Agriculture News Cooperative Extension Service

Crittenden County

1534 US Hwy 60 E

Marion, KY 42064

(270) 965-5236

Fax: (270) 965-5237

extension.ca.uky.edu

Crittenden County Farm Products Guide

Have a farm product that you sell to the public? Join our list of availa-

ble farm products produced right her in the county. Applications are

on the last page of this newsletter.

Crittenden County Exten-

sion office is temporarily

limiting public access. We

are open for business how-

ever working remotely.

Our Extension Agents and

staff can be reached by

leaving a message on our

answering service or by

email. Services we are still

providing:

Soil sampling

Plant samples

(commercial only)

Insect ID

Site visits (following

social distancing proto-

col)

I am still working so any-

thing you have questions

on just give me a call at

270-853-0357.

Page 2

“Anthelmintic resistance” means the dewormers (anthelmintics) available are losing their effectiveness in the field with no new products on the horizon to take their place. Although new drug “classes” entered the market every decade from the 1950s to the 1980s, it has now been nearly 40 years since ivermectin was introduced in 1981. Basically ‘we have what we have’ which is 3 major chemical classes or families of dewormers known as the Benzimidazoles (SafeGuard®/ Valbazen®/Synanthic®), the Macrocyclic Lactones or MLs (Ivomec®/ Cydectin®/ Eprinex® & LongRange®/Dectomax®/generic ivermectins) and the Imidazothiazoles/ Tetrahydropyrimidines (Rumatel®/ Strongid®/ Prohibit® or Levasol®). “Resistance” is the term used for the ability of a parasite to survive after treatment with a chemical de-wormer given according to label directions. After any dewormer is given, a portion of the parasites in the gut will not be killed by the chemical. Only these parasites that survived treatment will go on to reproduce and pass their resistance genes to their offspring. Resistance is caused by a slow buildup of “resistance genes” in parasites from repeated drug treatment over many years. These genes accumulate undetected over time until the point when so many resistant worms survive there is an obvious treatment failure. Resistant worms are not more aggressive or dead-ly but they simply survive in high numbers after deworming, causing disease. Resistance issues are mostly seen in younger animals, especially stocker calves and replacement heifers, since adults will develop immunity to the effects of parasites. Calves under a year of age have poor immunity to parasites so production losses are certain from Cooperia and Haemonchus without proper control. Two-year olds have moderate immunity so clinical disease is less of a problem but production losses likely without good control as more Ostertagia (the brown stomach worm) are active in this age group. Three-year olds and above have good immunity with little clinical disease and only slight production losses. Unfortunately, the reliance on what were very effective chemical dewormers has allowed selection of bulls and replacement females with high production numbers but has ignored their genetic inability to resist parasite issues. Additionally, chemical deworming has allowed neglect of husbandry and pasture management factors that keep worm burdens naturally low. For example, overstocking a pasture means more feces, more worm eggs and larvae after egg hatching, shorter grass and more parasites in animals. This is a management problem and not the fault of the animal or the dewormer. Parasites cause appetite suppression so the number one sign of a resistance problem is lower than expected weight gain. This resistance is potentially costing producers millions of dollars in unrecognized losses from reduced weaning weights, delayed puberty, decreased fertility and pregnancy rates, reduced feed intake, reduced feed efficiency and im-mune suppression in all classes of cattle. How is it possible to know if dewormer resistance is a problem in a herd? The best way to test is a Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) based on the knowledge that dead worms don’t lay eggs. This basically involves taking a fecal sample from an animal (the sample will be sent to a laboratory for a fecal egg count) and then administering the correct dose of a dewormer. A second fecal sample is taken from the same animal 14 days later that is also sent to the same laboratory for a fecal egg count. If the dewormer worked effectively, there should be at least a 90% reduction in the number of eggs from the first sample to the second sample. “Resistance” is present when the normal dose of the drug fails to give at least the 90% level of control. This test is best applied on a herd basis so it is recommended to sample a group of sufficient size (20 is advised) in order to reduce the sample variation. The test should be conducted in weaned animals under 16 months old and is not as reliable in adult cattle. Work with your veterinarian for sample collection and submission procedures. Once parasites become resistant to a drug family, they never go back to being susceptible. Avoid resistant worms being introduced to the herd by performing a FECRT on any newly purchased/leased breeding stock to avoid contamination of the farm before allowing them to mix with the rest of the herd. How can we slow the development of resistance to dewormers? Reducing unnecessary treatment with dewormers, mak-ing sure the dewormers used are effective, and strategic culling all contribute to fewer resistant genes in parasites. 1. Reduce treatment frequency and/or modify treatment strategies.

In cattle, treat only 80, 90 or 95% of adult population of the herd, leaving heaviest and best-looking untreated. Deworm all first and second calf heifers and adult cows with body condition score less than 5. Deworm bulls pre-breeding. After deworming, do not turn on to fresh or new pasture right away because only the resistant parasite eggs will be shed immediately after treatment. Keep them on a contaminated pasture at least a week before moving to clean. Continued on page 4

What Was Old is New Again - Parasite Problems Returning in Cattle Due to Dewormer Resistance Dr. Michelle Arnold, UK Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory

On April 2, 2020, the Small Business Administration (SBA) issued Interim Final Rules for the Coronavirus Aid,

Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) pertaining to the Payroll Protection Program (PPP). The $350

billion of funds for this first round of PPP were quickly exhausted. Congress passed a second round of funding

for the PPP program on April 23, 2020. President Trump signed the legislation on April 24th, replenishing the

PPP fund with an additional $310 billion with anticipation that small businesses could start applying for fund-

ing beginning the week of April 27th..

The PPP is just one of two new programs launched from the CARES Act. PPP loan funds may be forgivable if

specific criteria are met. More on this in a future newsletter. The idea behind the PPP is to provide businesses

negatively affected by COVID-19 with assistance making payroll and other eligible expenses through June 30,

2020. Specifically, the proceeds from a PPP loan may be used to pay payroll expenses (including health insur-

ance costs), mortgage interest, rent/leases, and utility payments.

You are eligible to apply for a PPP loan if you: were in business before February 15, 2020, your principle resi-

dence is in the United States, have 500 or fewer employees, and you file a Form 1040 Schedule C. It is pre-

sumed that a Form 1040 Schedule F is allowable since this is the equivalent for Farmers and Fishermen. Your

business can be structured as a sole proprietor, independent contractor, Sub S or C corporation, or LLC. The

SBA provides guidance for business owners who were not in business in 2019, but were in business before Feb-

ruary 15, 2020 .

The maximum loan amount allowed is the lesser of $10,000,000 or 2.5 times your average monthly payroll3. At

least 75 percent of the PPP loan must be used for payroll costs. To calculate monthly payroll, you take a simple

average of 2019’s total payroll expenses for employees who were not compensated over $100,000/annually and

whose principle residence was in the United States. For seasonal employees, you can average payroll expenses

over the period of February 15, 2019 through June 30, 2019. You cannot include guest workers’ payroll as their

principle residences are outside the United States. For those who do not have hired employees, you can use net

farm income from Line 34 of Form 1040 Schedule F averaged over twelve months. You can then borrow 2.5

times this averaged amount assuming it does not exceed $100,000. In the case that it does, you have to lower

your request to the maximum loan amount of $100,000. These loans do require documentation and substantia-

tion of requested funds. Some lenders require you to provide your 2019 Form 943 (or 941 if non-agricultural).

In cases where you do not have employees, then a copy of your 2019 Schedule F (or Schedule C) is required. You

may also be asked to provide accounting records to substantiate the loan. The current Treasury PPP FAQ’s are

available here.

Further clarifications may become available as these

funds are rolled out. It is important to note that since

there has been a lot of confusion about this program,

there is a lot of potential misinformation about what is

needed to document eligibility of the PPP loan and who

is eligible. Qualifications needed to turn part of the PPP

loan into forgiveness will be addressed in future commu-

nications. Check your with current banking and/or lend-

ing institution for the most up to date roll-out infor-

mation, further guidance, availability and documenta-

tion questions.

1 For detailed information concerning documentation and eligibility

please refer to your tax professional’s advice.

2 For seasonal employers, also provide payroll record total for February

15, 2019 - June 30, 2019.

3 If you received an Economic Injury Disaster Loan (EIDL) used for payroll costs between January 31, 2020 and April 3, 2020, you must

include it in the PPP loan calculation, as this amount does not have to be repaid if used for qualified expenses. Therefore, add any outstand-

ing amount of EIDL (which was used for payroll costs) minus any advance to the PPP loan calculation.

What Farmers Need to Know: SBA Paycheck Protection Program Loan (PPP)

By: Jonathan Shepherd, Lacey Williams, Tyler Mark, and Jerry Pierce

Rec

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Corn

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What Was Old is New Again - Parasite Problems Returning in Cattle Due to Dewormer Resistance Cont. from page 2

2. Never deworm all animals in the herd and turn them immediately on to “clean” pasture. In addition, never deworm older cows going into summer in the south. Either of these practices allow resistant worms to survive and build up quickly.

3. Deworm spring-born calves mid-summer or pre-weaning and fall-born calves near or at weaning with effective drug combinations (see #6 below). Avoid using permanent pastures for stockers because they are the biggest source of resistant parasites. Instead, follow stockers with adult cows or goats to vacuum the calf parasites from the pasture. Alternatively, take a cutting of hay or grow a crop to remove parasites.

4. Only use long acting dewormers for stockers going to feedyards. Do not treat replacement heifers with long-acting dewormers and return them to the herd.

5. Ensure the treatments administered are very effective. Use of drug combinations is essential because they kill more resistant worms! An example of this is using a ML injectable (for example, Dectomax® injectable) and using a drench dewormer (SafeGuard®/ Valbazen®/Synanthic®) at the same time. The purpose of the second drug is to kill any worms that survived the first drug, resulting in much fewer worms left to reproduce. Conversely, if drugs are underdosed or administered in a manner with reduced bioavailability or absorption (such as a pour-on), then partially resistant worms are more likely to survive and mate to produce fully resistant worms.

6. Pour-on dewormers are not as effective as drench dewormers or injectables. Without question, drench dewormers deliver the most parasite exposure to active drug in the gut. Injectables reach the parasites through the bloodstream so there is reduced exposure to the drug in the gut where the parasites live. Pour-on formulations rely on absorp-tion through the skin to reach the bloodstream and have consistently under-performed in deworming trials.

7. Culling the “wormiest” animals. The 80/20 Rule is in effect when it comes to parasites in cattle. Approximately 20-30% of animals in the herd have 80% of the parasites. Culling the wormiest-looking poor doers removes a significant number of parasites and stops the passing of genetic “wimpy-ness to parasites” to their offspring.

Crittenden County Farm Products Guide

The Crittenden County Extension office is compiling a list of farm products produced locally that will be handed out to the public. The list can include farm products from vegetables, fruit, meat, bedding plants, mums, and hay. This will be for farm products that are produced in Crittenden County only. Our plan is to publish a quick list for 2020 that will be updated regularly and starting in January of 2021 we would update the list yearly. Just fill out the form below and return it to the Crittenden County Extension Office. You may mail the form to the address listed below, use the drop box behind the office or message the office on the Facebook page. Please return by May 26, 2020. For more information contact:

Dee Heimgartner 1534 US Hwy 60 E Marion, KY 42064

deanna.brasher@uky.edu 270-965-5236

Farm Name:_______________________________________________________________________________________

Products available: _________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Phone:___________________________________________________________________________________________

Email:____________________________________________________________________________________________

Social Media(Facebook):_____________________________________________________________________________

Address:__________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Would you like your address published? Yes No (If no we will only use this information to contact you in future years for updated information)

Contact Person (For Extension use only): __________________________________________________________