jpn494/598: history of the japanese language sound changes (1)
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JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language
Sound Changes (1)
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Consonants: speech-sounds produced when the speaker either stops or severely constricts the airflow in vocal tract.
Vowels: speech-sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract.
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Voicing: A voiced sound is produced when air from the lungs causes the vocal folds (vocal cords) to vibrate.
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The phonetic system of modern Japanese How many vowels? How many consonants? Syllable structures
open syllables (CV) are predominant. no consonant sequences within a syllable (cf.
strike, tips). Pitch accents (as opposed to stress accents)
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五十音図 ( ごじゅうおんず )
What does each kana represent? mora: a unit larger than “phone”, but smaller t
han “syllable” phone = 音 ( おん )
syllable = 音節 ( おんせつ )
mora = モーラ , 拍 ( はく )
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Japanese is a mora-timed language. English is a stress-timed language:
“Stressed syllables appear at a roughly constant rate, and non-stressed syllables are shortened to accommodate this.”
key vs. keen
木 ( き ) vs. 金 ( きん ) 木 ( き ) vs. キー 餓鬼 ( がき ) ‘brat’ vs. 楽器 ( がっき ) ‘musical instr
ument’
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行 ( ぎょう ): アカサタナハマヤラワ 段 ( だん ): アイウエオ 清音 ( せいおん ) ・半濁音 ( はんだくお
ん ) ・濁音 ( だくおん ) 直音 ( ちょくおん ) ・拗音 ( ようおん )
ン , ッ , ー
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委員 ( いいん ) ‘commission’ 必死 ( ひっし ) ‘desperate’ 客観的 ( きゃっかんてき ) ‘objective’ 九州大学 ( きゅうしゅうだいがく ) ジェットコースター
1. Each upper case kana, “ ー” , and “ っ” counts as one mora.
2. Lower case kana’s other than “ っ” (“ ゃ” , “ ゅ” , “ ょ” , etc.) do not count as one mora.
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ア行 (vowels)
ア [a]: low-central-unrounded イ [i]: high-front-unrounded ウ [u] ([ɯ]): high-back-unrounded エ [e]: middle-front-unrounded オ [o]: middle-back-rounded
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short vs. long vowels ( 短音 たんおん vs. 長音 ちょうおん , 短母音 たんぼいん vs. 長母音 ちょうぼいん )
岡さん [okasaɴ] vs. お母さん [oka:saɴ] おばさん [obasaɴ] vs. おばあさん [oba:saɴ]
cf. hit [hɪt] vs. heat [hit] hit, hood, … = lax (short) vowels, heat, food, … = tense (long) vowels
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Vowel sequences vs. diphothongs 鷹 [taka] vs. 高い [takai] 釜 [kama] vs. 構え [kamae]
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カ行
カ : [ka] キ : [kji] ク : [ku] ケ : [ke] コ : [ko]
[k]: voiceless, velar, stop (plosive) [kj]: palatalized [k]
palatalization: the phenomenon whereby the tongue body approaches the hard palate (and the lips spread out)
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non-palatarized vs. palatarized consonants ( 直音 ちょくおん vs. 拗音 ようおん )
キャ : [kja] 客 ( きゃく ) ‘guest’ キュ : [kju] きゅうり ( 胡瓜 ) ‘cucumber’ ( キェ : [kje]) キョ : [kjo] 距離 ( きょり ) ‘distance’
キャット [kjat:o] vs. カット [kat:o]
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ガ行
ガ : [ga] ギ : [gji] グ : [gu] ゲ : [ge] ゴ : [go]
[g]: voiced, velar, stop[gj]: palatarized [g]
清音 ( せいおん ) vs. 濁音 ( だくおん )
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ギャ : [gja] 逆転 ( ぎゃくてん ) ‘reversal’
ギュ : [gju] 牛乳 ( ぎゅうにゅう ) ‘milk’ ( ギェ : [gje]) ギョ : [gjo] 玉座 ( ぎょくざ ) ‘throne’
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サ行
サ : [sa] シ : [ʃi] ス : [su] セ : [se] ソ : [so]
[s]: voiceless, alveolar, fricative
[ʃ]: voiceless, alveo-palatal, fricative
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シャ : [ʃa] 車輪 ( しゃりん ) シュ : [ʃu] 修理 ( しゅうり ) シェ : [ʃe] シェイク ショ : [ʃo] 少年 ( しょうねん )
( スィ : [si], [sji])
cf. she [ʃi], see [s(j)i]
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ザ行
ザ : [ʣa] ~ [za] ジ : [ʤi] (~ [ʒi] in rapid speech) ズ : [ʣu] ~ [zu] ゼ : [ʣe] ~ [ze] ゾ : [ʣo] ~ [zo]
[ʣ]: voiced, alveolar, affricate [z]: voiced, alveolar, fricative[ʤ]: voiced, alveo-palatal, affricate [ʒ]: voiced, alveo-palatal, fricative
[X] ~ [Y] : free variation
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ジャ : [ʤa] (~ [ʒa]) 砂利 ( じゃり ) ‘pebbles’
ジュ : [ʤu] (~ [ʒu]) 十 ( じゅう ) ジェ : [ʤe] (~ [ʒe]) ジェット機 ( じぇっと
き ) ‘jet plane’ ジョ : [ʤo] (~ [ʒo]) 状態 ( じょうたい ) ‘st
ate’
( ズィ : [ʣ(j)i] ~ [z(j)i])
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タ行
タ : [ta] チ : [ʧi] ツ : [ʦu] テ : [te] ト : [to]
[t]: voiceless, alveolar, stop [ʧ]: voiceless, alveo-palatal, affricate[ʦ]: voiceless, alveolar, affricate
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チャ : [ʧa] 茶会 ( ちゃかい ) ‘tea party’ チュ : [ʧu] 注意 ( ちゅうい ) ‘attention’ チェ : [ʧe] チェス ‘ chess’ チョ : [ʧo] 蝶 ( ちょう ) ‘butterfly’
( ツァ : [ʦa]) おとっつぁん , ツァラトストラかく語りき
( ツィ : [ʦji]) ( ツェ : [ʦe]) ( ツォ : [ʦo])
ティ : [ti] ティー ( トゥ : [tu])
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ダ行
ダ : [da] ヂ = ジ ヅ = ズ デ : [de] ド : [do]
[d]: voiced, alveolar, stop
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ディ : [dji] ディレクター デュ : [dju] デュース ( デョ : [djo])
( ドゥ : [du])
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ナ行
ナ : [na] ニ : [nji] ヌ : [nu] ネ : [ne] ノ : [no]
[n]: (voiced,) alveolar, nasal
[nj]: palatalized [n]
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ニャ : [nja] こんにゃく ニュ : [nju] 乳牛 ( にゅうぎゅう )
‘milk cow’ ( ニェ : [nje]) ニョ : [njo] 女房 ( にょうぼう ) ‘wife’
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ハ行
ハ : [ha] ヒ : [çi] フ : [ɸu] ヘ : [he] ホ : [ho]
[h]: voiceless, glottal, fricative [ç]: voiceless, palatal, fricative[ɸ]: voiceless, bilabial, fricative
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ヒャ : [ça] 百 ( ひゃく ) ヒュ : [çu] ヒュー ( ヒェ : [çe]) ヒョ : [ço] 氷河 ( ひょうが ) ‘glacier’
ファ : [ɸa] ファイル フィ : [ɸji] フィッシュ フェ : [ɸe] フェリー フォ : [ɸo] フォーカス
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パ行
( 半濁音 はんだくおん ) パ : [pa] ピ : [pji] プ : [pu] ペ : [pe] ポ : [po]
[p]: voiceless, bilabial, stop [pj]: palatarized [p]
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ピャ : [pja] 六百 ( ろっぴゃく ) ピュ : [pju] コンピュータ ( ピェ : [pje]) ピョ : [pjo] 発表 ( はっぴょう )
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バ行
バ : [ba] ビ : [bji] ブ : [bu] ベ : [be] ボ : [bo]
[b]: voiced, bilabial, stop
[bj]: palatarized [b]
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ビャ : [bja] 白檀 ( びゃくだん ) ‘sandal-wood’ ビュ : [bju] 誤謬 ( ごびゅう ) ‘error’ ( ビェ : [bje]) ビョ : [bjo] 鋲 ( びょう ) ‘rivet, tack’
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マ行
マ : [ma] ミ : [mji] ム : [mu] メ : [me] モ : [mo]
[m]: (voiced,) bilabial, nasal
[mj]: palatalized [m]
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ミャ : [mja] 脈 ( みゃく ) ミュ : [mju] ミュージック ( ミェ : [mje]) ミョ : [mjo] 茗荷 ( みょうが )
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ヤ行
ヤ : [ja] ユ : [ju] ( イェ : [je]) ヨ : [jo]
[j]: (voiced,) palatal, approximant
cf. east [ist] vs. yeast [jist]
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ラ行
ラ : [ɾa] ~ [la] ~ [ra] リ : [ɾji] ~ [lji] ~ [rji] ル : [ɾu] ~ [lu] ~ [ru] レ : [ɾe] ~ [le] ~ [re] ロ : [ɾo] ~ [lo] ~ [ro]
[ɾ]: alveolar, flap[l]: alveolar, lateral approximant[r]: alveolar, trill
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リャ : [ɾja] ~ [lja] ~ [rja] 略す ‘ to omit’ リュ : [ɾju] ~ [lju] ~ [rju] 竜 ( りゅう )
‘dragon’ ( リェ : [ɾje] ~ [lje] ~ [rje]) リョ : [ɾjo] ~ [ljo] ~ [rjo] 旅行 ( りょこ
う )
‘trip’
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ワ行
ワ : [wa] ウィ ( ヰ ): [w(j)i] ウィザード ウェ ( ヱ ): [we] ウェルダン ウォ ( ヲ ): [wo] ウォークマン
[w]: (labial-)velar approximant[wj]: palatalized [w]
cf. ooze [uz] vs. woos [wuz]
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ワ行拗音 (labialized consonants)
クァ , クェ , クォ [kwa], [kwe], [kwo] クァルテット , クォーツ , …
グァ , グェ , グォ [kwa], [kwe], [kwo]
…
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ビオラ or ヴィオラ ? ベルサイユ or ヴェルサイユ ?
“ ヴァ” , “ ヴィ” , “ ヴ” , “ ヴェ” , “ ヴォ” can be pronounced either with [v] or [b].
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ン ( 撥音 はつおん )
ン is pronounced in a number of different ways (nasal assimilation)
券 ( けん ) [keɴ] ( ~ [keŋ] ~ [ken]) 心配 ( しんぱい ) [ʃimpai] 今度 ( こんど ) [kondo] 今日 ( こんにち ) [konjnjiʧi] 天気 ( てんき ) [teŋki]
[ŋ]: velar nasal (cf. 科学 [kagaku] ~ [kaŋaku])[ɴ]: uvular nasal
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ッ ( 促音 そくおん )
ッ is realized as lengthening (by one mora) of the
following consonant: sustained closure
一杯 ( いっぱい ) [ip:ai] 一体 ( いったい ) [it:ai] 一回 ( いっかい ) [ik:ai] ブッダ [bud:a] バッグ [bag:u] エッジ [eʤ:i]
sustained stricture 必死 ( ひっし ) [çiʃ:i]