Joint Research Centre the European Commission's in-house science service

Serving society

Stimulating innovation

Supporting legislation

European Economic and Social Committee Evidence-informed policy-making:

What’s on the TEN Section’s agenda?

Decarbonisation of transport

Alessandro Marotta Sustainable transport Unit (STU)

Institute for Energy and Transport (IET)

Brussels, 04 March 2016

Decarbonisation of transport What does the STU do?

Sustainable transport Sustainable fuel

Road transport Electro-mobility

Aviation NRMM

WtW analysis Alternative fuels

Indirect land-use change

Decarbonisation of transport What does the STU do?

Sustainable transport Sustainable fuel

Road transport Electro-mobility

Road Transport - main activity areas of STU

• WLTP (World-wide harmonized Light duty Test Procedure)

• RDE (Real Driving Emissions)

• Correlation NEDC-WLTP

• Heavy Duty CO2

NEDC is the test cycle for type-approval in EU There is increasing evidence that NEDC is not representative

of real-world emissions

Implementing the WLTP in the EU legislation

Source: ICCT White paper 2013 Source: European Environment Agency

Differences between WLTP and NEDC (speed profile)

Key Parameters of the Driving Cycles NEDC and WLTC

Parameters NEDC WLTP

duration (s) 1180 1800

distance (km) 11.03 23.27

av. speed (km/h) 33.6 46.5

maximum speed (km/h) 120 131.3

stop duration (%) 23.7 12.6

constant driving (%) 40.3 3.7

acceleration (%) 20.9 43.8

deceleration (%) 15.1 39.9

av. positive acc. (m/s2) 0.59 0.41

max positive acc. (m/s2) 1.04 1.67

av. positive “speed*acc.” (m2/s3) 1.04 1.99

max positive “speed*acc.” (m2/s3) 9.22 21.01

av. deceleration (m/s2) −0.82 −0.45

minimum deceleration (m/s2) −1.39 −1.50

Category Item inNEDC inWLTP ImpactonCO2

Vehicletestmass Present Modified é

Tireselection Present Modified é

Tirepressure Present Modified é

Tiretreaddepth Present Modified é

Calculationofresistanceforces Present Corrected é

Inertiaofrotatingparts Absent Introduced é

Deafaultroadloadcoefficients Present Modified ?

Drivingcycle Present Modified ±

Testtemperarure Present Modified é

Vehicleinertia Present Modified é

Preconditioning Present Modified é

GearShiftstrategy Present Modifiedê

SOCcorrection Absent Introduced é

Correctionofcycleflexibilities Absent Underdiscussion ±

CoC

CO2type-approvalextension/vehiclefamily Present Modified é

Road

Load

Determ

ination

Laboratorytest

Processing

testresults

Differences between WLTP and NEDC (test procedure)

RDE (Real Driving Emissions)

• Shift of EU’s legislation towards RDE

applied NEDC laboratory test procedure

• lack of representativeness

on-road emissions testing

• wide range of op. conditions

• high level of randomness

RDE challenge: • assess the normality of

test conditions • evaluate reliably vehicle

emissions

Correlation NEDC-WLTP

EC objective: to phase out NEDC as soon as possible whilst taking into account the need to ensure that CO2 reduction requirements are of comparable stringency:

• The WLTP phasing-in (2017-2020) will be managed, for what concerns CO2 Regulations, using CO2MPAS (CO2 Model for PAssenger and commercial vehicles Simulation), under development at STU.

• In 2021, a new WLTP-based target can be identified, per each OEM, on the basis of the distance in 2020 of their average CO2 emissions from the NEDC-based target.

Correlation NEDC-WLTP

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

CO

2em

issions(g/km)

Mass(kg)

Apossiblescenariofortheproposedtargettransla onapproach

NEDC2019 2020NEDCTarget WLTP2019 2020WLTPTargetAbsolute 2020WLTPTargetRela ve

NEDC

WLTP

2020 avg

2021 target

2020 avg

2021 target

A possible scenario in 2020

Heavy Duty CO2

Trucks, buses and coaches produce about a quarter of CO2

emissions from road transport in the EU and some 5% of the EU’s

total greenhouse gas emissions – a greater share than

international aviation or shipping. The European Commission has

therefore set out a strategy to curb CO2 emissions from these

Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDVs) over the coming years.

Despite the economic importance of fuel consumption, CO2

emissions from HDVs are currently neither measured nor

reported.

This is also due to the historical reason that for the Heavy Duty

sector the type approval is required for the engine, not for the

vehicle.

Heavy Duty CO2

The JRC is in charge of the finalization and use of a computer

simulation tool, VECTO (initially developed by TU Graz), to

measure CO2 emissions from new vehicles.

With the support of this tool the Commission intends to

propose legislation which would require CO2 emissions from

new HDVs to be certified, reported and monitored.

This is the first step toward curbing CO2 emissions from HDVs.

Electromobility

Electromobility has the potential to solve the problem of city pollution

and to contribute to the decarbonisation of transport. However it has

to address many technical and political challenges.

Electromobility

Electromobility

Interoperability

EVs/EVSE: different types of plugs, standards &

communication protocols

EVs/Grid operators: cost-efficient, reliable and

sustainable energy supply

COMPATIBILITY EVs/Environment :

Electromagnetic interferences

Electromobility

Transatlantic Collaboration

promote global standards

address interoperability issues between electric vehicles, smart grids and recharging systems

carrying out cooperative/complementary research

DG JRC-DoE Letter of Intent signed at TEC in Nov. 2011

Conclusions

The JRC is involved in all major initiatives of the Commission on the

decarbonisation of transport.

Decarbonisation does not mean only to reduce the emissions of CO2 in the

atmosphere, but also to provide more reliable measurement and

monitoring tools to assess the impact of initiatives to lower CO2 emissions

(WLTP, RDE, VECTO).

The introduction of WLTP and RDE legislations in Europe, together with the

entry into force of the final step of Euro 6 limits (September 2017) will

constitute the most complete and sophisticated legislation in the world

regulating pollutant and CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles.

Back-up slides

• In-house science service of the European Commission

• Independent, evidence-based scientific and technical support for many EU policies

• Established 1957

• 7 institutes in 6 locations

• Around 3000 staff, including PhDs and visiting scientists

• 1370 publications in 2014

JRC Role Facts & Figures

VELAs

Vehicle Emission Laboratories. 9 labs (appr.

12 persons)

• Engine test beds

Heavy duty engines

Small engines

• PEMS

• Vehicle chassis dynamometers

Motorcycles

Light duty

Heavy duty

EV Electromagnetic compatibility testing

4WD & -30°C capacity

Sustainable road transport

• Support European Commission in the

development of all latest regulations

concerning

• Vehicle type-approval

• Emission limits from LDVs, HDVs and

two/three wheelers

• CO2 targets for LDVs and eco-innovation

scheme

• CO2 monitoring for HDVs

• Promote and analyze new technologies

• Electric vehicles

• ITS solutions

• Participate to international forums and

research group activities

• ERMES

• MULTITUDE

• TFEIP/EIONET

JRC in the European Commission

The JRC provides independent scientific and technical advice to the European Commission to support a wide range of EU policies. The seven scientific institutes are located at six different sites with a wide range of laboratories and unique research facilities

JRC: Institutes

Institute for Energy and Transport (IET) Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen (IPSC) Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES) Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) The mission of the JRC-IET is to provide support to European Union

policies and technology innovation to ensure sustainable, safe, secure

and efficient energy production, distribution and use and to foster

sustainable and efficient transport in Europe

IET

JRC-IET

Seven scientific and two supporting units

• F1 Site Management

• F2 Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies

• F3 Energy Security, Systems and Market

• F4 Innovative Technologies for Nuclear Reactor Safety

• F5 Nuclear Reactor Safety Assessment

• F6 Energy Technology Policy Outlook

• F7 Renewables and Energy Efficiency

• F8 Sustainable Transport (65 scientists, technicians, and

administration)

VELAs

JRC Science Hub: www.ec.europa.eu/jrc

Twitter: @EU_ScienceHub

LinkedIn: european-commission-joint-research-centre

YouTube: JRC Audiovisuals

Vimeo: Science@EC

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