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The European Commission’s scienceand knowledge service

Joint Research Centre

The introduction of the Real-Driving Emissions procedure in the European

type-approval process and the EMROAD tool

Michael Clairotte

University of Belgrade, October 19, 2017

• Introduction - Shift of EU’s legislation towards RDE

• RDE-LDV test procedure

• Presentation of EMROAD tool

• Ongoing and future JRC activities on RDE

Introduction on RDE

History of PEMS testing

• Early 2000s: First efforts in the US to verify compliance of

heavy-duty engines

• PEMS testing at JRC

• Since 2004: Heavy-duty vehicles

• Since 2007: Light-duty vehicles

• Since 2008: Non-road mobile machinery

• Since 2015: L-category vehicles with mini-PEMS

• Since 2017: All terrain Vehicles (ATV) with PEMS


EU heavy-duty pilot program

• 2004: EU-PEMS project feasibility of PEMS for ISC of Heavy Duty engines

• 2005: EU HD pilot study

Resulting EU Regulations with PEMS

HDV: EURO VI implementing measures adopted under Regulation 582/2011

and 2016/1718)

Bonnel et al. 2011 - JRC report EUR 24921 EN

A (

die

se

l)*

B (

gaso

lin

e)

C (

die

se

l)*

D (

die

se

l)

E (

die

se

l)

F (

gaso

lin

e)

G (

gaso

lin

e)

H (

die

se

l)

I (d

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l)

J (

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L (

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M (

gaso

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e)

N (

gaso

lin

e)

O (

die

se

l)

NO

X e

mis

sio

ns in g

/km

0.25

0.75

1.25

1.75

2.25

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Eu

ro 6Euro 5Euro 4Euro 3

Route 1: rural-motorway

Route 2: rural-urban

Route 3: rural-uphill/downhill

Route 4: motorway

NEDC laboratory testing

Applicable emissions standard


History of the Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) Test Procedure

• 2007-2010: building evidence of the Diesel NOx problem

Weiss et al. 2011 - JRC report EUR 24697 EN


History of the Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) Test Procedure (cont.)

• 2011 and 2012: Evaluation of: (i) random test cycles, (ii) PEMS

on-road testing




• 2014: Evaluation of PN-PEMS measurement

Giechaskiel et al. 2015 - JRC report EUR 27451 EN



• 2015: Rationale for the definition of the final NOx conformity factor

Agreed final NOx conformity factor of 1.5



• 2015: On-road NOx performance of Euro 6 diesel cars – survey

analysis of 234 tests of 36 carsVehicle ID

Number of tests per vehicle

01 502 403 804 3005 3006 2907 1808 2109 1010 311 3012 613 614 415 416 317 418-36 1Total 234

CF=2.1


History of the Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) Test Procedure

• 2016: Evaluation of cold start emissions inclusion


RDE-LDV Timeline

• May 2015: Adoption of 1st RDE package (Reg. 2016/427): Procedures, instrumentation requirements, evaluation method

• October 2015: Adoption of 2nd RDE package (Reg. 2016/646): complementary boundary conditions, conformity factors, timing

• December 2016: Adoption of 3rd RDE package (Reg. 2017/1154): extended documentation, hybrids, PEMS PN, cold start

• 4th proposal: in-service conformity, method revision

2011RDE-LDV Working Group => kick off

2012Random

CG vs on-road testing assessment

Q1 2014RDE data evaluation methods

assessment

May 20151st proposal of RDE test procedure adoption

Oct 20152st proposal of RDE test procedure adoption

Jan 2016Reporting

and monitoring

testing

20174th proposal of RDE test procedure

Dec 20163rd proposal of RDE test procedure adoption



On-going and future JRC activities on RDE

• 2017 (4th RDE package)

Defining the provisions for in-service conformity and market surveillance testing

Investigating the possibility to use screening tools (e.g. remote sensing devices) to identify the highest emitters

Reviewing RDE procedure and adapting provisions to ensure practicality and effective emissions testing

Reviewing the effectiveness, i.e. assessing emissions levels over the entire range of RDE boundary conditions (varying altitude, temperature and dynamics), but also outside the RDE boundary conditions and for various technologies

Revision of Conformity Factors

RDE-LDV test procedure


Structure of the RDE regulation (AnnexIIIA of Reg. EC 2017/1151)

Appendices

1. Introduction, definitions and abbreviations App.1:Test procedure for vehicle emissions testing with a PEMS

2. General requirements on conformity factors App.2: Specifications and calib. of PEMS components and signals

3. RDE test to be performed App.3: Validation of PEMS and non-traceable exhaust mass flow rate

4. General requirements App.4: Determination of emissions

5. Boundary conditions App.5: Verification of trip dynamic cond. with method 1 (MAW)

6. Trip requirements App.6: Verification of trip dynamic cond. with method 2 (Power Bin.)

7. Operational requirements App.7: Selection of vehicles for PEMS testing at initial type approval

8. Lubricating oil, fuel and reagent App.7a: Verification of overall trip dynamics

9. Emissions and trip evaluation App.7b: Procedure to determine the cumul. Pos. elev. gain of a trip

App.7c: Verif. trip cond. and calc. for OVC-HEVs

App.8/9: Data-exchange /Manufacturer's certificate of compliance


General requirements on conformity factors

NOx conformity factor = 2.1 – applicable from Sept. 2017/2019

2. General requirements on conformity factors NOx conformity factor = 1.5 – applicable from Jan. 2020/2021

3. RDE test to be performed PN conformity factor = 1.5 – applicable from Sept. 2017/2019

(new type approval/all new registration)

Applicable to the urban part and the whole trip

Temp. conformity factor 2.1 to “to allow manufacturers to gradually

adapt to the RDE rules”

Conformity factor of 1.5 to account for measurement uncertainty of

PEMS

CO emissions shall be measured and recorded at RDE tests


General requirements on testing conditions

Test duration 90-120 min

Ambient temperature Moderate: ≥0°C and ≤30°C

Extended: [-7;0[ and ]30;35]°C*

Altitude Moderate: ≤700m above sea level

5. Boundary conditions Extended: 700<Alt≤1300m

Difference between start and end ≤100m

Maximum cumul. Alt. gain: 1200m/100km

Vehicle conditioning Driven for at least 30min in normal or

extended conditions. Parked 6-56 hours

*Derogation Moderate [3;30]°C

Extended [-7;3[°C


General requirements on testing conditions

Vehicle payload <90% of the vehicle’s permissible payload

(shall comprise driver,

witness, equipment)

Dynamic conditions - excess of dynamics: 95th percentile of

5. Boundary conditions Checks (App.7a) Speed x positive acceleration for Urban,

Rural and Motorway

- absence of dynamics: RPA for Urban,

Rural and Motorway

- test normality

Auxiliary devices can be operated as during real-world

(e.g. air-conditionning) driving


General requirements on trip

Test route* Urban: ≤60km/h

Rural: >60 and ≤90km/h

Motorway: >90km/h (and <145km/h)

Trip composition share Urban: ≥29% and ≤44%

Rural: ≥23% and ≤43%

6. Trip requirements Motorway: ≥23% and ≤43%

Trip sequence Urban Rural Motorway

Trip comp. distance >16km for Urban, Rural and Motorway

operation

*Test route (N2 with Rural: >60 and ≤80km/h

90km/h speed limit) Motorway: >80km/h


General requirements on trip

Cold start duration From first start to:

(App.4) - When coolant temp. reaches 70°C or,

- 5min

Average speed Urban: ≥15km/h and ≤40km/h

Cold start: ≥15km/h and ≤40km/h incl.

6. Trip requirements stops and maximum speed ≤60km/h

Stop time Urban: >6% and <30% of time duration

(speed < 1km/h) No stop shall exceed 300 seconds

Cold start: ≤90s


General operational requirements

Road conditions Paved roads and street

Driving time Working days

PEMS installation - Minimize the mass of the equipment

- Minimize the potential aerodynamic

modifications

7. Operational requirements


General operational requirements

Data evaluation Method 1 (Moving Averaging Window) or

Method 2 (Power Binning)

Method for OVC-HEVs

Extended ambient Pollutant emissions divided by 1.6 (except

conditions CO2)

9. Emissions and trip evaluation


Structure of the RDE regulation (AnnexIIIA of Reg. EC 2017/1151)

Appendices

App.1:Test procedure for vehicle emissions testing with a PEMS

App.2: Specifications and calib. of PEMS components and signals

App.3: Validation of PEMS and non-traceable exhaust mass flow rate

App.4: Determination of emissions

App.5: Verification of trip dynamic cond. with method 1 (MAW)

App.6: Verification of trip dynamic cond. with method 2 (Power Bin.)

App.7: Selection of vehicles for PEMS testing at initial type approval

App.7a: Verification of overall trip dynamics

App.7b: Procedure to determine the cumul. Pos. elev. gain of a trip

App.7c: Verif. trip cond. and calc. for OVC-HEVs

App.8/9: Data-exchange /Manufacturer's certificate of compliance


Appendix 1: Test procedure

• Defined the general requirements (including equipment installation, vehicle

preparation)

• Test sequence:

• Pre-test

• Test

• Post test


Appendix 2: Equipment specifications

• Linearity checks (including gas/PN analysers and exhaust flow meter)

• Maintenance plan

• Accuracy (incl.

environmental station)


Appendix 3: Validation of PEMS and non-traceable exhaust mass

flow rate (Recommended)

Laboratory reference PEMS

Analyzers

Flowmeter

Power

supply

H2 SupplyExhaust flow

GPS and

Weather Station

Heated sampling line

Differential pressure signal

Exhaust temperatureTailpipe

Analyzers

Flowmeter

Power

supply

H2 SupplyExhaust flow

GPS and

Weather Station

Heated sampling line

Differential pressure signal

Exhaust temperatureTailpipe

Source: Sensors, Inc.


Appendix 3: Validation of PEMS and non-traceable exhaust mass

flow rate (Recommended)Permissible tolerances


Appendix 4: Determination of emissions


Appendix 4: Determination of emissions – Time alignment


Appendix 5: Data evaluation – Method 1: Moving Averaging Window

MAWs=f(50% WLTC CO2 mass); time increment=data sampling freq.

Vlachos et al. 2015 - Proceedings from 36th International Vienna Motor Symposium



• CO2 characteristic curve WLTC

LS HS EHS




• Trip completeness

Total number of windows: 5209

Urban: 1017/5209

Rural: 2477/5209

Motorway: 1715/5209

≥15% of each urban (<45km/h), rural and motorway (>80km/h) windowsVlachos et al. 2015 - Proceedings from 36th International Vienna Motor Symposium



• Trip Normality

Primary

tolerance

37

Windows within ±25%: 3998 out of 5209

Urban: 1017/1017

Rural: 1759/2477

Motorway: 1222/1715

≥50% of urban, rural and motorway MAWs within primary toleranceVlachos et al. 2015 - Proceedings from 36th International Vienna Motor Symposium



• Weighting function

38

MAWs E(±25-±50%) from the reference multiplied with a factor <1

Secondary

tolerance

Primary

tolerance




• Calculation of the emissions of the total trip

39


Appendix 6: Data evaluation – Method 2: Power Binning

40

Total trip


Appendix 7a: Trip indicators

RPA

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00

95th

Per

cen

tile

Spe

ed*

Acc

eler

atio

n_p

os [

m2/

s3]

Vehicle Speed [km/h]

.

Urban VA

Rural VA

Motorway VA

Limit Curve

v.apos

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

RPA

[m

/s2]

Vehicle Speed [km/h]

Limit Curve Urban RPA Rural RPA Motorway RPA


Appendix 7c: Trip conditions and calculation of Off-vehicle charging

hybrid electric vehicles (OVC-HEVs)

• Combustion engine shall works for a minimum distance of 12km in Urban conditions

(charge sustaining recommended)

• Calculation of the final RDE emissions:

With mt/u the mass/# of pollutant of the total/urban part of the trip [mg/#],

mt/u,CO2 the mass of CO2 emitted over the total/urban part of the trip [g],

MWLTC,CO2 the distance-specific mass of CO2 emitted over the

WLTC (charge sustaining) [g/km].

Guidance for On-road testing with PEMS

• Best practice for the preparation, the execution, and the follow-up

of emissions tests that are conducted with PEMS on board of LDV


Photos/Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PE.mp4

Photos/Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PE.mp4

https://www.jove.com/video/54753/implementation-portable-emissions-measurement-systems-pems-for-real

https://www.jove.com/video/54753/implementation-portable-emissions-measurement-systems-pems-for-real

Presentation of EMROAD tool

EMROAD Disclaimer

- For light-duty vehicles, the applicable methods and requirements are laid down in Regulations 2016/427 (except for the Power Binning Method in Appendix 6), 2016/646 and 2017/1154.

- For heavy-duty vehicles, the applicable methods and requirements are laid down in Regulations 582/2011 and 2016/1718.

EMROAD is provided free of charge and without user support. The JRC does not assume any legal liability for potentially erroneous calculation settings, incorrect emission calculations, or false interpretations of EMROAD results.

Presentation of EMROAD tool

EMROAD

Exemple Data

Vehicle1: VW Golf TDI

Fuel: Diesel

Emission Standard: Euro6b

Transmission: Automatic

Engine Capacity: 1968 cm3

Power: 110 kW

After-treatment system: DOC, EGR (low and High), LNT, DPF

Instrument: MOVE (AVL)

Vehicle2: C4 Cactus

Fuel: Diesel

Emission Standard: Euro6b

Transmission: Manual

Engine Capacity: 1560 cm3

Power: 73 kW

After-treatment system: DOC, EGR, SCR, DPF

Instrument: ECOSTAR (SENSORS)

Raw data: https://we.tl/XvFLPhrmk1

https://myremote.ec.europa.eu/owa/,DanaInfo=remi.webmail.ec.europa.eu,SSL+redir.aspx?C=6Wte2ghCbQkH2HTH2eMslDmLZhZ6T8TDE31TeLFyU4qm-nv7ShbVCA..&URL=https://we.tl/XvFLPhrmk1

EMROAD

Exemple Data

45.6

45.7

45.8

8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9

Longitude

Latit

ude

200

250

300

350

400

Elevation

Route: Labiena

Total distance: 94 km

Cumulative elevation gain: 783 m/100 km

Average duration: 110 min

Test date: October 3rd 2017 (Afternoon)

200

250

300

350

400

0 25 50 75Distance [km]

Ele

vati

on

[m

]

Altitude profil



• download from CIRCABC

• Unzip EMROAD folder

EMROAD

First installation

1

23

4

https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/a0a0eaf0-e15a-4548-a58b-4f71ff74a6d0/EMROAD_5_96B1_BETA.zip

• 1. Template selection (LDV)

• 2. Input data selection (PEMS file)

• 3. Calculation settings

• 4. RDE calculation

EMROAD

Main steps

• Select the template designed for Light-Duty Vehicle calculation• A-B: Results

• C: Input (tidy) data

• D: Intermediate data

• E: Quality check charts

• F: Descriptive metadata

EMROAD

1. Template

A B C D E F

• Select the PEMS/ECU test files• A: Test identification

• B: PEMS file location

• C: ECU file location (Optional)

EMROAD

2. Data Upload

A

B

C

Exemple 1

PEMS file:

VW037_LAB_2017_10_03_MOVE_Test2

ECU file:

none



• Define the upload settings• A: Select source instrument

• B: Check/Insert import settings (including ECU or PN channels)

• C: Select import configuration file (Optional)

EMROAD

2. Data Upload

A

B

C



• Define the upload settings• A: Select source instrument

• B: Check/Insert import settings (including ECU or PN channels)

• C: Select import configuration file (Optional)

EMROAD

2. Data Upload

EMROAD

label

PEMS/ECU

label

Upload

factor



• Input setting• A. Simplified (Regulatory

calculations)

• B: Advanced (Research purposes)

EMROAD

3. Calculation

A

B

B




calculations)

• B: Advanced (Research purposes)• 1. PEMS/Vehicle settings

• 2. MCO2,WLTC x ½ [kg]

• 3. MCO2,WLTC, Low Speed Phase [g/km]

MCO2,WLTC, High Speed Phase [g/km]

MCO2,WLTC, Extra High Speed Phase [g/km]

• 4. “Apply”

EMROAD

3. Calculation

2

3

1

4




calculations)


EMROAD

3. Calculation

2

3

1

4

Exemple 1

1. MOVE/Light-Duty Vehicle M1 - Diesel

2. MCO2,WLTC x ½ = 1.618 kg

3. MCO2,WLTC, Low Speed Phase = 187.5 g/km

MCO2,WLTC, High Speed Phase = 114.8 g/km

MCO2,WLTC, Extra High Speed Phase = 144.2 g/km




calculations)


EMROAD

3. Calculation

A

Exemple 1

NOx RDE = 182 mg/km (CF = 2.3)



• Data preparation• A: Test data screening

• B: Drift calculation

EMROAD

2. Data Upload

A

B



• Data preparation• A: Test data screening

• B: Drift calculation

EMROAD

2. Data Upload

2

1

3



EMROAD

3. Calculation

A

B

C

Exemple 2

PEMS file:

CN002_LAB_2016_06_28_SEMTECH_Test2

ECU file:

CN002_LAB_2016_06_28_ECU_Test2

Speed ECU: “Vehicle Speed Sensor [km/h]”

EGR[%]: “Commanded EGR [%]”

1. SEMTECH/Light-Duty Vehicle M1 - Diesel

2. MCO2,WLTC x ½ = 1.666 kg






EMROAD

3. Calculation

Exemple 2

PEMS file:

CN002_LAB_2016_06_28_SEMTECH_Test2

ECU file:

CN002_LAB_2016_06_28_ECU_Test2

Speed ECU: “Vehicle Speed Sensor [km/h]”

EGR[%]: “Commanded EGR [%]”

Catalyst temperature: “Sensor 1 [C]”

1. SEMTECH/Light-Duty Vehicle M1 - Diesel

2. MCO2,WLTC x ½ = 1.666 kg







calculations)


EMROAD

3. Calculation

A

Exemple 2

NOx RDE = 396 mg/km (CF = 5)




calculations)


EMROAD

3. Calculation B

B

Latest research - PEMS for L-category vehicles

2014 - Effect study of the environmental step Euro 5 for L-category vehicles

• Reg.168/2013: Phase 2 of the study, assessment of the possibility to implement off-cycle emission (OCE) requirements beyond the Euro 5 step

Source: Effect study of the environmental step Euro 5 for L-category vehicles – final report

Latest research - PEMS for Non Road Mobile Machinery

55

3

5

5

3

5

5

3

CO2

CO NOx

R40 WMTC Onroad

R40 WMTC Onroad R40 WMTC Onroad

0.0

0.2

0.4

0

2

4

6

0

50

100

150

200

250

Em

issio

n F

acto

rs [g/k

m]

Pollutants

CO

NOx

CO2

Numbers in white font included in the barplot indicate the number of testError bars indicate the standard errors

Latest research - Guidance on Defeat Device

Cycle Category Defeat Device Trigger

NOx Threshold

Standard NEDC Acc. to ECE R83 - - 1

Hot NEDC 2 Conditioning 1.5

Cold WLTC - - 2-5

Hot WLTC 2 Conditioning 2-5

NEDC @ +10C 2 Temperature 1.5

NEDC @ +30C 2 Temperature 1.5

NEDC 2WD/4WD 1 Driving mode 1.1

NEDC with +/- 10% speed 2 Speed, Distance 1.5

Reversed NEDC (EUDC-ECE) 2 Speed 1.5

NEDC without conditioning 2 Conditioning 1.5

NEDC + load (e.g. lights or AC) 2 Accessory 1.5

RDE compliant test 3 Several 2-5

RDE non-compliant test 3 Several 2-5

Surprise cycle 4 - -

All vehicles

“Modified” tests selected on a case-by-case basis,

depending on findings and vehicle after-

treatment technologies

Guidance on the evaluation of Auxiliary Emission Strategies and the presence of Defeat Devices (C(2017) 352 final)

(clarify Reg. 715/2007. Art.5.2)

Latest research - Guidance on Defeat Device

0

100

200

300

400

Sta

ndar

d NEDC

NEDC M

odified

NEDC @

10°

C C

old

NEDC H

ot

WLT

P C

old

WLT

P H

ot

WLT

P @

30°

C C

old

WLT

P @

30°

C H

ot

RDE R

oute

1

RDE R

oute

2

Cycles (Error bars stand for min and max values)N

Ox E

mis

sio

n F

acto

rs in

[m

g/k

m]

Category

1

2

3

RDE in support to defeat device detection

Cycle results for a Euro 6 diesel

• Category 1: Abnormal NOx emission over the NEDC @ 10°C Cold (x 4-5 times higher)

• Category 2: Substantially high NOx emission over the WLTP @ 30°C (ca. 10 times higher)

2017 On-going and future JRC activities on RDE (4th RDE package)

• Defining the provisions for in-service conformity and market surveillance testing

• Investigating the possibility to use screening tools (e.g. remote sensing devices) to identify the highest emitters

• Reviewing RDE procedure and adapting provisions to ensure practicality and effective emissions testing

• Reviewing the effectiveness, i.e. assessing emissions levels over the entire range of RDE boundary conditions (varying altitude, temperature and dynamics), but also outside the RDE boundary conditions and for various technologies

• Revision of Conformity Factors

Latest research

Background

• In-Service Conformity (ISC) of road vehicles

• EU authorities responsibilities being defined in the 4th regulatorypackage on Real Driving Emissions (RDE4)

• EC investigating the possibility to propose screening methods forvehicle/family selection (e.g. to find worst in class)

• Candidate screening methods: Remote Sensing Devices (RSD) /Simplified Emissions Measurement Systems (SEMS)

Latest research - Remote Sensing

RSD system 1 RSD system 2

Reference vehicles (with PEMS):

•Electric vehicle with gas bottles (CO/NO/CO2) to simulate vehicle exhaust

•Internal combustion engines vehicles equipped with PEMS

Other vehicles (without PEMS): covering various technologies and emissions standards

Total Number of vehicles: Reference (6) / Other (40)



Photos/MVI_3414.MOV

Photos/MVI_3414.MOV

Method - Simulation of Emissions Values

• Electric vehicle equipped with Gas cylinders and small air compressor

• Different concentrations of NO and CO pollutants

• Gas flowing controlled by valves

• PEMS system to measure flows and concentrations

• Comparison with RSD


Method - Emissions from Internal Combustion Engines

• Vehicles equipped with PEMS and without PEMS

• Various emissions standards (Euro 0 to Euro 6b)

• Measurement of tailpipe gaseous emissions (THC, NO+NO2=NOx, CO)

• Comparison with RSD


Method – Reference Vehicles Characteristics (with PEMS)

EngineEuro

standard

Engine capacity

[cm3]Power [kW]

Vehicle 1 Electric - - -

Vehicle 2 Gasoline Euro4 1368 57

Vehicle 3 Diesel Euro6b 1968 110

Vehicle 4 Diesel Euro6b 2967 184


0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Time [s]

CO

[%

] / C

O2 [%

]

Validation

PEMS vs RSD


PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS TO BE CONFIRMED IN FINAL REPORT

The emissions results of the vehicles are relative to each other and do not represent a judgment on their compliance with the emissions standards.

The tested vehicles are single and private vehicles. Their emissions behaviour does not necessarily reflect the emissions behaviour of the brand and model considered.

Some vehicles were tampered for the need of the project only.

VW Polo LPGToyota Auris Hybrid hybrid

Renault Twingo gasoline

BMW Serie 1 gasoline

Fiat Doblo gasolineVW Polo gasoline

Renault Clio gasoline

Peugeot 3008 dieselVolvo V40 diesel

BMW Z4 gasoline

Peugeot 2008-A gasoline

VW Golf dieselPeugeot 2008-B gasoline

Lancia Ypsilon gasoline

Porsche Cayenne dieselFord Transit diesel

Mazda 3 diesel

Scooter Yamaha gasoline

Renault Scenic dieselScooter Piaggio 125cc gasoline

Toyota RAV4 diesel

Peugeot Boxer dieselFord Focus diesel

Citroen C4 Picasso diesel

MV Augusta Brutale 990 gasoline

Quad BP Outlander gasolineAudi A3 - EA189 diesel

Hyundai Galloper diesel

Citroen Jumper dieselRenault Truck 460 - 23km/h diesel

VW California diesel

Peugeot 206SW diesel

Renault Truck 460 - 33km/h dieselRenault Truck 460 - no SCR diesel

Fiat Uno gasoline

Fiat Uno LPG

0.1

10

.0

NO ratio [Log10 ppm/%]

Euro0

Euro2

Euro3

Euro4

Euro5

Euro6

EuroV

RSD 1

Lancia Ypsilon gasoline

Toyota Auris Hybrid hybridBMW Serie 1 gasoline

VW Polo gasoline

VW Polo LPG

Renault Twingo gasoline

BMW Z4 gasolineFiat Doblo gasoline

Peugeot 2008-B gasoline

Renault Clio gasoline

Scooter Yamaha gasoline

Peugeot 2008-A gasolineVolvo V40 diesel

Porsche Cayenne diesel

VW Golf diesel

Mazda 3 diesel

Ford Transit dieselMV Augusta Brutale 990 gasoline

Renault Scenic diesel

Peugeot Boxer diesel

Ford Focus diesel

Peugeot 3008 dieselToyota RAV4 diesel

Citroen C4 Picasso diesel

Hyundai Galloper diesel

Quad BP Outlander gasoline

Audi A3 - EA189 dieselCitroen Jumper diesel

Peugeot 206SW diesel

Scooter Piaggio 125cc gasoline

Renault Truck 460 - 23km/h diesel

VW California dieselFiat Uno gasoline

Renault Truck 460 - 33km/h diesel

Renault Truck 460 - no SCR diesel

Fiat Uno LPG

1

10

0

NO ratio [Log10 ppm/%]

RSD 2

Results – All vehicles - NO/CO2 ratio


M1 N1

Audi

A3 - E

A18

9 d

iese

l

BM

W Z

4 g

asolin

e

Citr

oen C

4 P

icass

o d

iese

lFia

t Uno

LPG

Lan

cia

Yps

ilon

gaso

line

Peug

eot

200

8-B

gaso

line

Toyo

ta A

uris

Hyb

rid

hybrid

Volv

o V

40 d

iese

l

VW

Calif

ornia

die

sel

VW

Pol

o g

asolin

e

Citr

oen J

um

per die

sel

VW

Golf

die

sel

BM

W S

erie

1 g

asolin

e

Mazd

a 3

die

sel

Peug

eot

200

8-A

gaso

line

Pors

che C

aye

nne d

iese

l

Ren

aul

t C

lio g

asolin

eV

W P

olo L

PG

Ren

aul

t Tw

ingo g

asolin

e

Peug

eot

300

8 d

iese

l

Toyo

ta R

AV

4 di

ese

l

Peug

eot

206

SW

die

sel

Hyu

ndai

Gal

lope

r die

sel

Ren

aul

t S

cenic

die

sel

Ford

Focu

s die

sel

Fia

t Dobl

o g

asolin

e

Peug

eot

Boxe

r di

ese

l

Ford

Tra

nsi

t die

sel

0

2

4

6

8

Ratio

Euro0

Euro3

Euro4

Euro5

Euro6

RSD 1

Van Euro 6 Diesel with tampered DPF

M1 N1

BM

W S

erie

1 g

asolin

e

Ren

aul

t C

lio g

asolin

e

Ren

aul

t Tw

ingo g

asolin

e

Volv

o V

40 d

iese

l

Pors

che C

aye

nne d

iese

l

VW

Golf

die

sel

Citr

oen J

um

per die

sel

VW

Pol

o g

asolin

e

Peug

eot

200

8-B

gaso

line

BM

W Z

4 g

asolin

e

VW

Calif

ornia

die

sel

Fia

t Uno

LPG

VW

Pol

o L

PG

Audi

A3 - E

A18

9 d

iese

l

Lan

cia

Yps

ilon

gaso

line

Fia

t Uno

gaso

line

Citr

oen C

4 P

icass

o d

iese

l

Toyo

ta A

uris

Hyb

rid

hybrid

Mazd

a 3

die

sel

Peug

eot

206

SW

die

sel

Hyu

ndai

Gal

lope

r die

sel

Peug

eot

300

8 d

iese

l

Peug

eot

200

8-A

gaso

line

Toyo

ta R

AV

4 di

ese

l

Ren

aul

t S

cenic

die

sel

Ford

Focu

s die

sel

Fia

t Dobl

o g

asolin

e

Peug

eot

Boxe

r di

ese

l

Ford

Tra

nsi

t die

sel

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Ratio

[10

9m

ole

/mole

]

Euro0

Euro3

Euro4

Euro5

Euro6

RSD 2

M1 N1

Audi

A3 - E

A18

9 d

iese

l

BM

W Z

4 g

asolin

e

Citr

oen C

4 P

icass

o d

iese

lFia

t Uno

LPG

Lan

cia

Yps

ilon

gaso

line

Peug

eot

200

8-B

gaso

line

Toyo

ta A

uris

Hyb

rid

hybrid

Volv

o V

40 d

iese

l

VW

Calif

ornia

die

sel

VW

Pol

o g

asolin

e

Citr

oen J

um

per die

sel

VW

Golf

die

sel

BM

W S

erie

1 g

asolin

e

Mazd

a 3

die

sel

Peug

eot

200

8-A

gaso

line

Pors

che C

aye

nne d

iese

l

Ren

aul

t C

lio g

asolin

eV

W P

olo L

PG

Ren

aul

t Tw

ingo g

asolin

e

Peug

eot

300

8 d

iese

l

Toyo

ta R

AV

4 di

ese

l

Peug

eot

206

SW

die

sel

Hyu

ndai

Gal

lope

r die

sel

Ren

aul

t S

cenic

die

sel

Ford

Focu

s die

sel

Fia

t Dobl

o g

asolin

e

Peug

eot

Boxe

r di

ese

l

Ford

Tra

nsi

t die

sel

0

2

4

6

8

Ratio

Euro0

Euro3

Euro4

Euro5

Euro6

RSD 1

Van Euro 6 Diesel with tampered DPF

M1 N1

BM

W S

erie

1 g

asolin

e

Ren

aul

t C

lio g

asolin

e

Ren

aul

t Tw

ingo g

asolin

e

Volv

o V

40 d

iese

l

Pors

che C

aye

nne d

iese

l

VW

Golf

die

sel

Citr

oen J

um

per die

sel

VW

Pol

o g

asolin

e

Peug

eot

200

8-B

gaso

line

BM

W Z

4 g

asolin

e

VW

Calif

ornia

die

sel

Fia

t Uno

LPG

VW

Pol

o L

PG

Audi

A3 - E

A18

9 d

iese

l

Lan

cia

Yps

ilon

gaso

line

Fia

t Uno

gaso

line

Citr

oen C

4 P

icass

o d

iese

l

Toyo

ta A

uris

Hyb

rid

hybrid

Mazd

a 3

die

sel

Peug

eot

206

SW

die

sel

Hyu

ndai

Gal

lope

r die

sel

Peug

eot

300

8 d

iese

l

Peug

eot

200

8-A

gaso

line

Toyo

ta R

AV

4 di

ese

l

Ren

aul

t S

cenic

die

sel

Ford

Focu

s die

sel

Fia

t Dobl

o g

asolin

e

Peug

eot

Boxe

r di

ese

l

Ford

Tra

nsi

t die

sel

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Ratio

[10

9m

ole

/mole

]

Euro0

Euro3

Euro4

Euro5

Euro6

RSD 2





Results – Euro 6 Diesel with tampered DPF


NS.

*

NS.

NS.

**

NS.

RSD 1 RSD 2

50

75

100

125

NO

Ratio

[ppm

/%]

Speed: 23km/h Speed: 33km/h Speed: 23km/h - No SCR

338kW 11000cc Euro V Diesel vehicle

Truck with tampered SCR

* **

RSD 1 RSD 2

30

50

70

90

110

NO

Ratio

[ppm

/%]

Speed: 23km/h Speed: 23km/h - No SCR



NS. *

RSD 1 RSD 2

0

5

10

NO

2 R

atio

[ppm

/%]

Speed: 23km/h Speed: 23km/h - No SCR



NS.

*

NS.

NS.

**

NS.

RSD 1 RSD 2

50

75

100

125

NO

Ratio

[ppm

/%]

Speed: 23km/h Speed: 33km/h Speed: 23km/h - No SCR







Results – Euro VI Diesel Truck with tampered SCR


Preliminary conclusions

• RSD Instrumentation measurement performance verified under real-world conditions (excellent correlation with the references for CO and NO, within wide ranges)

• Ability of the RSD to discriminate Euro 0 to Euro 6 emissions standards within a given vehicle technology (diesel, gasoline, LPG, with and without DPF)

• Ability of the RSD instrumentation to check the tailpipe emissions of tampered or poorly performing vehicles (e.g. due to ageing effects), relative to the functioning ones

• RSD does not provide absolute values and is only complementary to detailed RDE/PEMS testing - appropriate to assess emissions performance of vehicles/vehicle families relative to other vehicles/families or functioning vehicles


• Testing with PEMS becoming a key element of EU emissions regulations (ISC and TA)

• PEMS Instrumentation acceptable for the current needs but further improvement steps needed (e.g. power consumption, compactness, PN)

• Control vehicle emissions under normal conditions of use

• Prevent the use of defeat devices

• Facilitate market surveillance and independent emissions testing at low cost

• Make transparent the environmental performance of vehicles

Highlights

Contact points

Light-duty vehicles

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

PEMS-PN

[email protected]

Heavy-Duty Vehicles & Non-Road Mobile Machinery

[email protected]

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]






Any questions?

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