john n. fox, p.eng. michelle p.b. nicolas, p.geo. · 2014-06-09 · sampling 2008-2012 . soil...
TRANSCRIPT
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John N. Fox, P.Eng. Michelle P.B. Nicolas, P.Geo.
Manitoba Innovation, Energy and Mines
Mineral Resources Division
APEGM Professional Development Seminar Winnipeg, Manitoba
December 5, 2012
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Geology and exploration ◦ Manitoba’s oil facts. ◦ Geological setting and stratigraphy ◦ Oil fields and their producing formations ◦ Helping exploration: MGS Projects
Oil Economy: production, reserves and revenues ◦ Provincial oil economy ◦ Drilling activity ◦ Production & reserves ◦ Hydraulic fracturing basics
Questions
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Michelle P.B. Nicolas, P.Geo. Manitoba Geological Survey
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Did you know that… Discovery well: 1951 in the Daly Field;
o First productive oil well in the Williston Basin!
13 designated oil fields and ~200 oil pools in SW Manitoba.
Hydrocarbon-bearing formations in SW Manitoba occur at depths up to 2300 m.
Drilling and Production: o Current production depths is between ~500-1200 m; o ~ 9100 wells licensed (~6450 wells producing); o 49.5 million m3 (311.3 million bbls) oil produced to date; o First hydraulic fracture was conducted in the 1950’s; o First horizontal well was drilled in 1991.
Oil and Gas Mineral Rights:
o 80% privately owned; o 20% Crown owned.
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Current oil producing area
Geological Map of Canada
(Wheeler et al., 1996)
Hudson Bay Basin
Williston Basin
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Cretaceous- to Cambrian-aged rocks ~2300 m deep in Manitoba Manitoba represents the northeastern
flank of the basin Focus of oil and gas exploration in
Manitoba SW dipping
A A’
A A’
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West
East
A A’
Paleozoic 300-550 million
years ago
Mesozoic 65-250 million
years ago
~70 million year unconformity
50 million year unconformity Cenozoic
present to 65 million years ago
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biogenic shale gas horizons
oil and solution gas horizons
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Daly Sinclair Field Tilston Field Waskada Field Lulu Lake Field Virden Field Whitewater Field Pierson Field Kirkella Field Souris Hartney Field Regent Field Mountainside Field Birdtail Field Manson Field
2012 oil field map
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Melita
Lower Amaranth Mission Canyon Lodgepole
Bakken Three Forks/Torquay
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Year
Mississippian
Lower Amaranth
Bakken-Three Forks
Oil (x103 m3)
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Continued exploration and development in known oil fields.
Expand hydrocarbon producing and exploration area.
Hudson Bay frontier area.
Still many prospects in the shallow & deep horizons.
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Shallow Unconventional Shale Gas Project
Bakken-Torquay Project
GEM Hudson Bay and Foxe Basins Project
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Brandon
Manitou
Swan River
Cretaceous Gas Shows 1906-1933:
• Natural gas used for domestic lighting and cooking purposes at several sites in SW Manitoba.
• Historical documents indicate up to 12 gas wells drilled in SW Manitoba between 1906 and 1933. • least two wells remain
capped. • Exploration resumed between
2003-2006.
DEM of SW Manitoba
shallow gas shows
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Drilled in 1907 Well TVD: 396 m Gas Depth: 183 m
Drilled in c. 1930 Drilled in 1933 Notre Dame de Lourdes, MB
Manitou, MB 276 kPa initial pressures
221 kPa initial pressure
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2003 to 2006: Waskada Field area, north of Pierson Field, and the Manitou area ◦ 3 wells cased for production in
the Favel Formation in the Waskada Field; now abandoned.
◦ 2 wells north of Pierson Field: cored, cased, stimulated.
◦ 1 well in Manitou area: cased, formation tested.
Modern well near Manitou
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Project goals: To verify if the Cretaceous
sequences of SW Manitoba have the right geological conditions for economic shale gas accumulations.
Identify the best target formations.
Determine type of gas (biogenic or thermogenic).
Create sequence stratigraphic framework: ◦ exploration model.
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Sampling 2008-2012
Soil sampling
Outcrop mapping
Gas well sampling
Shale sampling
Water well sampling
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Shale Gas Target Details
- West (T1 R29W1): • 620 m thick • 100 m TVD to 720 m TVD • Pierre Shale (Odanah Mb)
to Ashville Fm.
Yellow highlight indicates units with documented gas shows.
• Stratigraphic details: – East (T2 R9W1):
• 220 m thick • 100 m TVD to 310 m TVD • Pierre Shale (Odanah Mb)
to Ashville Fm.
west
east
• Fingerprint of rocks are similar to other shale gas basins (e.g. Michigan Basin – Antrium Shale).
• Play type: unconventional biogenic shallow gas.
• Potential shale gas area: 50,000 km2.
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Canada USA
Isopach map of the Three Forks Fm
Shallow Unconventional Shale Gas Project
Bakken-Torquay Project
GEM Hudson Bay and Foxe Basins Project
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1986: First Bakken production. 2003: First Torquay production. Two new oil fields. Represents ~50% of Manitoba’s oil
production. Exploration and development is
ongoing.
White light
UV light
Torquay Formation
Bakken Formation
White light
UV light
UV light
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Manitoba: • Immature • Shallow • Thin
Saskatchewan: • Mature • Shallow to deep • Thick
North Dakota: • Mature • Deep • Thick
Depth to Torquay: 360 – 1290 m
Depth to Torquay: 700 – 3900 m
Depth to Torquay: 300 – 2400 m Avg. Torquay: ~87 m Avg. M.Bakken: ~46 m
Max. Torquay thickness: 45 m (65 m in anomalous area)
Avg. M.Bakken: 6 m (13 m in anomalous area)
Avg. Torquay: ~90 m Avg. M.Bakken: ~46 m
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
North Dakota
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Shallow Unconventional Shale Gas Project
Bakken-Torquay Project
GEM Hudson Bay and Foxe Basins Project
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Devonian, Silurian and Ordovician aged strata.
Some Cretaceous rocks. ~ 2500 m deep in the center. Exploration has been limited
and sporadic: ◦ 1966 to 1970 ◦ 1981 to 1985
New modern data = renewed interest by industry.
Manitoba
Ontario
Québec
Nunavut
A
A’
A A’
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(Zhang, 2007)
Central Uplift
Manitoba
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Hudson Bay Basin Hudson Bay Lowland
Manitoba
Ontario
Québec
Nunavut
Manitoba
Churchill
Ontario
Hudson Bay
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West East 200 km
Whitebear Creek
Comeault No.1
Kaskattama No.1
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Frontier basin. No current oil or gas production. GEM - new research & discoveries:
◦ Evidence of active hydrocarbon system: Mature oil shale (source) Bituminous residue (migration) Oil staining (migration)
◦ Hydrothermal dolomite (HTD) confirmed
in core. (reservoir)
◦ Extensive reef occurrences. (reservoir)
◦ Conditions for traps and seals present.
HTD
bitumen
oil stain
oil shale
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John N. Fox, P.Eng. Mineral Resources Division
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In 2011, Manitoba’s… ◦ oil production was 2.39 million m3 (15 million barrels), up
27% from 2010; ◦ total value of oil production was $1.4 billion, up 56% from
2010; ◦ Oil industry expenditures - $1.23 billion ◦ ◦ Provincial petroleum revenue - $42.4 million (includes
Crown royalties, production taxes, Crown oil and gas rights leasing and fees);
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In 2011, Manitoba’s… ◦ Oil royalties paid to private (freehold) mineral owners - $218
million; ◦ Payments made to landowners for surface rights - $34
million; ◦ Property taxes paid to rural municipalities - $11 million
◦ Oil industry provides over 4000 direct & indirect jobs.
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Wells drilled Average Oil Price ($/bbl)
Year (To November 26, 2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
Vertical wells
Horizontall wells
Average oil price
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Drilling Rig - Trinidad #4
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Aquifers
Oil Gas Salt Water
500-1000 m
Horizontal Section Length 600 – 1400 m
Horizontal Well Construction
Source: Trican
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Five Well Drilling Pad (Waskada)
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Horizontal section
Target entry point
Surface location Abandoned
Vertical wells
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Eight Well Drilling Pad
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Tundra Oil & Gas, 185
Penn West, 75
EOG, 129
Fort Calgary, 32
CNRL, 14
ARC, 28
Others, 48
Legacy, 32
Red Beds, 22 Crescent Point, 17
Reliable, 0
Based on wells drilled to November 29, 2012
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Oil
Number of wells
Water
Gas
1951 1958 1965 1972 1979 1986 1993 2012 2000
Time (years)
2007
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1951 1958 1965 1972 1979 1986 1993 2012 2000
Time (years)
2007
Sinclair Field Daly Field Waskada &
Pierson Fields
Virden Field
Oil production Waskada Gas Plant
(waterflood)
Pierson Gas Conservation
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1951 1958 1965 1972 1979 1986 1993 2012 2000
Time (years)
2007
2.38 million m3 oil in 2011 (15 million barrels)
672 wells licensed in 2011
985,987 m3 oil in 1969 (6.2 million barrels)
2006
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31 million m3
Amaranth 3.3 million m3
Melita 0%
Lower Amaranth
15% Mission Canyon
5%
Lodgepole 67%
Bakken-Three Forks 13%
Cumulative Oil Production - 311 million barrels
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Waskada 11-30-1-25 Oil Battery (2005)
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Waskada 11-30-1-25 Oil Battery (2012)
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Waskada 15-21-1-25 Oil Battery
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Waskada 15-21-1-25 Oil Battery
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◦ Manitoba has no oil refineries ◦ All Manitoba crude oil production is exported to refineries in the
U.S. and Canada ◦ The majority of Manitoba crude oil is shipped to market via the
Enbridge Interprovincial Pipeline System ◦ Enbridge has a large storage oil terminal at Cromer ◦ In 2011, the first crude oil rail loading facility was built in
Manitoba ◦ CN and Tundra Energy Marketing have announced plans to
built a 2nd rail loading terminal near Cromer
Source: Enbridge
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Enbridge Cromer Terminal
Tundra Cromer Truck Terminal
Source: Tundra Energy Marketing
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Source: CAPP
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Hydraulic fracturing (also called “fracing”) is the process of pumping a fluid down an oil and gas well to fracture (crack) the rock formation to increase the production of oil or gas from the well.
The frac fluid (usually fresh water with some additives) holds a proppant (usually sand) that flows into the cracks.
This layer of sand props open the cracks and allows oil and gas to flow at higher rates into the well.
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Fracing in Manitoba is regulated under The Oil & Gas Act. Fracing has been used to increase oil production from
Manitoba wells for over 60 years.
There is currently no shale gas development in Manitoba (shale gas is natural gas).
Manitoba has shale gas potential.
Natural gas prices and other economic factors make near-term shale gas development in Manitoba unlikely.
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Fracing can contaminate groundwater.
Fracing uses a lot of water.
Frac fluids are not properly managed.
Frac fluid additives are toxic.
Fracing causes earthquakes.
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There has never been a known case where fracing has resulted in groundwater contamination in Manitoba.
In Manitoba, oil reservoirs are located 400 – 1000 metres below groundwater aquifers.
This separation distance coupled with the regulatory requirements for the drilling, construction and operation of oil wells minimizes the risk of groundwater contamination from fracing.
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Aquifers
Oil Gas Salt Water
Source: Trican
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Manitoba aquifer separation distance 400 – 1000 m
Fractures contained within oil and gas zone
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Oil industry water use in Manitoba is regulated.
Fracing operations in Manitoba use significantly less water than shale gas fracing in other jurisdictions.
Average frac job in Manitoba uses 400 -700 cubic metres of water.
The average family of 4 uses 500 cubic metres of water a year.
Oil industry is reducing the use of fresh water by re-using/recycling frac fluid and using salt water instead of fresh water.
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Large frac job (B.C.) (unconventional; shale gas)
Small frac job (Manitoba) (conventional; oil)
Source: Trican
Source: Trican
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Frac fluids in Manitoba are managed from cradle to grave.
Frac fluids are stored in tankage before being injected into a well.
Frac fluids produced back from a well are disposed of into an approved underground disposal zone using a disposal well permitted for that purpose.
Closed loop approach minimizes potential adverse environment impacts associated with fracing.
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There is a concern about the toxicity of frac fluid additives.
The industry has agreed to voluntarily disclose frac fluid additives.
The industry is also continually moving to greener frac fluid additives.
Many frac fluid additives are used to treat water or in food processing and others are found in household products such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, toothpaste and detergents.
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Seismic activity potentially resulting from fracturing measures less than 3.5 on the Richter scale.
Richter Scale (worldwide): 2 or less 8,000 / day Not felt 2 – 2.9 1,000 / day Not felt, recorded 3 – 3.9 49,000 / year Often felt, rarely causes damage
(Note: Each level on scale is 10 x stronger than the previous level) Damaging earthquakes reported in the news have
10,000 times more energy than earthquakes linked to fracing.
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Oil industry has been proactive in adopting new policies and procedures for fracing to address public concerns.
Petroleum Branch is reviewing adoption of new guidelines and regulations in Manitoba to ensure that fracing remains safe and public concerns are addressed.
Initiatives under review: ◦ Enhanced submissions requirements; ◦ Disclosure of frac fuid contents; ◦ Baseline water well testing; ◦ Collection of water source and usage data.
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Petroleum Branch, Manitoba Innovation, Energy and Mines ◦ Keith Lowdon ◦ Lorne Barsness ◦ Pamela Fulton-Regula
Trican Well Service
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Questions?