jupiter and europa saturn enceladus professor geoff marcy department of astronomy
TRANSCRIPT
Jupiter and Europa
Saturn
Enceladus
Professor Geoff MarcyDepartment of Astronomy
Astronomy C12, Earth & Planetary Science C12, Letters & Science C70
The Planets
Saturn’s Moon, Dione
Saturn & Ring
Prof. Geoff Marcy
Office Hours:Hearst Field Annex
room B26Wed @ 1pm, Fri @ 11am
Textbook and Homework:The Cosmic Perspective
Special IssueBennett et al. (2014)
All Homework is online in MasteringAstronomy
1. Buy book at bookstore with its attached “MasteringAstronomy kit”
2. Homework is online: MasteringAstronomy: www.pearsonmastering.com
Register: Course ID: marcy67636 (for Fall 2014)
marcy67636
marcy67636 (for Fall 2014)
Homework
HW in MasteringAstronomy due every Friday at 6pm
Due Next Week, Friday Sept 5:• Read Chapters 1 and 2 “Our place in the Universe “ & “Discovering the Sky”
• Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Assignments in MasteringAstronomy -5% for each wrong try (but you can try again). -1/N for each wrong try in Multiple Choice (N Questions) -3% for using a hint.
Description of Course
• Our Home: The Solar System. Sun, planets, comets & asteroids The physics, chemistry, geology, and experiments and reasoning that allowed humanity to understand our Solar System.• Observations and Space missions.• Learn physical and chemical processes that formed and continue to shape the Solar System: Past, Present and Future.
Intended for Non-Science Majors (light on math)Objectives of Course• Learn the process of careful thinking and reasoning• Work with others: group reasoning• Learn to estimate answers with a factor of 2
Basic Science Components:• Atoms, Molecules, Energy, Forces, Light• How to calculate quantities: very large numbers and small numbers
Astronomy C12Earth and Planetary Science C12
Letters & Science C70T
Same Course Sign up for any of these...
What if you are on the waitlist??? Everyone will get in.
Instructor: Professor Geoff Marcy Office Hours: Wed 1pm & Fri 11am Hearst Field Annex: Bldg B, Room 103 [email protected]
GSIs: Beth McBride – [email protected] Kyle Fricke – [email protected] Kaylan Burleigh -- [email protected] Chris Gebhart – [email protected]
12 Discussion Sections 1 hr each (All start next week.) Review, Clarification, Homework Help. Observing Projects
12 Discussion Sections • 1 hour: All start next week (Sept. 2-4).• Lecture Review & Clarification; Homework Help.
• Go to any one of these (optional): 101 Wed 9-10A, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart 102 Wed 1-2P, 264 Evans Hall: Kaylan Burleigh 103 Wed 2-3P, 264 Evans Hall: Beth McBride 104 Wed 3-4P, 106 Wheeler: Kaylan Burleigh 105 Th 2-3P, 264 Evans Hall: Kaylan Burleigh 106 Tu 2-3P, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart 107 Th 11-12P, 264 Evans Hall: Beth McBride 108 Tu 11-12P, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart 109 Tu 12-1P, 264 Evans Hall: Kyle Fricke 110 Th 12-1P, 264 Evans Hall: Kyle Fircke 111 W 11-12P, 264 Evans Hall: Chris Gebhart 112 Wed 12-1P, 264 Evans Hall: Kaylan Burleigh
The Astronomy Learning Center:TALC
- Every Thursday Evening 7:30 – 9:30pm - Hearst Field Annex, Room B1
- Work on homework with others in the class. - Collaborate on homework!
For Fall 2014
Homework: 20% of grade – Due every Friday 6pm – 20% reduction for every day late! Starts next week (due Friday, Sept. 5 at 6pm)
It is OK (and great) to work with others. It is *not* OK to copy.
Homework is graded automatically, online.
Exams: Midterm 1 25% Sept. 30 (Tue)
Midterm 2 25% Nov 4 (Tue)Final 25% Dec 18 (Thu) 11:30am-2:30pm - Emphasis on conceptual understanding (no calculators needed)
- Covers: Lectures, Reading, Homework, Observation projects
Observing Projects: 5% of grade Two Projects to be announced.
Grading
Final Grade: Absolute Scale. A = 90-100, B=80-90, C=70-80, D=60-70, F = 0-59.
UC Berkeley Honor Code
Course syllabus
Course syllabus (cont.)
Lectures Captured:
• Audio will be recorded, along with the projection (slides, movies) on the screen. https://calcentral.berkeley.edu http://www.youtube.com/ucberkeley http://itunes.berkeley.edu/ http://webcast.berkeley.edu)
• The PDF files of all slides lecture will be available on MasteringAstronomy www.pearsonmastering.com
Lectures:WARNING: Research shows that students with laptops out during lecture get one full letter grade LOWER than students without laptops or cell phones.
Observing Projects
B) Sketch where the Sun sets, relative to buildings, this thu, fri, or sat. Wait 4-10 days. Sketch where the Sun sets again. Turn in both sketches, with time and date of observation. Write three sentences about any change in the position of sunset. Did it change? What direction? By how many degrees (approx.)? (The sun has an angular size of 0.5 degrees in diameter.)
Due in class, Thursday Sept. 61 page maximum; Handwritten is fine.
A) Chart the position and shape of the moon. Sketch where the moon is located relative to nearby buildings. Also sketch the shape of the moon. Mark which direction is south. Note the time and day on the sketch. Wait 2-5 days, and do it again. (Hint: the moon is up now from 3pm-10pm.) Turn in both sketches, with time and date of observation. Write three to four sentences about any change you saw in the position or shape.
Observing Projects: To be described later in course…
Mark your calendars for these observing times: October 8 at 3:27 – 4:22 am: Lunar Eclipse October 23 at 1:53 – 4:29 pm: Partial Solar Eclipse
Our Solar System• The Sun• Planets orbiting:
- Gravity attracts them
to Sun
• Moons orbit planets
• Asteroids • Comets
• Dust
Orbits are to scale.Planets are too big.
Inner Solar System
MercuryVenus
Neptune
UranusSaturn
Jupiter
MarsEarth
The AtomMicroscopic “building block” of
all normal material
Hydrogen: 1 proton 1 electron
Oxygen: 8 protons + 8 neutrons in nucleus 8 electrons
Atoms consist of a cloud of electrons and a dense nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Electric forces between electrons (-) and protons (+) hold atoms together.
Protons and neutrons are held to each other by the strong force.
Hydrogen: 1 proton 1 electron
What are protons and neutrons made of?
A protons consist of three quarks.
Quarks’ properties were important when matter forms after the Big Bang.
Laws of Science: Universal
100,000 Light Years
200 Billion Stars
Your Home:
The Milky Way Galaxy
You Are Here
Galaxy:• Billions of stars in space• Held together by gravity• Orbiting a common center
A Spiral Galaxy200 Billions Stars
Why is it spiral? What are the red blobs?
Messier 33
The Universe:All matter and energy:
Everything
100’s of Billions ofGalaxies
A large, hot ball of gas
that generates heat and light through nuclear reactions
Star:
Our Sun:An Average StarA Cluster of Stars
Why are stars different colors ?
Planet:A spherical object that orbits a star. • Too small to ignite nuclear reactions.• Shine mostly by reflected light. Planets may be rocky, icy, or gaseous in composition.
Rocky Planet Terrestrial planets
H & He Gas and WaterGiant planets
Moon:An object that orbits a planet
Callisto:Moon of Jupiter
Tethys:Moon of Saturn
Asteroid A small (kilometer), rocky
object that orbits a star
Gaspra Eros
Why are their shapes so irregular ?
Comet: A Dirty Snowball
orbiting a star
How do we know comets are ice?What are comets made of?
What is the tail doing?
Nucleus
Meteorites
Stony
Iron
From Planet Mantles
From Planet Cores
Interactive Quiz
Which of the following contains
the largest number of carbon atoms ?
>>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<<
A. Our Milky Way GalaxyB. Our Solar SystemC. The SunD. All the diamonds on Earth
Interactive Quiz
Which of the following contains
the largest number of carbon atoms ?
>>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<<
A. Our Milky Way GalaxyB. Our Solar SystemC. The SunD. All the diamonds on Earth
Mercury
• Similar to Earth’s moon: geologically dead, record of large impacts
• Why huge faults?
• MESSENGER spacecraft
• Huge iron core: liquid or solid?
Surface fault line
Lots of craters, surface must be old.
Interactive Quiz
Is it hotter or colder on Mercury than it is on Earth?
>>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<<
A. HotterB. ColderC. Same as on Earth
Interactive Quiz
Is it hotter or colder on Mercury than it is on Earth?
A. Hotter on day sideB. Colder on night side (no atmosphere)
Messenger Mission to Mercury•08.02.04 Launch•07.29.05 Earth Flyby•10.23.06 Venus Flyby 1•06.04.07 Venus Flyby 2•01.14.08 Mercury Flyby 1•10.06.08 Mercury Flyby 2•09.29.09 Mercury Flyby 3•03.18.11: Enter Mercury Orbit
Messenger launch in 2004
Messenger assembly
Measure magnetic field, study how the liquid iron freezes.
Venus
• Sulfuric acid clouds H2SO4
• Surface temperature 470 C
(lead melts!)• Volcanoes• Faults• Mountains
• Why so hot?
Why is there life on Earth?
Are there other HospitablePlanets in theSolar System?
Why is there a thin layer of water?
Why Plate tectonics?
Earth has many unique features
Volcanism
Earth
Io
Enceladus
subduction
HEAT
CO2
CO2
[CO2 + Ca CaCO3]
The Carbon Cycle
Mars
• Huge valleys (Valles Marineris)
• Huge volcanoes (Olympus Mons)
• Most geological activity in the
Why?
Olympus Mons (tallest volcano in solar system)
Water on Mars: Sufficient to sustain life?
Liquid water cannot exist now: only ice and vapor
Seasonal polar ice caps: winter summer
Water on Mars: There once was liquid water.
For how long?
Sedimentary rock
River system formed by running water
Craters shows signs of erosion
Jupiter and Two Moons
Io Europa
Jupiter’s Moon: Europa
Sub-CrustOcean
.
EuropaSurface covered with iceLots of geological surface featuresbut no impact craters!
Cassini spacecraft arrived at Saturn
on July 1, 2004
TitanSaturn’s Largest Moon
Hazy atmosphere made of N2, CH4, C2H6. Very cold – only 93K.
View from probe descending through Titan’s atmosphere
“Rocks” made of ice on the surface of Titan photographed by Huygens lander
Uranus
• Why so smooth ?• Why blue?• Why so different
from Jupiter, Saturn, Earth, and other planets?
• Why do we pronounce it: Yur a nus ?
Neptune
• Similar to Uranus• Thick atmosphere• Rock Core• Water surrounding core.
How could you discoverwhat Neptune is made of?
• Large Moon: Triton• Eruptions on Triton. Why?
What’s erupting?
Triton -
Neptune’s large moon.
Pluto& Moon: Charon
9th Planet
“Dwarf Planet “Pluto is one of many large, icy “Kuiper Belt Objects”
far from Sun
Interactive Quiz
Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system. What fraction of the mass of all planetsin our solar system does Jupiter have? (Hint: See Table)
A. 12%B. 25%C. 72%D. 95%
>>> Fold your answering sheet <<< >>> and hold up your answer! <<<
Jupiter is the biggest of all 8 planets in our solar system.
What mass fraction does Jupiter contribute?
Interactive Quiz
A. 12%B. 25%C. 72%D. 95%
MJ / ( MJ + MS + MU + MN + …) = 318 / (318+95+14.5+17.1) = 72%See table 7.1 on page 213
Exoplanets:Planetary Systems Around Other Stars
Triple Planet SystemUpsilon Andromedae
Artist’s Rendering
GJ 436 bThe firstNeptune-Size planetaround another star
Dr. Debra Fischer
Planet Hunter
For this course, the lectures on exoplanets will be given by Prof. Geoff Marcy
(Week 9, March 13 & 15)
Spectrum of Star:
Doppler Effect
Processes that shape planets:
Why are there planets?Why so many different types of planets?
How do planets evolve?
We can use physics and chemistry to answer these questions (or at least
formulate hypotheses)
5 min. after Impact
Impacts
Protoplanetary Disks of Gas & Dust
Theory ofPlanet Formation:
Dust Grows pebbles/rocks
Gas Acquired
Formation of Planetary Systems:
End Lecture 1
Course material: bcourses.berkeley.edu
• Syllabus
• Lecture slides
• Assignments: reading, homework, observing projects
• Course information