jina 2007 2 - joint institute for nuclear astrophysics · i. indirect methods – reactions et...
TRANSCRIPT
David LunneyCentre de Spectromeacutetrie Nucleacuteaire et de Spectromeacutetrie de Masse
(CSNSM minus IN2P3 CNRS)Universiteacute de Paris Sud Orsay
Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics Special School on Nuclear Mass ModelsArgonne National LaboratoryMay 8-16 2007
Mass measurements for nuclear astrophysicsLecture 2 the mass evaluation chaos the future
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150
GANIL SPEG CSS2
stable indirect
ISOLDE MISTRAL ISOLTRAP
Other Penning traps CPT (ANL) LEBIT (MSU) JYFLTRAP
neutron dripline(FRDM95)
proton dripline(FRDM95)
GSI ESR-SMS ESR-IMS SHIPTRAP
N
Z
The atomic mass evaluation
G Audi and AH Wapstra Nuclear Physics A 1988 1993 1995 2003
SPSiAl
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
16151413
27Al (pγ) 28Si28Si (3He8Li) 23Al28Si (4He8He) 24Si28Si (pt) 26Si28Si (pn) 28P
28Si (dp) 29Si28Si (pγ) 29P28Si (π+π-) 28S31P (pα) 28Siand 28Si 12C
Not a compilation
S Schwarz et al Nucl Phys A 693 (2001)
First determinationof isomeric levelsby mass spectrometry
The Mass Evaluation
28Si
1=
28Si
Audi-Wapstra mass table
bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)
least squares mass adjustment (2003)
Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr
Mass EvaluationAME
1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)
2 Q-values α-decays
3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc
4 direct measurements (traps rings)
GSI data
frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data
A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3
6169 input data
~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal
Combined Evaluation
discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake
AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations
A simplified overview of mass models
microscopicsculpturings of a
macroscopic drop(FRDM)
algebraicformulas
(Garvey-Kelson IMME)
microscopicnucleon-nucleon
interaction(RMF HFB)
physics input
ease of use
Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model
macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)
9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties
now full HFB
HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150
GANIL SPEG CSS2
stable indirect
ISOLDE MISTRAL ISOLTRAP
Other Penning traps CPT (ANL) LEBIT (MSU) JYFLTRAP
neutron dripline(FRDM95)
proton dripline(FRDM95)
GSI ESR-SMS ESR-IMS SHIPTRAP
N
Z
The atomic mass evaluation
G Audi and AH Wapstra Nuclear Physics A 1988 1993 1995 2003
SPSiAl
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
16151413
27Al (pγ) 28Si28Si (3He8Li) 23Al28Si (4He8He) 24Si28Si (pt) 26Si28Si (pn) 28P
28Si (dp) 29Si28Si (pγ) 29P28Si (π+π-) 28S31P (pα) 28Siand 28Si 12C
Not a compilation
S Schwarz et al Nucl Phys A 693 (2001)
First determinationof isomeric levelsby mass spectrometry
The Mass Evaluation
28Si
1=
28Si
Audi-Wapstra mass table
bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)
least squares mass adjustment (2003)
Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr
Mass EvaluationAME
1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)
2 Q-values α-decays
3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc
4 direct measurements (traps rings)
GSI data
frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data
A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3
6169 input data
~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal
Combined Evaluation
discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake
AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations
A simplified overview of mass models
microscopicsculpturings of a
macroscopic drop(FRDM)
algebraicformulas
(Garvey-Kelson IMME)
microscopicnucleon-nucleon
interaction(RMF HFB)
physics input
ease of use
Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model
macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)
9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties
now full HFB
HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150
GANIL SPEG CSS2
stable indirect
ISOLDE MISTRAL ISOLTRAP
Other Penning traps CPT (ANL) LEBIT (MSU) JYFLTRAP
neutron dripline(FRDM95)
proton dripline(FRDM95)
GSI ESR-SMS ESR-IMS SHIPTRAP
N
Z
The atomic mass evaluation
G Audi and AH Wapstra Nuclear Physics A 1988 1993 1995 2003
SPSiAl
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
16151413
27Al (pγ) 28Si28Si (3He8Li) 23Al28Si (4He8He) 24Si28Si (pt) 26Si28Si (pn) 28P
28Si (dp) 29Si28Si (pγ) 29P28Si (π+π-) 28S31P (pα) 28Siand 28Si 12C
Not a compilation
S Schwarz et al Nucl Phys A 693 (2001)
First determinationof isomeric levelsby mass spectrometry
The Mass Evaluation
28Si
1=
28Si
Audi-Wapstra mass table
bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)
least squares mass adjustment (2003)
Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr
Mass EvaluationAME
1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)
2 Q-values α-decays
3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc
4 direct measurements (traps rings)
GSI data
frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data
A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3
6169 input data
~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal
Combined Evaluation
discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake
AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations
A simplified overview of mass models
microscopicsculpturings of a
macroscopic drop(FRDM)
algebraicformulas
(Garvey-Kelson IMME)
microscopicnucleon-nucleon
interaction(RMF HFB)
physics input
ease of use
Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model
macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)
9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties
now full HFB
HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
The atomic mass evaluation
G Audi and AH Wapstra Nuclear Physics A 1988 1993 1995 2003
SPSiAl
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
16151413
27Al (pγ) 28Si28Si (3He8Li) 23Al28Si (4He8He) 24Si28Si (pt) 26Si28Si (pn) 28P
28Si (dp) 29Si28Si (pγ) 29P28Si (π+π-) 28S31P (pα) 28Siand 28Si 12C
Not a compilation
S Schwarz et al Nucl Phys A 693 (2001)
First determinationof isomeric levelsby mass spectrometry
The Mass Evaluation
28Si
1=
28Si
Audi-Wapstra mass table
bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)
least squares mass adjustment (2003)
Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr
Mass EvaluationAME
1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)
2 Q-values α-decays
3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc
4 direct measurements (traps rings)
GSI data
frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data
A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3
6169 input data
~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal
Combined Evaluation
discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake
AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations
A simplified overview of mass models
microscopicsculpturings of a
macroscopic drop(FRDM)
algebraicformulas
(Garvey-Kelson IMME)
microscopicnucleon-nucleon
interaction(RMF HFB)
physics input
ease of use
Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model
macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)
9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties
now full HFB
HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
S Schwarz et al Nucl Phys A 693 (2001)
First determinationof isomeric levelsby mass spectrometry
The Mass Evaluation
28Si
1=
28Si
Audi-Wapstra mass table
bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)
least squares mass adjustment (2003)
Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr
Mass EvaluationAME
1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)
2 Q-values α-decays
3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc
4 direct measurements (traps rings)
GSI data
frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data
A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3
6169 input data
~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal
Combined Evaluation
discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake
AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations
A simplified overview of mass models
microscopicsculpturings of a
macroscopic drop(FRDM)
algebraicformulas
(Garvey-Kelson IMME)
microscopicnucleon-nucleon
interaction(RMF HFB)
physics input
ease of use
Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model
macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)
9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties
now full HFB
HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
The Mass Evaluation
28Si
1=
28Si
Audi-Wapstra mass table
bull 7773 experimental data (374 rejected) bull primary data 967 energy and 414 inertiabull plus 887 estimated databull 1381 equations with 847 parametersbull 2228 ground state masses (and 201 isomers)bull plus 951 estimated values (and 122 isomers)
least squares mass adjustment (2003)
Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr
Mass EvaluationAME
1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)
2 Q-values α-decays
3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc
4 direct measurements (traps rings)
GSI data
frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data
A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3
6169 input data
~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal
Combined Evaluation
discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake
AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations
A simplified overview of mass models
microscopicsculpturings of a
macroscopic drop(FRDM)
algebraicformulas
(Garvey-Kelson IMME)
microscopicnucleon-nucleon
interaction(RMF HFB)
physics input
ease of use
Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model
macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)
9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties
now full HFB
HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Atomic Masses Data Center (AMDC) httpwww-csnsmin2p3fr
Mass EvaluationAME
1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)
2 Q-values α-decays
3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc
4 direct measurements (traps rings)
GSI data
frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data
A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3
6169 input data
~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal
Combined Evaluation
discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake
AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations
A simplified overview of mass models
microscopicsculpturings of a
macroscopic drop(FRDM)
algebraicformulas
(Garvey-Kelson IMME)
microscopicnucleon-nucleon
interaction(RMF HFB)
physics input
ease of use
Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model
macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)
9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties
now full HFB
HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Mass EvaluationAME
1 Q-values β-decays (β+β-)
2 Q-values α-decays
3 Q-values reactions (pn) (nγ) etc
4 direct measurements (traps rings)
GSI data
frequency correlations between allmeasured ESR data
A Wapstra G Audi C Thibault NPA729 (2003) 129 YuA Litvinov et al NPA756 (2005) 3
6169 input data
~2105 input dataYuA Litvinov G Audi et al ILIMA Technical Proposal
Combined Evaluation
discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake
AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations
A simplified overview of mass models
microscopicsculpturings of a
macroscopic drop(FRDM)
algebraicformulas
(Garvey-Kelson IMME)
microscopicnucleon-nucleon
interaction(RMF HFB)
physics input
ease of use
Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model
macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)
9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties
now full HFB
HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
discontinuity on the mass surface new physics or just a mistake
AME lsquolsquosystematicrsquorsquo mass values - geometric extrapolations
A simplified overview of mass models
microscopicsculpturings of a
macroscopic drop(FRDM)
algebraicformulas
(Garvey-Kelson IMME)
microscopicnucleon-nucleon
interaction(RMF HFB)
physics input
ease of use
Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model
macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)
9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties
now full HFB
HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
A simplified overview of mass models
microscopicsculpturings of a
macroscopic drop(FRDM)
algebraicformulas
(Garvey-Kelson IMME)
microscopicnucleon-nucleon
interaction(RMF HFB)
physics input
ease of use
Extended Thomas-Fermi Strutinki Integral model
macro TF Skyrme approximation micro Strutinski correction (folded Skyrme)
9 parametersgood mass fitmost nuclear properties
now full HFB
HFBCS S Goriely et al At Nuc Data (2001) HFB 1 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2002)HFB 2 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2002)HFB 3 M Samyn et al Nucl Physics (2003)HFB 4-7 S Goriely et al Phys Rev C (2003)HFB 8 M Samyn et al Phys Rev C (2004)HFB
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Other global approaches
Nucleon interaction
Green rsquos function Monte CarloPieper et al Phys Rev C (2001)very restricted (Alt 12)
chiral perturbation theoryKaiser Fritsch Weise Nucl Phys A (2002) nothing on finite nuclei
Hybrid model
smoothly varying componentsliquid drop shells pairing
+ fluctuations single particle behavior
Koura Uno Tachibana Yamada Nucl Phys A 674 (2000) 47
no physical transparancy
Other developments
Energy density functional approachYu and Bulgac Phys Rev Lett (2003) far from a mass table
Mass systematics using neural networks Clark Gernoth Mavrommatis NPA (2004)σrms (AME2003) = 103 MeV
Shell model inspired
not an interaction but a Hamiltonianone- and two-body terms fit
Duflo amp ZukerPhys Rev C (1997)
excellent fits to the mass table
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Physical Review Letters 94 (2005)
A mean-field mass table
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Nuclear Mass Models
local models (phenomenological)
Garvey-Kelsonrelations
M(ZN)
M(Z+2N+2)
N=Z
Isobaric Mass MultipletEquation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Isobaric Mass Multiplet Equation (IMME)M = a + bTz + c Tz
2 + d Tz3
Case of A = 33K Blaum et al Phys Rev Lett (2004)
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Fit to 1995 AME (1768 masses)
0
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2FRDM
TF-FRDM DZKUTY NS GK JM LZ
rms
erro
r (M
eV)
local models
Only 60 masses fit
15+4 18+415+4 19+12 28
34+8121+12 mass data parameters+ other data parameters
Chaos-limited mass prediction
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
A Baecker - httpwwwphysiktu-dresdende~baeckerresearchhtml
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
18
2
HFBCS-1HFB-1HFB-2
FRDMTF-F
RDMDZKUTY NS GK LZJM
R =
σm
od(2
001)
σ
(199
5)
microscopic micro-macro local relations
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003) 1021
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
See Lunney Pearson amp Thibault Rev Mod Phys 75 (2003)
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 752
3
4
5
6
7
Z
N =
82
shel
l gap
(MeV
) EXP FRDM Duflo-Zuker HFB-2
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
GSI (FAIR)NESRCR +MATS (trap)
CSR (HIRBF) Lanzhou
TITAN (TRIUMF)
RIKENISO-RING +Cyclotron(agrave la CSS2)
MAFFTRAPSPIRAL2
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
MAFF facility at FRM-II
Muumlnich Accelerator for Fission Fragments
trap
n-rich nuclides
trap
funnel
Bavarium
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
ISAC beam
TRIUMF Ion Trap (TITAN) facility
Paul trapCooling and
Bunching (1-5ms)
EBITRapid charge
breeding (2-30 ms) Wien filtermq selection
Penning trapPrecision mass measurement
(~ 10-100ms)
J Dilling et al EMIS 2003
Mass measurements
bull T12 asymp10 ms
bull δmm lt 1sdot10-8
bullOperational 2006
fc = qBm
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
RIKEN (fragmentation) facility
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
RIKEN RING
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
I Arai ALMAS Workshop GSI (2006)
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
CNSAnnualReport2003
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
CIME CyclotronAcceleration of RI Beams
E lt 25 AMeV
Production CaveC converter+UCx target
le 1014 fissionss
Superconducting LINACE = 145 AMeV for heavy Ions Aq=3
E = 40 MeV for deuterons
Low energy RNB (LIRAT)
Heavy-Ion ECR source (Aq=3) 1mA
Deuteron source 5mARFQ
Stable Heavy-Ion Exp Hall
Direct beam line CIME-G1G2 caves
Existing GANIL Exp Area
Existing GANIL Accelerators
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Beyond the horizonBeyond the horizon
GSI rsquos futureFacility for Antiproton andIon Research(FAIR)
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
20
43
44
PreparationPenning trap
MeasurementPenning trap
EBIT
Side View
Roof crane (2 T)
HV Cage
Ground Floor
First Floor
HV Cage
MATS Experimental SetupMATS Experimental Setup
EBITcharge breeding
qm selectionseparation
Cooler trapbeam preparation
Precision trapmeasurements
Detectors- FT-ICR- TOF-ICR- Si(Li) electron
10 m
RIBbeam
Bmqfc sdotsdot=
π21
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Mass program at FAIR
MATS
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with existing FRS-ESRGSI report C Scheidenberger et al 2002observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
measured at FRS-ESR (published)
observed nuclei
r-processpath
measured at FRS-ESR (in analysis)
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
nuclides with known massesGAudi et al Nucl Phys A729 (2003) 3
stable nuclei
to be measured with SUPER-FRS-CR-RESR-NESRConceptual Design Report GSI 2001observed nuclei
r-processpath
2028
50
82
8
8
20
28
50
82
126
Outlook
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
CSR (Lanzhou) ESR (Darmstadt)
electron coolers
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
ISOLDEISACANLHRIBF JHP
BAEI
ARENASSPIRAL
EXCYT
ISOLMAFF
FRS
RIBFNSCL
Lanzhou
DubnaDRIBS
SISSISIRIUS
worldwide radioactive ion beam facilities
ISOL thick-target facilities in-flight separation facilities
BEARS
JYFL
SHIP
(NEAR) FUTUREMASS MEASUREMENTS
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
I General concepts ndash binding energy the mass unit resolution precision accuracy
II Physics motivation a nuclear structure ndash shells deformation pairing halos (the mass scale)b weak interaction ndash superallowed beta decay and the CKM matrixc astrophysics ndash stellar nucleosynthesis
III Production of radionuclides ndash methods of FIFS (fragmentation) et ISOL (ion manipulation using traps and gas cells)
IV Mass measurement techniquesi indirect methods ndash reactions et decaysii direct methods ndash time of flight (SPEG et CSS2 au GANIL
ESR isochronous mode at GSI) revolution (cyclotron) frequency(ESR Schottky mode ISOLTRAP and MISTRAL at ISOLDE)
V Comparisons of the different methods
VI The atomic mass evaluation (demonstration of the program NUCLEUS)
VII Mass models and comparisons chaos on the mass surface
VIII A look into the future
IX Conclusions
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92driplineFRDM92dripline
stables exp1986
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stables exp1986 exp1995
N
Z
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
FRDM92dripline
FRDM92dripline
stable nuclides 1986 (1660 masses) 1995 (1846 masses) 2001 (2215 masses)
N
Z
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
492 331 419 269500
220622
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
year
num
ber n
uclid
es
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
1E+02
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+08
1E+09
60 65 70 75 80 85
A
yiel
d (io
nsu
C)
Ni - 28Cu - 29Cu isomersZn - 30Ga - 31
Radioactive beam yields the harsh reality
source ISOLDE yieldbook
laser ionized
surface ionized
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
ConclusionsMass Models
microscopic erareal need for data(diagnostic tool)
Kierkegaard I must find a truththat is true for me
Mass Measurementshigher performanceprograms multiplyingrArr more data
better quality
Lichtenberg To find something new
must build something new
Mass Evaluation
global benchmark
(last judgement)
ldquoA false balance isan abomination to the Lord but a just weightis his delightrdquomdash Proverbs 111
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
PRECISION NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS WITH ION TRAPSG Savard G WerthAnnual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 50 (2000) 119-152
High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ionsKlaus BlaumPhysics Reports 425 (2006) 1-78
The 2003 Atomic Mass EvaluationG Audi AH Wapstra
And C ThibaultNuclear Physics A
(2003) 337
Bibliography
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney
Recent trends in the determination of nuclear massesReviews of Modern Physics 75 1021-1066 (2003) D Lunney JM Pearson C Thibault
Latest trends from the ever-surprising field of mass measurementsEuropean Physics Journal A 25 s01 3-8 (2005) D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei and their importance for stellar nucleosynthesisNuclei in the Cosmos IX POS (NIC mdash IX) 010D Lunney
Mass measurements of exotic nuclei for nuclear structure fundamental interactions amp astrophysics 4th Balkan School of Nuclear Physics (2004) 130-159D Lunney
Nuclear Masses Experimental programs theoretical models and astrophysical interestNuclei in the Cosmos V (1998) 296-302 D Lunney