joseph panagiotou and j.g quintiere...flammability testing in the dot • there are numerous small...
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Fire Performance as a Function of Incident Heat Flux
Joseph PanagiotouAnd
J.G Quintiere
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Motivation
• Standard regulatory fire tests generally do not provide a complete picture of a material’s fire performance
• Ignition resistance vs. fire performance• Knowledge of fire performance useful in fire
investigations• Large number of standard test methods instead of a
comprehensive testing methodology
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Flammability testing in the DOT• There are numerous small & large scale standard test
methods.• There is diversity in their applicability and requirements.• Classifications and Indexes
USCG
FRA & FTAFAA
ASTM E84UL 723UL 1056
NFPA 70116CFR 1632
46CFR 164.009IMO a.688
ASTM E648ASTM E119
ASTM E3675 ASTM E662ASTM E162
ASTM C1166ASTM E1354ASTM E1537ASTM E1590
14CFR 25 (II)14CFR 25 (III)14CFR 25 (IV)14CFR 25 (V)
14CFR 25 (I)
NHTSA
49 CFR 571.302
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Fire Performance
In the beginning stages of a fire the most influential parameter is the incident heat flux.
• Time to ignition (piloted & auto)• Flame spread rate• Burning rate
It seems logical that a framework for flammability testing shouldbe a function of heat flux. This way a general overview of a material’s fire performance can be drawn.• “flammability diagram”
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Bunsen Burner Type Tests• Vertical horizontal or inclined flame spread test inside a
draft proof chamber with a Bunsen burner ignition source
• Most common standard test method with many variants. (NHTSA, NASA, FAA)
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Testing Framework
Calorimeter tests:– Time to Ignition– Peak Energy Release Rate– Critical Heat Flux for Ignition (auto/piloted)
Flame Spread tests:– Upward & Downward flame spread velocity
Additional Parameters:– Mass Flux at ignition– Minimum heat flux for sustained burning
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Materials
Aircraft Sandwich panelPolyphenylene sulfide [PPS]Polyvinyl chloride [PVC]Polyamide 6,6 [PA66]
High-Impact Polystyrene [HIPS]
High-Density Polyethylene [HDPE]
Polyvinylidene fluoride [PVDF]
Polyoxymethylene [POM]
Polycarbonate [PC]
Poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA]
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS]
Polyetherimide [PEI]
• Thermoplastics
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Flame Spread Apparatus
Propane fueled radiantheaters. 0 – 17 kW/m2
Uniform heat flux along sample surface
Fixed Alignment
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Flame Spread Apparatus
• Sample dimensions:3”W x 12”L
• Insulated backing
• Uniform ignition along sample face
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Cone Calorimeter
• Rebuilt Atlas II Calorimeter• All original circuitry was removed• Essential systems maintained (cold
trap, cone heater, exhaust fan)• Essential sensors maintained (load cell,
thermocouples, Oxygen, differential pressure and heat flux)
• LabView® user interface
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Sample Behavior in The Cone
• Deformation/buckling (PEI, PVC)• Skin over surface (Nylon)• Temporary ignitions (PVDF, PEI, PVC)
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Sample Behavior during Flame Spread
•Deformation before reaching steady state (ALL)
•Melting/Dripping (HDPE, POM, PMMA)
•“Sooting” (HIPS, ABS)
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Correction for reduced preheating
Correction Example (ABS)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12Heat Flux
Spre
ad V
eloc
ity
Correlated to long timeheatingNot Correlated
Find thermal response time of a material F(t) from ignition data.
( )q q F t∞′′ ′′=& &
Correct for shortened preheating time by adjusting the incident heat flux with F(t) as done in the ASTM ‘LIFT’ test
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Additional Fire Properties
Mass flux at ignition:• Take derivative of mass loss signal at point of ignition
– Heating rate– Igniter position
Minimum Heat Flux for Sustained burning:• Preheat with a heat flux < critical• Force ignition • Adjust heater temperature until fire decays after forced
ignition (may need to repeat a few times)
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Minimum Heat Flux for Sustained Burning
MaterialCritical Heat flux
for ignition (kW/m2)
Minimum Heat Flux for Sustained Burning
(kW/m2)
Polyamide 6,6 [PA66] 18 3.5
High-Impact Polystyrene [HIPS] 16 0
High-Density Polyethylene [HDPE] 16 0
Ployvinylidene fluoride [PVDF] 38 38
Polyoxymethylene [POM] 8 0
Polycarbonate [PC] 28 12
Poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] 8 0
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS] 12 0
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Mass Flux at ignition
ABS mass loss @ 20kW/m2
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
30 80 130 180 230 280 330 380 430 480 530 580 630 680
Time (s)
Mas
s (g
)
Time to ignition 208s
It is often necessary to go back 5 sec from measured ignition time to get results that are consistent with literature values.
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Mass Flux at ignition
Mass flux at ignition
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
10 20 30 40 50 60
Heat Flux
Mas
s Fl
ux
ABSHIPSPOMPMMA
( )2g
m s
( )2kWm
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Flammability Diagrams
PMMA Flammability Diagram
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Heat Flux
Velo
city
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
ERR
& T
ime
Velocity DNVelocity UPTime to ignitionERR
cms
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
2
kWm
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
2
kWm
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
( )s
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Flammability Diagrams
HIPS Flammability Diagram
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Heat Flux
Velo
city
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
ERR
& T
ime
Velocity DNVelocity UPTime to ignitionERR
cms
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
2
kWm
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
2
kWm
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
( )s
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Flammability Diagrams
ABS Flammability Diagram
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Incident Heat Flux
Vel
ocity
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
ERR
& T
ime
Velocity DNVelocity UPtime to ignitionERR
cms
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
2
kWm
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
2
kWm
⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
( )s
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Conclusions
• Meaningful flammability diagrams can be drawn for most materials despite difficulties such as melting/dripping etc.
• Other testing configurations may be necessary to compensate for material behavior
• Flammability diagrams provide a complete picture of a materials behavior in fire conditions.