Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Part II

Chapter 3

Monday, May 7, 2012

How might a person writing about religion in the United States use this map? List at least three uses.

Tuesday, May 8, 2012 Answer the

Following questions: 1. What is the Torah

and how did the Israelites obtain it?

The Kingdom of IsraelA. The Philistines

B. Samuel and the king

C. Saul, David, Samuel

A. DavidB. David and Goliath

D. Solomon

Jewish women were only allowed to go up to a certain part of the TempleIN the next were Jewish men,

Only the religious leaders were allowed in the center where the arc of the covenant was held.

E. Israel and Judah, Jerusalem “Jeru” means city Salem or “Shalom” means

“Peace”. Many Israelites forgot their religion.

F. The Lost Tribes of Israel G. The Samaritans

H. Egypt, Chaldeans, Israelites

Jewish Prophets Name Time Period Teachings

Elijah 874-840 B.C. Only God should be worshiped-not idols or false gods

Amos 780-740 B.C. The kingdom of King David will be restored and will prosper

Hosea 750-722 B.C. God is loving and forgiving

Isaiah 738-700 B.C. God wants us to help others and promote justice

Micah 735 - 700 B.C. Both rich and poor have to do what is right and follow God.

Jeremiah 626-586 B.C. God is just and kind-he rewards as well as punishes.

Ezekiel 597-571 B.C. Someone who has done wrong can choose to change.

Jewish Customs and Daily LifeA. Babylon-Judaism B. Jews met once a week on the Sabbath, a

day of worship and rest, in a synagogue, or house of worship. At the meetings, Jews prayed and discussed their religion.

C. Cyrus and the Jews .D. The Jewish leaders became religious

scholars and writers.

E. The Hebrew Bible consists of the 5 books of the Torah and 34 other books and describe Jewish history.

F. The book of GenesisG. The book of Daniel

H. Jews,Christians, and Muslims share the idea that good will triumph over evil.

A. Judah and Alexander the Great B. The Diaspora refers to Jews who lived

outside of Judah. The word means “Scattered”

C. The Greek ruler Antiochus and the Jews

Hanukkah

Way of LifeA. Jewish laws influence Jews’ education,

food, and clothes. B. Sons were valuable in Jewish society. C. Sons learned how to earn a living and how

to worship God from their fathers.

D. Jewish GirlsE. Kosher food-

F. Jewish laws and clothing

Major Jewish HolidaysName Time of Year Length Reason for the

HolidayCustoms

Passover April 8 Days (7in Israel) To celebrate God’s passing over of the Jews during the final plague in Egypt that enabled the Jews to return to the Promised Land.

Limited work; some fasts; sell certain foods that cannot be eaten or owned during the holiday; perform rituals

Rosh Hoshana September or October

2 Days To celebrate the Jewish new Year

Plan changes for the new year; no work; synagogue services; a shofar (horn) is blown in synagogues

Yom Kippur September or October

25 Hours To make amends for sins in the past year

No work; synagogue services; pray; fast; apologize for wrongs during the past year

Hanukkah December 8 Days To celebrate the Maccabees’ victory, and reclaiming of the temple in Jerusalem

Light candles each night; eat fried foods; play a game called dreidel; give gifts

Jews and RomansA. In 63 B.C, the Romans conquered Judah

and renamed it JudeaB. King Herod

D. Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes

F. The ZealotsG. The Wailing Wall

H. Rabbis

J. For 2,000 years most Jews lived outside Palestine and faced persecution. In 1948, Palestine was divided, and a new Jewish nation called Israel was created.

Chapter 10

BeliefsThe Jewish man, Jesus is the Messiah the

Jews were waiting on to save them.Jesus was crucified, or hung on a cross to die

for the sins of mankind.Jesus was resurrected, or rose from the dead

three days later.Those who believe this will have everlasting

life in Heaven. Do not have to be of Jewish decent to go to

Heaven

Christianity A. Christianity spread throughout Rome. B. It became popular for several reasons:

1. It appealed to the lower classes because it offered them hope.

2. The ideals of Christianity were similar to what the people already believed.

3. It gave people an opportunity to be a part of a caring group of people.

C. Roman officials began to feel threatened by Christians and began to persecute, or mistreat them in A.D. 64.

D. There were many Christian martyrs- or people willing to die rather than give up their beliefs.

E. The Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 gave religious freedom to all people and made Christianity legal. (Who was emperor at this time?)

F. Theodosius, made Christianity the official religion of Rome in A.D. 392.

G. Women ran churches, spread Jesus’ word, and helped care for those in need.

Christian Church StructureA. Wanted to model

after Roman government

B. A hierarchy is an organization with different levels of authority. The Christian community’s hierarchy included five levels: the laity, clergy, bishops, archbishops, and patriarchs.

D. Several churches grouped together form a diocese, which was led by a bishop. An archbishop was in charge of the entire region. The five leading archbishops are known as patriarchs.

E. Doctrine is official church teaching. F. Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John are four

gospels, or these four apostles’ written record of work, are part of the New Testament of the Bible.

G. The pope was the bishop of Rome. Gradually the pope

claimed power over the other bishops.

The Latin-speaking churches in the West that were led by the pope became the Roman Catholic Church.

The Byzantine ChurchA. The Greek-speaking Christians developed

the Eastern Orthodox Church. B. They believed their emperor represented

Jesus Christ on Earth. C. The emperor would appoint the patriarch

of Constantinople, the leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

-How could this potentially affect the Church at the time?

D. Different parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church argued over the use of icons, or images of Jesus, Mary, the saints, or other Christian holy people. IN A.D. 726, Emperor Leo III ordered all icons

removed from churches. E. The Byzantines did not accept the pope’s

claim that he was the head of all Christian churches, including the Eastern Orthodox church.

F. After stopping an invasion of Italy by the Franks, the pope named Charlemagne, a Frankish king, as Byzantine Emperor.

G. The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic church eventually excommunicated, or declared that a person or group was no longer a part of the church, each other.

H. The split of the two churches was known as a schism.

How did the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church differ in their relationship with government?

The Holy Roman EmpireA.The former western Roman empire became

known as the Holy Roman Empire under Otto I. He was powerful German king who protected the Pope from the Magyars.

B. Monks and monasteries played an important role in education, health care, and the preservation of knowledge and later European politics.

C. In 1073 there was a disagreement between the Pope and king Henry IV over appointing high ranking officials. Henry was excommunicated and declared war on the Pope.

D. In 1122, a new emperor and pope made an agreement called the Concordat of Worms which said Popes were in charge of the church and the emperor the government. (Separation of Church and State)

The CrusadesA. During the Middle Ages, Muslim Turks

invaded the Byzantine Empire. Pope Urban II asked European leaders to capture Jerusalem and free the homeland of Jesus from the Muslims.

B. A total of ten Crusades happened. Only the first was a true success for the Christians.

C. The Crusades helped increase trade between Europe and the Middle East.

D. In medieval Europe, daily life revolved around the Catholic Church.

E. Saints were holy men and women who had died. Mary, the mother of Jesus, was the most honored saint.

F. The Catholic church tried to end heresy, or religious beliefs that conflict with Church teachings, by establishing a court called the Inquisition.

G. Leaders of the Catholic Church persecuted Jews.

H. Thomas Aquinas combined the Church teachings with the teachings of Aristotle.

The Spanish InquisitionA. Though the Muslims accepted the Jews and

the Christians, the Christians resented the Muslim rule. The Reconquista was the Christians’ struggle to retake Spain and Portugal.

B. Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain wanted it to be all Catholic. They tried people who were not loyal to the

Catholic faith. In 1492, Jews were given a choice of

converting or leaving. Muslims were expelled as well.

The ReformationA. Martin Luther was

a monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church. A. Wrote the 95

Theses on arguments against some church practices like selling indulgences.

B. Reformation started- PROTESTANTISM

B. Desiderius Erasmus translated the Bible

C. John Calvin taught that God’s will is absolute and decides everything in the world in advance including who will go to heaven and who will not. This belief is called Predestination.

Catholics and ProtestantsA. Although the Catholic church warred

against Protestantism, it knew it needed to reform some practices.Pope Paul III called a church council at Trent,

near Rome, to reform the Church. B. Catholic clergy were instructed to do a

better job teaching people in the faith. They created seminaries, or special schools to teach priests

C. Henry VIII started his own church, the Church of England also known as the Anglican Church when he couldn’t get his marriage annulled by the Catholic Church .

Some people did not like the Anglican Church’s Catholic ways and formed their own congregations. The Puritans were one of these groups. Later

rulers such as James I and Charles I did not accept these and shut them down.

Many Puritans would leave to sail west to newly discovered land and settle in North America.

Chapter 11

Thursday, February 25, 2010Copy and Answer the

following Question: What could a

historian say about the spread of Islam between the years 622 and 750 A.D? Give at least three examples from the map to support your answer.

Islam ReviewMuslims believe Muhammad, a prophet, to be

the founder of Islam. They believe in one God who they call AllahThey have the Quran which is the Holy book

of Islam. It instructs them how to live. They are told to be honest, treat others fairly,

honor their parents, show kindness and give generously. Murder, lying, and stealing are forbidden.

Islam Daily LifeA. The Quran applies to Muslims’ daily life:

They are not allowed to eat pork, drink liquor, or gamble.

It also has rules about marriage, divorce, family life, property rights and business practices.

They are to fulfill the FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM. They also have a law code for how society should

be run, this is called the Sunna. It applies to the teachings of the Quran to family life, business, and government.

Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali

Relationship to Muhammad

Father in law

Friend Son in law, member of the Umayyad Family

First cousin, son in law

Career Merchant Merchant Merchant Solider, writer

Caliphate 632-634 634-644 644-656 656-661

Achievements

Spread Islam to Arabia; restored peace after death of Muhammad; created code of conduct in war; compiled Quran verses

Spread Islam to Syria, Egypt and Persia; redesigned government; paid soldiers; held a census; made taxes more fair; built roads and canals and aided the poor

Spread Islam to Afghanistan and eastern Mediterranean; organized a navy; improved the government; built more roads, bridges, and canals; distributed text of the Quran

Reformed tax collection and other government systems; spent most of the caliphate battling Muawiya, the governor of Syria..

IslamA. After Muhammad’s death,

the Muslims split into two groups: the Sunnis (Soo- knees) and the Shiites (Shee- eye-ts) Shiites believed

Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali, should succeed Muhammad and that all future caliphs should be descendents of Ali.

Sunnis believe Umayyad caliphs were rightful leaders.

Over time, these two groups developed their own customs.

C. The Umayyad dynasty lost power and was replaced with a new dynasty called the Abbasids.

D. The Abbasids built a new capital, Baghdad which prospered as a center of trade because of its central location.

E. The Abbasids lost control as Muslims in other parts of the world wanted their own caliphs.

F. The Seljuk Turks were nomads and warriors. They gradually took control of the Abbasid dynasty. The Seljuk ruler was called a sultan.

G. The Arab Empire ended when the Mongols invaded Baghdad and burned it to the ground.

Later Muslim EmpiresA. The Ottoman Turks were

a group of Turks in northwest Asia Minor who began to build their own empire. They conquered the Byzantine Empire and changed the name of Constantinople to Istanbul.

B. The Ottoman army moved into Europe, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and parts of Arabia and North Africa.

Monday, March 1, 2010Which country has the largest Muslim population?

Which country has the smallest Muslim population?

What is the mean of the population of all these countries?

C. The most famous leader of the Ottomans was sultan Suleiman I.

D. After the rule of Suleiman I, the Ottoman Empire gradually fell apart, collapsing completely at the end of World War I in 1917.

E. The Ottoman empire allowed religious freedom. Non-Muslims could practice their own religions, but they had to pay a special tax. Christian families in Eastern Europe had to send their sons to Istanbul to become Muslims and train as soldiers.

F. The Moguls created a Muslim empire in India and made their capital city Delhi. Akbar was the greatest Mogul leader.

Ottoman Art

G. The Mogul empire declined after Akbar’s rule. European merchants used their military power to take control of Mogul territory. Eventually, Great Britain took over most of India.

Muslim Ways of Life and AchievementsA. Until the 1400s, Muslim traders were

the most successful merchants in the Middle East and North Africa for several reasons:1. The expansion of the Arabic language.2. The provision of coins by Muslim rulers3. Banking practices.

B. Mosques are Muslim houses of worship.

Mosque in Malaysia

C. Bazaars, or marketplaces, were important to cities.

D. Most Muslims lived in small villages and farmed. Wealthy landowners began taking over farms, and the farmers worked for the landowners.

E. Muslim social classes were based on power and wealth. Government leaders, landowners, and traders were in the higher class. Below them were artisans, farmers, and workers. Slaves made up the lower class.

F. Men ran government, society, and business. Women helped run families. They could inherit wealth and own property, and in many places they had to cover their faces and wear long robes in public. This clothing custom is called a hijab.

Muslim AchievementsA. Arabic language helped different

people trade goods and share knowledge.B. Mamun was an Abbasid caliph who found

the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. C. Muslim scholars preserved much of

the learning of the ancient world, such as the works of Aristotle and other Greek thinkers. Muslims invented algebra and perfected the astrolabe, a tool used to study the stars. They also experimented with metals.

D. al-Razi, a Muslim chemist, developed a system for categorizing substances as animal, mineral, or vegetable.

E. Ibn Sina, a Persian doctor, showed how disease spread from person to person.

F. Muslims created great works of literature. Omar Khayyam was a Persian poet who wrote the Rubaiyat, a poem considered to be one of the finest ever written, and The Arabian Nights is one of the most well known works of Muslim literature.

G. Ibn Khaldun, a Muslim historian, was one of the first people to study the effect of geography and climate on people.

H. Muslim architecture includes great mosques, many with domes, and minarets-towers from which a crier, or announcer, calls believers to pray.

I. Islamic rulers lived in lush brick palaces, with courtyards, pools, porches, and fountains. Most palaces were surrounded by walls. The Alhambra is a famous Muslim palace located in Granada, Spain.

J. The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, was created as a tomb for the wife of Shah Jahan, a Mogul ruler.

K. Muslims do not show images of Muhammad in their art.