joints of the human body
DESCRIPTION
JointsTRANSCRIPT
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Joints of the Human Body• Joint Classification
• Synovial Joints
–Characteristics of synovial joint
–Types of synovial joints
Naming Joints:
–Pectoral Girdle
–Upper Limb
–Pelvic Girdle
–Lower Limb
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• Joint is a point of connection between two bones
• Strands of connective tissue, ligaments, hold the bones together and ensure the stability of joints
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Joint Classification• Joints are classified according to their
motion capabilities:
– Synarthroses• Immovable
– Amphiarthroses• Slightly movable
– Diarthroses• Allow the greatest amount of motion
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Joint Classification Cont’d
• Joints are further classified by the material that joints them:– Fibrous joint
• Allow no movement• E.g. sutures of the scull
– Cartilaginous joints• Allow limited movement• E.g. intervertebral discs
– Synovial joints• Allow large range of movements• E.g. hip joint
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Characteristics of Synovial Joints
• Hyaline cartilage– A protective layer of dense white connective tissue that
covers the ends of the articulating bones• Joint cavity• Synovial membrane
– Covers joint cavity, except over the surfaces of the articular cartilages
– Secretes the lubrication fluid• Synovial fluid
– Lubricates the joint• Capsule
– May or may not have thickenings called intrinsic ligaments• Extrinsic ligaments
– Support the joint and connect the articulating bones of the joint
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Types of Synovial Joints
• There are three basic types of synovial joints: – unilateral (rotation only about one axis)– biaxial joints (movement about two
perpendicular axes)– multiaxial joints (movement about all three
perpendicular axes)
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Types of Synovial Joints Cont’d
• Synovial are further classified into:
1. Hinge Joint2. Pivot Joint3. Condyloid Joint4. Saddle-shaped joint5. Ball and Socket Joint6. Plane Joint
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1. Hinge (Ginglymus) Joint
• Uniaxial• Has one articulating
surface that is convex, and another that is concave
• E.g. humero-ulnar elbow joint, interphalangeal joint
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Pivot Joint
• Uniaxial
• E.g. head of radius rotating against ulna
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Condyloid (Knuckle) Joint
• Biaxial (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction)
• The joint surfaces are usually oval• One joint surface is an ovular convex shape,
and the other is a reciprocally shaped concave surface
• E.g. metacarpophalangeal joint
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Saddle Joint• Biaxial (flexion-extension, abduction-
adduction)
• The bones set together as in sitting on a horse
• E.g. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
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Ball and Socket Joint
• Multiaxial (rotation in all planes)
• A rounded bone is fitted into a cup=like receptacle
• E.g. shoulder and hip joints
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Plane (Gliding) Joint
• Uniaxial (permits gliding movements)• The bone surfaces involved are nearly flat• E.g. intercarpal joints and acromioclavicular joint
of the vertebrae
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Joints of the Pectoral Girdle
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Sternoclavicular Joint• Connects the sternum to the clavicle• the only joint connecting the pectoral girdle to
the axial skeleton
• true synovial joint strengthened by an intracapsular disc and extrinsic ligaments
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Acromioclavicular Joint
• unites the lateral end of the clavicle with the acromion process of the scapula
• where shoulder separations often occur in sports such as hockey, baseball, and football
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Glenohumeral Joint
• Connects the upper limb and the scapula• A typical multiaxial joint• has a wide range of movement at this joint• compromise = relative lack of stability
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Upper Limb Joints
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Elbow Joint
• There are three joints at the elbow: – humero-ulnar joint
• medial (with respect to anatomical position)• between the trochlea of the humerus and the olecranon
process of the ulna
– humero-radial joint • lateral• between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the
radius
– radio-ulnar joint • between the radius and the ulna
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Elbow Joint Cont’d
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Humero-Radial JointHumero-Ulnar Joint
Radio-Ulnar Joint
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Joints of the Pelvic Girdle
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Hip Joint
- Between the head of the femur and the cup (acetabulum) of the hip bone (os coxae)
– Like shoulder joint, hip joint is:• ball and socket joint • multiaxial joint that allows flexion-
extension, abduction-adduction and circumduction
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Illium
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Hip Joint Cont’d
• unlike shoulder joint, hip joint is very stable• in fact it is the body’s most stable synovial joint
due to:– deepened socked (via lip or fibrocartilaginous
labrum )
– an intrinsic and very strong extrinsic ligaments
• dislocation in sports is not common, but can occur in car collisions
• dislocate the head posteriorly or drive it through the posterior lip of the actetabulum
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Lower Limb Joints
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Knee Joint
• Tibiofemoral or knee joint • incredible range of
movement (flexion –extension)
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Knee Joint Cont’d
• however, the knee joint is relatively stable due to additional structural supports from: – menisci
• shock-absorbing fibrocartilaginous discs
– anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments • in the centre of the joint
– lateral and medial collateral ligaments • extending from the sides of the femur to the tibia and
fibula
– the musculature that surrounds it
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Knee Joint Cont’d
• movements:– primary action is flexion-extension (e.g.
squat or jump)– when flexed, medial and lateral rotation
can also occur
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Ankle Joint
• talocrural or ankle joint
• involves several bones:– medial and lateral
malleoli of the tibia and fibula
– head of the talus– calcaneus (heel bone)
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
TalusCalcaneus