k i na i cl i - weebly
TRANSCRIPT
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icliNaiK
ocloNaoK
m
ClPNaPKP
ClPNaPKP
F
RTV
][][][
][][][log
Resting Membrane Potential &
Goldman Equation
•P = permeability
–at rest: PK: PNa: PCl = 1.0 : 0.04 : 0.45
•Net potential movement for all ions
•known Vm:Can predict direction of
movement of any ion ~
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Effect of K Ions on the RMP
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Effect of K Ions on the RMP
• hyperkalemia :
• weakness, ascending paralysis,
• If untreated cardiac arrhythmias
• Hypokalemia : serum K+ <3.5 mEq/L
Myopathies (Myotonia)
weakness, fatigue, paralysis
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Effect of K Ions on the RMP
• hyperkalemia : serum K+ >5 mEq/L,
moderate (6 to 7 mEq/L) and severe (>7
mEq/L)
• Hypokalemia :
Weakness , fatigue, motor paralysis
Myopathies (Myotonia)
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Effect of Na Ions on the RMP
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Effect of Na Ions on the RMP
• Hyponatremia
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Effect of Na Ions on the RMP
• Hyponatremia
• lethergy, confusion, weakness and muscle
cramps, nausea and vomiting >>>> coma
>>>>seizures
• Tt
• only 1 mlmol/L/hour
• Osmotic demyelination syndrome (central
pontine myelinolysis)
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Effect of Na Ions on the RMP
• Hyponatremia
• lethergy, confusion, weakness and muscle
cramps, nausea and vomiting >>>> coma
>>>>seizures
• Tt
• only 1 mlmol/L/hour
• Osmotic demyelination syndrome (central
pontine myelinolysis)
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Effect of Na Ions on the RMP
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Effect of Na Ions on the RMP
• Hypernatremia
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Effect of Na Ions on the RMP
• Hypernatremia
• nausea, and vomiting, altered mental
status, confusion, neuromuscular
excitability and hyperreflexia, irritability,
seizures, and even coma or death.
• Tt
• 0.45% sodium chloride
• brain edema or hemorrhage, potentially
seizures, permanent brain damage, or
death
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Effect of Na Ions on the RMP
• Hypernatremia
• nausea, and vomiting, altered mental
status, confusion, neuromuscular
excitability and hyperreflexia, irritability,
seizures, and even coma or death.
• Tt
• 0.45% sodium chloride
• brain edema or hemorrhage, potentially
seizures, permanent brain damage, or
death
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Ions on the RMPCaEffect of
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Ions on the RMPCaEffect of
• Hypercalcemia
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Ions on the RMPCaEffect of
• Hypercalcemia
Headache, and lethargy. anxiety,
depression, and cognitive dysfunction,
insomnia, coma
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Ions on the RMPCaEffect of
• Hypocalcemia
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Ions on the RMPCaEffect of
• Hypocalcemia
• The hallmark is
neuromuscular irritability
and tetany
(Trousseau's sign &
Chvostek's sign )
• Irritability , hyperreflexia,
Seizures, psychosis and
hallucination
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Ions on the RMPCaEffect of
• Hypocalcemia
• The hallmark is
neuromuscular irritability
and tetany
(Trousseau's sign &
Chvostek's sign )
• Irritability , hyperreflexia,
Seizures, psychosis and
hallucination
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22
The Action Potential (excitability
changes)
Polarized state
(resting)
Depolarisation
(due to
sodium influx)
Resting potential (-75 mV)
ENa (+60 mV)
Hyperpolarisingafterpotential
EK (-95 mV)
Absolute
refractory period Relative refractory period
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The Action Potential
threshold
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The Action Potential
threshold
threshold
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The Action Potential
threshold
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threshold
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neuron from the inferior olive
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Channelopathies
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Ataxia is typically defined as the presence of abnormal,
uncoordinated movements
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• Pages 84 & 85 in
Neuroscience 3rd edition by
Dale Purves
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Ion Channel Neurotoxins
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Synapses and Neurotransmitters
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Communication Between
Neurons
• Synapse:
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Communication Between
Neurons
• Synapse: A specialized site of contact, and
transmission of information between a neuron
and an effector cell
Figure 45-5
Anterior
Motor
Neuron
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Communication Between
Neurons
• Electrical synapse
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Communication Between
Neurons
• Electrical synapse Chemical synapse
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Communication Between
Neurons
• Chemical synapse
Neurotransmitter:
is a messenger of
neurologic
information from
one cell to another.
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Synaptic Transmission
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Action of Neurotransmitter on
Postsynaptic Neuron
• postsynaptic membrane contains receptor
proteins for the transmitter released from the
presynaptic terminal.
• The effect of neurotransmitter on the post
synaptic neuron depend on the type of the
receptor
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Action of Neurotransmitter on
Postsynaptic Neuron
• Two types of receptors
– Ion channels receptors
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Action of Neurotransmitter on
Postsynaptic Neuron
• Two types of receptors
– Ion channels receptors
– Second messenger receptors
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Ion Channels receptors
• transmitters that open sodium
channels excite the postsynaptic
neuron.
• transmitters that open chloride
channels inhibit the postsynaptic
neuron.
• transmitters that open potassium
channels inhibit the postsynaptic
neuron.
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Seconded messenger receptors
(as example G-protein)
Ion
Channel
1. Opening specific ion channels
2. Activation of cAMP or cGMP
3. Activation of one or more intracellular enzymes
4. Activation of gene transcription.
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and
Effectors• GPCR Effector Systems (Cont’d)
• Push-pull method (e.g., different G proteins for
stimulating or inhibiting adenylyl cyclase)
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and
Effectors• GPCR Effector Systems (Cont’d)
• Some cascades split
– G-protein activates PLC generates DAG and IP3 activate different effectors
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and
Effectors
• GPCR Effector Systems
(Cont’d)• Signal amplification