justine directed study presentation
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Multi-Layered Interfaces for Mobile Applications for
Older Adults: Qualitative Analysis
By Justine YangCPSC 448B
April 28, 2009
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Introduction
Mobile devices have gone through a major
transformation in the past decades
First phone in the 1970’s Phones we have today
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Introduction
And emerged in popularity in recent years
Wait, there’s something missing!
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Introduction
And emerged in popularity in recent years
Where are the seniors in the picture?
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Introduction
It is observed that seniors often perceive new
technologies as too complicated
“I don’t know how to use these new gadgets, my son taught me before, but I always forget after a while…”
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Motivation
Attempting to make the interfaces on mobile
devices easier to use
Multi-Layered Interface!!!
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Motivation
Previous research shows• “Multi-layered interfaces have been seen as a
suitable approach to helping novice users to learn to use software interfaces.” - Shneiderman, B.
• “Novices can learn with multi-layered interfaces by starting with an initial layer consisting of a limited function set, and progressing to successive layers when needed or when they are comfortable using the initial set.”
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Study DesignStudy Design
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Study Design
Participants:
16 young participants (age 20-39)
16 senior participants (age 65+)
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Study Design
Independent Variables (Interface):
• Multi-Layered Interface– Perform tasks on different interfaces
• Non-Layered Interface (control)– Perform all tasks on one interface
Elaborate more in a bit…
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Study Design
Tasks:
1st set: Basic(Add user, edit user, and delete user)
2nd set: Advanced(Add voice dialing, send text message and add custom ringtone)
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Study Design
Participants using Multi-Layered Interface
Interface 1
Perform 1Perform 1stst set of task set of task
(Add, edit, delete user)
Interface 2
Perform 2Perform 2ndnd set of task set of task
(voice dial, text message, ringtone)
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Study Design
Participants using Non-Layered Interface
Perform both sets of tasksPerform both sets of tasks
Interface 2
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Study Design
Data:
1. Performance– Track the number of extra steps performed in a task
2. Questionnaires– Given after each set of tasks and rate on Likert scale
3. Post-study Interview– Open ended questions, understand preferences and reasoning
Data:
1. Performance– Track the number of extra steps performed in a task
2. Questionnaires– Given after each set of tasks and rate on Likert scale
3. Post-study Interview– Open ended questions, understand preferences and reasoning
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Study Design
1. What are the perceived benefits of the ML
interfaces for learning?
2. What are the perceived benefits of the ML interfaces for long term usage?
3. Do seniors prefer multi-layered interfaces or traditional non-layered interfaces and Why?
4. Do age-related differences exist in the aforementioned questions?
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Results and AnalysisResults and Analysis
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Results and Analysis
Performance Data on Initial Learning
ML
NL
ML
NL
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Results and Analysis
Seniors prefer the ML interface for learning
Learning Preference
ML NL
Seniors using ML 5/8 3/8
Seniors using NL 5/7 2/7
Total: 10/15 of the seniors prefer the ML interface
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Results and Analysis
Reasons why seniors prefer the ML interface:
Gradual Learning Curve
“[D]oing the simpler thing first is easier. Going from simpler to complex is more of a natural progress of learning.”
(ML, age 65+, P53)
“I would learn this first and go on to the other option if one is comfortable with [interface 1]. (ML, age 65+, P63)
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Results and Analysis
Drawbacks of the ML interface for Learning:
1. “Because you sort of get in your mind that it’s a different thing and you had to learn this all over again.” (ML, age 65+, P69)
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Results and Analysis
Drawbacks of the ML interface for Learning:
2. “If you do the first one, then you become over competent. Like you’d think you can do it with your eyes closed. Then, you get this false sense of competence. So I think I would want to go with the 2nd system first.” (ML, age 65+, P57)
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Results and Analysis
Performance Data on Long Term Usage
ML,NLML,NL
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Results and Analysis
Same number of seniors prefer the ML and NL
interface for long term usage
** B = Only Basic Interface
Long Term Usage Preference
ML NL B
Seniors using ML 4/8 3/8 1/8
Seniors using NL 3/7 4/7 0/7
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Results and Analysis
Reasons why seniors prefer the ML interface:
“I think I would prefer them both even if I never use interface 2. If it’s there, there’s a possibility for me to use
it.” (ML, age 65+, P67)
“I would prefer the one where you have all the personal commonly used [features]…I would use this most of the time… It might be the occasional time that I want to use [interface 2] or probably not you know? “(ML, age 65+, P69)
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Results and Analysis
Reasons why seniors prefer the NL interface
1. “I think I would choose the one with all the functions because it’s all there.”. (ML, age 65+, P52)
2. “I would want all of the functions” (ML, age 65+, P53)
3. “It’s not difficult to use…Keep it simple.” (NL, age 65+, P70)
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Results and Analysis
No drawback was seen from
participants’ response in using the
ML interface for long term usage
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Results and Analysis
Age-related differences:
Preference for Learning: Senior: ML interface v.s. Young: Mixed preferences
Preference for Long Term Usage:
Senior: Equal v.s. Young: ML interface
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Results and Analysis
Age-related differences in Learning: Senior: ML interface v.s. Young: Mixed preferences
Seniors take more steps, difference between NL and ML is larger
Seniors take more time, difference between NL and ML is larger
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Results and Analysis
Age-related differences in Long Term Usage: Senior: Equal v.s. Young: ML interface
Takes same number of steps, no difference between NL and ML
Seniors take more time, no difference between NL and ML
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Results and Analysis
Possible Cause #1: Priority
Senior: Simplicity“Probably, it’s simpler to do a bit and get more familiar with fingers and
where the buttons are and so on. Just the way you did.” (ML, age 65+, P59)
[Interface 1] Always. It’s simple. [For interface 2], well if you feel more
ambitious and want to do more fancy things. (ML, age 65+, P65)
Young: Efficiency and Convenience
“I’ll definitely be faster if I use the one with fewer options…Use it when I
first got it. I would switch to the other one when I feel like I know how to do
the other functions.” (ML, age 20-39, P13)
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Results and AnalysisPossible Cause #1: PrioritySenior: Simplicity
For learning: ML interface • “It was easier and then increase the complexity. That worked well for
me.” (ML, age 65+, P67)
For long term usage: either• ML interface: Use this one most of the time. These are the essential
functions. The other functions are extras, fancy things to impress your friends.” (ML, age 65+, P65)
• NL interface: “It’s not difficult to use, just more functions to use. I would just go with one [interface]. Keep it simple.” (NL, age+, P70)
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Results and AnalysisPossible Cause #1: PriorityYoung: Efficiency and Convenience
For learning: Mixed • ML participants prefer the ML interface: • “[Interface 1] add quickly. Also for learning. [Interface 2] when bored,
and want to try and use the other functions.” (ML, age 20-39, P3)• NL participants prefer the NL interface: • “less moving around and all in one place. There are fewer steps.”
(ML, age 20-39, P6)
For long term usage: ML interface• “I would choose interface 1 because I have fewer options to scroll
through. Interface 2: Use interface two when I have more time.” (ML, age 20-39, P10)
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Results and Analysis
Possible Cause #2: Past Experience
Senior: Little Experience
Young: Abundant Experience
Experience
Computer Mobile Devices
Senior 15/15 5/15
Young 16/16 16/16
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Results and Analysis
Possible Cause #2: Past Experience
Senior: Less Experience complex, need guidance
Takes more steps and longer time
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Results and AnalysisPossible Cause #2: Past ExperienceSenior: Less Experience complex, need guidance
For learning: ML interface • “It was easier and then increase the complexity. That worked well for me.” (ML,
age 65+, P67)
For long term usage: either• ML interface: Use this one most of the time. These are the essential functions.
The other functions are extras, fancy things to impress your friends.” (ML, age 65+, P65)
• NL interface: “I can see what features that are in there, and I think it would be very useful for me and for my work. ” (NL, age+, P62)
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Results and Analysis
Possible Cause #2: Past Experience
Young: Abundant Experience not complex, efficiency
“Plus, it’s not that complicated. It’s pretty standard I guess. It’s probably
harder for people in my parents age.” (NL, age 20-39, P4)
Possible Cause #2: Past Experience
Young: Abundant Experience not complex, efficiency
“Plus, it’s not that complicated. It’s pretty standard I guess. It’s probably
harder for people in my parents age.” (NL, age 20-39, P4)
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Results and AnalysisPossible Cause #2: Past ExperienceYoung: Abundant Experience not complex, efficiency
For learning: Mixed • ML participants prefer the ML interface: • “[Interface 1] add quickly. Also for learning. [Interface 2] when bored,
and want to try and use the other functions.” (ML, age 20-39, P3)• NL participants prefer the NL interface: • “less moving around and all in one place. There are fewer steps.”
(ML, age 20-39, P6)
For long term usage: ML interface• “I would choose interface 1 because I have fewer options to scroll
through. Interface 2: Use interface two when I have more time.” (ML, age 20-39, P10)
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ConclusionConclusion
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Conclusion
Senior Users:
Learning• Senior participants prefer ML interface• Drawbacks exist, but can be overcome by
switching to interface 2
Long Term Usage• Equal number of senior participants prefer the
ML and NL Interfaces • but no drawback was found
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Conclusion
Younger Users: • There was no distinct improvement in terms of
performance when learning through the ML interface
• For long term usage, the ML interface is beneficial to younger population as the basic interface makes the operations more efficient
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Questions and AnswerQuestions and Answer