judgment, choices and reasoning fallacies

7/27/2019 Judgment, Choices and Reasoning Fallacies

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Judgment, Choices and Reasoning

Fallacies

Judgment and the elements of Reasoning

Analysis of reasoning

Analysis of judgment

Relation of concept and judgment

Order of development of the cognitive

processes

Judgment as primitive cognitive activity


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Analysis of reasoning reasoning is present from the beginning of conscious life

in the human being, involving perception and memory and imagination and

conception

may define it broadly and provisionally aspurposivethinking, that is to say, thinking carried on in the interestsof some plan which we wish to execute, some problemwhich we wish to solve, some difficulty which we wish tosurmount.

to involve the selection of certain ideas out of all those

supplied us by the problem, the manipulation of theseideas in accordance with previously acquired habits, andthe attainment of the solution by a proper combination ofthese two processes.


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Analysis of judgment A judgment, when put into words, is what logicians call a

proposition, and what grammarians call a sentence.

that a process of reasoning, such as that of our illustration, containsconcepts combined in the form of judgments.

judgment is a new mental operation to which we must now devoteour attention.

Judgment and verbal expression; if the judgment is in any measureequivalent to a proposition or a sentence, we ought to gain

assistance, in the distinguishing of its principal forms, from theclassifications of the grammarians and logicians

In the judgment, " the book is heavy," we have the concept heavyunited to the concept book

verbal precipitates of judgment we seem then to have two or moreideas mentally united in meanings which may imply either the

postulated union or severance of the objects to which they refer


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Relation of concept and judgment

the origin of concepts spring out of the mind's effort to mark off, andrender distinct, the various meanings

some specific instances of the attainment and development of aconcept, an instructive fact concerning the relation betweenconception and judgment

E.g the concept of bad, badness Such a mental act obviously has implicit in it the beginnings ofjudgment, i. e., the assertion of a relation between two mentalelements. When, with increasing age, language finally comes to ourassistance, we are easily able to apprehend the usage of our elders,and we straightway apply the term "bad" to all acts of a certaincharacter

Judge according to large measure of confidence in its correctness


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Order of development of the

cognitive processes Judgment, conception, memory, imagination, perception

are in one form or another present in consciousness from the veryfirst; and each process, which we have described and analysed -under one or another of these names, really involves each of theother processes. At certain moments consciousness presents itselfas dominantly engaged in the way we callperception, sometimes inthe way we call imagination. But each operation involves the other,and it would hardly be possible to point to a stage in developmentwhere one was obviously present and the other obviously andaltogether absent.

situation as regards its primary or secondary nature, its early or lateappearance, in the history of the individual consciousness

the mental operation of cognising the object is essentially equivalentto the assertion, "this is a chair," or "this is a thing to sit (231) upon.

Another sound may represent judgments in the form of a command,such as " I-am-hot-and-I-wish-you-would-take-the-blanket-off."


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Judgment as primitive

cognitive activity original form all judgment is essentially a

reaction upon immediately present perceptualexperiences

Undoubtedly, rude judgments in which memory

and imagination play leading roles may occur ata very early period

the highly developed ideational judgments, therecognition, or assertion, of relations, it seems

impossible to deny that the simplest case ofperception, with its connection of a first sensorystimulation with something already familiar, isalso implicitly, at least, of the same genus as the

judgment.


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judgment does really deal with the analysis of

ideational (or perceptual) experiences

Judgment is, then, in its most explicit forms,undoubtedly a process in which we synthesise

concepts in the course of noting and asserting

relations.

the synthesis may bring out relations of whichpreviously we- were not clearly cognisant. From

this point of view judgment is not so much a

matter of creating wholly new mental material as

it is a matter oforderingour mental equipment inthe most efficient possible manner


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Distinguishing judgment from

decision making

Hogarth (1997)

Decision making influenced by economist and

statisticians research on how decisions to be made.

Focusing on how people decide on a course of action Judgment has been influenced by research on

perception

Judgment are usually regarded as assessment,

estimates, that provide input to decision making Judgments vary in accuracy (meximising accuracy),

decisions vary in optimality ( maximising returns


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Judgment are assessed in terms of how

accurate they are, while decisions are

assessed in terms of their potential

consequences


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Distinguishing problem solving from

judgment and decision making

Problem solving task solution- effective

Optimal decisions are unlikely to have

same effectiveness each time that theyare

implemented.

People make decisions in unpredictable

environments, but

Solve problems in predictable ones


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Different types of judgment task

Studies indicated several types of judgment task

Naturalistic decision making,

Effect of stress on judgement

E.g Funk (1995) defines different types of task interms of situation and system factors

Hammond (1996, 2000) more subject-based approach:

different task are defined in terms of the type of cognitive

processing

Theres also studies of multiple cue probability learning,

suggest the number of cues and the intercorrelations

between them have different effect on judgements


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Cognitive process underlying

judgment and decision making


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Choices and reasoning fallacies
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/plg%20552/rational%20choice.pdf


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Research: Possibilities on putting the three

concepts together in research

Identification of informal reasoning

fallacies as a function of epistemological

level, grade level and cognitive ability

Weinstock, P, Neuman, Y and Glassner a

(2006) Journal of Educational Psychology;

Vol 89, No 2, 327 - 341
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/plg%20552/edu-98-2-327.pdf

judgment, choices and reasoning fallacies

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