joint epman and agriculture and nature panel meeting freie universität berlin, germany
DESCRIPTION
– Presentation of the guidebook update project – - NMVOC from animal manure – - NH3 from mineral fertilisers - . Joint EPMAN and Agriculture and Nature Panel meeting Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 28. September 2012 Steen Gyldenkærne , Mette H. Mikkelsen and Rikke Albrechtsen - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
– Presentation of the guidebook update project – - NMVOC from animal manure –- NH3 from mineral fertilisers -
Joint EPMAN and Agriculture and Nature Panel meetingFreie Universität Berlin, Germany
28. September 2012
Steen Gyldenkærne, Mette H. Mikkelsen and Rikke AlbrechtsenEMMI, ENVS, DCEAarhus University
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Outline› The Guidebook
› Updating part of the GB› 7 different tasks
› NMVOC› Currently not in the GB – new chapter
› NH3 from mineral fertilisers› Update of the GB
› Current status of the GB
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
The EEA/EMEP guidebook on NMVOC› No guidance on manure management/animals› New Tier 1 and Tier 2 methodology› Starting from scratch› > 500 different compounds› 20 compunds are responsible for 80-90 % of the total emission having
different chemical and physical properties – mostly› Alkohols› Acids (VFA, Volatile Fatty Acids)› Esters› Amids› Sulfur compounds (DMS, DMDS, DMTS)
› Closely related to (same) odour compounds› The guidebook shall cover the whole EMEP area› With very variable climatic conditions
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
NMVOC sources› Little knowledge on where the NMVOC is
formed› The largest source is silage (fermented grass, low pH)
› Primarily ethanol and VFA
› Can also be found in:› Rumen head space of cattle, however, no correlation to CH4 from
enteric fermentation (no data available). Large amounts is seen as a dysfunction of the rumen
› In the testine› In manure in the barns and in manure stores› Unclear how much is formed during storage› Unclear how mush is released after manure application
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Model approach
› NMVOCemission =
NMVOCsilage store +NMVOCfeeding table +NMVOCmanure housing +NMVOCmanure outside stores +NMVOCmanure application
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
NMVOC measurements› Several odour measurements from barns, manure stores and
manure application but very variable and not quantified
› A few from American manure stores, lagoons – size 1-2 hectares
› Two articles on the concentration in the rumen head space
› None during grazing
› US NAEM study – 20 locations over two years› Not reported but raw data available on the their homepage› Includes: ammonia, PM10, PM2.5, H2S, VOC on some dates, NMHC in some
periods on selected farms and environmental data
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
NMVOC - emission› Emission depends mainly on:
› Temperature› Vindspeed over the surface/ventilation rate› A simple model for the domain› EmissionNMVOC = Emissionreference * Reductiontemperature *
Reductionventilation
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
50001000015000200002500030000
f(x) = 195.194444215451 x + 1650.52003950793R² = 0.0925235246194022
Raw VOC emission/500 kg fat-teners
Temperatures, °C
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Climate in pigs barns
-20 -10 00 10 20 300
100200300400500600700800900
1000
f(x) = 101.187760524964 exp( 0.0522040564551983 x )R² = 0.88005929645019
Ventilation
Outdoor Temp, °C
m3/
hour
/500
kg
pig
-20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
f(x) = − 6.330002948229 ln(x) + 23.2767131692454R² = 0.788858449028752f(x) = − 6.330002948229 ln(x) + 23.2767131692454R² = 0.788858449028752
f(x) = 0.00548894983256504 x² − 0.834828676273015 x + 18.8739182231956R² = 0.956245805155825
Outdoor temperature, ºC
ΔT,
ºC
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Climatic strenght over the EMEP area› Emissionstrength = Tempstrength, HCC
* Ventilationstrength
› 50 different locations in Europe› Climate data from VMO› Yearly average 0-20 °C› Emissionstrength = integration of Temperature and Ventilation with a daily
timestep
0 5 10 15 20 250123456
f(x) = 0.839143107153385 exp( 0.0831605304172672 x )R² = 0.900353902622739
Fatteners: Rel emission strength
Average outdoor temperature, °C
Rela
tiv e
mis
sion
: Ind
oor
tem
pera
ture
* V
entil
atio
n ra
te
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
The same climate corrrection for open and closed barns›
0 5 10 15 20 25-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
f(x) = 0.0601378781737147 exp( 0.158959621138714 x )R² = 0.851426256885247
f(x) = 0.220213721770289 exp( 0.0762368757494619 x )R² = 0.848997460560707f(x) = 0.198087647807445 exp( 0.082849950531028 x )R² = 0.90616403785777f(x) = 0.229214464918941 exp( 0.0746361556265398 x )R² = 0.922452722338991f(x) = 0.276189445993358 exp( 0.0676690572041514 x )R² = 0.979383267461403
Relativ emission strength
Average outdoor temperature, °C
Rela
tiv e
mis
sion
: Ind
oor
tem
pera
ture
*
Vent
ilatio
n ra
te
This is theory!
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Climate corrected emissions
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
f(x) = − 180.270651881283 x + 7554.98394037849R² = 0.21047319137944
Climate corrected VOC/500 kg fattners
-20 -10 00 10 20 30 400
2000400060008000
10000120001400016000
f(x) = 2020.13095934874 exp( 0.002970392950138 x )R² = 0.00169284574033381
Raw NMHC emission / 500 kg fatteners
-20 -10 00 10 20 30 400
5000100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000
f(x) = 17324.0125915346 x^-0.747107307191312R² = 0.382664046605478
f(x) = − 3321.01288792392 ln(x) + 12967.3150664423R² = 0.352182267977685f(x) = − 318.501292284991 x + 9302.88000156381
R² = 0.30153836232956
Climate corrected NMHC/500 kg fatteners
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
f(x) = 195.194444215451 x + 1650.52003950793R² = 0.0925235246194022
Raw VOC emission/500 kg fat-teners
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
NMVOC conclusion 1› The theoretical climate related emission strength model
suggest a difference in the NMVOC emission over the EEA/EMEP area of 2-3
› The theoretical climate emission strength model cannot be verified by the data from the NAEM study
› It is therefore suggested to use the average emission from the NAEM study for the whole EMEP/EEA area
› Emissions from animals of different sizes and different animal species is suggested related to
› Feed intake: Data can be taken from the UNFCCC reporting› Volatile substance in manure: Data can be taken from the UNFCCC
reporting› Emission during grazing: Depends on feed intake
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Proposed Tier 1 NMVOC emission factors
Code LivestockEF, with silage
feeding (NMVOC, kg AAP-1. a-1)
EF, without silage feeding (NMVOC,
kg AAP-1. a-1)
100901Dairy cows 18,120 8,242
100902Other cattle (including young cattle, beef cattle and suckling cows)** 9,950 4,785
100903Fattening pigs***** - 0,586
100904Sows - 3,308
100905Sheep**,*** 0,318 0,190
100911Goats**,*** 0,224 0,134
100906Horses**,*** 9,398 5,149
100912Mules and Asses**,*** 5,125 2,808
100907Laying hens (laying hens and parents) - 0,125
100908Broilers (broilers and parents) - 0,059
100909Other poultry (ducks, geese, turkeys)* - 0,506
100910Fur animals - 0,979
Rabbits**,*** - 0,426
Reindeer**,***,**** - 0,045
100913Camels**,***,**** - 0,271
100914Buffalo**,*** 14,353 3,346
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Proposed Tier 2 NMVOC emission factors
Code Livestock
EFNMVOC_TMR EFNMVOC_house EFNMVOC_graz
NMVOC, kg. MJ-1 feed intake
100901Dairy cows 0,000220 0,000032 0,00000687
100902Other cattle (including young cattle, beef cattle and suckling cows)** 0,000220 0,000032 0,00000687
Code Livestock
EFNMVOC_TMR EFNMVOC_house EFNMVOC_graz
NMVOC, kg. Kg VS-1 NMVOC, kg. MJ-1 feed intake
100903Fattening pigs***** 0,001703
100904Sows 0,007042
100905Sheep**,*** 0,012579 0,001887 0,00000687
100911Goats**,*** 0,011803 0,001770 0,00000687
100906Horses**,*** 0,013036 0,001955 0,00000687
100912Mules and Asses**,*** 0,016108 0,002416 0,00000687
100907Laying hens (laying hens and parents) 0,005684
100908Broilers (broilers and parents) 0,004090
100909Other poultry (ducks, geese, turkeys)* 0,006135
100910Fur animals 0,005684 0,00000687
Rabbits**,*** 0,001747 0,00000687
Reindeer**,***,**** 0,001747 0,00000687
100913Camels**,***,**** 0,010942 0,001641 0,00000687
100914Buffalo**,*** 0,008353 0,001253 0,00000687
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Mineral fertilisers
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Tier 2 - NH3 emission from mineral fertilisers› What do we know?
› Application time differs over the EMEP/EEA area› Application time is different defined in different countries
› The current model use a temperature dependent EF› Large temperature correction for urea and ammonium sulfate› Minor temperature correction for CAN, AN and others› Consequence large error for urea and AS if the temperature regime is
not correct
› To get the best emission estimate the temperature conditions during and after application should be defined correctly
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Current methodology› Use temperature dependent emission factors› Assumes that all fertilisers are applied in spring
› Average spring temperature is defined as the three months after 400 Day Degrees from 1. January
› Different regions depending on average annual temperatures
› The Problem:› The estimated application time and consequently the used temperature
in the emission estimate factor functions is too high as this is summer time (May-July)
› The overestimation of the temperature when application takes place is likely 6-10 °C
› The temperature dependent emission factors could be unreliable
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Proposed new methodolgy› Four different application periods:› Rationale:
› The farmers will apply when it is optimal› Regardless of differences in climatic conditions within a country plant
growth starts at the same temperature conditions › Spring:
› If the temperature (t) < 6°C Spring is defined as 6 °C› If the temperature is > 6°C spring temperature is defined as the average
temperature of the months Marts-May (tspring) – this to account for higher temperatures like in the Mediterranean area
› Summer: › Average temperature of the months June-August (tsummer)
› Autumn: › Average temperature of the months September-November (tautumn)
› Winter: › Average temperature of the months December-February (twinter)
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Proposed new methodolgy› Step 1 › Split the country into climatic regions. It is good practise to split a country in
regions if the average summer temperature (tsummer) varies > 5 °C from one place to another and obtain information on calcareous soil types (soil pH >7).
› Step 2 › Obtain information from agricultural advisors from different regions in the
country on fertilisation practise on how many percentages are applied in the different times of the year. Preferential split on at least urea and other fertiliser types as there may be differences in especially the use of these two major types. These percentages should be updated at least every five years as changes in praxis may occur.
› Step 3 › Split the annual country/regional specific fertiliser consumption into the
different climatic regions› Step 4 › Use the model in Table 3–2 to estimate emissions from each type of N fertiliser
in each of the regions and at each of the four times of the year. The emission from each fertiliser type for each region is calculated as the product of the mass of fertiliser of that type applied in the region and the EF for that fertiliser type in that region. Emissions of NH3 from fertilisers applied to grass cut for hay or silage may be calculated using the same factors as for arable and other crops. In addition, the effect of calcareous soils is included through use of a multiplier on the basis of values for different areas.
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Current emission factors› From Table 3-2 in the GB
Fertiliser type EFi Multiplier cAmmonium sulphate = 0.0107 + 0.0006 tt 1)10Ammonium nitrate = 0.0080 + 0.0001 tt 1Calcium ammonium nitrate
= 0.0080 + 0.0001 tt 1
Anhydrous ammonia = 0.0127 + 0.0012 tt 4Urea = 0.1067 + 0.0035 tt 1Nitrogen solutions = 0.0481 + 0.0025 tt 1Ammonium phosphates
= 0.0107 + 0.0006 tt 1)10
Other NK and NPK = 0.0080 + 0.0001 tt 1
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
NH3 loss from mineral fert. application
Efert_NH3=i=1Ij=1Jt=1T(mfert_i_j_t∙EFi_j_t∙(1-palk_j∙1-ci))
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
NH3 loss from mineral fert. application
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
NH3 loss from mineral fert. application› Problems:
› Very variable emission estimates:› Different soil types, CEC, pH, humidity, precipitation
› The measuring techniques are different (lab, tunnel, micro met.)› Lab is artificial› Forced ventilation in tunnels may create overestimations› Only a few micro meteorological studies
› Negative values are difficult interpretate› Probably due to high NH3 concentrations in the air (negative fluxes)› High uptake rates inside the canopy
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Conclusion on mineral fertilisers› A better methodology for estimation of the temperature
conditions when the fertilisers actually are applied› The new emission studies found in the literature do not differ
substantially from previous reported data› There are indications that some of the fertiliser types response to
increased temperatures
› We (I) have not the insight/knowledge to judge if the previous EF are optimal
› An advanced analysis of the actual soil, temperature, crop types and application technique for the EMEP/EEA area to be used as parameters in an advanced physical – chemical model is outside the limits for this project
› And therefore not able to optimize the previous parameters› We therefore suggest to maintain the previous EF until better judgment
can be justified› Update of the emission factors needs larger investigations and should be
discussed in a broader audience› We should remember that this is a Tier 2 which should be
easy to implement and use› All countries are welcome to advance to Tier 3
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Guidebook chaptersCan be downloaded from:
http://www.tfeip-secretariat.org/emep-eea-guidebook-review-of-draft-chapters/
Comments should be made before 15. October 2012
Thanks for your attention
National borders exists only in our minds
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
Danish NMVOC
In total 86,160,000 tonnes in 2010 (86.16 Gg)
DANISH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGYAARHUS UNIVERSITY
28. September 2012Steen Gyldenkærne
European NMVOC emissions