HYDROGEN SULFIDE H2S

GROUP 2AYU KUSTINIARDHIKA RIZALDIHERFANDO MAULANA ALHAFIZHMACHDA NADIRA DELANEIRA

HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)

Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, flammable, extremely hazardous gas with a rotten egg smell. Some common names for the gas include sewer gas, stink damp, swamp gas and manure gas. It occurs naturally in crude petroleum, natural gas, and hot springs. In addition, hydrogen sulfide is produced by bacterial breakdown of organic materials and human and animal wastes (e.g., sewage). Industrial activities that can produce the gas include petroleum/natural gas drilling and refining, wastewater treatment, coke ovens, tanneries, and kraft paper mills. Hydrogen sulfide can also exist as a liquid compressed gas.(OSHA,2005)

CHARACTERISTIC Hydrogen sulfide is a highly poisonous, invisible, and explosive gas. Heavier than air Easily soluble in water Solubility H2S in water :437 ml /100 ml water on 0oc ;186 ml/100 ml water on 40oc ;LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) = 4,3%UEL (Upper Explosive Limit) = 45%Autoignition Temperature = 500oF (260oC) ;Boiling Point = -60,4oC;Freezing Point = -85,5oCMolecular Weight = 34,08;Short term exposure limit = 15 ppm

SOURCE & OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURENature Vulcanic GasesDamp AreasSulfur-Containing MaterialDecomposing by Bacterial ActionEtc.Industry Undesirable by Products ( Petrochemical Industry, Beet Sugar Plants, Leather Tannaries, Sewage Treatment, etc) Occupational ExposureSewage treatment plant workers, miners, metallurgies, silo workers, sugar beet processors, tannery workers, viscous rayon and cellophane workers, chemical plant workers (manufacturing of sulfuric acids, barium salts, etc.) are at greatest risk of exposure.

ABSORPTIONIn Industrial exposure, H2S absorption only through respiratory tract (inhalation)

EXCRETION

Only a small proportion (less than 10%) of the amount absorbed is excreted unchanged in expired air.The metabolites of hydrogen sulfide (sulfates, thiosulfates) are excreted in the urine.

BIOTRANSFORMATIONHydrogen sulfide undergoes rapid oxidation to sulfates.It acts as an inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase (Warburgs respiratory enzyme).AsphyxiaBeside causing irritation on eyes and respiration tract, h2s also inhibit the activities of cytochrome oxsidase enzyme which serves to turn ionic oxygen became oxygen molecule, so the body cells cant using oxygen is carried away by blood and this situation will causing asphyxia.(H2S classified as chemical asphyxiant)

Hydrogen sulfide paralysis the respiratory center of the brain and the olfactory nerve.At sufficiently high levels, these chemicals asphyxiants can cause almost instantaneous collapse and unconsciousness.

CHEMICAL ASPHYXIATION

ACUTE & CHRONIC EFFECTAccute EffectHydrogen sulfide has a direct irritant action on the eyes, which sometimes leads to keratoconjunctivitis.It is also an irritant of the respiratory tract and may cause bronchitis or even pulmonary edema.High concentrations have paralyzing effects on the olfactory apparatus and the odor of the gas is no longer perceived.Symptoms of acute poisonings include : irritation of the eyes and airways, headache, vertigo, giddiness, drowsiness and retrosternal pain.In severe poisoning, coma, convulsions, and death may occur, sometimes within a few seconds.

CHRONIC EFFECTNonspecific symptoms and disorders such as impaired sleep, headache, vertigo, poor concentration, lability of mood, hyperhydrosis, automatic nervous system impairment, chronic bronchitis, and dyspepsia are accepted by some authorities as resulting from long-term exposure to concentrations of H2S lower than those causing acute poisoning. Others do not accept the existence of chronic poisoning.

OxygenHeatFuelFIRE TRIANGLE

FIRE TRIANGLE*

In order for a fire to start or be sustained you need to have a fuel, an oxidizer and an ignition source.If one of the three components is eliminated, than there will not be a fire (or explosion).

*Incompatible Materials

FLAMMABLE LIMIT*4,3 %45 %

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UDARA

UDARA

UDARA< 4,3%4,3%- 45%> 45%Bensin Flammable/Explosive Range

RESPIRATORY AIRWAYS

4 Extremely flammable3 Ignites at normal temperatures.2 Ignites when moderately heated.1 Must be preheated to burn.0 Will not burn.*FLAMMABLE (RED COLOR)EKA

FIRST AID PROCEDURESegera pindahkan korban ke suatu tempat yang berudara segarBila korban mengeluh sesak napas, segera beri oksigen Bila korban berhenti bernapas segera lakukan pernapasan buatan dan bawalah ke rumah sakit.

Immediately move victim to fresh air somewhereWhen the victims complained of shortness of breath , give oxygen immediatelyWhen the victim stops breathing immediately did CPR and take it to the hospital .

PREVENTIVEAdequate ventilation Using PPE (Chemical respirator/Chemical Cartridge respirator, canister gas mask or supplied-air respirator, and chemical goggles)Medical check before working, periodical and specifically: a focussed his eyes, nerves, cardio vascular and respiratory system.Monitoring work environmentFor those who suffer heart disease , the respiratory tract , kerato-conjuctivitis , arteriosclerosis of the brain , and need to avoid anemi from exposure hydrogen sulphide .

Some well known examples of substitution :MaterialsReplacement of cancer and mesothelioma causing asbestos fibers by safer synthetic substitutes (glass and rock wool, ceramic fibers).Removal of benzene (causes leukemia) as an industrial solvent and replacement by less hazardous aromatic solvents e.g. xylene.Replacement of carbon tetrachloride for dry cleaning with less toxic perchloroethylene.

SUBSTITUTION*

VENTILATION

How the hazards present themselves in the workplace (e.g. are they generated at point sources, or diffused such as from cigarette smoke or building furnishings).The degree of risk associated with each hazard (e.g. a little or a lot, very toxic hazards or low toxicity hazards.

CHOICE OF VENTILATION TYPE

Important features of natural dilution ventilation are :It uses large volume of fresh made-up air to dilute the contaminant and sweep it outside the workplace.Air velocity needs only to be relatively low.NATURAL DILUTION VENTILATION

*NATURE VENTILATION

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETLembar data yang memberi informasi tentang bahaya potensial dan aspek K3 dari penggunaan bahan kimia berbahaya.MSDS harus : Tersedia di tempat Kerja Mudah diakses Dipahami oleh pengguna Dipelihara dan diperbaharui.

Environmental monitoring account neither for skin absorption, accumulation, the use of personal protective equipment, differences in physical activity, working habits, and personal hygiene nor for non-occupational exposure, while biological monitoring accounts for all of these.*

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PEMERIKSAAN KESEHATAN TENAGA KERJAPemeriksaan KesehatanAwalPemeriksaan KesehatanBerkalaPemeriksaan Kesehatan Khusus

Pemeriksaan kesehatan ini bertujuan agar tenaga kerja yang diterima berada dalam kondisi kesehatan yang setinggi-tinginya, tidak menderita penyakit menular yang dapat menularkan penyakitnya pada tenaga kerja lain, dan untuk menyerasikan tenaga kerja dengan pekerjaan yang akan dilakukan sedemikian rupa sehingga kesehatan dan keselamatan tenaga kerja yang bersangkutan dan tenaga kerja lainnya dapat terjamin.

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PEMERIKSAAN AWAL

Pemeriksaan kesehatan ini bertujuan untukmenilai sedini mungkin adanya pengaruhdari pekerjaan atau lingkungan kerja. Selain itu, pemeriksaan kesehatan berkala bertujuan pula untuk menilai efektifitas dari usaha pencegahan yang telah dilakukan oleh perusahaan.

PEMERIKSAAN BERKALA

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Pemeriksaan kesehatan ini perlu diselenggarakan bagi : 1. Tenaga kerja yang baru sembuh dari penyakit atau kecelakaan yang memerlukan perawatan lebih dari 2 (dua) minggu. 2. Tenaga kerja yang berusia lebih dari 40 tahun atau tenaga kerja wanita, tenaga kerja cacat dan tenaga kerja yang berusia muda yang melakukan pekerjaan tertentu.

PEMERIKSAAN KHUSUS

Use of PPE can be an effective part of the health and safety program in the workplace. But it will only work if it is :Selected carefullyUsed and maintained properlyMonitor carefully

PPE is often uncomfortable, making it difficult to work effectively.This make cause stress, increase the time spent working in dangerous environments, and make it less likely that PPE will be used to the full extent it should be.

Expected concentration of each respiratory hazard; Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) concentration; Oxygen concentration or expected oxygen concentration; Eye irritation potential; and Environmental factors, such as presence of oil aerosols.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING RESPIRATORS

Respirators protect you from breathing hazardous airborne contaminants.They must be properly selected, fitted, and maintained.Most important, you must know their proper uses and limitations.If the contaminants in your work environment require you to wear a respirator, wear it. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Exposure to high concentrations of a toxic substance, even for a short time, can cause serious injury or death.Exposure to low concentrations of certain toxic substances can cause permanent damage to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or other organs.Work environments can be fatal if the oxygen content of the air is too low. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

SUPPLIED AIR RESPIRATOR/SCBA

TWIN CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE RESPIRATOR*

COPD/PPOM

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