k j joseph brics workshop rio 25-27 april 071 human resource development & industry university...
TRANSCRIPT
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 1
Human Resource Development & Industry University Interaction: Indian Experience
K J Joseph & Dinesh AbrolCDS & NISTADS
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 2
An Overview
Introduction- Sectoral system for HRD?
The Evolution: Historical Background Post-independence: Three Phases The Performance Academia- Industry Interaction Concluding observation
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 3
Evolution:Pre-independence Period
India - the home of centers of learning Three distinct traditions of scholarships
Hindu gurukulas, the Buddhist viharas, and the Quranic madarasas
Modern education - Network of schools and colleges to impart western education in English by the British in the early 19th century - The first college for western education -1818 at Serampore near Calcutta
Later a number of colleges Agra, Bombay, Madras, Nagpur, Patna, Calcutta, and Nagapattinam.
In 1857, three universities were set up at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras and the 27 colleges were affiliated to them
By 1947 there were 19 universities and several affiliated colleges
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 4
Post Independence Period- Three Phases
Early phase (till c1980) state domination HRD has been considered important Institutions University Grant Commission (1956) set by the Act of parliament
coordinates and regulates higher education All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) set up in 1945 as an
advisory body was given a statutory status through an Act of Parliament in 1987
The main functions of the AICTE include proper planning and coordinated development of technical education in the country, promotion of qualitative improvement regulation and maintenance of norms and standards.
In order to ensure planned growth of technical education, the Council operates the scheme of National Technical Manpower Information System (NTMIS)
The objective of this scheme is to generate a database to monitor supply and demand of engineering and technical manpower and to ensure planned development of technical education.
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 5
Post Independence Period- First Phase
Two strategies- First setting up of institutions by state ‘based on Sarkar committee’ (1945) six IITs were set up
during 1950-61) These institutes impart high quality education in various areas of
pure and applied sciences and in engineering and technology at the under-graduate and post-graduate levels and disseminate and transfer the knowledge for the benefit of Indian industry and the other user sectors.
Second, Grant in aid Institutions (PPP mode) are regulated by UGC or AICTE
Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore and Indian Agricultural Research Institute at Delhi were declared as deemed to be universities in 1958
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 6
Post Independence Period: Second Phase
Second Phase (1980-2000) entry and expansion of private sector
The national policy on education (1986) called for improvement in education
Increased demand along with budget constraint of the state and changing policy regime set the stage for the entry of private sector
Autonomous colleges Distance education providers Self-financing courses in public institutions Accreditation and & assessment councils
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 7
Post Independence: Third Phase
Third Phase – since 2000 Further boost to privatization and entry of foreign universities
Between 2000 and 2005, 26 private-sponsored institutions got the deemed university status.
By early 2005, seven private universities were set up in different states were recognized by the UGC.
By 2005, 131 foreign education providers were identified to be operating in India
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 8
Growth of professional higher education institutions since 1999
Course
Number of InstitutionsPercentage
increasePrivate (%)
2003/041999/2000 2005/06
Engineering 669 1478 121 88
Pharmacy 204 629 208 94
Hotel Management 41 70 70 90
Architecture 78 118 51 67
Teacher Education 1050 5190 395 68
MCA 780 976 25 62
MBA 682 1052 55 64
Medicine (Allopathic) 174 229 32 46
Physiotherapy 52 205 294 92
Total 3730 9947 167 78
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 9
Major Actors
The institutes of national importance & public research labs
Affiliating universities and various university departments, affiliated colleges and regional engineering colleges under them
Deemed universities Private institutes Govt Polytechnics, Pvt Polytechnics.
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 10
An array of Institutional arrangements for promotion & regulation
• University Grants Commission (UGC) -Funding, recognition & maintaining overall standards
• All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)- Approval for technical institutions, and limited funding & quality improvement
• Indian Council for Agricultural Research• Distance Education Council -IGNOU Act Funding,
maintaining standards of open education• Council of Architects (CoA) - Registration of architects and
recognition of institutions for education in architecture and town planning
• Medical Council of India - Registration of medical practitioners and recognition of medical institutions and qualifications
• Pharmacy Council of India: Indian Nursing Council (INC): Dental Council of India: Central Council of Homeopathy (CCH)
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 11
Performance: Select Indicators
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 12
Educational Institutions, Enrolment and Teachers at different levels- Impressive performance Institutions (in ‘000s) Enrolment (in millions) Teachers (in ‘000s)
Primary
Middle
Sec* Primary
Middle
Sec* Primary
Middle Sec*
1950-51
209.7 13.6 7.4 19.3 3.1 1.5 538 86 127
1960-61
330.4 49.7 17.3 34.9 6.7 3.4 742 345 296
1970-71
408.4 90.6 37.1 57.1 13.3 7.6 1060 638 629
1980-81
494.5 118.6 51.5 73.8 20.7 11.0 1363 851 926
1990-91
560.9 151.5 79.8 97.4 34.0 19.1 1616 1073 1334
2000-01
638.7 206.3 126.0 113.8 42.8 27.6 1896 1326 1761
2003-04
712.2 262.3 145.9 128.3 48.7 35.0 2097 1592 2024
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 13
But not impressive- when compared (secondary enrolment)
1998/99 2002/03 1998/99 2002/03
World total 60 65 Developing 52 58
Developed 100 107 China 70 70
U.S.A 97 94 India* 32 37
Canada 105 105 Indonesia 51 61
U.K. 157 179 Philippines 76 84
Australia 155 154 Malaysia 69 70
Japan 102 102 Mexico 69 79
Korea 100 91 S Africa 90 88
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 14
Growth in universities/deemed universities and enrolment
3.70
2.50
5.33
4.45
6.18
5.50
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
1976-86 1986-96 1996-03
Institutions
Enrolment
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 15
Enrolment in Engineering/Technology/ Architecture (total & girls)(Graduate+postgraduates + doctorates)
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
1971 1981 1986 2001
Year
En
role
mn
t
0
5
10
15
20
25
%G
irls
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 16
Outturn of scientific & technical manpower (1947-96)
877441265
141406169393
235792
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1947 1960 1970 1979 1995
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 17
Outrun of engineers by major disciplines (2000)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 18
Scientists, Engineers & Technicians (per1000 Population)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Scientists, Engineers and Technicians for selected countries
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 19
Expenditure on Education as% GDP
2.80 2.99
3.84 3.80 3.72 3.62 3.56 3.56 3.53 3.493.85
4.26 4.233.97
0.00
0.501.00
1.502.00
2.503.00
3.504.00
4.50
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 20
Increasing unemployment
1569617188
22901
35524
51842
63548
70502
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
1991 1994 1996 1999 2000 2001 2002
Series1
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 21
Industry-HEIs interaction
Type1: HEIs as teaching centres supplying the needed skilled manpower
Type 2: HEIs university graduates to research - basic research for publication
Type 3: undertaking applied research and some preliminary technology development and supply of know-how and know why to industry
Type 4: Consultancy work for industry and students spend a part of their learning period with the industry - feed back from industry shapes the research agenda of academia as well as the curriculum itself
Type 5: HEIs become instrumental in the promotion of academic entrepreneurs or university-spawned industries.
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 22
The present status in India
Most HEIs are of Type 1 or Type 2 A small proportion in Type 3 A very small proportion and the premier institutes
are in Type 4 A very few universities are experimenting with the
idea of setting up enterprises The movement along the passive-proactive
continuum does not take place uniformly in all industries or in all universities or over night.
Case study of an IIT – not very encouraging Yet Shanta Bio Tech- and Osmania university –
Hepatitis B vaccine - Some recent initiatives: UGC-Nasscom
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 23
The present market induced approach…
State support is being withdrawn from everywhere, in particular the social sector activities including higher education and research.
Therefore, the academic system is made to increasingly depend on the industrial sector for finance
For industrial sector firms are realizing that it is well-nigh impossible to compete using imported technology when those very TNCs are competitors of local firms in both foreign and home markets.
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 24
Emerging issues
Very limited interaction between Research institutes/ labs and Universities
Limited interface between industries/users and universities
While there is limited networking among local agents, There is a growing networking between local actors and foreign actors (MNCs) through R&D outsourcing; What are its implications?
While the investment in human capital in the early years have paid rich dividend, the current initiatives may not be sufficient to sustain the innovation in the economy.
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 25
FTEs of Manpower Employed in R&DPersonnel engaged in R&D (93-94/99-00
Personnel employed in auxiliary activities(93-94/99-00
Personnel in Adm Activities(93-94/99-00
Major scientific agencies
45549 / 33165 55975 / 45718 50678 /
41495
Central govt. departments
8763 / 79548545 / 16288
12943 / 19217
State government
25302 / 17993
22624 / 18156 43343 / 42949
Public Sector 14182 / 87679181/ 2580 3297/ 2327
Private Sector 26082 / 25957 11777/ 7303 8385 / 6474
Total (industrial + institutional
40264 + 82644/34274+59112
20578 +87144/9883 +80162
11664+1070648801+103661
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 26
S&T Manpower
While India has a large strength of S&T personnel of over 6.3 million, the number of scientists actually engaged in R&D is only about 150,000.
R&D manpower density lowest, virtually no increase, in fact GRI & PSU account for 80 % of 96 as opposed to 75% of 91
More science graduates than engineers, lack of availability of R&D engineers, Science PhDs are 12 times of engineering PhDs, average is 0.6-0.8
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 27
Individual linkages of S&T manpower
Professionals graduating from the AIs exhibit an outward orientation and their linkages with the domestic industry are still low
Brain drain, Indian born S&E top the list of foreign born S&E in the US;
Weak linkage with manpower demand development, quality control mechanism
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 28
S&T Manpower
Enrolment in S&E is quite low, Growing obsolescence of facilities,
faculty & curricula Private investment limited to
professional courses Rote learning, weak linkages with
practice, lack of emphasis on problem-solving skills
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 29
Changes in the conditions of academic profession
Working conditions have deteriorated, despite increased teaching load, constantly demands have been made that teachers should teach to more students and for longer hours
The privatization of public higher education and the expansion of private academic institutions
Decreased autonomy; financial pressures have contributed to ever-increasing demands of “accountability”, addition of several new functions; relations with industry, consultancy
Unrelenting criticism in media, it is very often bordering on virtual vilification of the academic profession as a whole
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 30
Pattern of R&D Personnel Employed by Industry
As on 1st April, 2000, 53,408 personnel were employed in 1326 industrial sector R&D units of which 34724 were engaged directly on R&D activities. This works out to be a figure of about 18% of total R&D manpower employed in all the R&D establishments in the country.
Of the total R&D personnel in industry sector 25.6% were employed in public sector, 74.4%
were employed in private sector.
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 31
Composition of R&D Personnel by Type of Work in Public & Private Sector Industry
Private sector R&D manpower ; R&D: Auxiliary: Adm
80-81 67 22 11 2000 65 23 12
Nature of publicly directed funding for enterprise RDD
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 32
Thank you
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 33
Growth in enrolment & outturn of engineers
478815497 18207
34835
70481
197081
2893 702618223 19012
44724
74223
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2000
Admission
Outturn
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 34
Structure of Technical education in India
K J Joseph BRICS workshop Rio 25-27 April 07 35
CAGR in the out turn of scientific & technical personnel from universities
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
1947-60 1960-70 1970-79 1979-95
Series1