it is possible to

achieve excellent control of Pythium root rot,

good transplant quality, and a healthy bottom

line!

Figure 2. Water Roots.

Figure 3. Plugs of tobacco seedlings.


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Decisions to manage WSBMV must be made in

the fall, before planting. The best and most

consistent results are achieved by planting wheat

varieties that are resistant to WSBMV (or soil-

borne viruses). Delaying planting operationspast the Hessian fly-free date in the fall can

also help by limiting the extent of fall infections.Fields with persistent WSBMV problems may

be helped by improving internal and surface

drainage of fields.

FRUIT CROPS

Manage Diseases of Small Fruits Using

Dormant or Delayed Dormant SpraysBy John Hartman

Buds are swelling and new leaves are just

emerging on Kentucky blackberries, raspberries,

grapes and blueberries. Application of a

fungicide containing calcium polysulfides

(Sulforix, Lime-Sulfur solutions) at the end of

winter dormancy or just as berries and grapes

are breaking dormancy (delayed dormant spray)

can be effective in managing some fungal

diseases of these crops. Application of one of

the calcium polysulfide fungicides is an

important and inexpensive way to manage many

fungal diseases of grapes, blueberries andbrambles.

These early sprays are intended to be used while

plants are still dormant or when they have just

broken dormancy (delayed dormant) although in

some cases they may be used at a reduced rate

after shoots have begun significant growth. Thefungicide works by suppressing overwintering

fungal colonies and spores on twigs and bud

scales. This important spray will eliminate

primary inoculum, or the first spores released

in the spring, that cause initial fungal infectionson plant leaves and green shoots. By

eliminating or minimizing these infections,

secondary infections will be less of a problem.

This spray is particularly important to help

clean up or eradicate overwintering fungal

colonies from a planting that had disease loss

last year.

At the dormant rate, liquid lime sulfur is bestapplied at bud swell (delayed dormant) but

before leaves begin to emerge. The chemical

will burn newly emerged leaves if they are

exposed at the time of application. Thus, ifmore than one-half inch of green tissue is

showing in spring when it is applied, theemerging leaves may have burned edges.

Application of liquid lime sulfur when the

shoots have emerged much farther could placefloral parts at risk. Furthermore, do not apply

liquid lime-sulfur within 14 days (before or

after) an oil spray to control scale or other

insects, or when the temperature is above 75 F.

Some growers may have difficulty finding liquid

lime sulfur. Sulforix (also used on mites and

insects) is a suitable replacement. Both

compounds have the same active ingredient,calcium polysulfide. Copper hydroxide

formulations, e.g., Kocide 101, Kocide DF and

Blueshield 50WP, can also be used as dormant

sprays for brambles, blueberries and grapes.

These copper-containing compounds may also

have some effectiveness for managing foliar

diseases.

Growers are urged to read the label for details of

delayed dormant applications. Liquid lime

sulfur, Kocide and Sulforix have Danger (not

Warning or Caution) on the labels. Theywill burn the eyes and skin. Kocide

formulations also react with aluminum piping orcontainers, and care needs to be taken not to let

overspray get on vehicles or buildings.

Listed here are some of the sulfur and copper

dormant and delayed dormant applicationsavailable, and what diseases they are intended to

control. See the Midwest Commercial Small

Fruit and Grape Spray Guide (ID-94) for

additional recommendations and application

rates:(http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/ext/sfg/).

Liquid lime sulfur and Sulforix are suggested foruse on:

Blueberry: Phomopsis cane and twigblight (Figure 7) - apply when buds

begin to break.
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/ext/sfg/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/ext/sfg/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/ext/sfg/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/ext/sfg/


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too early to tell what the 2011 level will be but itis normal for insects to be very abundant in

some parts of a county and at moderate to low

levels in others. In about two weeks ETC tents

should be about the size of baseballs and easy tospot in trees. If control measures are needed to

reduce ETC numbers, steps should be takenbefore the caterpillars leave their trees.

Emerald Ash Borer Products and Treatment

Window for HomeownersBy Lee Townsend

The insecticide choices homeowners have for

do-it-yourself protection of landscape ash trees

against the emerald ash borer contain the active

ingredient imidacloprid. The products areavailable as liquid and granular formulations

under several brand names, which usually

contain the words 12 month protection and

emerald ash borer control. The liquid

formulation, diluted in water and applied around

the base of the tree, probably reaches an

effective concentration in the tree more rapidly

than does the granular form.

Correct dose and application timing are critical

to successful borer control. The dose rate is

determined by careful measurement of trunk at4.5 feet above the ground (see the label for

details). And, the product must be applied at the

right time in order to be in tree sap at a lethal

concentration when the borer larvae begin to

feed. Uptake should be good as long as the soil

around the base of the tree is neither excessively

dry nor waterlogged. If the soil is dry, thenirrigate the area before treatment.

EAB adults emerge from infested trees at an

accumulation of 450 to 500 degree days (base 50

F). The UK Ag Weather degree-day forecastsflight will begin about April 17-19 in the

quarantine area (see a map at

http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/EAB/welcome.html).

The main consideration is that applications mademid- to late April may not be very effective.

Now (week of March 21) is an ideal time for

those living in the quarantine area; this is about

4 weeks before EAB adults will become active.

Commercial applicators have injection and bark

spray options that are applied later than the soil

drench and are also suited for larger trees.

New Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Detection

Knott CountyBy Lee Townsend

The now too-familiar white egg sacs of the

hemlock woolly adelgid were found last week at

a site in Knott county.

The extent of known infestations can be seen at

http://pest.ca.uky.edu/EXT/HWA/welcome.html.

Egg laying begins before the first wildflowers

bloom in early spring. Small reddish brown

nymphs (also called crawlers) that hatch from

groups of up to 300 eggs in March disperse from

the tree or settle near the base of needles, sink

their sucking mouthparts into twigs, and begin to

feed on sap. The crawlers have a distinctive

white fringe around their sides, their white

protective covering is secreted later. These

adelgids mature over the next few weeks and lay

50 to 200 eggs that will hatch in mid-April to

early May. These crawlers are present during the

spring flush of hemlock foliage. They settle on

new growth and are inactive during the summer.

Development resumes in September and

partially-grown HWA spend the winter on tree

branches and twigs covered by the white woollymaterial that they secrete. Development resumes

in late winter and continues until March when

these adelgids mature and begin the two

Figure 11. HWA egg sacs.
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generation per year life cycle again. In one yeara single adelgid female could produce 90,000

offspring.

LANDSCAPE & TURF

Sawflies Basking on Sunny SurfacesBy Lee Townsend

Sawfly adults

are shiny 3/8

long insects

with bodies

that are often

black, and

occasionally

marked withother colors.

Prominent

thin black

antennae are

about half the

length of their bodies. Two pairs of clear wings

are held flat over the back. These insects can be

found basking on sunny surfaces, especially

sides of houses or structures in early spring.

They rest there for a time before flying off to

mate or lay eggs.

Sawfly wasps cannot sting and pose no threat to

humans or pets. Soon female wasps will be

laying eggs and the caterpillar-like larvae will

begin to feed. The grass sawfly is common in

the spring and the light green larva feed on

grasses. They are rarely present in damagingnumbers so there is no need for control of adults

or immatures.

Ground-Nesting Bees Are ImportantPollinatorsBy Lee Townsend

Several species of ground-nesting bees tunnel in

well-drained soil in sunny areas, often near

blooming trees. Most ground bees are 3/8 to "

long and vary in color from solid black to bright

metallic hues; all have relatively "hairy bodies".

These wild bees are important pollinators and

should be left alone if they are not causing a

problem.

Ground bees are very busy in late spring as

blooms become available and can be seen

entering and leaving pencil- diameter holes inthe ground. The entrances are often surrounded

by small mounds of fine soil particles. Many of

these bees live in individual tunnels where they

raise their young but over time, sizeablecommunities can develop where conditions are

favorable and nearby flowers are abundant. They

can sting if handled or stepped on but do not

aggressively defend their nests.

These ground bees thrive in areas that meet their

requirements. While insecticide applications

may have some temporary effect, the factors that

make the sites attractive remain unchanged. Thebees do not like moist soil so using a sprinkler to

keep the nesting area moist will probably cause

them to relocate.

PASTURE

Poison HemlockBy J.D. Green

Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) has been

increasing in Kentucky during the past several

years. Although this plant was often seen alongroadways, abandoned lots, fencerows, and other

non-cropland sites, in more recent years, it has

expanded out into grazed pasture lands and hay

fields. The concern not only stems from its

Figure 12. Sawfly adult.

Figure 13. Two ground-nesting bees.


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invasive nature, but the fact that it is one of the

most toxic plants in the world. Throughout

history, the toxicity of poison hemlock is well

known for accidental deaths of humans and

other animals. The death of Socrates in 329 B.C.is perhaps the most well known case involving

the death of a human.

Poison hemlock is known to be a native of

Europe and was introduced into the United

States as an ornamental in the 1800s. Since that

time this aggressive plant has been extremely

successful in distributing itself throughout most

of North America. It is now widespreadthroughout most counties in Kentucky.

Although poison hemlock is often associated

with areas that have moist soil conditions, it can

also survive in dry sites.

Description Poison hemlock is classified as a

biennial that reproduces only by seed. It is

capable, however, of completing its lifecycle as

a winter annual in Kentucky if it germinates

early during the fall months. Flowers and new

seed are typically produced in late May and

June. Although plants emerge as a cluster of

leaves that form a large rosette, poison hemlockis most noticeable at this stage of growth in early

spring with its parsley-like leaves which are

highly dissected or fern-like (Figure 1). The

individual leaves are shiny green and triangular

in appearance. As the plant begins to send upflower stalks, the leaves are alternately arranged

on the main stem. Each individual leaf is

pinnately compound with several pairs ofleaflets that appear along opposite sides of the

main petiole. As the plant matures, poison

hemlock can grow upwards to about 6 to 8 feet

tall. At maturity the plant is erect, often withmulti-branched stems, and forming a deep

taproot. Poison hemlock has hollow stemswhich are smooth with purple spots randomly

seen along the lower stem that help distinguish it

from other plants similar in appearance. Theflowers, when mature, are white and form a

series of compound umbels (an umbrella-shaped

cluster of small flowers) at the end of each

terminal stalk.

Toxicity-All classes of livestock are known to be

affected by poison hemlock. Cattle, horses, and

goats are considered to be the most susceptibledomestic animals although other animals can be

affected as well. Symptoms of poisoning can

occur rapidly anywhere within 30 minutes to 2hours depending on the animal, quantity

consumed, and other factors. Initial symptoms

can include nervousness, trembling, muscular

weakness and loss of coordination, dilation of

pupils, coma, and eventually death fromrespiratory paralysis. Lethal doses for cattle are

considered to be in the range of 0.2 to 0.5% of

the animals body weight. Poison hemlock is

also known to cause fetal deformation whenpregnant animals consume the plant.

Fortunately most animals tend to avoid grazing

poison hemlock if other forage is readily

available. However, animals may be more prone

to consume green plants during the late winter

and early spring when other forage species are

more limited. All parts of the plant, including

Figure 14. Mature poison hemlock plants

growing in hayfield.

Figure 15. Poison hemlock rosette.


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the seeds, are considered to contain the toxic

principles (coniine and coniceine). Toxicity

may be somewhat reduced in dried plants, but

the potential for toxicity still exists, particularly

when a sufficient quantity is consumed in driedhay. Therefore, extreme caution should be

considered before feeding animals hay known tocontain poison hemlock.

Control-The principle control strategy forpoison hemlock is to prevent seed production

which can be a challenge since a fully mature

plant is capable of producing 35,000 40,000

new seeds. It is too late to utilize herbicide

control methods after plants have produced

flowers. Therefore, mechanical control efforts

(if feasible) such as mowing or cutting down

individual plants should be initiated just before

peak flower production to avoid or reduce theamount of new seed being produced. Make note

of areas heavily infested with poison hemlock

this spring and begin to look for emergence of

new plants in the fall. During the late fall

(November) or early spring (March) is the best

time of year for herbicide treatment. In grass

pastures and hayfields herbicide products

containing 2,4-D can be effective when applied

to young, actively growing plants that are in the

rosette stage of growth. Spot treatments with

products containing 2,4-D, triclopyr, or

glyphosate can also be used depending on thelocation.

PESTICIDE NEWS & VIEWS

GlyphosateBy Paul Vincelli

Highly speculative claims appeared in the

blogosphere and media in late Februaryconcerning a new life form, a microfungus.

This microfungus is claimed to be causing

substantial and widespread problems in both

crops (corn and soybean) and livestock. It isalso claimed that this microfungus is found in

high concentrations in Roundup Ready soybean

meal and corn, distillers meal, fermentation feed

products, pig stomach contents, and pig andcattle placentas.

The science behind these claims, based on my

knowledge of this situation, appears to be very,

very limited. Furthermore, these claims have

not been presented to scientific audiences norpublished in a scientific journal. These are

critical omissions. Extraordinary claims

require extraordinary proof, wrote Carl Sagan.

Based on my knowledge, these extraordinaryclaims about a microfungus have not received

even ordinary scrutiny by knowledgeable

experts. Until they have, there is no reason to

think these claims are credible.

Here are two useful resources (a web link and a

series of newsletter articles), should producers

and others in your county have questions aboutthis issue.

http://www.btny.purdue.edu/weedscience/2011/

GlyphosatesImpact11.pdf

Agronomic Crops Network: C.O.R.N.

Newsletter,http://corn.osu.edu/, March 11-18

issue, with the following titles:

Glyphosate Effects on the Occurrenceand Development of Soybean Diseases

Glyphosate's Impact on Animal Health? Trying to Sift Through the Current

Wealth of Information (and

Misinformation) About Glyphosate

Glyphosate Application Effects onSoybean Manganese Nutrition

EPA To Begin Endosulfan PhaseoutBy Ric Bessin

Last fall the EPA published the EPA FinalProduct Cancellation Order for endosulfan in the

Federal Register. According to the EPA,

endosulfan can pose unacceptable health risks

to farm workers and wildlife and can persist in

the environment. A formal Memorandum of

Agreement with manufacturers of the

agricultural insecticide will result in voluntary
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cancellation and phase-out of all existing

endosulfan uses in the United States.

Endosulfan belongs to the cyclodiene

organochlorine insecticide class that is in the

IRAC group 2A insecticides. This chemicalrepresents one of the last chlorinated

hydrocarbon insecticides on the market.

The phaseout, that begins in 2012 and will be

completed in 2016, is fairly complicated due tothe large number of uses that need to be

addressed.

The following table lists specific crop uses and

the timeline addressing the termination. After

the respective dates, application on the crops

lists will be longer be permitted.

Table 1. Endosulfan uses termination dates.Group A: Use ending July 31, 2012

Almond

Apricot

Broccoli

Brussels sprouts

Carrots

Cauliflower

Celery (non-AZ)

Citrus (non-bearing)

Collard greens

Dry beans

Dry peas

Eggplant

Filbert

Kale

Kohlrabi

Mustard greens

Nectarine (CA only)

Macadamia

Plum and Prune

Poplars grown for pulp and timber

Strawberry (Annual)

Sweet potato

Tart cherry

Turnip

Walnut

Ornamental trees, shrubs, andherbaceous plants

Other uses on product labels not listed

in Group B, C, D, E, or F

Group B: Use ending July 31, 2012Cabbage

Celery (AZ only)

Cotton

Cucumbers

Lettuce

Stone fruits not listed in Group A,

including Nectarine (non-CA), Peaches,

and Sweet cherry

Summer melons (cantaloupe,

honeydew, watermelon)

Summer squash

Tobacco*

Group C: Use ends July 31, 2013

Pear

Group D: Use ends December 31,

2014

All Florida uses of:

Apple

Blueberry

Peppers

Potatoes

Pumpkins

Sweet corn

Tomato

Winter squash

Group E: Use ends July 15, 2012

Apple

Blueberry

Peppers

Potatoes

Pumpkins

Sweet corn

Tomato

Winter squash


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Group F: Use ends July 31, 2016

Livestock ear tags

Pineapple

Strawberry (perennial/biennial)

Vegetable crops for seed (alfalfa,broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage,

cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, collard

greens, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens,

radish, rutabaga, turnip)

In addition to the phase out dates, the EPA has

issued other mitigation measures that will be

implemented during the phaseout period that

may vary by crop including 1) canceling aerial

use and specifying other application methods; 2)Extending Restricted Entry Intervals (REIs); 3)

Extending Preharvest Intervals (PHIs); and 4)Reducing some maximum single and seasonal

application rates.

Extensions to Restricted Entry Intervals and Pre-Harvest Intervals (those not listed remain

unchanged)Use

Extended REI (days) Extended PHI (days)

Additional mitigation

measures

Apple 7 (EC), 20 (WP)

Seasonal limit reduced to 2.0

lb a.i./A/yr; qt per 100

gallons

Blueberry

(low bush) 10 (EC), 15 (WP)

Blueberry(high bush) 22 (WP)

Cabbage 4 (EC), 4 (WP) 17 (EC), 21 (WP)

Celery 4 (EC), 4 (WP) 11 (EC), 16 (WP)

Cotton 10 (EC), 10 (WP)

Cucumbers 4 (EC), 4 (WP) 11 (EC), 16 (WP)

Lettuce 4 (EC), 4 (WP)

Nectarine 7 (EC), 20 (WP)

Peach 7 (EC), 20 (WP)

Pear 7 (EC), 20 (WP)

Seasonal limit reduced to 2.0

lb a.i./A/yr; qt per 100

gallons

Pepper 4 (EC), 9 (WP)

Pineapple 10 (EC)

Single application reduced to1.0 lb a.i./A and seasonal

limit reduced to 2.0 lba.i./A/yr

Potatoes 7 (EC), 12 (WP)

Pumpkin 7 (EC), 12 (WP) 11 (EC), 16 (WP)

Strawberry 7 (EC), 12 (WP)

Summer 7 (EC), 20 (WP)


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melons

Summer

squash 4 (EC), 4 (WP)

Sweet cherry 7 (EC), 20 (WP)

Sweet corn 17 (EC) Mechanical harvest only

Tobacco *10 (field), 13 (seedbed)

Tomato 4 (EC)

Eliminate application by low

pressure hand wand and hand

gun, eliminate greenhouse

use.

Winter squash 7 (EC), 12 (WP) 11 (EC), 16 (WP)

EC = Emulsifiable concentrate, WP = Wettable powder

Aerial application eliminated on all crops

*Not recommended for use on tobacco in KY; this product is

prohibited by companies that contract for the crop.

DIAGNOSTIC LAB HIGHLIGHTSBy Julie Beale and Paul Bachi

Recent samples in the PDDL have included

soilborne mosaic virus on wheat; Fusarium dryrot on stored potatoes; Phytophthora root rot on

blueberry; Pythium root rot, Botrytis blight and

magnesium deficiency on greenhouse tomato

transplants; and Pythium root rot and impatiens

necrotic spot virus on greenhouse lisianthus

grown for cut flowers.

On landscape ornamentals, we have seen rust onhollyhock; wet feet and virus (likely alfalfa

mosaic virus) on pachysandra; Stigmina needle

cast and stress-related dieback on spruce;

Dothistroma needle blight on pine; and winterdrying symptoms on boxwood, cherrylaurel,holly and magnolia.

Note: Trade names are used to simplify the

information presented in this newsletter. No

endorsement by the Cooperative Extension Service is

intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products

that are not named.

kentucky pest news march 22, 2011

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