;jf{]rr cbfnt, ljz]if ohnf; - supreme court of nepal · web view;jf{]rr cbfnt, ljz]if ohnf;;ddfgglo...

ljhogfy e6[/fO{ lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

lg0f{o g+= *!*# sflQs, @)^^

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz

>L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLdfggLo GofofwLz >L

sNof0f >]i7dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L

9sfnl/6 g+= M )^$–WS–)))#

cfb]z ldltM @)^^.!.#!.%

ljifo M — pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lgj]bsM sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s a:g] clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fb v/]n

lj?4ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no sf7df8f}F ;d]t

;+ljwfgcGtu{t aGg] P]g tyf P]gåf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/cGtu{t aGg] lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg cfk"mnfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ ;+ljwfg / P]gsf] k|fjwfgcg'¿k x'g'kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=#_ :jR5 ;'g'jfO{ /

sf/0f;lxtsf] lg0f{o -Reasoned Decision_ Gofosf cfwf/e"t dfGotf x'g\ / oxL dfGotfsf cfwf/df cx/0fLo ?kdf /x]sf] :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] ljifonfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] ;d]t s6f}tL ug{ gldNg] .

h3Go / cdfgjLo k|s[ltsf] s;"/ u/]sf] cleof]u nfu]sf cleo'QmnfO{ klg ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg u/L cfwf/ sf/0f;lxtsf] lg0f{oaf6 bf]ifL 7x/ ug'{kg]{ .

Goflos k|lqmof eGgf;fy :jR5 ;''g'jfOsf] cj;/ / sf/0f;lxtsf] lg0f{o clgjfo{ ?kdf cufl8 cfpFb5 / Goflos k|lqmofsf] cfTdfsf] ?kdf /x]sf tTjsf cefjdf eP ul/Psf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Goflos sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;+1f lbg gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_ s'g} s'/fsf] bf]if

jf cf/f]k nfu]sf] 1063

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

JolQmn] cfk"mpk/ nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf] hfgsf/L, To;sf] plrt k|lt/Iff ug]{ cj;/, ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'gjfO / cfk"mn] u/]sf] uNtL k|dfl0ft ePsf] lrQ a'em\bf] cfwf/ lg0f{oaf6 yfxf kfpg' lghsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/leq kg]{ .

dflg;nfO{ g};lu{s ?kdf k|fKt ePsf cfk"m lj?4sf] sf/jfxL af/] yfxf kfpg] / :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] xsnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xssf] ?kdf ;d]6]sf] x'Fbf ltgsf] kfng gu/L jf k|lts"n x'g] u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf h'g;'s} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=^_ P]gadf]lhd :yflkt

g]kfn sfg"g Aoa;foL kl/ifb\nfO{ cGo ljifosf cltl/Qm g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf @&-@_ sf] v08 -5_

adf]lhd kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/L lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ lgod agfpg ;Sg] u/L clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf] b]lvP klg dft[ P]g / ;+lawfg ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L lgod agfpg kfpg] clwsf/ /x]sf] dfGg / ;Demg gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=&_ g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL

kl/ifb\\sf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ df k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] Joj:yf / ;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf ;'gjfOsf] df}sf lbg' gkg{] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ åf/f k|bQ xs Pj+ Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|

1064


lts"n b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf km};nf ldltb]lv cdfGo x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L cRo"tk|;fb v/]n

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L s]bf/ sfsL{

cjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL

kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod %, %-@_, -#_

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$, @$-*_, -(_

cfb]zk|

=Gof=dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& -!_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M

g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod %

df g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfnsf] ljifo pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod % sf] pklgod -!_ df :yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn Ps} k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L ! jif{sf] x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] pklgod -@_ df k/LIf0fsfndf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} pklgod -#_ df pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg{] 5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pko{'Qm Joj:yfx¿ dWo] pklgod -@_ sf] k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 eGg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ df plNnlvt æk|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4 ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf;Fu / pklgod -#_ sf]

1065


pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg{] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -(_ df plNnlvt æs'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'gjfO{sf] xs x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] 5 .

o;/L g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yf k|fs[lts Gofo -Natural

Justice_ sf] ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf]n] ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] 3f]if0ffTds cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm ;fy} k|:t't d'2fdf lg/f]k0f ug{'kg{] ljifo cbfnt;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] zt{;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf]n] cu|flwsf/;fy x]l/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z

ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z .

xr'jfsf] e/df lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodafnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ df k/LIf0fsfndf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]hfgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{ x6fpg ;lsg] / pklgod -#_ df pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;]jfaf6 x6fp+bf ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg{] 5}g egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bsn] :yfoL lgo'lQm lnPsf] / k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] eGg] tYonfO{ Ps} ?kdf pNn]v ug{ vf]Hg' ePsf] 5 . k/LIf0fsfn sd{rf/Lsf] sfd 7Ls 5 5}g egL sfof{non] x]g{] cjlw xf] . sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm kl/kSj geO{sg ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] clwsf/df cf3ft kg{ uof] egL pNn]v ug{] sfo{ s]jn cbfntsf] ;do jjf{b ug{' afx]s s]xL xf]Og . lgj]bs cfkm" kl/kSj sd{rf/L geO{ kl/ifb\\sf] hfFr cjlwdf /xL /x]s} cj:yfdf p;nfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{sf] nflu of]Uo eP gePsf] hfFr ug{] sfo{ g} geO{ ;f] clwsf/ k|fKt x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf]

1066


lgj]bg g} Pre-mature

eO{ vf/]hefuL 5 . k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt eof] egL l/6 If]qflwsf/df k|a]z ug{sf] nflu k/LIf0ffwLg sd{rf/L geO{ k"0f{?kdf :yfoL sd{rf/L x'g' kb{5 . k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] ca:yfdf ;f] cjlwleq lagf :kli6s/0faf6 x6fpg ;lsg] u/L ;Ddflgt ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ;d]t ljleGg l;4fGt -g]sfk @)$^ cÍ # lg=g+= #&^) k[i7 #)!_ k|ltkflbt u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf lgj]bg vf/]h eflu 5 . ctM pQm lgodfjnL, cg';f/ k/LIf0fsfndf /xL sfd ;d]t ug{ of]Uo 5, 5}g eGg] tYo Plsg geO{ k"0f{ sd{rf/L x'g afFsL g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/Ln] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] gx'+bf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf tkm{af6 P]hgsf ;lrj nId0f l3ld/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

l/6 lgj]bgdf o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg{] s'g} sf/0f / cj:yf b]lvFb}g . g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\ P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf @& adf]lhd plNnlvt lgodfjnL, kl/ifb\\ :jo+n] agfpg] ePsf] / tT;DaGwdf

o; dGqfnosf] s'g} e"ldsf Pj+ lhDd]jf/L g} geP g/x]sf] cj:yfdf o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf] lgj]bg bfjL ts{;+ut, cf}lrTok"0f{ / sfg"g;Ddt klg b]lv+b}g . ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL ePsf]n] vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]hgsf ;lrj 8f=s'n/Tg e't{]nsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgj]bsn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ ;Fu aflemPsf] egL k|Zg p7fpg' ePsf] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% ljwfoLsfåf/f lgld{t P]g geO g]kfn sfg"g Jo;foL kl/ifb\\ P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf @& åf/f k|bQ clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\n] agfPsf] lgodfjnL, x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfnosf] s'g} lhDd]jf/L / ;fy{s ;/f]sf/ g} :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g . ;fy} lgj]bs :jo+n] klg Joj:yflksf–;+;b ;lrjfnonfO{ k|ToyL{ agfpg' k/]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f lgj]bg kqdf slxF st}

1067


v'nfpg ;d]t ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . t;y{ s'g} lhDd]jf/L, e"ldsf / ;/f]sf/ g} g/x]sf] lgsfonfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf k|ToyL{ agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg k|yd b[li6 d} vf/]hefuL x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnosf tkm{af6 P]hgsf ;x;lrj 6]sk|;fb 9'+ufgfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\ P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf @& n] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\nfO{ lgod agfpg ;Sg] u/L clVtof/L lbPsf] / ;f] kl/ifb\\n] agfPsf] To:tf] lgod ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 :jLs[t eP kl5 nfu' x'g] Joj:yf ;d]t ;f]xL bkmfdf ul/Psf]n] To:tf] ljifo o; sfof{non] lgoldt ug{] ljifo gePsf]n] o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg{] s'g} sf/0f / cfwf/ 5}g . s'g} klg sd{rf/L z'? lgo'lQm x'Fbf k/LIf0fsfndf /xL sfd ug{'kg{] / ;f] ;dodf ;Gtf]ifhgs sfd ug{ g;s]df ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg] sd{rf/L k|zf;g -Personnel administration_ sf] ;j{dfGo sfg"gL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df pQm lgodfjnLdf ;f] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] bfjL cg'¿k g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf

sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] gb]lvPsf]n] c;fGble{s ljifonfO{ lnP/ o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h of]Uo ePsfn] vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\ sfof{nosf tkm{af6 P]hgsf ;lrj dfwj kf}8]nsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf >L cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/if\bsf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yf :ki6 ?kdf k|fs[lts Gofosf] ;fy;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] 5 . g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] lgod -!_ df kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn Ps} k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L ! jif{sf] x'g]5 egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL pklgod -@_ df /x]sf] k/LIf0fsfndf To:tf

1068


sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ ;Fu / pklgod -#_ df /x]sf] ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf glbO{ x6fpg ;lsg] eGg] k|fjwfg wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -(_ ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 . sfg"gsf 1ftfsf ?kdf /x]sf / sfg"gsf] /Ifssf ?kdf /xg' kg]{ ju{n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] lgodfjnLdf g}} o:tf] q'l6 /xg lbg' plrt gx'g] ePsf]n] ;f] Joj:yf ab/ 3f]lift ul/g' kb{5 egL ax; k|:t't ug{' eof] .

To;}u/L g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L s]bf/ sfsL{n] k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs sfd gePdf x6fpg ;lsg] k|fjwfg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Pp6f l;4fGt x'Fbf pQm Joj:yf ;+lawfg;u aflemPsf] cj:yf 5}g egL tyf k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L an/fd zdf{n] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\ P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf @& n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L kl/ifb\\n] agfPsf] sd{rf/L ;DaGwL lgodn] k/LIf0fsfndf ;]jfaf6

x6fp+bf ;'gjfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg{] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] xf] . k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs sfd gug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbO{ /xg cfjZos kb}{g . lgj]bssf] dfun] k/LIf0fsfnsf] dfGotfnfO{ g} c:jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg{] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug{' eof] .

kIf ljkIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLx¿åf/f k|:t't ul/Psf] ax; lhsL/sf ;fy} lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkm ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d'VotM b]xfosf k|Zgx¿sf] lg?k0f ug{'kg{] b]lvof] M

!= g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ åf/f k|bQ Gofo ;DaGwL xs cGtu{tsf] pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

@= lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf]

1069


lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yf cdfGo ul/g' kg{] xf] jf xf]Og <

@= lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bsn] d"ntM g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ df /x]sf] kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] wf/f -*_ / -(_ ;Fu aflemPsf]n] ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{x¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{, k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs 9+un] sfd ug{ g;Sg] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f]sf] sf/0f;lxt ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbO{/xg' gkg]{ ePsf]n] lgodfjnLdf ePsf] pQm Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkmdf lnOPsf pQm bfjL / lhsL/x¿sf] ;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f ug'{ cl3 ;DalGwt sfg"gL / ;

+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿sf] t'ngfTds cWoog x'g' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % df b]xfo adf]lhd sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]5 M

%= k/LIf0fsfn M -!_ :yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf

sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn Ps} k6s jf k6s—k6s u/L ! jif{sf] x'g]5 .

-@_ k/LIf0f sfndf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg] 5 .

-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;]jfaf6 x6fp+bf ;'gjfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg{] 5}g .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ df Gofo;DaGwL xs cGtu{t pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ df b]xfo adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 M

-*_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4 ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 .

-(_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos

1070


lgosfoaf6 :jR5 ;'gjfOsf] xs x'g]5 .

#= cfk"m ;dIf NofOPsf] c;+j}wflgstfsf] ljjfb lg?k0f ug'{cl3 ;fdfGotM ljwflosfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Ddt g} /x]sf] x'G5 egL cbfntn] k|f/lDes ?kdf cg'dfg ub{5 . of] l;4fGt ljwflosL P]gåf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u eO{ agfOPsf] lgodsf ;DaGwdf klg nfu" x'G5 . To;} u/L ;+ljwfg cGtu{t aGg] P]g tyf P]gåf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t aGg] lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg cfk"mnfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ ;+ljwfg / P]gsf] k|fjwfgcg'¿k x'g' kb{5 . ;+ljwfg;Fu c;+ut P]g / dft[ P]g;Fu c;+ut lgodsf] Joj:yfn] sfg"gsf] dfGotf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfg cGtu{t agfOPsf ljwflosL sfg"g / ljwflosL sfg"gsf] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg cGtu{t agfOPsf lgodx¿ qmdzM ;+ljwfg / dft[ P]gsf] k|fjwfg;Fu tfbfDotf /fVg] x'g'kg]{df b'Odt x'g ;Sb}g .

$= plNnlvt k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df k|:t't lgj]bgdf c;+j}wflgs egL

bfjL ul/Psf] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{, vf;u/L ;f] lgoddf kl/ifb\sf sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOof] . lgod %-!_ df sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlwsf] pNn]vg ePsf]df To; ljifodf k|:t't lgj]bgdf ljjfb p7fOPsf] 5}g . lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ df k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs sfd ug{ g;Sg] sd{rf/LnfO{ lagf s'g} sf/0f x6fpg ;Sg] eGg] / To;/L x6fpFbf ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf ;d]t lbg' gkg]{ egL pklgod -#_ df pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] .

%= s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ug{' k"j{ To; lg0f{oaf6 c;/ kg]{ kIfsf] s'/f ;'Gg' -Audi Alteram Partem_ k|fs[lts Gofo Pj+ :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] ;j{dfGo l;¢fGt xf] . ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf glbO{ s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f lagf s;}sf lj?4 lg0f{o ug{ ldN5 eGg' k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt dfq x'Fb}g, To;f] ug'{ ljlwsf] zf;g / ;Eo ;dfhn] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] Gofosf cfwf/e"t

1071


d"No dfGotfsf] ;d]t k|lts"n x'g hfG5 . :jR5 ;'g'jfO{ / sf/0f ;lxtsf] lg0f{o -Reasoned

Decision_ Gofosf cfwf/e"t dfGotf x'g\ / oxL dfGotfsf cfwf/df cx/0fLo ?kdf /x]sf] :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] ljifonfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] ;d]t s6f}lt ug{ ldNb}g . h3Go / cdfgjLo k|s[ltsf] s;"/ u/]sf] cleof]u nfu]sf cleo'QmnfO{ klg ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg u/L cfwf/ sf/0f ;lxtsf] lg0f{oaf6 bf]ifL 7x/ ug'{kg]{ Goflos d"No / dfGotf o;} l;4fGtaf6 lgM>[t ePsf] xf] . Goflos k|lqmof eGgf;fy :jR5 ;''g'jfOsf] cj;/ / sf/0f ;lxtsf] lg0f{o clgjfo{ ?kdf cufl8 cfpFb5 / Goflos k|lqmofsf] cfTdfsf] ?kdf /x]sf oL tTjsf cefjdf eP ul/Psf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Goflos sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;+1f lbg ldNb}g .

^= sfg"g sfof{Gjogdf lg:kIftf / lgoldttfnfO{ clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] ckl/xfo{ tTjsf ?kdf lnOg] x'Fbf ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbO{ :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf cfwf/x¿ cjnDjg u/L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g cg's"n dflgG5 . s'g} s'/fsf] bf]if jf cf/f]k nfu]sf] JolQmn] cfk"mpk/ nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf]

hfgsf/L, To;sf] plrt k|lt/Iff ug]{ cj;/,+ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'gjfO / cfk"mn] u/]sf] uNtL k|dfl0ft ePsf] lrQ a'em\bf] cfwf/ lg0f{oaf6 yfxf kfpg' lghsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/leq kg]{ s'/f x'g\ . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !$ n] kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] xs cGtu{t ;d]6]sf ljifox¿nfO{ cem Jofks / km/flsnf] ?kdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]] wf/f @$ cGtu{t Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] ?kdf ;'lglZrtf k|bfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;} qmddf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ n] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ lghsf lj?4 ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] pkwf/f -(_ n] :jR5 ;'gjfOsf] xssf]] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . dflg;nfO{ g};lu{s ?kdf k|fKt ePsf cfk"m lj?4sf] sf/jfxL af/] yfxf kfpg] / :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] xsnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xssf] ?kdf ;d]6]sf] x'Fbf ltgsf] kfng gu/L jf k|lts"n x'g] u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf h'g;'s} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g .

1072


&= ljlwsf] zf;g / Goflos d"No dfGotfnfO{ hu]gf{ ug{ cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] k]zfut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt t'NofO{ ;dfh k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ agfpg] p2]Zoaf6 sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\ P]g, @)%% cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL P]gadf]lhd :yflkt g]kfn sfg"g Aoa;foL kl/ifb\nfO{ cGo ljifosf cltl/Qm P]gsf] bkmf @& -@_ sf] v08 -5_ adf]lhd kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/L lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ lgod agfpg ;Sg] u/L clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf] b]lvP klg dft[ P]g / ;+lawfg ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L lgod agfpg kfpg] clwsf/ kl/ifb\\df lgxLt /x]sf] dfGg / ;Demg ;lsFb}g . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf jf ;+ljwfgjfbnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ xfd|f] k|0ffnLdf To:tf] cg'dlt s'g} ;+:yf jf clwsf/LnfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 eg]/ sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lsFb}g .

*= k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs geO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg' kbf{ s'g} sf/0f g} glbO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf ;d]t lbO{/xg' gkg]{ sd{rf/L k|

zf;gsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt xf] egL ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;}4flGts cfj/0fdf kIfkf]if0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf k|i6 x'g d'n'ssf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng / lgodg ug{ ag]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]g'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !^ df cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm b]xfosf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf b]lvG5 M

!^= k/LIf0fsfn M lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :yfoL

kbdf gofF lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf 5 dlxgf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf Ps jif{sf] k/LIf0fsfndf /xg] u/L ul/g]5 . k/LIf0fsfndf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf lghsf] lgo'lQm ab/ ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L lgo'Qm ab/ gul/Psf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt ePkl5 :jtM ;b/ ePsf] dflgg]5 .

(= lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf e} /x]sf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] dlxnfsf] nflu 5 dlxgf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf Ps jif{sf] k/LIf0fsfn

1073


tf]Sg'sf ;fy} To; cjlwdf ;Gtf]ifhgs sfd gug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ab/ ug]{ ;Ddsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvP klg To;/L lgo'lQm ab/ ubf{ ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg' gkg]{ tyf s'g} sf/0f g} vf]Ng' gkg]{;Ddsf] lgodfjnLsf] ljjflbt k|fawfg h:tf] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] d'n'ssf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{ ;d]tsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsf] x'Fbf To;df ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg;Ddt k|fjwfgn] ;DalGwt ljifodf /fHo gLltsf] k|ltlglwTj ul//x]sf] 5 egL ;+emg' cGoyf x'g hfg] x'Fb}g .

!)=k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs

sfd gug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ lagf s'g} sf/0f ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf glbO{ x6fpg kfpg' k5{ eGg] egfO{ :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] dfGotfåf/f ;dly{t / ljj]sdf cfwfl/t ;d]t b]lvg cfpFb}g . o:tf] ts{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L dfGotf lbFb} hfg] xf] eg] k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] sd{rf/Ln] s'g} sfg"gL / ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ pkof]u ug{ gkfpg] s7f]/ lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5,

hf] plrt, ljj]sk/s / ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g ;Sb}g . ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf glbO{ s;}nfO{ x6fpg kfOG5 eGg] ts{n] sf/jfxL k|lqmofnfO{ :j}R5frf/L, clgoldt / clglZrt agfpFb5 . lg0f{odf s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f v'nfpg' kb}{g eGg] xf] eg] To;n] lg0f{ostf{nfO{ :j}R5frf/L / lg/+s'z aGg k|]l/t ub{5 . o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ dfGotf lbFbf k/LIf0fsfndf /xg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff lghn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{sf] j:t'lgi7 d"NofÍgdf cfwfl/t ge} clVtof/jfnfsf] thljh jf :jO{R5fdf lge{/ /xg hfG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf Gofo / Gofosf ;j{dfGo l;4fGt ;a} cf]em]ndf kg{ hfG5g\ . To;}n] o:tf] :j}R5frf/L thljhL clwsf/nfO{ ljlwsf] zf;g / ;+ljwfgafbsf] l;4fGt ;d]tn] cl:jsf/ ub{5g\ . t;y{ g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ sf] k|fawfgnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ Pj+ Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg's"nsf] dfGg ;lsPg .

1074


!!= ca, lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] bf];|f] Pj+ clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ df /x]sf] ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yf k|fs[lts Gofo / :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] l;4fGt cg's"n gx'g'sf ;fy}, ljlwsf] zf;g, Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt Pj+ ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvPsf] / pQm Joj:yfn] clVtof/jfnfsf] :j}R5frfl/tfnfO{ k|>o lbg] e} :yflkt Goflos d"No dfGotf / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvof] . ctM g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ df k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] Joj:yf / ;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf ;'gjfOsf] df}sf lbg' gkg{] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ åf/f k|bQ xs Pj+ Gofosf dfGo

l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cfh}sf ldltb]lv cdfGo u/L lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfLx¿sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\ / dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .

pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof=sNof0f >]i7Gof= uf}/L 9sfnOlt ;Dat\ @)^^ ;fn j}zfv #! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ==

lg0f{o g+= *!*$ sflQs, @)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz

>L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLdfggLo GofofwLz >L

sNof0f >]i7dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L

9sfnl/6 g+= M )^$–ws–))@*

cfb]z ldltM @)^^.!.#!.%

ljifo M pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

1075


lgj]bsM eQmk'/ lhNnf, dWok'/ l7dL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !^ nf]sGynL a:g] clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t ;d]t


dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

JolQmsf] df}lns xssf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf g/flvg] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"ltnfO{ k|To]s JolQm jf lgsfon] kfngf ug'{kg]{ .

;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yf k|zf;sLo of Joj:yfksLo sl7gfO{sf cfwf/df kfngf x'g g;Sg] eGg sfg"gL ?kdf g;'xfpFg] x'Fbf ;}lgs jf lghfdtL h:tf];'s} k|s[ltsf] ;+:yf jf ;+u7g ePklg ;

+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cg'z/0f ug'{kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+= #_ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf]

pkwf/f -#_ n] rf}aL; 306fsf] calw u0fgf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ljbfnfO{ afx]s gul/Psf] cj:yfdf ;}lgs P]gdf ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] lbgnfO{ rf}aL; 306fsf] calwleq u0fgf gul/g] egL ul/Psf] Joj:yf klg ;+ljwfg cg's"nsf] b]lvg gcfpg] .

-k|s/0f g+= $_ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]

bkmf &% sf] pkbkmf -!_ -@_-#_-$_ / -%_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ Pj+ pkwf/f -(_ åf/f k|bQ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] cfb]za]u/ af6fsf] Dofb afx]s @$ 306f eGbf a9L lx/f;tdf /fVg gx'g] Pj+ :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xs k|lts"n b]lvPsf] / ;+ljwfg k|lts"nsf] To:tf] Joj:yf sfod /fVg' plrt gx'Fbf pQm Joj:yf km};nf ePsf] ldltaf6 cdfGo 3f]lift x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+= %_1076


lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L dfwjs'df/ j:g]t

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]n

cjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf]

bkmf &%-!_, -@_, -#_, -$_ / -%_

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !, !@-@_, @$-#_, -(_ !)&-!_

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-$_

cfb]z k|

=Gof=dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf wf/f !)&-!_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] df}lns xs cGtu{t /x]sf] Gofo;DaGwL xssf] wf/f @$-#_ df kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt

u/fpg' kg]{5 / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ adf]lhd s'g} klg cleof]udf kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ af6f]sf Dofb afx]s @$ 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fO{ To:tf] clwsf/Lsf] cfb]zn] dfq yk cjlwsf] nflu lx/f;tdf /fVg ;lsg] x'G5 . o; wf/fn] ;f] cjlweGbf a9L ;do y'gfdf /fVg s]jn lgjf/s gh/aGb / zq' /fHosf] gful/snfO{ dfq 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . of] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt xf], o; lj?4 s'g} klg sfg"g aGg ;Sb}gg\ . t/ ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% df ljleGg Joj:yfx¿ /flvPsf] 5 . ;f] bkmf cGtu{tsf pkbkmfx¿df lgDg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M

-!_ cfˆgf] sdf08df /x]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] k|ltj]bg sdfl08Ë clws[tnfO{ k|fKt ePdf lghn] lagf txlssft af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306feGbf a9L

1077


cjlw lx/f;tdf g/fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;]jfsf] b[li6n] ;Dej gx'g] cj:yfdf dgfl;a dflkmssf] cjlw;Dd lx/f;tdf /fVg ;lsg] 5 .

-#_ sdfl08Ë clws[tn] rf}aL; 306feGbf a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf /x]sf] k|To]s JolQmsf] ljj/0f / sf/0f ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|wfg ;]gfklt jf k|f8 ljjfs ;dIf k7fpg' kg]{5 .

-$_ hËL sf/jfxLdf gnfu]sf] JolQmsf] d'2f x]g{sf] lgldQ ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg] cfb]z glbPsf] sf/0fn] cf7 lbgeGbf a9L cjlw;Dd cleo'Qm ;}lgs lx/f;tdf /xg] ePdf To;/L l9nf] ePsf] sf/0fsf] af/]df sdfl08Ë clws[tn] ;}lgs cbfnt u7g geP;Dd jf cleo'Qm lx/f;taf6 g5'6];Dd k|To]s cf7 lbgdf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/L ;dIf k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{5 .

-%_ o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu rf}aL; 306fsf] ;do u0fgf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs

ljbfsf] lbgnfO{ u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .

;+ljwfgadf]lhd af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s h'g;'s} xfntdf klg rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf k]z u/L lghsf] cfb]zadf]lhd dfq y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg]df ;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg ljk/Ltsf] Joj:yfn] w]/} lbg;Dd lx/f;tdf /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yfnfO{ a}wtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf] o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfn] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f (-#_ tyf !$-#_-u_ åf/f k|bQ cg'lrt ljnDa lagf ;'g'jfO{ ul/kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;d]t cj1f x'g uPsf] 5 .

;+:yfut IfdtfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfnL ;]gf dfq} Pp6f To:tf] ;+:yf xf], h;;Fu ljdfg nufotsf oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . t/ ;fj{hlgs oftfoftnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ a9L cjlw;Dd y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf ;}lgs P]gn] u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;+ljwfg :jo+n] af6f]sf] DofbnfO{ 5'6 lbPsf]df To;nfO{ s'g} Vofn gu/L ;fj{hlgs oftfoftnfO{ afwfsf] ?kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

1078


To;sf cltl/Qm pkbkmf -$_ n] æd'2f x]g{sf] lgldQ ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg] cfb]z glbPsf] sf/0fn] cf7 lbgeGbf a9L cjlw;Dd cleo'Qm ;}lgs lx/f;tdf /xg] ePdf To;/L l9nf] ePsf] sf/0fsf] af/]df sdfl08Ë clws[tn] ;}lgs cbfnt u7g geP;Dd jf cleo'Qm lx/f;taf6 g5'6];Dd k|To]s cf7 lbgdf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/L ;dIf k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{5Æ egL s]jn k|ltj]bg k7fPsf] e/df u}/;+j}wflgs ?kdf JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ s'g} klg cfwf/df ts{;+ut / dfgj clwsf/;Ddt dfGg ;lsFb}g . To;}u/L ;}lgs cbfnt cGo cbfnt h:tf] Ps lglZrt :yfgdf dfq a:g] geO{ g]kfnleq / g]kfnaflx/ h'g;'s} :yfgdf a:g ;Sg] s'/f ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf &( -!_ n] u/]sf] 5 . pQm cfwf/df klg rfx]sf] v08df h'g;'s} cj:yfdf / :yfgdf klg a:g ;Sg] cbfnt;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] Vofn gu/L ;}lgs cbfnt gaf]nfPsf] sf/0faf6 j}olQms :jtGqtf h:tf] cd"No s'/faf6 dflg;nfO{ jl~rt ug{ lbOPsf] clwsf/ u}/;+j}wflgs dfq

geO{ dfgj :jtGqtfsf] ;d]t lj?4df /x]sf] 5 .

;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg] ;DaGwdf bkmf &# n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] bkmfsf] Joj:yf x]bf{ ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg sfg"gsf em0eml6nf sfo{ljlw klg k'/f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . csf]{tkm{ ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_ n] tTsfn af]nfpg' kg]{ sfg"gL afWotf klg l;h{gfgu/L æ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg] clwsf/Ln] ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg' kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gfePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg' kg]{5Æ egL #) lbg;Ddsf] nflu ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg sfg"gL clVtof/L kfPsf] JolQmsf] :jljj]sdf 5f]l8lbPsf] 5 . o; pkbkmfnfO{ ;fldKodf /fv]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg kfpg] clwsf/Lsf] :jljj]sdf g} j}olQms :jtGqtf xgg\ x'g] gx'g] cj:yf cl8Psf] 5 .

t;y{, ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !-!_, !@-@_, @$-#_ tyf g]kfn kIf ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DAfGwL cg'aGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f (-#_, !$-#_-u_ ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] /

1079


P]gsf] ;f] Joj:yf ljwflosL sfo{sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] l;4fGt "Doctrine of reading down of a

Statutory Provision" adf]lhd klg hf]lug g;Sg] ePsf] x'gfn] lgj]bgdf r'gf}tL lbOPsf pQm bkmf &% sf ;a} Joj:yfx¿nfO{ k|f/Deb]lvg} c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff u/L kfpFm . ;fy} of] l/6 lgjb]gdf p7fOPsf s'/f Jofks ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo / JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo ePsf]n] o;sf] uDeL/tf / ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ ubf{ rfF8f] 6'Ëf] nfUg h?/L ePsf] x'gfn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod %s= adf]lhd cu|flwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfP kl5 jf calw gf3] kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z

ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.!!.!( sf] cfb]z . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @$-#_ sf] dd{ / efjgf cg's"n g} /x]sf] tYo P]= bkmf &%-!_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . ;f] Joj:yfcg';f/ s'g} JolQmnfO{ af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306f eGbf a9L cjlw ;}lgs lx/f;tdf g/flvg] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;}lgs P]gadf]lhd u7g x'g] ;}lgs cbfntsf] d'2f h'g;'s} :yfgdf klg pknJw x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;]jfsf b[li6n] ;Dej gx'g] ePdf ;f] ;DaGwL ljj/0f / sf/0f;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg sdfl08Ë clws[tn] k|wfg ;]gfklt jf k|f8 ljjfs ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ u/L P]= pkbkmf -#_ df clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h'g Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ sf] ;Gbe{df g} ;}lgs lx/f;tdf /fVbf sdfl08Ë clws[tsf] lhDd]jf/L a9fpg] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf ?kdf lnOg' kb{5 . o;y{ lgj]bg bfjL ts{;+ut Pj+ cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvFb}g . ;}lgs P]gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yf ;

1080


+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xs ljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] bfjLnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf g} ;f] P]gsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / ;}lgs cbfntsf] p2]Zo / k|s[lt ;d]t ;fdfGo cbfntsf] eGbf leGg x'g] ePsf] tyf ;}lgs P]gsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ JolQmx¿sf ;DaGwdf dfq of] P]g nfu' x'g] ePsf]n] ljz]if P]gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cfd JolQmx¿ ;/x agfO{ df}lns xs;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNg] gb]lvFbf lgj]bg bfjL vf/]hefuL 5 . t;y{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf dfu bfjLadf]lhd s'g} klg lsl;dsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ gx'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]=sf lgldQ ;lrj >L e]if/fh zdf{sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt lgj]bs clwjQmf >L dfwjs'df/ a:g]tn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] wf/f @$ df Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / pQm wf/f @$-#_ df kqmfp

ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6fsf] Dofb afx]s @$ 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf] JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf g/flvg] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'Fbf To;/L y'gfdf /flvPsf] JolQmnfO{ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] cfb]zn] dfq yk y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ n] lgjf/s gh/aGb jf zq' /fHosf] gful/snfO{ dfq pko'{Qm ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ pko'{Qm ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"ltnfO{ cGoyf gx'g] u/L ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfg :jo+n] g} af6fsf] Dofb afx]s h'g;'s} xfntdf klg rf}la; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf k]z u/L lghsf] cfb]zadf]lhd dfq y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg] eGg] Joj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% df pQm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt u}/ ;+j}wflgs lx;fan] lx/f;tdf /fVg] s'/fnfO{ a}Wftf lbOPsf] 5 . ;}lgs P]gsf] pQm Joj:yf g]kfn kIf /x]sf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^

1081


sf] wf/f (-#_ tyf !$-#_ -u_ åf/f k|bQ cg'lrt ljnDa lagf ;'gjfO{ u/L kfpg] xs ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'Fbf P]gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd k|f/De b]lvg} c;+j}wflgs 3f]lift x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] .

To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]nn] P]gadf]lhd u7g x'g] ;}lgs cbfntsf] u7g ;a} 7fpFdf ;xh} pknJw gx'g] ePsfn] / tf]lsPsf] ;dodf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg ;fj{hlgs oftfoft tyf ;]jfsf] b[li6n] klg ;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] k|:t't Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . rf}aL; 306fleq y'gfdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf k]z gug]{ eGg] P]gsf] dg;fo xf]Og . P]gdf pQm k|fjwfg /flvg'sf] p2]Zo ;+ljwfgsf] k|fawfg ljk/Lt ug{sf nflu xf]Og, ;s];Dd sd cjlwdf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf k]z ug]{ eGg] g} P]gsf] dg;fo xf] . kqmfp kg]{ lalQs} d'2f x]g{] clwsf/Lsf] olsg gx'g] / d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L olsg ePkl5 tTsfn} lgh;dIf k]z

ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf P]gdf ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf &% sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ sf] dd{ / efjgf cg's"n g} /x]sf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5}g . ;}lgs P]g @)^# sf] bkmf ^& cGtu{t u7g x'g] ;}lgs cbfntsf] p2]Zo / k|s[lt ;d]t ;fdfGo cbfnt eGbf leGg x'g] / ;}lgs P]gsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ JolQmx¿sf ;DaGwdf dfq of] P]g nfu' x'g] ePsf]n] ljz]if P]gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf] nflu ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ cfd JolQm ;/x agfO{ df}lns xs;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . To;}n] ;}lgs P]gsf] plNnlvt k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ ;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 egL ax; lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{eof] .

ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; tyf lgj]bg Pj+ lnlvt hjfkm;lxtsf] ldl;nsf ;fy} ;Da4 sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf d'ntM b]xfosf k|Zgx¿pk/ lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] M

-!_ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$-

1082


#_ ;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf 5, 5}g <

-@_ lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf] Joj:yf cdfGo x'g'kg]{ xf], xf]Og <

plNnlvt k|Zgx¿ dWo]sf] klxnf] k|Zgdf k|j]z ug'{ cl3 ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf ;DalGwt k|fawfgx¿sf] l;+xfjnf]sg ul/g' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# wf/f !@= :jtGqtfsf] xs M-@_ sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g}

klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f x'g] 5}g .

wf/f @$= Gofo ;DaGwL xs M

-#_ kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{5 / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf

JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g .

-(_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xs x'g]5 .

;}lgs P]g, @)^#bkmf &%= lx/f;tdf /fVbf sdfl08Ë clws[tsf] lhDd]jf/L M -!_ cfˆgf] sdf08df /x]sf]

s'g} JolQmnfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] k|ltj]bg sdfl08Ë clws[tnfO{ k|fKt ePdf lghn] lagf txlssft af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306feGbf a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf g/fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;]jfsf] b[li6n] ;Dej gx'g] cj:yfdf dgfl;a dflkmssf] cjlw;Dd lx/f;tdf /fVg ;lsg] 5 .

-#_ sdfl08Ë clws[tn] rf}aL; 306feGbf a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf /x]sf] k|To]s JolQmsf] ljj/0f / sf/0f ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|wfg ;]gfklt jf k|f8 ljjfs ;dIf k7fpg' kg]{5 .

1083


-$_ hËL sf/jfxLdf gnfu]sf] JolQmsf] d'2f x]g{sf] lgldQ ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg] cfb]z glbPsf] sf/0fn] cf7 lbgeGbf a9L cjlw;Dd cleo'Qm ;}lgs lx/f;tdf /xg] ePdf To;/L l9nf] ePsf] sf/0fsf] af/]df sdfl08Ë clws[tn] ;}lgs cbfnt u7g geP;Dd jf cleo'Qm lx/f;taf6 g5'6];Dd k|To]s cf7 lbgdf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/L ;dIf k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{5 .

-%_ o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu rf}aL; 306fsf] ;do u0fgf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] lbgnfO{ u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .

ca, plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] /f]xdf lgj]bgdf lnOPsf] lhsL/tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] d"ntM ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@-@_ tyf wf/f @$-#_ åf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf Joj:yfx¿;Fu afFlemPsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf ;}lgs P]gsf plNnlvt k|fjwfgx¿ k|f/De

b]lv g} ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

@= @)^#.!).! df hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L x'g' k"j{ g} ldlt @)^#.^.!@ df ;}lgs P]g hf/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L x'g' k"j{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& jxfn /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-@_ n] sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf x/0f x'g] 5}g eGg] / wf/f @$-#_ n] kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ 5, To:tf] clwsf/Lsf] cfb]z ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOof] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! n] ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"g x'g] / ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"Gf aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePaf6 axfn /x]sf] sfg"g ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / dd{ ljk/Lt ePsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] sfg"g sfod /xg g;Sg] :ki6 5 . ;+ljwfg;Fu

1084


aflemPsf sfg"gsf ;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ n] æo; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xs pk/ cg'lrt jGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;f] sfg"g jf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] b]lvPdf ;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5Æ egL ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"g cdfGo jf ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ clwsf/ o; cbfntnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f -$_ df clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePsf] jf ;]gf ;DaGwL ck/fw afx]s cGo s'g} ck/fwdf u}/ ;}lgs pk/ sf/jfxL rnfPsf] jf u}/;}lgsnfO{ ;hfo u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;}lgs cbfntsf] sf/jfxL jf lg0f{odf o; pkwf/f cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{ 5}g eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f !)& n] o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ cGt u/L clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePsf]df afx]s Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] rnfPsf] ljz]if clwsf/sf] sf/jfxL / tT;DaGwdf tf]s]sf] ;hfodf o; pkwf/f cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{ 5}g egL Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] xsdf ;Dd clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug{ g;Sg] eGg] eP kl5 of] cj:yf afx]s cGodf If]qflwsf/ gePsf] eGg ldn]g .

#= gful/ssf ;+j}wflgs xsx¿ s'g} klg axfgfdf ckx/0f x'g ;Sb}gg\ . ;+ljwfgn] ;+/If0f u/]sf xs clwsf/x¿nfO{ s'g} ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgfsf] axfgfdf cj1f ug{ ldNb}g . /fHosf ;a} lgsfo ;+ljwfgcg'¿k kl/rfng x'g' k5{ . JolQmsf] df}lns xssf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g{] clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf g/flvg] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"ltnfO{ k|To]s JolQm jf lgsfon] kfngf

1085


ug'{kg]{ g} x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yf k|zf;sLo of Joj:yfksLo sl7gfO{sf cfwf/df kfngf x'g g;Sg] egL eGg sfg"gL ?kdf g;'xfpFg] x'Fbf ;}lgs jf lghfdtL h:tf];'s} k|s[ltsf] ;+:yf jf ;+u7g ePklg ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cg'z/0f ug'{kg]{ g} x'G5 .

$= ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] cfˆgf] sdf08df /x]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] k|ltj]bg sdfl08Ë clws[tnfO{ k|fKt ePdf lghn] lagf txlssft af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306feGbf a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf g/fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf]df P]= pkbkmf -@_ n] pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;]jfsf] b[li6n] ;Dej gx'g] cj:yfdf dgfl;a dflkmssf] cjlw;Dd lx/f;tdf /fVg ;lsg] egL u/]sf] Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;]jf ;Dej gx'g] cj:yfdf dgfl;a dflkmssf] calw;Dd lx/f;tdf /fVg ;Sg] egL lx/f;tdf /xg] ;DaGwdf cGof}n / clglZrttfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ sf] kqmfp

ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}lj; 306f leq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf lg:t]h Pj+ k|efjxLg x'g hfG5 . To;}u/L P]gsf] ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -#_ df sdfl08Ë clws[tn] rf}aL; 306feGbf a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf /x]sf] k|To]s JolQmsf] ljj/0f / sf/0f ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|wfg ;]gfklt jf k|f8 ljjfs ;dIf k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] P]= pkbkmf -$_ df hËL sf/jfxLdf gnfu]sf] JolQmsf] d'2f x]g{sf] lgldQ ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg] cfb]z glbPsf] sf/0fn] cf7 lbgeGbf a9L cjlw;Dd cleo'Qm ;}lgs lx/f;tdf /xg] ePdf To;/L l9nf] ePsf] sf/0fsf] af/]df sdfl08Ë clws[tn] ;}lgs cbfnt u7g geP;Dd jf cleo'Qm lx/f;taf6 g5'6];Dd k|To]s cf7 lbgdf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/L ;dIf k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{5 elgPsf] 5 . :jR5 ;'g'jfOleq d'2fsf] l56f] sf/afxL klg kb{5 . ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg] cfb]z glbPsf] cyf{t\ cbfnt u7g gePsf sf/0f y'gfdf a:g' kg]{ cjwf/0ff Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt ljk/Lt b]lvg cfpFb5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn] ;}lgs cbfnt

1086


af]nfpg] cfb]z glbPsf sf/0faf6 cleo'Qm clglZrt sfn;Dd lx/f;tdf a:g' kg]{ / ;}lgs cbfnt u7g geP;Dd jf cleo'Qm lx/f;taf6 g5'6];Dd k|To]s cf7 lbgdf k|ltj]bg k7fPsf] e/df JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckxl/t x'g] cj:yf b]lvG5 . of] Joj:yf kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIfdf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s y'gfdf g/flvg] Pj+ :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] cjwf/0ff ljk/Lt e} ;+ljwfg k|lts"n b]lvg'sf cltl/Qm :j}R5frf/L Pj+ lg/+s'z sfo{ljlw k|of]usf] kof{Kt ;Defjgf b]lvg cfof] . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf] pkbkmf -%_ nfO{ x]bf{ To;n] rf}aL; 306fsf] ;do u0fgf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] lbgnfO{ u0fgf ul/g] 5}g egL ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf] lbgnfO{ rf}aL; 306fsf] calwaf6 afx]s u/]sf] klg kfOof] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ n] rf}aL; 306fsf] calw u0fgf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ljbfnfO{ afx]s gul/Psf] cj:yfdf ;}lgs P]gdf ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf]

lbgnfO{ rf}aL; 306fsf] calwleq u0fgf gul/g] egL ul/Psf] Joj:yf klg ;+ljwfg cg's"nsf] b]lvg cfPg .

%= t;y{ dfly pNn]v u/]adf]lhd ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf] pkbkmf -!_ -@_-#_-$_ / -%_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ Pj+ pkwf/f -(_ åf/f k|bQ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] cfb]z a]u/ af6fsf] Dofb afx]s @$ 306f eGbf a9L lx/f;tdf /fVg gx'g] Pj+ :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xs k|lts"n b]lvPsf] / ;+ljwfg k|lts"nsf] To:tf] Joj:yf sfod /fVg' plrt gx'Fbf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf] pkbkmf -!_-@_-#_-$_ / -%_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& -!_ adf]lhd cfh}sf ldlt b]lv cdfGo 3f]lift ul/Psf] 5 .

^= plNnlvt Joj:yf cfh}sf ldltb]lv cdfGo ePaf6 cfg'iff+lus ?kdf kg{ hfg] c;/ ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L sfg"gL ;'wf/ cljnDj ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf lgb]{zg ;d]t lbOPsf] 5 . k|:t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf]

1087


nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .


Gof=sNof0f >]i7Gof=uf}/L 9sfnOlt ;Dat\ @)^^ ;fn a}zfv #! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ Ohnf; clws[t – s[i0f/fd sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+= *!*% sflQs, @)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L

cg"k/fh zdf{dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd

s]=;L=dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf

sfsL{l/6 g+= M )^%–WS–)))&

cfb]z ldltM @)^^.%.@%.%


lgj]bsM k;f{ lhNnf, aL/u~h pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! a:g] dfw'/L s0f{ ;d]t

lj?4ljkIfLM s[lif ljsf; a}+s

lnld6]8, d'Vo sfof{no,

/fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

;+ljwfg :jo+n] g} ljz]if of]Uotf jf zt{ tf]Sg;Sg] u/L cg'dlt lbPsf] ;Gbe{df ;+j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg p7fO{ r'gf}tL lbg gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=@_ s]an lgwf{l/t ul/Psf]

kbsf nflu jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]Sg ;Sg];Ddsf] Joj:yfdfq} u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGt;Fu c;DalGwt k|fawfgnfO{ To;;Fu hf]8]/ To;sf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ug{ gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=#_ s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8

sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_ åf/f k|bQ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf, wf/f !#-!_ åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs / wf/f @! åf/f k|

1088


bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs k|lts"n gb]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=^_

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/] / >L lzjz+s/ kf]v/]n

ljkIfL tkm{af6M cjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8

sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (!-@_ sf] v08 -u_

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-!_, !@-#_-r_, @!

km};nfGof=cg"k/fh zdf{M

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_-@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M

ljkIfL a}+saf6 ldlt @)^^.$.@@ df lj1fkg g+= !–)^%÷)^^ af6 n]vfkfn kb, kb ;+Vof &% sf nflu ;"rgf k|sfzg ePsf], ;f]

lj1fkg k|sfzg ubf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @! cg';f/ cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, ul/j ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ u/L ug'{kg]{df ljkIfLx¿åf/f To;f] gul/Psf] x'Fbf xfdLx¿sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs xgg\ x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

ljkIfL a}+s g]kfn /fHoåf/f lgb]{lzt, lgolGqt / ;~rflnt ljQLo ;+:yf ePsfn] /fHosf] Pp6f ;+/rgf xf] eGg] :ki6 g} 5 . ;f] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ubf{ /fHon] ckgfPsf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGt cg';f/ dlxnf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, ckfË / lk5l8Psf] If]qnfO{ cnu cnu k|ltzt 5'6\ofO{ tt\tt\ ju{sf aLrdf k|ltikwf{ u/fO{ k|To]s ;d"xaf6 pTs[i6 7xl/Psf JolQmnfO{ 5gf]6 ul/g' kYof]{, t/ To;f] gu/L ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs s'l07t x'g] u/L lj1fkg k|sfzg ul/Psf] x'Fbf of] lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf 5f}F .

1089


lj1fkgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfdL lgj]bsx¿;Fu /x]sf] 5 . s[lif ljsf; a}+s ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ df pQm kbsf nflu s ju{sf] a}+sdf % jif{ sfof{g'ej eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v gul/Psf] cj:yfdf ;f] lj1fkgdf To:tf] sfof{g'ej egL pNn]v ul/Psf] s'/f u}/sfg"gL /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;f] ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod #s df pNn]v ul/Psf] jf~5gLo of]Uotf kl/eflift gePsf] x'Fbf To;sf] dgf]ut k|of]u x'g] ;Defjgf /xsf] / ljkIfLx¿n] OR5f u/]sf JolQmx¿n] dfq lj1flkt kbdf b/vf:t lbO{ k|ltikwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L To:tf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ul/g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] x'Fbf Malafide intention af6 colorable

legislation lgdf{0f ul/Paf6 xfdLx¿sf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs s'l07t x'g k'u]sf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (!-!_ / -@_ sf] b]xfo -u_ ;Fu ;d]t aflemPsf] 5 . P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ljlgod agfpg kfpg]df :j}R5frf/L 9+un] agfOPsf] To:tf] Joj:yf ab/efuL 5 . ;f] lj1fkgdf cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs

of]Uotfdf cfO{=P=jf ;f] ;/x, t/ o; a}+sdf ;xfos :t/ låtLo >]0fLsf] kbdf s/f/ dfl;s kfl/>lds ;]jfdf sfo{/t /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf P;=Pn=;L= jf ;f] ;/x eGg] pNn]v u/L a}+sdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf sd z}lIfs of]Uotf /fvL c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

ctM ljkIfL a}+saf6 k|sflzt lj1fkgdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @! åf/f k|bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs / wf/f !@-#_-r_ åf/f k|bQ ;]jf /f]huf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf / wf/f !#-!_ åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs s'l07t t'NofOPsf] / Pp6} kbsf nflu km/s km/s z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]sL c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L ;+ljwfg ljk/Ltsf sfd sf/jfxL / ldlt @)^%.$.@@ df k|sflzt lj1fkg pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ u/L xfdLx¿sf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ xs k|rng u/fO{ kfpFm . ;fy} lj1fkg adf]lhdsf] sfd sf/jfxL oyfl:yltdf g/flvPsf] v08df xfdL l/6 lgj]bsx¿sf] xs hfg] / t];|f] kIfsf] xs clwsf/

1090


l;h{gf x'g hfg] ;d]tsf] cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|:t't lgj]bgdf clGtd 6'Ëf] gnfu];Ddsf nflu lj1fkg cg';f/sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL oyfl:yltdf /fVg' /fVg nufpg' egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 jf calw gf3]kl5 ljz]if Ohnf;df k]z ug'{ . ;fy} dfuadf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lvFbf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' k/]g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt, Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^%÷%÷!@ df ePsf] cfb]z .

s[lif ljsf; a}+sn] cf=j=@)^%÷)^^ sf] :jLs[t sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df Joj:yf eP cg'¿k l/Qm n]vfkfn -;xfos :t/, låtLo >]0fL, k|zf;g_ kb;+Vof &% v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ ug]{ p2]Zon] ldlt @)^%.$.!$ sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ldlt @)^%.

$.@@ sf] lxdfno 6fOD; b}lgs klqsfdf a}+ssf] sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ åf/f tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L lj1fkg ul/Psf] xf] . a}+s Pp6f æsÆ ju{sf] Jofj;flos ljQLo ;+:yf ePsf] / o;n] ;dfg Joj;fosf c?=a}+sx¿;Fu Jofj;flos k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L lj1fkg ul/Psf] xf] . o; cl3 a}+sn] cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ hgzlQmsf] k"lt{ ubf{ dlxnfx¿dfq k|lt:kwf{ x'g] u/L v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k|m06 8]:s / 6]n/ ;xfos h:tf kbx¿df / b]zsf ;a} If]qsf of]Uo pDd]bjf/x¿n] cj;/ kfpg\ egL If]qut ?kdf n]vfkfn ;xfos låtLo >]0fLsf] lj1fkg u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ qmddf lnlvt k/LIff tyf cGtjf{tf{ ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/ ;~rfngsf nflu sf/f]jf/sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ bIf hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug'{kg]{ e} leGg leGg lsl;dsf jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]Sg'kg]{ ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bsn] jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;DaGwdf lnPsf] lhsL/ dgfl;j b]lvFb}g . a}+ssf] sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljljlgod -#_

1091


tyf -#v_ df Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf af/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;f]xL ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod sf] pkljlgod -#s_ df Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cltl/Qm jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]Sg ;Sg] :ki6 Joj:yf ePadf]lhd lj1fkgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] Joxf]/fnfO{ u}/sfg"gL eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g .

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (!-!_ df P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ ljlgod agfpg ;Sg] / To:tf] ljlgod /fi6« a}+saf6 :jLs[t eP kl5 nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd g} pQm ljlgod agfO{ /fi6« a}+ssf] :jLs[lt lnO{ nfu" ul/Psf] xf] . pQm P]gsf] bkmf (@ df P]g / P]g cGtu{t hf/L ul/Psf] lgod, ljlgod, cfb]z jf lgb]{zgdf n]lvPsf s'/fdf ;f]xLadf]lhd / c? s'/fdf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] / To;} cfwf/df ul/Psf] lj1fkgn] ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / ;]jf /f]huf/sf] xs s'l07t ePsf] eGg ldNb}g . a}+lsª sf/f]jf/ ug{ bIf / cg'ejL hgzlQm cfjZos kg]{ x'Fbf Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cltl/Qm jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] xf], To:tf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf

lgj]bsx¿n] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ gkfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq ljlgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf c;+j}wflgs ePsf] eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g, lgj]bg :jo+ g} b'/fzok"0f{ /x]sf] x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s[lif ljsf; a}+s ln= d'Vo sfof{no ;d]tsf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf >L ls/0f u'Ktf / ljkIfL a}+ssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf åo >L sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/] / >L lzjz+s/ kf]v/]nn] ax; ug'{eof] . k|:t't lgj]bgdf d"ntM s[lif ljsf; a}+s ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ n] kbk"lt{ ubf{ jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;d]t tf]Sg ;Sg] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg k|bQ :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, / ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs k|lts"n /x]sf]n] cdfGo 3f]lift u/L kfpmF, ;fy} ljlgjodfjnLsf] pQm k|fawfgsf cfwf/df ljkIfL s[lif ljsf; a}+saf6 k|sflzt lj1fkg g+= !÷)^%÷)^^ n] jf~5gLo of]Uotf egL lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s'/fn]

1092


cfkm"x¿sf] k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ xs ;d]t vf]l;Psf]n] ;f] lj1fkg / ;f] cfwf/df eP u/]sf ;a} sfo{x¿ ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL lnOPsf] b]lvG5 eg] ljkIfLtkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf a}+saf6 kbk"lt{ ubf{ oyf;Dej ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cg'z/0f ug]{ k|oTg x'Fb} cfPsf], kb ljz]ifsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljz]if1tf jf ljz]if bIftfsf nflu jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]Sg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] / a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# cGtu{t /xL ljlgodfjnL agfOPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 egL lhsL/ lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L b'a}tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhsL/ tyf ;Da4 sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf b]xfosf k|Zgx¿sf] lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

!= s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_ åf/f k|bQ

k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf, wf/f !#-!_ åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs / wf/f @! åf/f k|bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g <

@= s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] Joj:yf cdfGo ul/g' kg{] xf] jf xf]Og <

#= s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] lj1fkg g+= !÷)^%÷)^^ / ;f] cfwf/df eP u/]sf sf/jfxLx¿ ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og <

plNnlvt k|Zgdf k|j]z ug'{ cl3 ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] l;+xfjnf]sg ul/g' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -r_, wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_ / wf/f @! df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 M

wf/f !@= :jtGqtfsf] xsM -#_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ b]xfosf] :jtGqtf x'g]5 M

1093


-r_ s'g} k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf .

wf/f !#= ;dfgtfsf] xsM -!_ ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g .

wf/f @!= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsM cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 .

To;}u/L s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M

ljlgod ^= gofF lgo'lQm ;DaGwL Joj:yfM

-#s_ kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;DalGwt kbsf] nflu pkljlgod -#_ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cltl/Qm a}+ssf] ;]jfnfO{ cfjZos ljifodf

jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;d]t tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .

@= ca plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] /f]xdf lgj]bgdf bfjL lnOPsf ljifox¿ / dfly lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|Zgx¿df k|j]z ug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 . s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] ljjflbt Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ To;n] a}+sdf l/Qm /x]sf] kbdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf ;Fu;Fu} a}+ssf] ;]jfnfO{ cfjZos ljifodf jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;d]t tf]Sg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf~5gLo eGg] zAbaf6 ck]Iff u/]sf] eGg] cy{ nfU5 . g]kfnL zAbsf]z -;[li6 k|sfzg rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+, ;+= afnrGb| zdf{, låtLo k|sfzg, @)%&_ sf cg';f/ klg jf~5gLo zAbn] OR5f ug{ of]Uo, clenfiff ug{ nfos, cfjZos, h?/L eGg] cy{jf]w ug]{ b]lvG5 . o; cfwf/df x]bf{ jf~5gLo of]Uotf eGgfn] a}+ssf] ;]jf / ;DalGwt kbsf] lhDd]jf/L, sfo{k|s[lt / sfo{If]q ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L a}+sn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] ljz]if of]Uotf eGg] a'lemG5 . ljlgodfjnLsf]

1094


pQm Joj:yfn] a}+snfO{ To;/L cltl/Qm ljz]if of]Uotf tf]Sg ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . a}+ssf] lj1fkg g+= !÷)^%÷)^^ sf] n]vfkfn kb;+Vof &% sf nflu jf~5gLo of]Uotf egL tf]lsPsf] Joxf]/f x]bf{ æsÆ ju{sf] a}+sdf slDtdf kfFr jif{sf] cg'ej eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] /x]5 . ;f] k|fawfg s'g} JolQm jf ;d'bfo ljz]ifk|lt nlIft ge} ;a}sf nflu ;dfg ?kdf nfu" x'g] u/L ul/Psf] xf] eGg] g} b]lvG5 . ;dfgtf eGg] s'/f slxNo} klg lg/k]If x'Fb}g . ;dfgtf eGgfn] ;dfgx¿sf aLr ;dfg sfg"g, ;f] sfg"gsf] ;dfg k|of]u / ;dfgx¿sf aLr ;dfg Jojxf/ -Equality before the law means that among equals the law should be equal and should be equally administered, that like should be treated alike - Sir lvor Jennings, on Law of the Constitutions, 5th Edition, p.50_ eGg] g} a'lemG5 . ljlgodfjnLsf] pQm Joj:yfcg';f/ klg s'g} JolQm jf ;d'bfo ljz]ifnfO{ dfq} k|ltikwf{af6 afx]s ug]{ p2]Zon] To:tf] k|fawfg /flvPsf] xf] egL eGg ;lsg] cfwf/ / sf/0f b]lvFb}g . ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ s;}sf] lghL ck]Iff / :jfy{sf] /f]xdf x]g]{ / dgf]ut cfwf/df JofVof ug]

{ xf] eg] ;a} sfg"g c;dfg k|ltt x'g ;S5g\ . t/ Goflos JofVof To:tf] ;+ls0f{ / dgf]ut a'emfO{df cfwfl/t x'g ;Sb}g . s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] ljjflbt Joj:yfsf cfwf/df k|sfzg ul/Psf] lj1fkgdf tf]lsPsf] jf~5gLo of]Uotfn] To:tf] of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a}nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ clwsf/ l;h{gf u/]sf 5 eg] To:tf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf ;a}nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug{af6 afx]s u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg kbsf] cf–cfkm\g} ljz]iftf x'G5, To;sf nflu 5'6[f 5'6[} ljz]if1tf cfjZos kg{ ;S5, kb ljz]ifs} cfwf/df z}lIfs of]Uotf, pd]/, cg'ej jf bIftf h:tf s]xL zt{x¿ tf]Sg'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . ;dfgtf ;DaGwL oxL cjwf/0ffut oyfy{nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@ sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -r_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf æ=== s'g} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf /f]huf/ ug{sf] nflu s'g} zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sg] u/L sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}gÆ egL jf~5gLo of]Uotfsf ?kdf zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sg ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ j}wflgstf

1095


k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] . To;}n] ;+ljwfg :jo+n] g} ljz]if of]Uotf jf zt{ tf]Sg ;Sg] u/L cg'dlt lbPsf] ;Gbe{df To;/L ;+j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg p7fO{ r'gf}tL lbg ldNg] x'Fb}g .

#= lgj]bsn] ljjflbt k|fawfg ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs k|lts"n /x]sf] egL bfjL lnPtkm{ x]bf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! n] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 . s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ n] kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;DalGwt kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cltl/Qm a}+ssf] ;]jfnfO{ cfjZos ljifodf jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;d]t tf]Sg ;Sg];Ddsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f] k|fawfg s] s'g kbdWo] s] slt ;+Vofsf] s'g ju{ jf ;d'bfosf nflu 5'6\ofO{ ToxL ju{ jf ;d'bfosf aLrdf k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] eGg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt g} b]lvFb}g . ;f] k|fawfgn] t s]an lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] kbsf nflu jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]Sg ;Sg];Ddsf] Joj:yf dfq} u/]sf] x'Fbf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGt;Fu c;DalGwt k|

fawfgnfO{ To;;Fu hf]8]/ To;sf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g .

$= ca, bf];|f] k|Zgdf k|j]z ubf{ dfly klxnf] k|Zgdf ul/Psf] ljj]rgfsf cfwf/df klg s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] b]lvPg . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# n] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] :j:y k|lt:kwf{af6 ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo tyf e/kbf]{ a}+lsª tyf ljQLo dWo:ytf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zo u|x0f u/]sf] s'/f P]gsf] k|:tfjgfaf6} b]lvPsf] 5 . To; lsl;dsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds, u'0f:t/Lo / e/kbf]{ ;]jfsf nflu a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfdf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmdf klg tbg'?ksf of]Uotf, bIftf / ljz]if1tf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . oxL dfGotfsf cfwf/df s[lif ljsf; a}+sn] klg o; cl3 cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ ubf{ dlxnfx¿dfq k|lt:kwf{ x'g] u/L v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k|m06 8]:s / 6]n/ ;xfos h:tf kbx¿df / b]zsf ;a} If]qsf of]Uo pDd]bjf/x¿n] cj;/ kfpg\ egL

1096


If]qut ?kdf n]vfkfn ;xfos låtLo >]0fLsf] lj1fkg u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] eGg] s'/f a}+ssf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 . To;/L a}+s :jo+n] g} cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] k|s[ltnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ oyf;Dej cg'z/0f ug]{ k|oTg ub}{ cfPsf] / a}+ssf] k|lt:kwf{Tds IfdtfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L s]xL kbsf nflu ljz]if of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] ljifonfO{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGt k|lts"n egL cy{ ubf{ To;n] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf ;fy} To:tf ;+:yfåf/f k|bfg ug'{kg]{ u'0f:t/Lo Pj+ e/kbf]{ ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ sdhf]/ t'NofpF5 . lgj]bs :jo+n] cfwf/ agfPsf] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (! cg';f/ klg cfkm\gf] sfd sf/f]af/ ;'Jojl:yt ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ / P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ Ohfhtkq k|fKt ;+:yfn] ljlgod agfpg ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . To;}u/L To:tf ;+:yfn] agfpg] ljlgoddf cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf, ;?jf, avf{:tL nufotsf zt{x¿ tf]Sg ;Sg] ;d]tsf] clwsf/ pQm bkmf (! sf]

pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -u_ n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;/L s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] lgdf{0f a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (! åf/f k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] / ;f] ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ n] a}+ssf] ;]jfdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ a}+ssf] ;]jfnfO{ cfjZos ljifodf jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;d]t tf]Sg ;Sg] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yf s'g} JolQm ljz]if, ju{ ljz]if jf ;d'bfo ljz]ifnfO{ al~rt ug]{ p2]Zon] ge} ;a}sf nflu ;dfg ?kdf nfu" x'g] u/L ul/Psf] / To;n] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPg . t;y{ ;+ljwfg tyf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# ;d]tsf] k|lts"n gb]lvPsf] s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] pQm Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

%= hxfF;Dd s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] lj1fkg g+= !÷)^%÷)^^ / ;f] cfwf/df eP

1097


u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLx¿ ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{ 5, ;f] lj1fkg s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf cfwf/df ePsf] x'Fbf j}w sfg"gnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lgj]bg bfjLs} e/df cGoyf eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg] xf] eg] klg s[lif ljsf; a}+såf/f k|sflzt ljjflbt lj1fkg cg';f/ lgj]bsx¿n] ;d]t b/vf:t lbPsf] / tf]lsPsf] jf~5gLo of]Uotf gk'u]sf] eGg] cfwf/df lghx¿sf] b/vf:t cl:jsf/ ul/P kl5 dfq ;DalGwt sfg"gL k|fawfgnfO{ ;d]t ;+ljwfg k|lts"nsf] ;+1f lbFb} lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . To;/L k|sflzt lj1fkg / To;df tf]lsPsf] jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;d]tsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L b/vf:t k]z ug{ vf]Hg] JolQmn] cfkm"df lgwf{l/t of]Uotf ePsf] b]vfpg ;Sg' k5{ . cfkm"df of]Uotf gePs} sf/0fn] ubf{ b/vf:t u|x0f ug{ cl:jsf/ ul/P kl5 dfq k|sflzt lj1fkg / lj1fkg k|sfzg ug]{ cfwf/sf ?kdf /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}tL

lbg'n] klg ;DalGwt sfg"g jf lg0f{osf] :jfy{k/s JofVofsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L lgj]bsn] ab/ ug{ dfu u/]sf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL lj1fkg cg';f/sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]sf] egL ljkIfL a}+stkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] lhsL/ lng' ePsf] ;Gbe{df klg lj1fkg ab/ tkm{sf] lgj]bg bfjLsf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ s[lif ljsf; a}+såf/f j}w sfg"gnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ul/Psf] lj1fkg g+= !÷)^%÷)^^ / ;f] cfwf/df eP u/]sf sf/jfxLx¿ ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL;Fu klg ;xdt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPg .

^= ctM dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f ;d]tsf] cfwf/af6 s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_ åf/f k|bQ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf, wf/f !#-!_ åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs / wf/f @! åf/f k|bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs k|lts"n gb]lvg'sf ;fy} lj1fkg cg';f/sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L

1098


x'g] cj:yf ePg . k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .


Gof= an/fd s]=;L=Gof= ;'zLnf sfsL{

Olt ;Dat\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\ Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+= *!*^ sflQs, @)^^


cg"k/fh zdf{dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo

dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{

l/6 g+=M )^%–WS–))!@cfb]z ldltM @)^^.^.@@.%

ljifoM– pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lgj]bsM sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s a:g]

clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fb v/]n


dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

sfg"gn] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ s] s'g cfwf/df c+uLsf/ ub{5 eGg] :ki6 gx'Fb} lgj]bsn] bfjL lnPs} e/df k|lti7fgsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf rf]6 k6s nfu]sf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ pkrf/afkt nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ Joxf]g'{ kg]{ / To;sf cltl/Qm pkrf/ u/fpFbf hlt;'s} ;dofalw nfu] klg lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] k"/} kfl/>lds;lxt pkrf/df /xg kfpg' kg]{ ljifonfO{ klg ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] ljifoj:t' agfOg' kb{5 egL cbfntn] af]Ng gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;

+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ n] ;

1099


+ljwfgk|bQ df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dfq To:tf] sfg"gnfO{ cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ o; cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sfn] ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] pQm clwsf/cGtu{t sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ul/G5, t/ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf ge} s'g} sfg"gdf o:tf] k|fawfg /flvg' kg]{ jf o;/L ;'wf/ ul/g' kg]{ jf /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] k|lqmof / k4lt o:tf] x'g'kg]{ egL cg'dfg / sNkgfsf e/df cfb]z hf/L gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_


ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bL

cjnlDjt ghL/M

;Da4 sfg"gM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_, -@_, -#_, #)

>d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !%-@_

cfb]zGof= cg"k/fh zdf{M

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M

>d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ df k|lti7fgn] tf]s]sf] sfd ubf{ ub}{ rf]6k6s nfu]sf] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Ln] tTsfn sfd ug{ g;Sg] e} lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd c:ktfn jf 3/df a;L pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ ePdf lghnfO{ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lbOg] Ifltk"lt{sf] cltl/Qm c:ktfndf a;L pkrf/ u/fPsf] eP ;f] calwsf] k"/f kfl/>lds / 3/df a;L pkrf/ u/fPsf] eP ;f] calwsf] cfwf kfl/>lds ;d]t Joj:yfksn] lbg'kg]{5 egL pNn]v ePsf]df lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd 3/df a;L pkrf/ u/fpg' kbf{sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t Joj:yfksn] lgh sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfwf kfl/>lds

1100


dfq pknAw u/fP k'Ug] Joj:yf cfklQhgs x'g'sf] ;fy} >lds, sfdbf/, sd{rf/Lsf] lxtdf g/x]sf] :ki6 5 . To;}u/L pklgod -@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf plNnlvt æt/ Psjif{ eGbf a9L calwsf] nflu pkrf/ u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf To:tf] a9L calwsf] lgldQ Joj:yfksn] s'g} kfl/>lds lbg'kg]{ 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yfn] k|lti7fgdf sfd ubf{ub}{sf] cj:yfdf rf]6 k6s nfu]sf] sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps jif{ eGbf a9L calwsf] kfl/>lds lbg' gkg]{ u/]sf]n] To:tf] Joj:yf s7f]/ / cdfgjLo ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . >d lgodfjnLsf plNnlvt Joj:yfx¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_-@_-#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf plNnlvt dhb'/ nufotsf sdhf]/ ju{sf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] eGg] ;sf/fTds lje]b ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf ;fy} wf/f #) sf] pkwf/f -!_ df plNnlvt plrt >d cEof;sf] xs ;d]tsf] k|lts"n e} ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] xb;Ddsf] lgodfjnLsf Joj:yfx¿ ab/ u/L k|lti7fgn] tf]s]sf] sfd

ubf{ ub}{sf] cj:yfdf rf]6 k6s nfuL pkrf/ u/fpg' kbf{ lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd c:ktfn jf 3/ hxfF /x]/ pkrf/ u/fP klg lgh sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ lgod !% sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd kfpg] Ifltk"lt{sf cltl/Qm lghn] vfO{kfO{ vfPsf] k"/} kfl/>lds k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} o;/L pkrf/ u/fpFbf hlt;'s} ;dofalw nfu] klg lgh sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] k"/} kfl/>lds k|bfg ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ k|fKt eP kl5 jf calw gf3]kl5 ljz]if Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^%.*.$ df ePsf] cfb]z .

;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f lgj]bsn] v'nfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ;+ljwfgsf]

1101


wf/f !)& adf]lhd lbOg] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bgdf ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg cfjZos gx'g] x'Fbf k|:t't lgj]bgsf] s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g . ;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/L / s'g} k|lti7fgdf sfd ug]{ >lds sd{rf/LnfO{ s] s'g cfwf/df s] s:tf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ eGg] ljifo ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . o:tf gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ / ;f] gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ lgodfjnLdf sfg"gL Joj:yf ubf{ :ki6 ?kdf ljwflosfn] k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] clwsf/ aflx/ uPsf] jf ;dfg cj:yfsf JolQmx¿aLr lje]b u/]sf] 5}g eg] To:tf] lgodfjnLnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ldNb}g . lgj]bsn] bL3{sflng pkrf/df /x]sf, 3/df a;]/ pkrf/ u/fO/x]sf / c:ktfndf a;]/ pkrf/ u/fO/x]sf JolQm ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ ts{ ug'{ ePsf] 5, h'g cfkm}+df ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt k|lts"n /x]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfnosf tkm{af6 P]= sf ;x;lrj 6]sk|;fb 9'+ufgfn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

>d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] Joj:yfn] lrlsT;sn] sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/nfO{ nfu]sf] rf]6 k6ssf] ufDeLo{tf x]/L c:ktfn jf 3/df a;L pkrf/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ x'gfn] l/6 lgj]bg bfjL lg/y{s ePsfn] vf/]hefuL 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zn] klg dhb'/sf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] k|fawfgcg'¿k g} sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ rf]6k6s nfUbf pQm kfl/>lds lbg] ;'ljwf sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #) ;Fu lgod !% sf] Joj:yf ;fGble{s gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj dfwj kf}8]nn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgod agfpg kfpg], >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# / #) ;Fu gaflemg'sf ;fy} >d ;DaGwL gLltut ljifo o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q leqsf] gePsf] x'Fbf

1102


l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] pBf]u dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj tfgf uf}tdn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

>d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_-@_-#_ / wf/f #) ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg' ts{;+ut / tYok/s b]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfgdf ePsf plNnlvt Joj:yfn] /fHon] cfkm\gf] ;|f]t, ;fwg ;d]tnfO{ x]/L qmdzM ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] g} x'Fbf / To;tkm{ /fHosf] kxnsbdL x'g] ;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ lgodfjnL;Fu ;fGble{s agfpg' dgfl;j b]lvFb}g . sfdbf/nfO{ c:ktfndf a;L pkrf/ u/fpFbf / 3/df g} a;L pkrf/ u/fpFbfsf] cj:yf :jo+df leGgfleGg} ePsf]n] e]befjk"0f{ ePsf] eGg ldNg] gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj o'j/fh kf08]n] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 lhsL/ glnO{ lagf cfwf/ / sf/0f

c;DalGwt ljifodf o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ k/]sf] lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t /xL agfPsf] lgodnfO{ ljkIfLn] cGoyf eGg ldNg] xf]Og . sfg"gL zf;gsf] dfGotfsf] cwLgdf /xL d'n'ssf] >d Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf s:tf] lgod agfpg] eGg] ljifo ;/sf/sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;'ljwf cGtu{tsf] ljifo xf] / ljwflosfaf6 k|Tofof]lht ePsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ csf/0f ljjfb p7fPsf] b]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj 8f=s'n/Tg e't]{nn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf >L cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn] k|lti7fgs} sfd ubf{sf l;nl;nfdf 3fOt] ePsf sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ pkrf/ u/fpFbfsf] calwdWo] Ps jif{eGbf a9L calwsf] kfl/>lds glbg] u/L ePsf] >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds

1103


afSof+zsf] Joj:yf cfklQhgs /x]sf] 5 . To:tf] Joj:yf >lds nufotsf sdhf]/ ju{sf nflu ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] ;sf/fTds lje]b ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n x'g'sf ;fy} cGofok"0f{ ;d]t ePsfn] >d lgodfjnLsf] pQm Joj:yf oyfjt\ sfod /fVg ldNg] x'Fb}g, To:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ dhb'/d}qL agfpg cbfntaf6 pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/g' k5{ egL / g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg ;xGoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bLn] k|lti7fgsf] sfd ubf{ ub}{ 3fOt] ePsf JolQmn] pkrf/ kfpg' k5{ eGg] dfGotfåf/f clek|]l/t e} >d lgodfjnLdf Ifltk"lt{ :j?k pkrf/ vr{ e/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 / lglZrt calw;Dd kfl/>lds ;lxtsf] pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ;d]t lgodfjnLn] u/]sf] 5 . t/ nfdf] ;do;Dd klg pkrf/df /xg' kg]{ e} k|lti7fgsf] ;]jfdf ;l/s x'g g;s]sf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf kfl/>lds pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ egL dfu ug'{ hfoh x'g ;Sb}g . >d lgodfjnLn] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] xslxtsf nflu ljleGg Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] ;Gbe{df lgodfjnLsf] ;du|

Joj:yfnfO{ x]l/g' k5{, sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] lxt dfq ;f]rL k|lti7fgsf] sfo{ ;~rfngk|lt j]jf:tf ug ldNg] klg x'Fb}g, lgj]bg bfjLsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] jf c;dfg /x]sf] cj:yf ;d]t gx'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'lgof] .

l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; a'Fbf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgaf6 >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf / ;f]sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf /x]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# / wf/f #) ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g < eGg] k|Zgsf] lg?k0f u/L lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ gkg]{ s] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

@= k|ydtM >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf / ;f]sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 jf 5}g < eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] d"ntM >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f

1104


-!_-@_-#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf plNnlvt dhb'/ nufotsf sdhf]/ ju{sf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] eGg] ;sf/fTds lje]b ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf ;fy} wf/f #) sf] pkwf/f -!_ df plNnlvt plrt >d cEof;sf] xs ;d]tsf] k|lts"n e} ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]n] ab/ 3f]lift u/L 3fOt] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] pkrf/ u/fpFbf hlt;'s} ;dofalw nfu] klg lgh sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] k"/} kfl/>lds k|bfg ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg] lrlsT;sn] sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/nfO{ nfu]sf] rf]6 k6ssf] uflDeo{tf x]/L c:ktfn jf 3/df a;L pkrf/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ x'gfn] ;f]xL cfwf/df lglZrt x'g] ljifonfO{ cGoyf cy{ u/L k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg lg/y{s /x]sf] / ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] jf c;dfg /x]sf] egL lgj]bsn] k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 egL lnlvt hjfkmaf6 lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt tYoaf6

lgj]bssf] d'Vo dfu bfjL eg]sf] k|lti7fgsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf rf]6 k6s nfu]sf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ pkrf/ u/fpFbf hlt;'s} ;dofalw nfu] klg lghnfO{ lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] k"/} kfl/>lds k|bfg u/L ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbOg' kg]{ eGg] g} /x]sf] b]lvof] . o; ;Gbe{df ;j{k|yd lgj]bsn] ljjfb p7fPsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z / wf/f #) sf] Joj:yfnfO{ l;+xfjnf]sg ul/g' ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 .

#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# df ;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, a[4 tyf ckf+u jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L wf/f #) >d ;DaGwL xs cGtu{t >d cEof;sf] xssf ;fy} 6]«8 o'lgog vf]Ng], ;Ful7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug]

1105


{ xs k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] c;+j}wflgs egL bfjL lnPsf] >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% n] rf]6k6s nfu]df Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf cGtu{t pklgod -!_ df k|lti7fgsf] s'g} sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lti7fgn] tf]s]sf] sfd ubf{ ub}{ z/L/df rf]6k6s nfu]df Joj:yfksn] To:tf] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k|fKt lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd pkrf/ u/fpgsf] lgldQ nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ Ifltk"lt{ afkt lbg'kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf ub}{ P]= pklgod -@_ df lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd c:ktfn jf 3/df a;L pkrf/ u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lbOg] Ifltk"lt{sf] cltl/Qm c:ktfndf a;L pkrf/ u/fPsf] eP ;f] calwsf] k"/f kfl/>lds / 3/df a;L pkrf/ u/fPsf] eP ;f] calwsf] cfwf kfl/>lds ;d]t lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/L ;f]xL pklgodsf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z v08df t/ Ps jif{eGbf a9L calwsf] nflu pkrf/ u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf To:tf] a9L calwsf] lgldQ Joj:yfksn] s'g} kfl/>lds lbg'kg]{ 5}g elgPsf] 5 . plNnlvt Joj:yfx¿dWo] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #) ;Dk"0f{ ?

kn] >d cEof; / 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] lgj]bsn] ljjfb p7fPsf] >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% ;Fu To;sf] s'g} tflTjs ;DaGw / ;/f]sf/ /x]sf] cj:yf g} gx'Fbf To;tkm{ yk ljj]rgf ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g . hxfF;Dd ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] ;Gbe{ 5, ;f] wf/f cGtu{tsf pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ n] sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfgtf, sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0f / sfg"gsf] k|of]udf ;dfgtf ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] / tL k|fawfgx¿;Fu lgj]bsn] >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] ;DaGw b]vfpg ;d]t g;s]sf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf plNnlvt Joj:yfsf af/]df klg yk ljj]rgfsf] cfjZostf b]lvFb}g .

$= lgj]bsn] d'Vo ?kdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf /x]sf] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] cjwf/0ff;Fu >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% c;+ut /x]sf] egL b]vfpg vf]h]sf] kl/k|]Iodf x]bf{ pQm pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts

1106


b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, a[4 tyf ckf+u jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;f/e"t ;dfgtf sfod ug{sf nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt nfu" ug{ ;lsg] u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . t/ To; lsl;dsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ sfg"gL k|aGw ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] sfg"gn] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ s] s'g cfwf/df c+lusf/ ub{5 eGg] :ki6 gx'Fb} lgj]bsn] bfjL lnPs} e/df k|lti7fgsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf rf]6 k6s nfu]sf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ pkrf/ afkt nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ Joxf]g'{ kg]{ / To;sf cltl/Qm pkrf/ u/fpFbf hlt;'s} ;dofalw nfu] klg lghnfO{ lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] k"/} kfl/>lds ;lxt pkrf/df /xg kfpg' kg]{ ljifonfO{ klg ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] ljifoj:t' agfOg' kb{5 egL cbfntn] af]Ng ldNg] x'Fb}g . To;df klg lgj]bsn] >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] ;du| k|fawfgsf] cWoog g} gu/L To;af6 s]xL c+z l6k]/ To;sf] unt cy{jf]w x'g]

u/L k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm lgod !% sf] ;du| cWoog ubf{ 3fOt] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] pkrf/ u/fpFbf nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ Ifltk"lt{ afkt lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf lgh sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] lxtdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;sf ;fy} To:tf] 3fOt] sfdbf/ sd{rf/L tTsfn sfd ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf ;d]t Ps jif{;Dd kfl/>lds ;lxtsf] pkrf/df /xg kfpg] u/L u/]sf] Joj:yf cfkm}+df klg sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] lxt / ;+/If0fk|lt kl/nlIft g} b]lvG5 .

%= lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-!_-@--#_ sf] k|;Fu pNn]v ug'{ dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g, ;+ljwfgsf] k|fawfg;Fu aflemPsf] elgPsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf s] s'g cfwf/df aflemPsf] xf] eGg] :ki6;Fu v'nfpg' kb{5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ n] ;+ljwfgk|bQ df}lns xs pk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dfq To:tf] sfg"gnfO{ cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ o; cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; cbfntnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] pQm clwsf/ cGtu{t sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf

1107


k/LIf0f ul/G5, t/ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf ge} s'g} sfg"gdf o:tf] k|fawfg /flvg' kg]{ jf o;/L ;'wf/ ul/g' kg]{ jf /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] k|lqmof / k4lt o:tf] x'g'kg]{ egL cg'dfg / sNkgfsf e/df cfb]z hf/L ul/Fb}g . k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] >d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !% sf] k|fawfg ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] egL bfjL lnP klg To;sf] j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg / ax;sf qmddf ;d]t cfkm\gf] lgj]bg bfjLsf] k'i6\ofO{+sf a'Fbfx¿ k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .

^= t;y{ >d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ / ;f]sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# / wf/f #) ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] gb]lvPaf6 lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] cj:yf ePg . k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof=s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofoGof= ;'zLnf sfsL{

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @@ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+= *!*& sflQs, @)^^


/fdk|;fb >]i7dfggLo GofofwLz >L

/fds'df/k|;fb zfxdfggLo GofofwLz >L

cjw]zs'df/ ofbjl/6 g+= )^$–ws–)))!

cfb]z ldltM @)^^.!.!&.%

ljifoM– k/dfb]z ;d]t .

lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !! yfkfynLl:yt dlxnf, sfg"g / ljsf; d~rsf] tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|fKt u/L cfk\mgf] tkm{af6 ;d]t P]= P]=a:g] ;kgf k|wfg dNn ;d]t


dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;Fxb/af/ ;d]t

1108


;+ljwfgåf/f ljwflosfnfO{ k|fKt ljwflosL clwsf/dWo] lgod agfpg] s]xL ;Lldt clwsf/ ljwflosfn] sfo{kflnsf cyf{t\ ;/sf/nfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ ub{5 . k|Tofof]lht ljwfog;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ljlwzf:qn] dfGotf k|bfg u/]s} 5 . o; ljifodf Pp6} dfq zt{ s] /xG5 eg] k|Tofof]hg ug]{ P]gn] lbPsf] If]qflwsf/ gf3L To:tf] clwsf/ wf/0f ug]{n] lgod agfpg ldNb}g . clVtof/ k|bfg ug]{ dft[ P]gsf] ;Ldfleq /x]/ lgod agfpg' kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=(_ ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf] k|

of; gug]{ a? /f]huf/Lsf] 9f]sf g} aGb ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf] ?kdf lng g;lsg] .

j[lQ ljsf;sf yk cj;/x¿ lbg] jf d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg] eGbf ePsf cj;/x¿df klg s'g} g s'g} cfwf/df a~rgf

ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;sf/fTds lje]b ul/Psf] egL dfGg g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!%_ ;DalGwt k]zfsf] k|

s[ltn] clgjfo{ ?kdf lgif]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s /fHosf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu lnË ;d]tsf] cfwf/df s'g} lje]b l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 eg] To:tf] sfo{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ;fk]If x'G5 eGg ;lsg] cfwf/ sd} x'G5 . k/Dk/fsf] lj/f;tsf] ?kdf s'g} If]qdf To:tf sfg"g / k|rngx¿ hLljt /x]sf 5g\ eg] klg /fHon] qmdzM ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg' >]ois/ x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=!^_ ue{wf/0f u/]sL

dlxnfnfO{ sl7g zf/Ll/s >d cfjZos kg]{ ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t tfnLddf ;xefuL x'g lbFbf k|hgg :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] e} To; cj:yfdf ;d]t /fHonfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg pNn+3g u/]sf] cf/f]k nfUg;Sg]

1109


b]lvFbf pQm b'j} ljifonfO{ plrt tj/n] ;dfof]hg u/L ljjflbt sfg"gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=@@_ dfgj clwsf/ / n}lËs

Gofosf] kIfdf ;+a]bgzLn 7flgg] s]xL d'n'sx¿sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf Pj++ cEof; ;d]tsf] t'ngfTds cWoog, b]zsf] ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts cj:yf ;d]tsf] ;du| cWoog, dlxnfx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf ;d]tsf] ;du| ljifox¿df cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L ;}lgs k|x/L;DaGwL ljjflbt lgodfjnLdf ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg jf ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=#*_

lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgf

ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh lqkf7L

cjnlDjt ghL/M g]sfk @)$(, k[i7 &!) g]sfk @)%@, cÍ ^, k[i7

$^*

g]sfk @)%#, cÍ @, lg=g+=^!$), k[i7 !)%

g]sfk @)^@, cÍ !, k[i7 !) g]sfk @)^@ cÍ *, k[i7 (!

#

;Da4 sfg"gM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_ -r_, !#, !*, !(, @)-!_, @!, #%-!_ / #%-*_

;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf & / !#

;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $, $-#_-h_

;}lgs P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf (^, !^$-@_ / !^%

cfb]zGof=/fdk|;fb >]i7M

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf] wf/f #@ / wf/f !)&-!_-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5M–

dlxnf, sfg"g / ljsf; d~r, dlxnf ju{sf] xslxt, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, dlxnfsf] pTyfg / ljsf; Pj+ ;dfg sfg"gL xs clwsf/ :yflkt u/fpg], tL xs clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt ePsf] ;+:yf ePsf]n] o; ;+:yf ;d]tsf]

1110


tkm{af6 g]kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] xslxt /Iff, dlxnfx¿sf] dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ df}lns xs k|rngsf] nflu ;Ddflgt cbfntdf k|j]z ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@÷!)& åf/f ;+j}wflgs xs k|fKt g} 5 .

;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $ df ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . pklgod ! df æzfxL g]kfnL h+uL c•f cGTfu{tsf] s]Gb|Lo ;}lgs k|x/L u'Ndsf] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] b/aGbLdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ k'?if ;}lgs k|x/L tkm{ cGo o'lg6af6 ;?jf u/L / ;}lgs k|x/L l;kfxL kbdf dlxnfnfO{ egf{ ubf{ v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL pklgod -@_ df ;?jf u/L kbk"lt{ ul/g] k'?if k|x/Lsf] of]Uotf s] x'g'kb{5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] pklgod -#_ df pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ug{ v08 -s_ g]kfnL gful/s ePsf], -v_ P;=Pn=;L= jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ePsf], -u_ 36Ldf % lkm6 @ O~r prfO{ ePsf], -3_ b/vf:t lbg] clGtd lbg;Dd !* jif{ pd]/ k'/f

u/L @@ jif{ ggf3]sf], -ª_ d]l8sn hfFraf6 of]Uo 7xl/Psf], -r_ ;lqmo /fhgLltdf gnfu]sf], -5_ c+u|]hL n]vk9 ug{;Sg] / v08 -h_ cljjflxt jf Psn dlxnf ePsf] / pklgod -$_ df dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm kfpg] JolQmn] ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLdsf] cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ kfpg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

pk/f]Qm Joj:yf h'g kl/l:ylt / kl/j]zdf cfPsf] lyof] xfn} ePsf] /fhgLlts tyf ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL kl/jt{g kZrft\ pk/f]Qm dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;Lldt / ;+sL0f{ 5 . o;sf] cnfjf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / ;dfg /f]huf/Lsf] d"No / dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;a} ju{, tx / lnËsf JolQmnfO{ ;}lgs ;]jfdf v'Nnf u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf & / !# sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]l/Pdf klg of] s'/f k|i6 x'G5 . pk/f]Qm lgod $ sf] pklgod #-h_ df /x]sf] æcljjflxt jf PsnÆ eGg] zAbfjnL tyf lgod $ sf] pklgod -$_ df /x]sf] ædlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm kfpg] JolQmn] cfwf/ tfnLd cjlwe/ ljjfx

1111


ug{ kfpg] 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@, !@-#_-r_, !#, @)-!_, @! åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf nufot ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs;Fu aflemPsf] x'gfn] ab/efuL 5 .

dfly plNnlvt k|fjwfgx¿n] dlxnf dlxnf aLr klg dlxnf ljjflxt, cljjflxt cyjf Psn l:yltsf] s] 5 Tof] x]/L e]befj l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L dlxnfnfO{ lnË / j}jflxs l:yltsf] cfwf/df e]befj u/L ljjflxt dlxnfnfO{ ;}lgs k|x/L k|j]zdf g} aGb]h nufPsf]n] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] /f]huf/Laf6 al~rt x''g' k/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ dlxnfx¿ emg w]/} k/lge{/ x'g' k/L /x]sf] l:ylt 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# n] ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/k|fKt x'g] egL ;dfgtfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 / ;f] wf/f cGtu{tsf ;Dk"0f{ pkwf/fx¿n] ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ eg]sf] sfg"gL /fhsf] d]?b08 xf] . ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/n] lnË, j0f{, hft, hlftsf] cfwf/df ul/g] e]befjnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{g . pQm Joj:yf lnË / j}jflxs l:yltsf] cfwf/df dlxnf lj?4

eb]efjk"0f{ 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* df k|To]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 / dlxnfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 egL ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xs leq g} /f]huf/Lsf] xsnfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . wf/f !( df k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;Dklt cfh{g ug]{ xs x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @)-!_ n] dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 e]befj gul/g] Pj+ wf/f @! n] dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #% -!_ df /fHon] ;a} If]qsf hgtfsf] /f]huf/L h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] ljsf; u/L hg;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/ a[l4 ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ug]{5 eGg] Joj:yf ug'{sf] ;fy} wf/f #%-*_ df dlxnf ju{sf] /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df clwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDjg ug]{5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

Toltdfq xf]Og pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f !^-!_ / -@_ åf/f k|bQ :jtGqtfk"j{s ljjfx ug{ kfpg] xs, wf/f !& k|bQ ;Dklt cfh{g ug]

1112


{ clwsf/, wf/f @!-@_ k|bQ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Frsf] clwsf/, wf/f @# k|bQ /f]huf/L rog ug{ kfpg] dfgj clwsf/ ;d]tsf] pNn+3g ePsf] 5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f ^-!_ n] sfd ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . wf/f & n] ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg kfl/>ldssf], wf/f !)-!_,@#-@_, -#_,-$_ åf/f k|bQ :jtGqtfk"j{s ljjfx ug]{ / j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod /fVg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . ljjflbt sfg"gn] To:tf cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿sf] ;d]t pNn+3g u/]sf] 5 .

dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw, !(&(-CEDAW_ sf] wf/f ! n] cfly{s lje]bnfO{ e]befjsf] kl/efiff leq ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . ædlxnf lj?4 e]befjæ eGgfn] dlxnfn] cfly{s tyf /f]huf/Lsf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGWft dfgj clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfnfO{ cfkm\gf] j}jflxs l:ylt h] h:tf] /x]sf] eP tfklg k'?if / dlxnfsf] ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df pkef]u ug{df jf k|of]u ug{df Jojwfg kfg]{ jf To;sf]

dfGotfnfO{ Iflt / z"GoLs/0f kfg]{ p2]Zo ePsf] lnËsf] cfwf/df x'g] s'g} klg e]befj jf alxisf/ jf k|ltaGw ;Demg' k5{ elgPsf] 5 . ;f]xL wf/f !! df dlxnfsf] JolQmTjsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf] nflu /f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf /x]sf e]befjnfO{ pGd"ng ug{ /fHon] sbd rfnL dlxnfnfO{ k'?if ;/x ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df xs ;'lglZrt u/fpg' kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . wf/f !$ df u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿sf] cfly{s pGgltsf] nflu /f]huf/Ldf ;dfg kx'Fr x'g'kg]{ cflb Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] !^ jif{ eGbf a9L e};Sbf klg xfn;Dd lgodfjnLdf o:tf e]befjk"0f{ Joj:yf /lx/xg' la8Dagf g} xf] .

dlxnf lj?å e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z g+= % df /fHo kIfn] cfly{s tyf /f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cem a9L cNksfnLg ljz]if Joj:yfx¿ h:t} ;sf/fTds sfo{, u|fXotfk"0f{ cfwf/ cyjf cf/If0f k|0ffnL ckgfpg pTk|]l/t ub{5 eGg] l;kmfl/z cg'df]bg ug{ /fHo kIfnfO{ lbPsf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltn] dlxnf

1113


lj?4 x'g] ;Dk"0f{ e]befjx¿ pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGwsf] nflu g]kfnn] bf];|f] / t];|f] k|ltj]bg k]z u/L k|:t't ;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 . ;ldltn] ;/sf/nfO{ tTsfn} tflnsf agfP/ lje]bk"0f{ sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf] eP tfklg xfn;Dd o:tf sfg"gx¿ oyfjt\} /lx/x]sf] x'gfn] Gofokflnsfaf6 g} o:tf lje]bx¿ pGd"ng u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfh :yfkgfsf] nflu e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%^ df ;lGw, ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] eO{ ;+ljwfgsf] pQm k|fjwfgadf]lhd g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ df g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf] ;lGwsf] s'/f k|rlnt sfg"g;Fu aflemPdf ;lGwsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu aflemPsf] xb;Dd k|rlnt sfg"g cdfGo x'g]5 / ;lGwsf k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g]5 eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .

a]Olhª sfo{of]hgf ;DaGwL ;Dd]ng !((% df dlxnfsf]

hLjg, :jtGqtf / n}lËs e]befjaf6 d'Qm x'g] clwsf/ k|lt g]kfnn] k|lta4tf bzf{O ;s]sf] 5 . ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] /Lgf ah|frfo{ ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;sf/ ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf /f]huf/Ldf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr e]befj ug{ gx'g] e]befj u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f ul/Pdf ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy} dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;Dk"0f{ e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw -CEDAW_ sf] klg lj?4 x'g] ePsf]n] ab/ 3f]lift u/]sf] l;4fGtnfO{ o; d'2fdf klg nufO{ kfpFm .

ctM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DAfGwL P]g, @)^# cfO;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf pk/f]Qm lgodfjnLsf] lgod $ sf] pklgod #-h_ df /x]sf] dlxnfx¿ ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] nflu cljjflxt / Psn x'g'kg]{ eGg] zAbfjnL / ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] pklgod -$_ df /x]sf] dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm kfpg] JolQmn] ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLd cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ kfpg] 5}g eGg] zAbfjnL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ab/ ul/kfpFm . ;fy} Psn dlxnfx¿sf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf u/L

1114


pgLx¿nfO{ ;}lgs k|x/Ldf ;xh k|j]z u/fpg] ;DaGwdf 5'§} ljz]if Joj:yf ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .

pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf cfd g]kfnL dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ / of]Uo dlxnf pDd]bjf/ ;d]t ;}lgs ;]jfaf6 al~rt x'g'kg]{ n}lËs ;+j]bgzLn ljifo ePsf] x'Fbf k|fyldstf lbO{ cu|flwsf/df /fvL ;'g'jfO ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] cfb]z .

;}lgs P]g, @)^# hf/L eO;s]sf]n] ;f] P]g;Ddt gx'g] k|fjwfgx¿ :jtM cdfGo x'g] e} pQm P]g cg'¿k x'g] u/L cfjZos lgodfjnLx¿ aGg] g} x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /Iff dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/fli6{«o dxf;lGw cg'¿k /fli6«o sfg"gsf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ n}lËs d}qL,

dlxnf ;d]tnfO{ cfTd;Ddfg cg'e"t u/fpg] / ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/e"t dd{ / efjgf cg's"n agfpg' kg]{ lgj]bssf] efjgf;Fu c;xdt x'g'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g . lgj]bsn] c;+j}wflgs egL bfjL ug'{ ePsf] Joj:yf ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* ;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] / pQm lgodfjnL ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf (^ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !^% n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;/sf/åf/f agfOPsf] x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf– ;+;bsf] s'g} lhDd]jf/L / ;fy{s ;/f]sf/ g} :yflkt x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . To;sf cltl/Qm k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efn] ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ vf/]h u/L ;}lgs P]g, @)^# kfl/t ul/;s]]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df gofF P]gsf] dd{ / efjgf cg'¿k lgodfjnL ;d]t gofF alg;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 . ;DalGWft lgsfosf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 o; ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt cbfntnfO{ oyfy{ tYosf] hfgsf/L x'g] g} 5 . t;y{ Joj:yflksf ;+:fbsf] s'g} e"ldsf, lhDd]jf/L / ;/f]sf/ gePsf] ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf cgfjZos ?kdf k|

1115


ToyL{ agfOPsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnosf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $ sf] pklgod -#_ sf] v08 -h_ / pklgod -$_ df ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# åf/f k|bQ df}lns xs;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNg] xf]Og . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf dlxnfsf] xsdf ul/Psf] ljz]if Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f] Joj:yfn] dlxnf / k'?ifaLr n}lËs lje]bnfO{ OlËt u/]sf] geO{ dlxnfx¿dWo]af6 ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQmsf nflu of]Uotf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Dd xf] . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !@ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfsf ljleGg kbdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ of]Uotf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g] ePsf] / P] P]gsf] bkmf !$$-#_ ;d]tsf] ;Gbe{df ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf !^% n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ag]sf] lgodfjnLn] tt\;DaGwL of]Uotf tf]lslbPsf] dfq xf] . ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm ug{sf] nflu sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] of]Uotfaf6 dlxnfsf]

df}lns xs xgg\ x'g] geO{ ;}lgs ;]jf h:tf] ljz]if of]Uotf, Ifdtf / ljlzi7tf cfjZos kg]{ ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu pko'Qmtf / Jojxfl/stf ;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbO{ lglZrt cfwf/ Pj+ cj:yf dfq lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] of]UotfnfO{ df}lns xs lj?4 ePsf] egL dfGg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_ ;d]tsf cfwf/df ldNg] b]lvFb}g .

lgodfjnLsf] lgod $ sf] pklgod -$_ sf] Joj:yf ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/ tfnLdsf] cjlwe/sf] nflu dfq xf] . ;}lgs ;]jfsf] sfo{ k|s[ltnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ug'{kg]{ ljz]if k|sf/sf] cfwf/ tfnLdsf] cjlwdf s'g} klg ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] Ifdtf / bIftfdf zf/Ll/s, kf/Ljfl/s tyf ;fdflhs sf/0faf6 s'g} ;d:of pTkGg x'g glbO{ ;}lgs k|x/Ln] s'zntfk"j{s lgoldt 9Ëaf6 ;f] cjlwe/df g} tfnLd ;DkGg ug{ ;s"g\ eGg] clek|foaf6 ;f] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . To:tf] tfnLd cjlwkZrft\ s'g} klg ;}lgs k|x/L ljjfx ug{ :jtGq g} /xg] ePsf]n] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ df}lns xs tyf cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfdf ePsf] Joj:yf;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNg] xf]Og .

1116


o;y{ lgj]bg bfjL sfg"g;Ddt b]lvFb}g . lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

l/6 lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* ;fljs ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ cGtu{t ag]sf] xf] . ;f] P]gnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] k|lt:yfkg ul/;s]sf] / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &-!_ df g]kfnL ;}lgs ;Fu7g ;dfj]zL :j?ksf] x'g] k|fjwfgsf] cltl/Qm lnË jf j}jflxs cj:yfn] g]kfnL ;]gfdf lgo'lQm x'g cof]Uotf l;h{gf gug]{ eGg] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !# df n]lvPsf Joj:yfx¿af6 k|i6 x'G5 . o;/L P]gsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* df ePsf Joj:yfx¿ sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sb}gg\ .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !^$-@_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg nfu" x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf sfg"gx¿ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg uPdf ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'G5 . n}lËs ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg

ug]{ k|:tfjgf, lnË ;d]tsf cfwf/df s'g} e]befj gug]{ wf/f !# sf] k|fjwfg / dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befj gul/g] wf/f @) sf] k|Tofe"ltsf] kl/k|]Iodf lnË jf j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ s'g} klg k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gx¿ wf/f !^$-@_ adf]lhd :jtM lgliqmo x'g] ePsfn] wf/f #@.!)&-!_ cGtu{t cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul//xg' kb}{g . ;fljs g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] ;Gbe{df >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 o; ;DaGwdf -g]sfk @)^#, lg=g+=&^$^_ JofVof klg e};s]sf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bgdf af}l4s 5nkmnsf] ljifoafx]s c? s]xL 5}g, n]lvPsf] Joxf]/f ;+j}wflgs ljjfbsf] s;Ldf dxŒj /fVg] gb]lvFbf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm .

;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ pQm P]gn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ lgod agfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cfjZostfcg';f/ lgod agfpg tyf ;+zf]wg ug{;Sg] g} x'G5 . P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L agfPsf] lgodnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] xf]Og . sfg"gL

1117


zf;gsf] dfGotfsf] cwLgdf /xL d'n'ssf] ;}lgs k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g] u/L s:tf] lgod agfpg] eGg] ljifo ;/sf/sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;'ljwf cGtu{tsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ cGtu{tsf] ljifo xf] . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# cg'¿ksf] lgodfjnL Nofpg]tkm{ cfjZos u[xsfo{ cl3 al9;s]sf] 5 .

;}lgs tyf k|x/L an zflGt ;'/Iff sfod /fVg] ;/sf/sf] cToGt ;+j]bgzLn sfo{;Fu ;DalGWft 5 . k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf dfGo cEof; adf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfdf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf dfkm{t\ ;]jf k|j]z ug]{n] z'?d} cfwf/e"t ;}Go tfnLd -Basic Training_ / kl/is[t tfnLd -Advance Training_ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h;df zf/Ll/s ?kdf s8f kl/>d kg]{ bf}8\g], pkm|g], xfdkmfNg] OToflb Pj+ ljleGg lsl;dsf v]ns'b v]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 . To:t} Advance tfnLddf h'8f], s/fFt], p;' nufot cGo s'/f ;d]t l;Sg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljjfx kZrft\ dfgj z/L/df zf/Ll/s cj:ydf tflTjs kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sg] / vf; u/L hLj a}1flgs sf/0fn] dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s cj:yfdf ljz]if kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sg] k|fs[lts lgod g} xf] . To;}n] ljjfxsf] sf/0f

tfnLdsf] cjlwdf k|lzIffyL{sf] z/L/df cfpFg] jf cfpg ;Sg] k|fs[lts kl/jt{gaf6 :jo+ dlxnfsf] hLp Hofgdf vt/f pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo nufotsf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f vflt/ g} ;sf/fTds lje]b -Positive

Discrimination_ :j?k pQm k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] . hLj j}1flgs ?kdf /x]sf] lje]bnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf ;dfg ug{ g;lsg] x'gfn] To:tf] lje]bnfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf lbO{ ;sf/fTds lje]b lbg' /fHosf] 3f]lift gLlt g} xf] . ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] ?kdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ e]befjk"0f{ dfGg gldNg] ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .

;lGwsf] x}l;ot s] s:tf] x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( df Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . t/ ;lGwsf] ljifonfO{ g} k|ToIf?kdf clwsf/ :j?k JolQmn] k|of]u -Invoke_ ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGwsf] ;Gbe{ lbO{ u/]sf] lgj]bg lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt 5}g . ctMl/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnosf]

1118


tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

s'g} klg ;]jfdf dfgl;s Pj+ zf/Ll/s ?kdf ;Ifd / ;an pDd]bjf/sf] dfu ug{sf nflu ;]jfsf] k|s[ltcg';f/sf] of]Uotf sfod u/L s'g} P]g lgoddf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] lxt k|lts"n x'g] u/L JofVof ul/g' plrt xf]Og . s'g} klg ljjflxt dlxnfn] ue{wf/0f ug{ kfpg' lghsf] df}lns xs ePsf]n] ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf egf{ x'g] dlxnfn] ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLd cjlwe/ ue{wf/0f ug{ gkfpg] u/L /f]s nufpg gldNg] ePsf] x'Fbf ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL ;]jfdf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f egf{ ul/g] dlxnf ljjflxt ePdf ue{wf/0f u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] jf ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLdsf] cjlwe/ s'g} klg ;dodf ue{wf/0f x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgf /x]sf] x'Fbf ue{wf/0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf k';ck, l;6ck, bf}8, h'8f], df;{n cf6{, Weapon Handling Tactics

h:tf] s8f zf/Ll/s kl/>d x'g] ljljw k|sf/sf zf/Ll/s cEof;x¿ ug{ c;Ifd /xg] tyf ;f] cj:yfdf s8f kl/>d x'g] vfnsf zf/Ll/s cEof; u/], u/fPdf ue{df /x]sf] aRrfsf] e|"0f gi6 x'g ;Sg] jf aRrf

t'lxg ;Sg] / ;f] sf/0fn] ubf{ dlxnfnfO{ g} c;/ kg]{ ePsf]n] ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf lgol'Qm x'g] dlxnf cljjflxt x'gkg]{ / ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLd cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ gkfO{g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . pQm Joj:yfn] dlxnf dfly e]befjk"0f{ / c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]sf] geO{ ;]jfsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ :jo+ dlxnfsf] xs, lxtsf] ;+/If0f ul/Psf] xf] .

;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf tfnLdsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf], tfnLd cjlwe/ tfnLd :yndf g} a:g' kg]{ ePsf]n] ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQm x'g] dlxnf ljjflxt eO{ aRrf ;d]t ePdf cfdf / aRRff 5'§f5'§} /x]sf] cj:yfdf b'j}nfO{ zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s c;/ ;d]t kg]{ / ;f] cj:yfdf r':t :km"t{ ?kdf tfnLd ug{, u/fpg g;lsg] x'Fbf ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf egf{ x'g cfpFbfsf] cj:yfdf / cfwf/ tfnLd cjlwe/ dfq} ljjfx ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf sfod ul/Psf] xf] . ctM ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $ -#_ -h_ / ;f]xL pk–lgod -$_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf lnË e]b u/L agfOPsf] Joj:yf geO{ ;]jfdf k|j]z ubf{ tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf / kl/l:ylthGo

1119


cj:yfnfO{ d"NofÍg u/L th'{df ul/Psf] / pQm lgodn] ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ dlxnfnfO{ k"0f{ aGb]h gnufOPsf] x'Fbf cfwf/xLg lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] h+uL c•f, eb|sfnL:yfg, sf7df8f}F+sf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 :jo+ pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgfn] ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $-#_-h_ / -$_ sf] k|fjwfg n}lËs cfwf/df e]befjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og ;f] sfg"Gfn] ;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{ x'g Psn jf cljjflxt dlxnf x'g'kg]{ of]Uotf tf]sL dlxnf dlxnfx¿sf] aLrdf ;d]t lje]b u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-!_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] a}olQms :jtGqtfsf] xs lbPsf] 5 eg] ;f]xL pkwf/f -#_ -r_ n] k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ :jtGqtfsf] Uof/]G6L u/]sf] 5 . ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRgsf] nflu k]zf jf /f]huf/L ug{ kfpg'

kg]{ x'G5 . ljjflxt dlxnf ePs} sf/0f ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] /f]huf/L ug{ gkfpg] u/L ePsf] ;f] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-!_ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 . cfwf/e"t tfnLd cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yfn] bfDkTo hLjgsf] xs / k|hgg clwsf/ xgg\ u/]sf] 5 . ljjfx ub}{df ue{wf/0f ug{' kb{5 eGg] 5}g . cGo j}slNks pkfoåf/f ue{ lg/f]w ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] lnlvt hjfkm lg/fwf/ 5 . lnË / j}jflxs cfwf/df dlxnfdfly e]befj ug{ gx'g] s'/fnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @)-!_ n] c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] klg ;]gfdf egf{ x'g n}lËs lje]b gul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf gful/s / /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DAfGwL dxf;lGw, !(^^, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGWf, !(^^ / dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( ;d]tsf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"gx¿n] dlxnf dfly e]befj ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 ljleGg l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] cj:yf 5 . ctM

1120


g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, ;}lgs P]g, g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿ / ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf /x]sf] pQm k|fjwfg c;+j}wflgs x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .

k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh lqkf7Ln] ;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf u|x0f ug{ ldNb}g . ;dfg cj:yf / x}l;otdf /x]sfx¿ aLr e]befj ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] g} ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGTf xf] . s'g} klg p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f plrt juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ Odfgl;+x u'?Ë lgj]bs ePsf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f d'2f b]lvg} cjnDjg ub}{ cfOPsf] 5 . ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t tfnLd s7f]/ k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . To;df s8f zf/Ll/s >d / cg'zf;g cfjZos x'G5 . ;f] tfnLd k"/f ug{ g;sL sltko k'?if pDd]bjf/x¿ ;d]t aLr}df tfnLd 5f8]/ efUg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ue{wf/0f u/]sf]

dlxnfnfO{ To:tf] tfnLddf ;xefuL u/fpg' lgh / pgsf] ue{df /x]sf] lzz'nfO{ ;d]t xflgsf/s x'g ;Sb5 . o;} sf/0f dlxnfs} :jf:Yo / lxtsf] vflt/ o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . pQm sfg"gn] ;w}e/ ljjfx ug{ /f]s nufPsf] 5}g . cfwf/e"t tfnLd ;s]kl5 To:tf] dlxnf ljjfx ug{ / aRRff hGdfpg :jtGq g} x'lG5g\ . ;}lgs tfnLd cjlwe/ dfq ljjfxdf /f]s nufPsf] ;f] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .

kIf ljkIfsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ePsf] plNnlvt ax; lhsL/ dgg\ u/L, l/6 lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkm ;lxtsf] kmfon cWoog u/L x]bf{ d'VotM b]xfosf k|Zgx¿df s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof]M—

!_ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# cg's"n /x]sf] 5, 5}g <

@_ g]kfn kIf ePsf jf g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf dfgj clwsf/ / n}lËs Gofo ;DaGwL ljleGg cGt/fli6{«o ;lGw, dxf;lGw, k|lt1fkq / 3f]if0ffkq ;d]tsf] Joj:yf;Fu ljjflbt sfg"gL k|fjwfgn]

1121


tfbfDotf /fVg ;s]sf] 5, 5}g <

# n}lËs Gofo ;Da4{gdf xfn;Dd o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx¿sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ s;/L x]g{ ;lsG5 . /

$_ lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf], xf]Og <

@= ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}F, lgj]bsx¿n] ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $ sf] pklgod -#_ sf] v08 -h_ / ;f]xL pklgod -$_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ljk/Lt ePsf]n] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ dlxnf / lghsf] ue{df /x]sf] aRrf ;d]tsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf dlxnfs} lxt vflt/ o;k|sf/sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{ k/]sf] xf] . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Ddt /x]sf] 5 eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . lgj]bg / lnlvt

hjfkmdf lnOPsf] pQm k/:k/ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ bfjL lhsL/sf] ;Gbe{df k|ydtM pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g] b]lvof] . ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $ df ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] kbk"lt{ zLif{s cGTfu{t cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvof]M–

lgod $M ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] kbk"lt{M

-!_ zfxL g]kfnL h+uL c•f cGTfu{tsf] s]Gb|Lo ;}lgs k|x/L u'Ndsf] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] b/aGbLdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ k'?if ;}lgs k|x/Ltkm{ cGo o'lg6af6 ;?jf u/L / ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] l;kfxL kbdf dlxnfnfO{ egf{ ubf{ v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 .

-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ul/g] JolQmsf] of]Uotf b]xfoadf]lhd x'g'kg]{5M—

-h_ cljjflxt jf Psn dlxnf ePsf] .

1122


-$_ dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'QmL kfpg] JolQmn] ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLdsf] cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ kfpg] 5}g .

#= ;}lgs k|x/Ldf kbk"lt{ ug]{ ;DaGWfdf lgod $ df ul/Psf] ;du| Joj:yfx¿dWo] lgj]bsn] pklgod -#_ sf] v08 -h_ df plNnlvt cljjflxt jf Psn dlxnf ePsf] eGg] / pklgod -$_ sf] dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm kfpg] JolQmn] ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLdsf] cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ kfpg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf c;+j}wflgs /x]sf] eGg] bfjL k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] c;+j}wflgstfsf] bfjL lnPsf lgodfjnLsf] pQm Joj:yfx¿dWo] klg lgod $ sf] pklgod -#_ sf] v08 -h_ sf] k|fjwfg ;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{ x'gsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ of]Uotfsf] zt{;Fu ;DalGWft b]lvG5 . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{ x'gsf] nflu v08 -s_ b]lv -5_ ;Dd pNn]v ePsf] cGo ljifosf cltl/Qm To:tf] pDd]bjf/ cljjflxt jf Psn dlxnf x'g'kg]{ eGg] zt{ ;d]t tf]s]sf] b]lvG5 . lgodfjnLdf axfn /x]sf] ;f] Joj:yfn] klt hLljt /x]sL ljjflxt

dlxnfnfO{ ;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{ x'gsf] nflu k"0f{?kn] /f]s jf aGb]h nufPsf] b]lvof] . cyf{t\ ljjfx ePsL / klt hLljt /x]sL dlxnf, ;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{ x'gsf] nflu cof]Uo x'g] eGg] g} pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;/n / af]wuDo cy{ lgM;[t eO/x]sf] kfOof] .

$= To;} u/L lgod $ sf] pklgod -$_ df /x]sf]] Joj:yf ;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{ x'gsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] zt{ aGb]h jf of]Uotf;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvFb}g . pQm k|fjwfg ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm kfO;s]sf t/ cfwf/e"t tfnLd lnO{ g;s]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L NofOPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t tfnLd ;~rfng x'g] cjlwe/sf] nflu dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/LnfO{ ljjfx ug{af6 /f]s nufPsf] kfOG5 .

%= o;k|sf/ ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu klt hLljt /x]sL ljjflxt dlxnf cof]Uo x'g] / ;]jf k|j]z kZrft\ cfwf/e"t tfnLd ;DkGg geP ;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ln] ljjfx ug{ gkfpg] eGg] g} pQm

1123


sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] :ki6 cfzo /x]sf] b]lvof] .

^= ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu k'?if / dlxnf aLr lnËsf] cfwf/df Pj+ dlxnfx¿ aLr ;d]t ljjflxt, cljjflxt / Psn dlxnf ;d]tsf cfwf/df e]befj l;h{gf u/]sf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf & / !# Pj+ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_ -r_, !#, !*, !(, @)-!_, @!, #%-!_ / #%-*_ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvof] .

&= ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] k|:tfjgf x]bf{ ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf (^ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !^% n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L TfTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n] pQm lgodfjnL agfPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ nfO{ vf/]h ub}{ ldlt @)^#.^.!@ df ;}lgs P]g, @)^# hf/L e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] k|:tfjgf x]bf{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] :yfkgf, Joj:yf, lgoGq0f, k|of]u / kl/rfng ;DaGwdf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] Joj:yfdf ;dofg's"n ;+zf]wg tyf PsLs/0f ug{ af~5gLo ePsf] sf/0faf6 pQm P]g

Nofpg' k/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L ;f] P]gsf] bkmf &-!_ df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;+Ë7g ;dfj]zL / /fli6«o :j?ksf] x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]af6 g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;j} au{, ;d'bfo, If]q / lnËsf gful/sx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;dfj]zL rl/qdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] k|i6?kdf b]lvG5 . P]gsf] bkmf !@ -$_ df g]kfnL ;]gfsf ljleGg kbdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ of]Uotf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvP klg bkmf !# df u}/ g]kfnL gful/s, g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf], eljiodf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L avf{:t ePsf], dfgj clwsf/ xgg\df s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf] / bkmf !@-$_ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf gePsf] JolQm g]kfnL ;]gfdf lgo'Qm x'g cof]Uo dflgg] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . P]gsf] bkmf !@ tyf !# cGtu{t ljjfx ePsL jf klt hLljt /x]sL dlxnfnfO{ ;]gfdf egf{ x'gsf] nflu cof]Uotfsf] zt{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g . ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ g]kfnL ;]gfdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu dlxnf / k'?if aLr lnËsf] cfwf/df Pj+ j}jflxs

1124


l:yltsf] cfwf/df dlxnf dlxnf aLr e]befjhGo k|fjwfg /flvPsf] b]lvFb}g .

*= ;}lgs P]g, @)^# nfu" ePsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df pQm P]gsf] dd{ / efjgf cg'¿k lgodfjnL ;d]t gofF alg;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{, ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* ;fljs ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ cGt{ut ag]sf]df ;f] P]gnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] k|lt:yfkg ul/;s]]sf], ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &-!_ df g]kfnL ;}lgs ;Fu7g ;dfj]zL :j?ksf] x'g] eGg] / bkmf !# df lnË jf j}jflxs cj:yfn] g]kfnL ;]gfdf lgo'lQm x'g cof]Uotf l;h{gf gug]{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df P]gsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* df ePsf Joj:yfx¿ sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sb}gg\ eGg] ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf cltl/St lnË / j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ s'g} klg k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !^$-@_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgf kl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g] ePsf]n] ljjflbt sfg"gL k|fjwfg cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul//xg' gkg]{ eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGbkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k|fKt lnlvt hjfkmdf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# cg'¿ksf] lgodfjnL Nofpg]tkm{ cfjZos u[x sfo{ cl3 al9;s]sf] 5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPaf6 :jo+ k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t o; ljifodf ;sf/fTds /x]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 .

(= ;fdfGotofM k|rlnt ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /x]/ sfg"g agfpg] k"0f{ clwsf/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . s:tf] ljifosf] sfg"g agfpg] jf gagfpg] / sfg"g agfpFbf To;sf] cGt/j:t' s] s:tf] /fVg] eGg] ljifo ljwflosfsf] ljlw lgdf{0f ;DaGwL Psnf}6L If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ ljifo xf] . cfw'lgs nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHon] k|jfx ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf / ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ Jofks ultljlwx¿sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ljwflosfn] ;d]t ;j}

1125


ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dflxt u/L sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Dej / Jofjxfl/s x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfgåf/f ljwflosfnfO{ k|fKt ljwflosL clwsf/dWo] lgod agfpg] s]xL ;Lldt clwsf/ ljwflosfn] sfo{kflnsf cyf{t\ ;/sf/nfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ ub{5 . k|Tofof]lht ljwfog ;DaGwL of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ljlwzf:qn] dfGotf k|bfg u/]s} 5 . o; ljifodf Pp6} dfq zt{ s] /xG5 eg] k|Tofof]hg ug]{ P]gn] lbPsf] If]qflwsf/ gf3L To:tf] clwsf/ wf/0f ug]{n] lgod agfpg ldNb}g . clVtof/ k|bfg ug]{ dft[ P]gsf] ;Ldf leq /x]/ lgod agfOPsf] x'g' kb{5 . k|:t't lgj]bgdf ljjfbdf NofOPsf] ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* ;fljs ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ sf] clVtof/L cGtu{t agfOPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . xfn pQm P]g vf/]h eO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# nfu" eO;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . ;fljs P]gsf] k|fjwfg ljk/Lt pQm lgod /x]sf] eGg] bfjL 5}g . ljjflbt sfg"gL k|fjwfg ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] 5 .

lgodfjnLsf] ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bgdf bfjL tkm{ ljrf/ u/f}+ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@ df cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm b]xfosf] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 M

wf/f !@ :jtGqtfsf] xs M -#_ k|To]s

gful/snfO{ b]xfosf] :jtGqtf x'g]5M–-r_ s'g} k]zf, /f]huf/,

pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf

!)= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_ sf] v08 -r_ k|bQ s'g} klg k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug{] :jtGqtf JolQmsf] k]zf /f]huf/ ug{ kfpg] cfwf/e"t xssf] ljifodf /fHon] cgfjZos x:tIf]k jf lgoGq0f ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g ;Dd xf] . pQm ;j}+wflgs Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs lxt ljk/Lt gx'g] s'g} klg k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug{ kfpg] jf /f]Hg kfpg] gful/ssf] :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt xf] . To;sf] cy{ h:tf];'s} k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u jf Jofkf/ ug{ 5'6 x'G5, To;pk/ /fHon] s'g} lgoGq0f jf lgodg ug{ kfpFb}g eGg] xf]Og . ;

1126


+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] v08 -%_ adf]lhd hgtfsf] ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g] sfo{df /f]s nufpg] jf s'g} vf; pBf]u, Jofkf/ jf ;]jf /fHon] dfq ;~rfng ug]{ jf s'g} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf /f]huf/L ug{sf] nflu s'g} zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sg] u/L sfg"g agfpg ldNg] g} b]lvG5 . o; k[i7e"lddf ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] ;]jfdf lgo'Qm e} k]zf jf /f]huf/ ug{sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_ sf] v08 -r_ k|bQ df}lns xs dfly cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf] dfGg ;lsGg . t/ To:tf] zt{ aGb]h pQm k|ltjGwfTds afSofz+n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] ;LdfeGbf aflx/ uP/ nufOPsf] cj:yf 5 eg] Tof] ljrf/0fLo x'g ;S5 . ;+ljwfgsf cGo wf/fx¿df Jojl:yt ;dfgtf nufotsf xs;Fu d]n gvfg] u/L ;]jf k|j]zsf] zt{ tf]lsPsf] v08df To:tf] zt{nfO{ ;+ljwfg;Ddt dfGg ldNb}g .

!!= lgj]bsx¿n] lgodfjnLsf] ;f] Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf]

To;;DaGwL bfjLsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ cl3 ;f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yftkm{ b[li6ut u/f}M—

wf/f !# ;dfgtfsf] xs M -!_ ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf]

b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g .

!@= lgj]bsn] pQm lgodfjnLsf] lgod $-#_-h_ / -$_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-!_ sf] k|lts"n eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . l;4fGttM ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs lg/k]If xf]Og . j:t'tM o;nfO{ ;fk]If ?kdf u|x0f ul/g' kb{5 . ;dfg cj:yfdf /x]sfx¿ aLr e]befj ug{ gx'g] eGg] d"n dfGotfsf] hudf ;dfgtf ;DaGwL l;4fGt cl8Psf] 5 . ;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf ?kfGt/0f ug{sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f juL{s/0f ug{;Sg] s'/fnfO{ klg ;+j}wflgs sfg"gn] dfGotf lbPs} kfOG5 . juL{s/0f ubf{ Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg{] s'/f s] dfq x'g ;Sb5 eg] To:tf] juL{s/0f ug{] sfg"g :jR5, lgikIf, plrt, ts{;Ddt / ;dGofodf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 .

1127


juL{s/0fdf :j}R5frfl/tfsf] uGw cfpg' x'Fb}g, cfpF5 eg] To:tf] sfg"gnfO{ dfGotf lbg ;lsb}g . To;} u/L juL{s/0f ug{] sfg"gaf6 xfl;n ug{ vf]lhPsf] p2]Zo;Fu juL{s/0fsf] ;fy{s / ljj]sk/s ;DaGw b]lvg' kb{5 . olb To:tf] ;DaGw b]lvFb}g eg] sfg"gåf/f ul/Psf] juL{s/0fnfO{ ;+j}wflgstfsf] dfGotf lbg ;lsGg . of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ o; cbfntn] lgj]bs Odfgl;+x u'?ª lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfno ePsf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f d'2fdf -g]sfk @)$(, k[i7 &!)_ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/L xfn;Dd lg/Gt/ ?kdf dfGotf lbb}+ cfO/x]sf] 5 .

!#= k|:t't lgj]bgdf c;+j}wflgstfsf] bfjL lnOPsf] ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $-#_ sf] v08 -h_ df ;}lgs k|x/Ldf k|j]z ug{ rfxg] dlxnf cljjflxt jf Psn x'g'kg]{ eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} k|sf/sf] of]Uotf k'?if pDd]bjf/sf] xsdf tf]lsPsf] b]lvFb}g . ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ rfxg] k'?if JolQm ljjflxt eP klg x'g] t/ dlxnfsf] nflu cljjflxt jf Psn x'g'kg]{ zt{ tf]Sg'sf k5fl8 cGt/\lglxt /x]sf] lgodfjnLsf]

p2]Zo / cfwf/ sf/0f s] xf] eGg] g} k|:t't d'2fsf] ljjflbt ljifo b]lvG5 . s] p2]Zoaf6 lgodfjnLdf To;k|sf/sf] k|fjwfg /fVg' k/]sf] /x]5 eGg] k|Zgsf] xn vf]Hg] qmddf k|ToyL{ k|wfg dGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{, ljjfx kZrft\ hLj a}1flgs sf/0fn] dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s cj:yfdf ljz]if kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sg] x'Fbf s8f kl/>d kg]{ cfwf/e"t ;}Go tfnLdsf] cjlwdf k|lzIffyL{sf] z/L/df cfpFg] k|fs[lts kl/jt{gaf6 :jo+ dlxnfsf] hLp Hofgdf vt/f pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo nufotsf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f vflt/ g} ;sf/fTds lje]b -Positive Discrimination_ :j?k pQm k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] . hLj j}1flgs ?kdf /x]sf] lje]bnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf ;dfg ug{ ;lsb}g . ;]jfsf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf] of]Uotf sfod u/L s'g} P]g lgoddf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] lxt k|lts"n x'g] u/L JofVof ul/g' plrt xf]Og eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs clwjQmfn] lnlvt hjfkmdf lnOPsf] pQm lhsL/nfO{ v08g ub}{ ljjfx ub}{df ue{wf/0f u/LxfNg' kb{5 eGg] s]xL 5}g,

1128


ue{ lg/f]wsf ljljw pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;d]t ax; lhsL/ ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

!$= lnlvt hjfkm / lgj]bs clwjQmfsf] lhsL/ Goflos eGbf klg :jf:Yo lj1fg;Fu hf]l8Psf k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] ljifo b]lvbf To:tf ljifox¿ ts{ ljt{ssf cwf/df dfq lg?k0f ug'{ ljj]sk/s x'g ;Qm}g . To;}n] cg'dfg / ts{sf e/df pQm lhsL/x¿;Fu ;xdt jf c;xdt e} xfNg' kg]{ cj:yf / cfwf/ s]xL b]lvb}}g . tL egfOx¿ cf–cfkm\gf] 7fpFdf 7Ls jf unt klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;f] ljifodf uxg cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L tT;DaGwL ljifosf ljz]if1sf] /foaf6 oyfy{ kQf nfUg ;Qm5 . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] /f]xaf6 o; Ohnf;n] x]g{ ;Sg] eg]sf] pQm Joj:yfx¿n] ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]sf 5g, 5}gg\ eGg] ;Dd xf] .

!%= lnlvt hjfkmdf tL Joj:yfx¿ :jo+ dlxnf / ltgsf] ue{df /xg ;Sg] e|"0fsf] lxt /Iffy{ ug'{ k/]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnOPsf] 5 . ;f] lhsL/sf] ;dy{gdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSofz+df /x]sf] ;sf/fTds

lje]bsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ cfwf/ b]vfOPsf] klg 5 . ;f] k|ltjGwfTds jfSofz+df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;fF:s[lts b[li6n] kL5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ dlxnf nufot ljleGg ju{, ;d'bfo jf lnËsf dflg;x¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf; ug'{ g} ;f] k|ltjGwfTds afSofz+sf] d"n clek|fo b]lvPsf] 5 . k'?ifn] k|lt:kwf{ jf k|j]z ug{ kfpg] s'g} klg k]zf jf /f]huf/L ug{sf] nflu dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s nufotsf cj:yfn] Jojwfg jf sl7gfO{ cfpg ;Sg] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿nfO{ klg To; cg'¿k ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf; ug]{ s'/f ;sf/fTds lje]b cGtu{t kg{ ;Qm5 . ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf] k|of; gug]{ a? /f]huf/Lsf] 9f]sf g} aGb ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsb}g . To;} u/L k|ltjGwfTds afSofz+df plNnlvt dlxnf ;d]tsf JolQmx¿sf]

1129


;+/If0fsf] nflu /fHon] pgLx¿sf] a[lQ ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ kof{Kt cj;/x¿ l;h{gf u/L d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . j[lQ ljsf;sf yk cj;/x¿ lbg] jf d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg] eGbf ePsf cj;/x¿df klg s'g} g s'g} cfwf/df a~rgf ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;sf/fTds lje]b ul/Psf] egL dfGg ;lsb}g .

!^= To;sf/0f ;DalGwt k]zfsf] k|s[ltn] clgjfo{ ?kdf lgif]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s /fHosf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu lnË ;d]tsf] cfwf/df s'g} lje]b l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 eg] To:tf] sfo{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ;fk]If x'G5 eGg ;lsg] cfwf/ sd} x'G5 . k/Dk/fsf] lj/f;tsf] ?kdf s'g} If]qdf To:tf sfg"g / k|rngx¿ hLljt /x]sf 5g eg] klg /fHon] qmdzM ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg' >]o:s/ x'G5 .

!&= lgodfjnLsf] ;f] k|fjwfgn] ;+ljwfg k|bQ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ df}lns xsdf cg'lrt k|ltjGw nufPsf] eGg] klg lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf b]xfosf] Joj:yf ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5M—

wf/f !*M /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL xsM– -!_ k|To]s

gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 .

@_ dlxnf, >lds, j[4, ckfË tyf czQm / c;xfo gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 .

!*= df}lns xssf] k|fjwfgsf] bfo/fnfO{ ;fljssf] ;+ljwfgsf] eGbf km/flsnf] kfb}{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljifonfO{ dff}lns xssf] ?kdf ;+ljwfgsf] efu tLg, df}lns xs zLif{s cGtu{t ;dflxt u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . oBlk of] xsnfO{ lg/k]If df}lns xssf] rl/q k|bfg gu/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !*-!_ / -@_ n] sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd k|of]u x'g] u/L sfg"gL xssf] ?kdf ;Lldt / ;+s'lrt t'NofPsf] b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ k]zf, /f]huf/ jf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf bfjL ug{ ldNg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . o;nfO{ /fHon] sfg"g agfO{ lgodg ug{;Sg] b]lvG5 . To;f]

1130


eGg'sf] cy{ ;+ljwfgn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] of] d"No / dfGotfk|lt /fHo ;+oGq pbf;Lg jf lgliqmo /xg' kb{5 eGg] rfFxL xf]Og . cfkm\gf gful/sx¿sf] nflu clwstd /f]huf/Lsf] xs l;h{gf u/L pgLx¿sf] ;dflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug'{ /fHosf] ;+ljwfg cg'¿ksf] bfloTj x'Fbf To;tkm{ /fHo ;+oGq ;lqmotfk"j{s nflukg'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

!(= To;} u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] ;f] Joj:yfn] gful/ssf] ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{ xsdf c;/ kg{ uPsf] sf/0faf6 ;d]t pQm k|fjwfg ab/ 3f]lift x'g' kb{5 eGg] klg lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !( sf] pkwf/f -!_ df k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;Dklt cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{ / ;Dkltsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5"

eGg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k]zf /f]huf/sf] cefjdf ;DklQ cfh{g ug{ sl7g x'g] s'/f lglZrt 5 . t/ To;f] eGb}df ;DklQ cfh{g ug{sf] nflu cd's k]zf jf /f]huf/ g} ug{ kfpg' kb{5 egL df}lns xssf] ?kdf bfjL

ug{ ;lsb}g . ;DalGwt /fi6«sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs nufotsf w/ftnLo oyfy{sf] cfwf/af6 o:tf ljifox¿ ;'lglZrt x'g] ub{5g\ .

@)= o;sf cltl/Qm lgodfjnLsf] ljjflbt k|fjwfgn] ;+ljwfg k|bQ, dlxnfsf] xs / ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] pNn+3g u/]sf] eGg] klg lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] b]lvG5M—

wf/f @)= dlxnfsf] xsM– -!_ dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6

s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g] 5}g .

-@_ k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg\ :jf:Yo tyf k|hgg\ ;DaGwL xs x'g]5 .

wf/f @!=;fdflhs Gofosf] xsM– cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf,, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La, ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGTfsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 .

1131


@!= plNnlvt b'a} k|fjwfgx¿ g]kfnn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# dfkm{t\ cjnDjg u/]sf] xf] . pQm xsx¿nfO{ df}lns xss} sf]l6df /flvPaf6 /fHon] dlxnfsf] xs / ;fdflhs Gofok|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fHosf] d"n sfg"gdf o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g' g]kfnn] ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw, ;Demf}tfsf] kIf eO{ dfgj clwsf/ / n}lËs Gofosf kIfdf cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df b]vfPsf] k|ltj4tfk|ltsf] ;sf/fTds efj k|b{zg xf] eGg ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @)-!_ n] dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 pgLx¿ dfly s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befj gul/g] ;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . j:t'tM of] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg PSn}n] dlxnf lj?4 x'g] e]befjsf] ;du| ;'/Iff sjr k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw / dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ ;d]t cfTd;ft u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfnfO{ s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ lnËsf] cfwf/df e]befj

ug]{ s'/f pQm ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg'¿k x'g ;Sb}g .

@@= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @) sf] pkwf/f -@_ n] x/]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg :jf:Yo tyf k|hggsf] xs k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . o; cGt{ut /fHon] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{ b]lvG5 . klxnf] dlxnfsf] k|hgg xsnfO{ s'l07t kfg{ gx'g] / bf];|f] k|hgg :jf:YonfO{ k|j4{g ug'{kg]{ . k|fs[lts ?kaf6} k|hgg ;DaGwL xs dlxnf;Fu cGof]Gofl>t eP/ /x]sf] clwsf/ xf] . s'g ;dodf, s;/L o;sf] pkof]u ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] ljifodf ;DalGwt dlxnfnfO{ g} k"0f{ clwsf/ /x]sf] x'G5 . of] dlxnfsf] :j}R5fdf e/ kg]{ ljifo xf] . /fHon] o;df s'g} afwf cj/f]w jf s'07f k'/\ofpg ;Sb}g . s;/L o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ jf gug]{ egL /fHon] nufd nufpg' k|hgg xssf] lj?4 x'g] b]lvG5 . To;sf/0f lgj]bsn] eg] h:tf] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t tfnLd cjlwe/ ue{wf/0f gug{ klg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifo /fHoåf/f lgodg ug]{ xf] eg] yk clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] k|Zg p7g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . ue{wf/0f u/]sL dlxnfnfO{ sl7g zf/Ll/s >d cfjZos kg]{ ;}lgs

1132


k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t tfnLddf ;xefuL x'g lbbf k|hgg :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] e} To; cj:yfdf ;d]t /fHonfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg pNn+3g u/]sf] cf/f]k nfUg ;Sg] b]lvbf pQm b'j} ljifonfO{ plrt tj/n] ;dfof]hg u/L ljjflbt sfg"gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

@#= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! sf] k|fjwfgn] cfly{s ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6sf]0faf6 kl5 k/]sf dlxnf nufotsf ;d"xnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;dfj]z u/fpg' kg]{ eg]sf] 5 . o;af6 dlxnf nufotsf ju{ / ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6sf]0faf6 k5fl8 k/]sf 5g\ eGg] cg'e"t /fHo :jo+nfO{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . cj;/af6 al~rt ePsf ;f] ;d"xsf dflg;x¿nfO{ d"n k|jfxdf /x]sf cGo ;d"x;/x g} /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf u/fpgsf] nflu e]befjhGo Jojxf/n] d2t k'/\ofpg ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgdf n]Vb}df e]befj cGTo x'g] jf ;a}n] ;dfg cj;/ kfpg] klg xf]Og . o;sf] nflu sfof{Gjog kIfdf klg Wofg

s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; lbzfdf /fHosf ultljlw ;~rfng x'g g;Sg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf gful/s xs clwsf/ ;hfj6sf ljifo dfq x'g hfg] ;+efjgf k|jn /xG5 .

@$=lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}+, lgj]bsx¿n] ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $ df /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfn kIf ePsf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tf / 3f]if0ffx¿ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . o; ljifosf] lg?k0f ug{sf] nflu n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwdf Aoj:yf ePsf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL s]xL cGt/fli6{«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿sf] ;DalGwt Aoj:yfx¿ b[li6ut u/f}+M—

dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljZjAofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($*wf/f !^-!_M pd]/ k'u]sf k'?if

tyf dlxnfnfO{ hflt, /fli6«otf jf wd{sf] sf/0fn] nufOg] s'g} klg ;Ldf lagf ljjfx u/L kl/jf/ a;fpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . pgLx¿nfO{ ljjfx ubf{sf avt, a}jflxs ;DaGw /xFbfsf avt / ljjfx

1133


ljR5]bsf avt ;dfg clwsf/x¿ k|fKt x'g]5g\ .

wf/f @!-@_M k|To]s AolQmnfO{ cfk\mgf] b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Fr kfpg] clwsf/ 5 .

wf/f @#-!_M k|To]s AolQmnfO{ sfdsf], /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGq 5gf}6sf], sfdsf pko'Qm / cg's"n cj:yfx¿sf] / a]/f]huf/L lj?4sf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ 5 .

@%= !) l8;]Dj/, !($* df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efåf/f kfl/t k|:tfj g+=@!& s-#_ af6 u|x0f / 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjAofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"gdf afWofTds k|s[ltsf] x}l;ot g/fVg] ePklg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] o;k|lt pRr g}lts ;dy{g / k|ltj4tf hgfpg' g]kfnsf] st{Ao xf] . o; 3f]if0ff kqsf] k|:tfjgfn] dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf clwsf/x¿ ;dfg x'g] eGb} wf/f ! n] ;a} AolQmx¿ hGdhft :jtGq / clwsf/df ;dfg x'g] eg]sf] 5 . o;sf] wf/f @ n] lnË ;d]tsf cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gx'g], wf/f & n] sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg / sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;

+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 eg] wf/f !^-!_ n] a}jflxs :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{ a}jflxs ;DaGwsf cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gldNg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L wf/f @!-@_ n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Fr / wf/f @#-!_ n] /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGq 5gf}6, sfdsf] pko'Qm / cg's"n cj:yfsf ;fy} a]/f]huf/L lj?4sf] xs ;d]t x'g'kg]{ eGg] ;d]tsf k|fjwfg ;d]6]sf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff kqk|lt k|ltj4tf JoQm ug{ cfof]lht leogf ;Dd]ng nufot ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o kmf]/ddf cleJoQm cGt/f{li6«o efjgfsf] ;Ddfg / kfngf ug'{ g]kfnsf] bfloTj g} x'g cfpb5 .

cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, (ICESCR) !(^^wf/f ^ -!_M k|:t't k|lt1fkqsf

kIf /fi6«x¿n] sfd ug]{ clwsf/ :jLsf/ ub{5g, h;df k|To]s AolQmsf] cfkm"n] :jtGqtfk"j{s 5fg]sf] jf :jLsf/ u/]sf] sfdaf6 cfkm\gf] hLjg wfGg ;Sg] df}sfsf] clwsf/ ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g]5, ;fy} o; clwsf/nfO{

1134


;'/Iff ug{ ;d'lrt sbd rfNg]5g\ .

@^= g]kfnn] s'g} 3f]if0ff jf cf/If0f lagf !$ d], !((! df ;lDdng u/]sf] of] k|lt1fkqn] k'?if / dlxnfnfO{ ;dfg clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g' kg]{, sfd / /f]huf/ 5gf}6sf] clwsf/, ;dfg sfdsf] nlfu ;dfg kfl/>lds tyf dlxnf ePs} sf/0f k'?ifsf] eGbf lgDgsf]6Lsf] sfd ug'{ gkg]{ nufotsf k|fjwfgx¿ ;d]6]sf] b]lvG5 .

dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, (CEDAW) !(&(wf/f !M dlxnf lj?4sf] e]befj

eGgfn] k'?if / dlxnfx¿sf] h:tf];'s} a}jflxs l:ylt eP tfklg /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, gful/s / cGo s'g} klg If]qdf k'?if / dlxnf aLr ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df dlxnfx¿åf/f dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] dfGotf, pkef]u jf k|of]u /2 ug]{ jf To;df cf3ft kfg]{ k|efj jf p2]Zon] lnËsf cfwf/df ul/g] s'g} klg lje]b,

lgisfzg jf k|ltaGw ;Demg' k5{ .

wf/f &-v_M ;/sf/L gLltsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;xefuL x'g] tyf ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f ug]{ / ;/sf/sf ;a} txx¿df x'g] ;fj{hlgs sfo{x¿ ;Dkfbg ug]{ clwsf/ .

wf/f !!-!_M -s_ ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf] g};lu{s clwsf/sf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ clwsf/,

-v_ /f]huf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf 5gf}6sf] lgldQ ;dfg dfkb08x¿sf] k|of]u nufot /f]huf/Lsf ;dfg cj;/sf] clwsf/,

-u_ k]zf /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGq ?kdf 5gf}6 ug]{ clwsf/, kbf]Gglt, ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff jf ;]jfsf ;a} zt{x¿ / ;'ljwfx¿sf] clwsf/==

@&= dlxnf lj?4 ul/g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx¿nfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy !* l8;]Dj/, !(&( df dxf;efåf/f kfl/t e} # ;]K6]Dj/ !(*! b]lv nfu" ePsf] of] dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] s'g} 3f]if0ff jf cf/If0f lagf @@ clk|n, !((! df cg'df]bg u/]sf]

1135


b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . of] dxf;lGwsf] k|:tfjgfn] g} dlxnf lj?4 ul/g] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf]] e]befjn] clwsf/x¿sf] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt / dfgj k|lti7fk|ltsf] ;Ddfgsf] pNn+3g ug]{ x'Fbf dlxnfsf] ;fdYo{tfsf] k"0f{ ljsf; ul/g' kg]{ efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿df a[l4 Pj+ k'?if ;/x ;a} If]qdf dlxnfsf] clwstd ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g' kg]{ nufotsf ljifo dxf;lGwn] ;+af]wg u/]sf] 5 .

@*=

cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfdfkm{t\ AoQm ul/Psf k|ltj4tf ;a} d'n'sx¿n] Ps} k6s nfu" ug{ ;S5g / ug}{ kb{5 eGg] xf]Og . cd"s /fi6«sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts / /fhgLlts cj:yfn] oL ljifoj:t'x¿ lgb]{lzt x'g] ub{5g\ . t/ cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf AoQm ul/Psf k|ltj4tf kfng ug]{ lbzfdf /fHo ;+oGq pGd"v ePsf] eg] b]lvg' kb{5 . cyf{t\ cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tf dfkm{t\ cleAoQm ul/Psf k|ltj4tfx¿ Ps}k6s nfu" ug{ ;lsb}g eg] klg, nfu" ug]{ tkm{ /fHo ;+oGq k|

oTgzLn /xg' / slDtdf ltgsf] ljk/Lt x'g] ultljlw ;~rfng gug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj g} x'G5 .

@(= g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ df ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g eO{ g]kfn /fHo jf g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf ePsf] s'g} ;lGwsf] s'/f k|rlnt sfg"g;Fu aflemPdf ;f] ;lGwsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu aflemPsf] xb;Dd k|rlnt sfg"g cdfGo x'g]5 / tT;DaGwdf ;lGwsf] Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g]5 eGg] k|fjwfg ;d]l6Psf] b]lvG5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf ePsf] tyf ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg ;d]t ePsf] ;lGw l;w} nfu" x'g] dfq xf]Og g]kfn sfg"g eGbf klg dflyNnf] :t/sf] x'g] b]lvG5 .

#)= To;} u/L ;f]xL pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g gePsf] jf ;DdLngsf] :jLs[lt gkfPsf] t/ g]kfn /fHo jf g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf ePsf] s'g} ;lGwaf6 g]kfn /fHo jf g]kfn ;/sf/pk/ s'g} yk bfloTj jf ef/ kg{ hfg] / To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ /x]5 eg]

1136


To:tf] ;lGw sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] oyf;+ej rfF8f] sfg"g agfpg] sf/jfxL rnfpg' kb{5 eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o If]qflwsf/df ;lGw nfu" x'g] ;DaGwL of] k|fjwfgn] g]kfn kIf eO{ cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] ;lGwsf] Joj:yfk|lt ;Ddfg hgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] dfq xf]Og ;lGw l;lh{t yk bfloTj jf ef/ axg ug{ tyf ;lGw sfof{Gjogsf] nflu zL3| sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ /fHosf] st{Jo ;d]t lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( nufotsf k|fjwfgx¿ g]kfn ;lGw P]g,@)$& sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] ePsf]n] tbg'?k ug'{kg]{ bfloTj /fHosf] x'g] egL o; cbfntaf6 clwjQmf ;kgf k|wfg dNn lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t -g]sfk @)^@, cÍ !, k[i7 !)_ / clwjQmf ;ljg >]i7 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t, -g]sfk @)^@, cÍ *, k[i7 (!#_ df l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] cj:yf 5 . o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt pQm l;4fGt;Fu c;xdt x'g'kg]

{ s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f b]lvPsf] 5}g .

#!= lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] t];|f]] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}+, lajflbt sfg"gL k|fjwfg ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] klg lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx¿ dfly lnËsf] cfwf/df ul/g] e]befj ;+ljwfg, cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw, k|lt1fkq / 3f]if0ff kq ljk/Lt x'g] egL o; cbfntnn] cfkm";dIf NofOPsf s}of}+ ljjfbx¿sf] lg?k0f ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . sltko sfg"gL Aoj:yfx¿ cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/Psf 5g\ eg] sltkodf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{ egL ;/sf/sf] gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL d'Vo d'Vo ljifox¿nfO{ lgDg ?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5M—

clejQmf dL/fs'df/L 9'uf+gf lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]tM d'n'sL P]g c+zj08fsf] ! / !^ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;Gb{edf ;DklQ ;DaGwL kf/Ljfl/s sfg"gnfO{ ;dli6ut ?kdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf cfjZos k/fdz{ u/L cGo b]zx¿df

1137


o; ;DaGwdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]t cWoog / dgg\ u/L of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{ leqdf ;+;bdf pko'Qm ljw]os k|:t't ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)%@, cÍ ^, k[i7$^*_

clwjQmf ;kgf k|wfg lj?4 sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tM e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ sf] Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPdf o; ;DaGwdf ;d]t pko'Qm ljw]os ;+;bdf k]z ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)%#, cÍ @, lg=g+=^!$), k[i7 !)%_

8f=rGbf ah|frfo{ lj?4 ;+;b ;lrjfno ;d]tM c+za08fsf] !@ g+=ck'tfnLsf] @ g+=nufotsf sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿df dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL leGgf leGg} Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvbf ;dfhsf] ljleGg kIfx¿sf] ;d]t cWoog u/L cfjZos ljrf/ ljdz{ u/L pko'Qm ljw]os k|:t't ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)%#, cÍ &, lg=g+=^@@#, k[i7

%#&_

/Lgf ah|frfo{ ;d]t lj?4 zfxL g]kfn afo' ;]jf lgud ;d]tM zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)#! sf] lgod !^=!=# sf] Joj:yf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] ljk/Lt g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-@_ -#_ ;Fu aflemPsf]n] wf/f **-!_ adf]lhd k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)%&, cÍ %, lg=g+=^*(*, k[i7 #&^_

clwjQmf dL/f 9'Ëfgf lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]tM ck'tfnLsf] dxnsf] !@s=sf] Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !! sf] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt k|lts"n eO{ aflemg uPsf]n] wf/f **-!_ adf]lhd lg0f{o ldlt b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L cdfGo 3f]lift x'g] 7x/ ePsf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)^!, cÍ $, lg=g+=&#%& k[i7 #&&_

clwjQmf dL/f 9'Ëfgf lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]tM ;

1138


+ljwfg / dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf dxf;lGw;Fu aflemPsf] P]g lgodx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L u/fO{ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw cg's"nsf] gofF sfg"g oyf]lrt ;dodf nfu" ug'{ egL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)^!, cÍ $, lg=g+=&#%*, k[i7 #*&_

clwjQmf /fh'k|;fb rfkfufO{ ;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]tM dft[Tj ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf k|;"lt ljbf nufotsf cGt/f{li6«o cle;lGwx¿ ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L pko'Qm dfkb08 agfO{ ;f]sf cfwf/df dlxnf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf xsdf tf]lsP eGbf sd ug{ gkfOg] u/L Go"gtd k|;"lt ljbfsf] cjlw tf]sL cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg' egL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)^),cÍ(÷!), lg=g+=&@^*,k[i7 &@^_

blnt u}/;/sf/L dxf;+3sf tkm{af6 cWoIf l8naxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ ;d]t lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;lrjfno ;d]tM dfl;s >fa ePsf] dlxnfnfO{ 5fpk8L -uf]7df_ k7fpg] k|yfnfO{ s'/Llt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{sf ;fy} :jf:Yo ;DaGwL sfo{x¿sf] klxrfg u/L :jf:Yo dGqfno / ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{, dlxnfdfly x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lje]b cGTo ug{ lgb]{lzsf agfO{ nfu" ug'{ u/fpg' / cfjZos sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ a[xt\ ?kdf cWoog u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{ eGg] ;d]t lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)^@, cÍ $, lg=g+ &%#!, k[i7 $(@_

clwjQmf ;kgf k|wfg dNn lj?4 sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tM Pp6} s;"/df s]6L kIfnfO{ a9L ;hfo ug]{ ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;'wf/ P]g, @)## sf] bkmf $-#_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;dfgtf ;DaGwL xssf] k|lts"n ePsf] x'Fbf oyfjt\\ sfod /lx/xg plrt gx'g] ePsf]n] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{' u/fpg' egL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|

1139


wfgdGqL tyf d+qLkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf] gfddf lgb]{zfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)^#, cÍ *, lg=g+ &&$@, k[i7 (&@_

clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgf lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tM ljjfxsf] sf/0fn] cfˆgf] xs k'Ug] ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] a}w sfo{nfO{ cj}w u/fpg] :qL c+zwgsf] & g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] :jfldTjsf] clwsf/ / ljjfxsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+s'lrt agfPsf] x'Fbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/]sf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)^#, cÍ *, lg=g+ &&$#, k[i7 (&(_

clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{ lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tM c+zj08fsf] !^ g+ df ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! / dlxnf lj?4sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] e]befj x6fpg] ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&(, gful/s / /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt//fli6«o dxf;lGw, !(^^ cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf ;+f:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt//fli6«o

k|lt1fkq, !(^^ ;d]t;Fu cg's"n x'g] u/L k'gMljrf/ ug'{ egL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf] gfddf lgb]{zfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)^@, cÍ *, lg=g+ &%&&, k[i7 (#!_

clwjQmf rGb|sfGt 1jfnL lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tMd'n'sL P]g ljjfxjf/L dxnsf] ( g+ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr j}jflxs lje]b ug]{ Joj:yf b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf ;fdflhs kl/j]z, d"NodfGotf cg'¿ksf] pko'Qm sfg"g lgdf{0f, ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] . -g]sfk @)^!, cÍ !!, lg=g+ &$

%(, k[i7 !$!*_

clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgf lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tMzfxL g]kfnL ;]gf -lga[lQe/0f, pkbfg tyf cGo ;'ljwf_ lgodfjnL, @)## sf] lgod !) sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofz+df /x]sf] ljjfx x'g] 5f]/L / ljjfx gx'g] 5f]/L tyf ljjfx x'g] 5f]/L / 5f]/f aLr

1140


lje]b x'g] u/L ePsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! sf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] egL ;f] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+z ab/ x'g] 7x/ ePsf] lyof] . -g]sfk @)^$, cÍ ^, lg=g+ &*

%$, k[i7 ^((_

clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{ ;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tM SofaLg tyf 8fG; /]:6'/]G6, 8fG; af/, / d;fh kfn{/df sfo{/t dlxnf sfdbf/x¿n] u|fxs, dflns tyf k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿af6 ;d]t df}lvs, zf/Ll/s tyf of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ Pj+ zf]if0f v]Kg' k/]sf]n] To:tf] sfo{x¿ /f]sL ;Ddfgk"j{s /f]huf/L ug{ kfpg] k|efjsf/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{ egL k/dfb]z hf/L ug'{sf ;fy} To:tf] sfg"g gag] ;Ddsf] nflu lgb]{lzsf ;d]t hf/L u/]sf] 5 .

-@)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+ @*@@ cfb]z ldlt @)^%.*.!!_

lht's'df/L k+ugL -Gof}kfg]_ ;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tMyk ;hfo eGbf d"n ;hfo sdL x'g] Pj+ a}jflxs anfTsf/ / u}/a}jflxs anfTsf/sf aLrdf ePsf] lje]bk"0f{ ;hfosf] Joj:yf

ul/Psf] ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] bkmf # sf] b]xfo ^ df /x]sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ Gofof]lrt Joj:yf ug]{ tkm{ cfjZos kxn ug'{ egL sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)^%, cÍ ^, lg=g+=&(&#, k[i7, ^$$_

clwjQmf ;kgf k|wfg dNn ;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, g]kfn kIf /x]sf] dlxnf lj?4 e]befj x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw -CEDAW_ ;d]tsf] k|fjwfg;Fu ;fdf~h:o /fVg] gb]lvPsf] d'n'sL P]g ljjfxjf/Lsf] ( / (s=g+=sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgnfO{ nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf aLrdf e]befjsf] cg'e"lt gx'g] u/L pko'Qm k|jGw ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .

-g]sfk @)^%,cÍ *, lg=g+=&((&, k[i7 (!&_

clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{ ;d]t lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf]

1141


sfof{no ;d]tM kf7]3/ v:g] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t dlxnfx¿sf] xs Pj+ dlxnfsf] k|hgg\ :jf:Yosf ;a} kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6g] u/L sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] nflu zL3| Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf k]z ug'{ egL dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf] gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] . -g]sfk @)^%, cÍ *, k[i7 (%^,

lg=g++=*))!_

#@= dfly p4[t ul/Psf lg0f{o l;4fGtx¿ o; cbfntaf6 n}lËs Gofo k|j4{gsf] lbzfdf eP u/]sf s]xL k|ltlglw cfb]z dfq x'g\ . oL afx]s klg cGo s}of}+ ljjfbx¿sf] lg?k0f ub}{ o; cbfntn] cfk"mnfO{ n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf pEofPsf] 5 . vf; u/L] k}t[s ;DklQ dfly dlxnfsf] xs l;h{gf ug]{ ljifodf o; cbfntaf6 ePsf cfb]z / lgb]{zgx¿af6 g]kfnL ;dfhdf sfod /x]sf] k}t[s ;DklQ dflysf] k'?ifx¿sf] Psflwsf/ ;dfKt eO{{ qmdzMn}lËs d}qL x'Fb} uPsf] ;xh} cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 s'g} ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ jf

To:tf] ;]jf lngsf] nflu k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf km/s of]Uotf jf ;]jfsf zt{ tf]lsPsf sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿ ab/ ub}{ k]zf /f]huf/ ug{ kfpg] ;dfg xs ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L dlxnfsf] :j:Yo, lzIff, /f]hfuf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff nufotsf ljifox¿df ;d]t o; cbfntaf6 ;/sf/sf gfddf ljleGg cfb]z / lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zx¿ hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnf dfly wd{ ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fsf gfddf x'g] u/]sf s'/LlthGo b'Jo{jxf/ /f]Sg] lbzfdf /fHo ;+oGq lqmofzLn x'g'kg]{ / To:tf] sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ ab/ ug'{sf ;fy} ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg'kg]{ ljifodf ;d]t o; cbfntaf6 ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ems\emSofpg] sfo{ ePsf]] 5 .

##=plNnlvt l;4fGtx¿sf] cWoogaf6 klg ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] egL r'gf}tL lbO{Psf ;j} sfg"gx¿nfO{ o; cbfntn] ab/ 3f]lift gu/L ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] ufDeLo{tf, k|s[lt, To;sf] ;fdflhs k|efj, k|fljlws kIf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;'wf/ Pj+ kl/dfh{gsf nflu j[xQ ?kdf 5nkmn u/L

1142


lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ egL ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lgb]{lzt ul/Psf] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvG5 .

#$= lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf], xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] clGtd k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}+, ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $-#_ -h_ / -$_ sf] ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] nflu cljjflxtf jf Psn x'g'kg]{, tyf tfnLd cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ gkfOg] u/L cltl/Qm zt{ tf]s]sf] :ki6 ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . Ps} k|s[ltsf] sfd ug'{kg]{ ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] kbdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu k'?ifsf] xsdf ljjflxt jf kTgL hLljt ePsf] eP klg x'g] t/ dlxnfsf] xsdf cljjflxt jf Psn x'g'kg]{ tyf cfwf/e"t tfnLd cjlwe/ ljjfx ;d]t ug{ gkfpg] h:tf cltl/Qm zt{ lgwf{/0f cGo s'/faf6 geO{ n}lËs cfwf/af6} lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

#%= dflg;x¿ hGd l;4 ?kdf :jtGq x'g] Pj+ clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug]{ s'/fdf ;dfg x'g] eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] :jLsf/

u/]sf] 5 eg] gful/s / /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq ;d]tn] ;f] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L lnË / a}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df dlxnf dfly e]befj ug{ gldNg] egL cfly{s ;dflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt//fli6«o k|lt1fkq tyf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw dfkm{t\ ljZjAofkL ?kdf dflgPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o ePsf] gftfn] o;sf] dxf;efaf6 kfl/t dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjAofkL 3f]if0ffkq k|lt ;sf/fTds /xg' g]kfnsf] bfloTj g} x'g cfpFb5 . To;df klg ;f] 3f]if0ff sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf k|ltj4tf hgfpg cfof]lht leogf ;Dd]ngdf ;xeflutf hgfO{ g]kfnn] cGt//fli6«o ;d'bfonfO{ To;sf] k|Tofe"lt lbO;s]sf] 5 . To;} u/L gful/s / /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^, cfly{s ;dflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt//fli6«o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ tyf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( sf] cg'df]bg u/L g]kfn pQm k|lt1fkq / dxf;lGwsf]

1143


kIf g} aGg uPsf]n] ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd pQm cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{tkm{ /fHo k|0ffnL cu|;/ x'g'kg]{ s'/f lglZrt g} 5 .

#^=/fHon] gful/s dfly lnË / a}jflxs l:ylt ;d]tsf] cfwf/df lje]b ug{ gx'g] / n}lËs Gofo k|j4{g ug]{ tkm{ pGd"v x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;jfndf o; cbfntaf6 k6s k6s ;/sf/sf gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zx¿ hf/L ePsf w]/} b[i6fGtx¿ 5g\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og cfkm";dIf cfPsf ljjfbx¿sf] lg?k0f ug]{ qmddf n}lËs cfwf/df gful/sx¿ aLr lje]b ul/Psf g]kfn sfg"gx¿ o; cbfntaf6 ab/ ul/Psf]] 5 . ;fy} sltko To:tf sfg"gx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/ / ;+;b ;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb]{zg ePsf] 5 . n}lËs cfwf/df gful/sx¿ aLr lje]bhGo Jojxf/ ug{ ldNb}g eGg] g} o; cbfntaf6 xfn;Dd ljsl;t n}lËs Gofo ;DaGwL ljlwzf:qLo dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . o; ljifodf dfly k|f;+lus :yfgdf oy]i6 rrf{ e} ;s]sf]n] k'gf/fa[lQ ul//xg cfjZos 5}g .

#&=vf; u/L g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

nfu" ePkl5 n}lËs Gofo k|a4{g ug]{ ;jfndf /fHo ;+oGq pGd"v e} /x]sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ gsfg{ ldNb}g . ;f] ;+ljwfgn] efu tLg cGtu{t g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, Gofo nufotsf xs clwsf/x¿ df}lns xs s} ?kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] lyof] . pQm ;+ljwfgnfO{ vf/]h ub}{ hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] df}lns xssf] bfo/fnfO{ cem km/flsnf] kf/]sf] 5 . :jtGqtfsf] xs cGtu{t ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs ylkPsf] 5 eg] ;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t dlxnf, kL5l8Psf] ju{ jf ;d"bfo nufotsf ;LdfGtLs[tx¿nfO{ /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dfj]zLs/0f ug{sf] nflu ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf] t'NofOPsf] 5 . To;} u/L /f]huf/Lsf] xs, dlxnfsf] xs, ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs nufotsf y'k|} xsx¿ ;+ljwfgtM ;'lglZrt ul/Psf 5g\ . o; aLrdf o; cbfntsf] cfb]zsf] k|efj :j?k y'k|} sfg"gx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L n}lËs lje]bnfO{ Go"gLs/0f kfg]{ k|of; ;d]t ePsf] 5 .

1144


n}lËs ;dfgtf ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^# nfO{ o;sf] b[i6fGtsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

#*= ljjflbt ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ cGtu{t hf/L ul/Psf]df xfn ;f] P]g vf/]h e} ;}lgs P]g, @)^# nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf & n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] agfpg] eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . gofF ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ jf ;+zf]]wg ug]{ sfo{ afFsL g} /x]sf] / To; lbzfdf ;/sf/ cl3 al9/x]sf] eGg] klg k|ToyL{x¿sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf k|ltj4tf JoQm e} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] ljjflbt Joj:yfdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ u/L ;}lgs P]g, @)^# cg's"n ;dfj]zL agfpg] ;d]tsf] ljifodf lnvt hjfkmstf{ :jo+ ;r]t Pj+ ;lqmo /x]sf]] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf pQm lgodfjnLdf ;'wf/ ubf{ n}lu+s Gofosf] kl/k|]IonfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbO{ ;dfof]hg ug{' jf~5gLo x'g] tkm{ ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f

u/fpg' klg ;fGb{les g} b]lvPsf] 5 .

#(= ljjfx kZrft\ dlxnfsf] z/L/df hLj a}1flgs kl/jt{g cfpFg] / h;n] ubf{ ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t tfnLd lnbf lghx¿s} :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ eGg] k|ToyL{x¿sf] lhsL/sf ;Gbe{df ljjflxt dlxnfn] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t tfnLd ln+bf lgh Pj+ lghsf] ue{df /xg ;Sg] e|"0fsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k5{ jf kb}{g, kg]{ eP To;nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ s'g} pkfox¿ /x]sf 5g\ 5}gg\ , eGg] h:tf k|fljlws ljifosf] Goflos lg?k0f eGbf klg k|fljlws kIfaf6} xn vf]lhg' af~5gLo x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg k|bQ dlxnfsf] k|hgg\ ;DaGwL xsnfO{ klg x[bo+ud ul/g' ckl/xfo{ x'g cfpF5 . plNnlvt kl/k|]Iodf ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] Joj:yf / dg;fo cg'¿k x'g] u/L th'{df e}/x]sf] elgPsf] ;DalGwt lgodfjnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf ;DalGwt ljifosf lj1x¿af6 cWoog cg';Gwfg u/fO{ lgrf]8df k'Ug' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm l5d]sL d'n's nufot dfgj clwsf/ / n}lËs Gofosf] kIfdf ;+a]bgzLn 7flgg] s]xL

1145


d'n'ssx¿sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf Pj++ cEof; ;d]tsf] t'ngfTds cWoog, xfd|f] b]zsf] ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts cj:yf ;d]tx¿sf] ;du| cWoog, dlxnfx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf ;d]tsf] ;du| ljifox¿df cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL ljjflbt lgodfjnLdf ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg jf ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

$)= t;y{ dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0f, ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yf, g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt//fli6«o dxf;lGw ;d]tdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf, o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] cg's"n x'g] u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] ljjflbt Joj:yfdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{ egL k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/b\sf gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 . hfgsf/Lsf] nflu of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwaQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t\ k|ToyL{ sfof{nodf k7fpg] Joj:yf ldnfO{ kmfon lgodadf]lhd u/L a'emfO{lbg" .

pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}F .

Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfxGof=cjw]zs'df/ ofbj

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn a}zfv !& ut] /f]h % z'ed\Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f ;'j]bL

lg0f{o g+= *!** sflQs, @)^^

;af]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L


lu/LzrGb| nfndfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz

j:tLl/6 g+=)^%==WS==))!!cfb]z ldltM @)^^.%.!!.%

ljifoM– pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .

lgj]bsM s~rgk'/ lhNnf b}hL uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+= ^ a:g] /d]znfn /fgf yf¿


dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

;+ljwfgn] gful/snfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|Tofe"t

1146


u/L /fHosf] bfloTjs} ?kdf ;'lDkPsf] s'/fnfO{ /fHon] cgb]vf u/L To;df lg/k]If /xg' k|hftflGqs / sfg"gL zf;g k4ltdf ;'xfpFbf] gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+= !)_ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf]

l;4fGtn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs / wf/f !* sf] /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xsnfO{ kl/k"/s ?kdf /fvL ;LdfGts[t ju{nfO{ ;f/e"t -Substantive_ ;dfgtf k|bfg ug{ / ;dGoflos -Equitable_ pknAwL xfl;n ug{ d2t ug]{ x'Fbf o;df ;dfhsf ;LdfGts[t ju{ ;d"x -Marginalized group_ g} nlIft ju{sf] ?kdf ;dfj]z x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+= !$_ Gofkflnsfsf] ;lqmotf ;

Gt'lnt ;fdflhs pTyfg / ljsf;sf] ;f/yL ePsfn] :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] st{Ao / bfloTjk|lt pbf;Lg x'g k'u]sf]

jf ;'if'Kt ePsf] /fHo ;+oGq / o;sf cjojx¿nfO{ ltgsf] st{Ao / bfloTj kfngf ug{ cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ k|hftflGqs sfg"gL zf;g k4ltdf Gofokflnsfdf cGtlg{lxt x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+= !^_ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf]

lqmofzLntfk|lt ;+j}wflgs efjgfcg'¿k ljBdfg sfg"gL ;+oGqn] tfnd]n g/fv]sf] egL GofofnonfO{ u'xf/]sf] cj:yfdf Gofokflnsf cfˆgf] bfloTjk|lt lg/k]If /xg g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+= !&_ ;+ljwfgdf ;jf{lws hf]8

lbOPsf] /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;a}sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/fpg] ljifonfO{ /fHosf ;a} c+un] k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+= !*_ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf]

l;4fGtcGtu{t s'g} klg sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ubf{ To; sfg"gn] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf kf/]sf] k|efj,

1147


To;sf] cefjdf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL l/Qmtfsf] l:ylt, To; sfg"gn] ;d]6]sf] If]q / To;sf] k|fljlws kIf ;d]tsf] ;du| d"NofÍg ug'{kg]{ .

d"n sfg"gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] / ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ agfPsf] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf cGo ;fdfGo jf ljz]if sfg"gn] ;+ljwfgsf] cg'z/0f / cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+= !(_

lgj]bs tkm{jf6MljkIfL tkm{jf6M

ljåfg ;xGoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bL

cnjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf]

bkmf * / *-s_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]

bkmf &, !(,

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#, !#-#_, !*, @!, ##, !))-!_

cfb]zGof=/fdk|;fb >]i7M

Gf]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ lgDg adf]lhd 5 M

lgj]bs, g]kfn ;/sf/n]] ljleGg ;dodf ;"rgf hf/L u/L hghflt cGtu{t kl/eflift / ;"rLs[t cflbjf;L hghflt /fgfyf¿ ;d'bfosf] JolQm x'F . ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]un] cfkm\gf ljleGg c~rn / If]qLo sfof{nox¿ dfkm{t ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xsf] v'nf kbk"lt{ ug{sf nflu @)^$.!@.@& ut] uf]/vfkqdf lj1fkg k|sflzt u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm lj1fkgdf :jf:Yo ;]jf ;d"x cGtu{t c=g=ld= / c=x]=a= kbsf] lgldQ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf kb dfluPsf] / dxfsfnL c~rn sfof{nodf dfq} c=x]=a=sf nflu lj1fkg g+= ()#.@)^$.)^% dfkm{t\ %* hgfsf] l;6 vf]lnPsf] /x]5 . Pp6} ldltsf] lj1fkg cGtu{t dfu ePsf cGo ;]jf ;d"xsf] lj1fkgdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

1148


@)^# sf] wf/f @! n] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs cg'¿k cflbjf;L, hghflt, dlxnf, blnt, dw]zLsf lgldQ l;6 ;+Vof 5'6\ofPsf] t/ :jf:Yo ;]jf ;d"xsf] kbsf] lgldQ eg] l;6 ;+Vof pk/f]Qm ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs cGTfu{t Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df g5'6\ofO{ lj1fkg u/]sf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgn] k|bQ u/]sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs k|fKt ug]{ s'/fdf lje]b u/L ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lj1fkg k|sflzt u/]af6 d]/f] ;+j}wflgs xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] 5 / of] ljifon] b]z el/sf ;Dk"0f{ pQm kbsf nflu of]Uotf k'u]sf dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, cflbjf;L, dw]zL tyf lk5l8Psf] ju{ / ;d'bfosf] xsdf ;d]t cf3ft k/]sf] 5 . cfd hg;d'bfosf] jf ju{sf] xs / lxtsf] rf;f]sf] ljifo d]/f] klg rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . jiff}{b]lv cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf nfvf}sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf dlxnf, blnt cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw]zL, pTkLl8t ju{, ul/a ls;fg, dhb'/x¿sf] xslxtsf] ;jfn hf]l8Psf] ljifo ;fj{hlgs xs, ;/f]sf/ / rf;f]sf] ljifo aGb}g eg] of] nf]stflGqs k4ltsf] 7f8f] pNn3+g /

nf]sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf] alv{nfk x'g hfG5 .

d h:t} ;dfg x}l;ot ePsf cGo gful/sx¿n] :jf:Yo ;]jfafx]s cGo ;]jf ;d"xx¿df ;dfj]zL 9+uaf6 /f]huf/Ldf ;xefuL x'g] cj:yf k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ eg] ;f]xL a/fa/sf] k|fljlws ;]jfcGtu{t kg]{ c=x]=a= / c=g=dL= kbdf dfq} ;dfj]zL l;4fGTf nfu" gx'Fbf ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsdf ;d]t cf3ft k/]sf] x'Fbf pQm lj1fkg ab/efuL 5 . :jf:Yo ;]jfsf nflu lj1fkg cfx\jfg ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf lj1fkg cfXjfg ubf{ nfu" ePsf] Joj:yf nfu" gug'{ cfkm}df ljjfbf:kb 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! d} ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"g / o;;+u aflemPsf] sfg"Gf aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf], wf/f !# n] ;dfgtfsf] xs tyf wf/f !* n] /f]huf/LnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf Uof/]G6L u/L wf/f @! Dff cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf ;d"x jf ju{nfO{ ljz]if ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf x/]s ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] xssf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] kfOG5 . wf/f !^$ n] ;

1149


+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf sfg"Gf ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf ldltn] # dlxgfkl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg nfu" ePsf] em08} ! jif{ lalt;Sbf;Dd :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g ;+zf]wg gu/L ljkIfLx¿n] ;+ljwfgljk/Lt sfd u/]sf] k|i6 b]lvPsf] x'Fbf :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * / *-s_ jt{dfg ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf]n] pQm aflemPsf] P]g oyfzL3| ;+zf]wg u/L ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /f]huf/Ldf k|j]z kfpg] u/L Joj:yf ug{ ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg] pko'Qm / cfjZos cfb]z hf/L u/L d]/f] ;+j}wflgs xs ;+/If0f ul/kfpFm . o;} u/L ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ldlt @)^$.!@.@& df lj1fkg cfJxfg u/]adf]lhd c=x]=a= / c=g=dL= kbsf] k/LIff lng]nufot ;f] ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL oyfzL3| :yug ug'{ egL ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]usf gfddf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] bkmf $!

Adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bs /d]znfn /fgf yf¿sf] @)^%.&.@( df btf{ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;d]t ;fy} /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd ljz]if Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ . lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] sfg"gL k|Zgsf] JofVof lgj]bg lsgf/f nfUbfsf avt g} x'g] x'Fbf xfn dfu adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' k/]g eGg] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 @)^%.*.# df ePsf] cfb]z .

lgj]bsn] o; dGqfnosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lghsf] s] s:tf] xs xgg x'g uPsf] xf], ;f]sf] pNn]v ug{ ;Sg'ePsf] 5}g . o; dGqfnosf] s'g} sfd sf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfLsf] s'g} xs

1150


xgg ePsf] 5}g . o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfPs} sf/0fn] dfq o; dGqfnosf] gfddf s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf] @)^%.*.@( df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( adf]lhd ;~rfng x'g] ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf kbx¿sf] xsdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfln; k|ltzt kbdf dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw]zL, blnt ckfË / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf pDd]bjf/x¿ aLr dfq k|ltikwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] cfof]un] ;f]xLadf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L kbk"lt{sf nflu lj1fkg k|sflzt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jfsf kbsf] xsdf g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# n] dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L, blnt, nufotsf] pDd]bjf/x¿ aLr 5'§} k|ltikwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf gu/]sf] x'Fbf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f kbk"lt{ x'g] kbsf nflu Psd'i6 lj1fkg k|

sfzg ug'{k/]sf] xf] . cfof]un] sfg"Gfadf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L kbk"lt{sf nflu lj1fkg k|sflzt u/]sf] sfo{pk/ lagf sfg"gL cfwf/ l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/L cfof]u ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] @)^%.(.!& df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

l/6 lgj]bsn] o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] xf], To:fsf] :ki6 lhsL/ glnO{ lagf cfwf/ / sf/0f c;DalGWft ljifodf o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ k|ToyL{ agfO{ l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLsf] bfjLadf]lhdsf] s'g} sfd sf/jfxL o; sfof{noaf6 eP u/]sf] xf]Og . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# adf]lhd :yflkt ;+j}wflgs lgsfo nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lsf] kbk"lt{sf] lj1fkg ug]{, b/vf:t lng] / ;f] pk/ 5fglag ug]{, of]Uo pDd]bjf/x¿ 5gf}6sf] nflu k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ cGtjf{tf / lgo'lQmsf] nflu pDd]bjf/x¿ 5gf}6 u/L

1151


l;kmfl/z ug]{ clwsf/ Pjd\ lhDDf]jf/L kfPsf] ;+j}wflgs c+un] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ leq /xL sfg"Gf ;Ddt tj/af6 u/]sf] lg0f{o Pjd\ lj1fkg;DaGwL ljifonfO{ ljkIfLn] cGoyf eGg ldNg] xf]Og . k|To]s ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg"gL lgsfo cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu sfg"gsf] clwgdf /lx :jtGq /xg] / To:tf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ k|lt csf]{ lgsfoaf6 x:tIf]k x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# tyf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"Gf ;d]tn] u/L zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df ptf/]sf] 5 . ;+:fbn] agfPsf] P]g jf P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodfjnL cdfGo ug{ tL sfg"g ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xssf] Joj:yf jf ;+ljwfgsf] cGo wf/f;+u aflemPsf] x'g'k5{ / To:tf] aflemPsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]lvg' k5{ . tadfq To:tf] aflemPsf] sfg"gnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cdfGo 3f]lift ub{5 . kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf benefit of

doubt goes to the accused eg]sf] h:tf] sfg"gnfO{ c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff ug]{ ;DaGwdf benefit

of doubt goes to the parliament dflgG5 . h;n] ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] egL bfjL lnG5 . ;f] s'/f p;}n]

k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . ;+ljwfg cGtu{t P]g gag];Ddsf] nflu P]gsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{ cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g] egL xl/k|;fb pk|]tL lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z -g]sfk @)%#, c+s (, k[= ^&)_ sf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] @)^%.(.@$ df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

o; ljefusf] s] slt sf/0faf6 lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs xs xgg ePsf] xf] / o; ljefunfO{ s] slt sf/0faf6 ljkIfL agfpg' k/]sf] xf] < lgj]bsn] l/6df v'nfpg ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf P]gdf g} /xg] / P]gsf] lgdf{0f Joj:yflksfn] ug]{ / s'g sfg"Gf s:tf] agfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f Joj:yflksfn] g} ug]{ x'Fbf o; ljefunfO{ ljkIfL agfpg ;fGble{s b]lv+b}g . lgj]bsn] nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^$.!@.@& df ePsf] lj1fkg /f]lskfpFm egL cf7 dlxgfkl5 @)^%.&.@( df l/6

1152


lgj]bg lbg' ePsf]n] ljnDasf] l;4fGt adf]lhd vf/]hefuL 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @! Dff cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] x/]s c+udf ;dfj]z u/fpg] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;/sf/n] ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] / ;a} l;4fGtnfO{ qmd} cg';f/ sfg"gdf kl/0ft ug]{ gLlt lnPsf]n] lgj]bssf] l/6 adf]lhd x'g'kg]{ xf]Og . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefusf] @)^%.!).^ df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

o; nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfsfnL c~rn sfof{no, dx]Gb|gu/df cfkm\gf] k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ leqsf sfof{nox¿af6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"xsf l/Qm kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu e} cfPkZrft pQm dfu cg'¿k kbk"lt{sf nflu lj1fkg k|sflzt ug{ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, sf7df8f}F+df n]vL k7fOg] / nf]s ;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 kbk"lt{sf nflu lj1fkg k|sflzt ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] . k|sflzt

x'g] lj1fkgcg';f/ o; sfof{non] cfkm\gf] c~rn sfof{no cGtu{tsf lj1fkgx¿ cg'¿k pDd]bjf/x¿af6 b/vf:Tf lng] / k|sflzt k/LIff sfo{qmdcg';f/ k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] . lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfcGtu{tsf] lj1fkg g+= ()#÷)^$.)^% sf]= c=x]=a= kbsf] nflu k/LIff sfo{qmd k|sflzt e} ldlt @)^%.&.#) df lnlvt k/LIff ;d]t ;DkGGf e};s]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] dfu u/]cg';f/ :jf:Yo ;]jf ;d"xcGtu{tsf kbk"lt{sf nflu ;dfj]zLtkm{ l;6 ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gdf s'g} Joj:yf gePsf] / k|rlnt P]g, sfg"gn] o; sfof{nonfO{ ;f], ;]jf, ;d"x cGtu{tsf kbk"lt{sf nflu ;dfj]zLtkm{ l;6 ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . o; sfof{nosf sfd sf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfL lgj]bssf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs tyf df}lns xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] cj:yf gx'Fbf o; sfof{nonfO{ ;d]t ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfsfnL, c~rn sfof{no, dx]Gb|gu/sf] @)^%.!).* df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

1153


lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L cfh o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGWft ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf o'j/fh ;'j]bLn] k|rlnt sfg"gdf pNn]v eP cg'¿k nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lj1fkg k|sflzt u/L k/LIff ;~rfngsf] sfo{ u/]sf] x'Fbf sfg"g pNn3+g ePsf] 5}g, sfg"Gf pNn3+g gePsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bg hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .

pko'{Qm ax; lhsL/ Pjd\ ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf d"ntM b]xfosf k|Zgx¿df s]lGb|t eO{ Gofo lg?k0f u/L lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lgisif{df k'Ug' kg]{ ePsf] 5 M

!= nf]s;]jf cfof]usf ljleGg If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox¿af6 ldlt @)^$.!@.@& ut]sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt lj1fkg cGtu{tsf c=x]=j= / c=g=ld= kbsf lj1fkgx¿ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]z

L l;4fGt k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df tL lj1fkgx¿ jb/ x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og <

@= :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * / *-s_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs, /f]huf/L ;DaGwL xs / ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] k|lts"n 5 jf 5}g <

@= plNnlvt k|Zgx¿df k|j]z ug'{ cl3 lgj]bsn] :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * / *-s_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf] kbk"lt{;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ gckgfO{ pQm Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] eGg] bfjL u/]sf] ;Gbe{df P]gsf plNnlvt k|fawfgx¿sf] l;+xfjnf]sg ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * / *-s_ df /x]sf] k|fjwfg x]bf{ lgDg Joj:yf /x]s]f b]lvof] M

*= :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{ M -!_ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] b]xfosf txsf

tf]lsPsf kbx¿ b]xfoadf]lhd v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf jf a9'jfåf/f k"lt{ ul/g]5M–

1154


tx v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f

j9'jfåf/fsfo{Ifdtfsf

d"NofÍgcfGtl/s k|

ltof]lutfTds k/LIff

-s_ rf}yf]

!))Ü × ×

-v_ kfFrf}

%)Ü × %)Ü

-u_ 5}7f}+

× %)Ü %)Ü

-3_ ;ftf}+

!))Ü × ×

-ª_ cf7f}+

!))Ü × ×

-r_ gjf}+_

!)Ü ^)Ü #)Ü

-5 P3f/f}+

!)Ü ^)Ü #)Ü

-h_afx|f}+

× !))Ü ×

1155


-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd kbk"lt{ x'g] kbafx]s cGo kb / txsf] k"lt{ bkmf ( adf]lhd :t/j[l4åf/f ul/g]5 .

*s= kbk"lt{df aGb]h M-!_ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] s'g} klg

kbdf o; P]gdf Joj:yf ePb]lv afx]s cGo s'g} klg tl/sfaf6 kbk"lt{ ul/g] 5}g .

-@_ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] s'g} kb s'g} tl/sfaf6 l/Qm ePdf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L kb l/Qm ePsf] Ps dlxgfleq ;DalGwt lgsfon] nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ lbg'kg]{5, ;f] cjlwleq ;"rgf glbg] kbflwsf/LnfO{ ljefluo sf/jfxL x'g]5 .

-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd n]vL cfPdf ;f] cjlw;Dd l/Qm x'g cfPsf] kb / rfn' cfly{s jif{leqdf cjsfz jf j9'jfaf6 l/Qm x'g] kb ;d]t osLg u/L dfu ug{ ;lsg]5 .

-$_ kb k"lt{sf] dfu;GaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .

-%_ dGqfno, ljefu, s]Gb| tyf pkTosfleq /x]sf sfof{nodf sfo{/t

sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghfdtL lstfjvfgf / lhNnfl:yt sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;DalGwt sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 tnjL k|ltj]bg kf; gu/fO{ tnj v'jfpg x'Fb}g .

-^_ pkbkmf -!_ ljk/Lt s;}n] sd{rf/L lgo'lQm u/]df jf pkbkmf % adf]lhd tnjL k|ltj]bg kf; gu/L tnj v'jfPsf] kfO{Pdf To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] kfPsf] tnj, eQf / cGo ;'ljwfjfktsf] /sd lgo'lQm ug{] / tnj v'jfpg] kbflwsf/Laf6 ;/sf/L afFsL;/x c;"npk/ ul/g] 5 .

#= g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gs]f pko'{Qm k|fjwfgn] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf kbx¿df ul/g] lgo'lQmsf k|lqmofnfO{ lglZrt u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . pko{'Qm k|fjwfgx¿df ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] / df}lns xsdf ;d]t ;dfj]z u/]sf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmofcGtu{t ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOPg . ;fy} lgj]bsn] lgj]bg;fy k]z u/]sf] nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{no sdnkf]v/Laf6 k|sflzt /f=k=

1156


cg+lst låtLo >]0fL -k|fljlws÷ck|fljlws_ / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf rf}yf] txsf cf=k|= ;fdfj]zL / v'Nnf kbsf] k|ltof]lutfTds lnlvt k/LIffsf] lj1fkg cGtu{tsf] ;"rgf g+= (#.)^$–^% sf] 5f+ofk|ltdf vl/bf/, ;=n]=kf=, cldg, gf=k|f=;=, l8¶f nufotsf kbx¿df ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ug]{ u/L kb;+Vof 5'6\ofOPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf c=g=dL= / c=x]=j= kbsf nflu To; cfwf/df l;6;+Vof lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg u/]s]f ;d]t b]lvPg .

$= lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jfsf kbx¿df lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmofdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGt cg'¿k l;6 ;+Vof lgwf{/0f gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm cjnf]sg ubf{, ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]un] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# n] dlxnf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, nufotsf pDd]bjf/x¿ aLr 5'§f5'§} k|ltikwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ug{'kg{] Joj:yf gu/]sf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefun] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ qmd}cg';f/

sfg"gdf kl/0ft ug{] gLlt lnPsf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df d'n'ssf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng / lgodg ug{ ag]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ klg x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf & n] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwdf b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 M

-!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkqflÍt ljlzi7 >]0fLsf] kbdf bkmf !( adf]lhd / b]xfosf] kb b]xfo adf]lhd k"lt{ ul/g]5 .

1157


txv'Nnf

k|ltof]lut

fåf/f

j9'jfåf/fsfo{Ifdtfsf]d"Nof°gåf/f

cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds

k/LIffåf/f

sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf]

d"NofÍgaf6 x'g a9'jfsf] ;dfof]hg

åf/f-s_ >]0fL ljlxg ÷/f=k=cglÍt kfFrf} >]0fL

!))Ü

-v_/fhkqcg+lÍt rt'y{ >]0fL

– – –

-u_ /fhkqcg+lÍt t[tLo>]0fL]

x !))Ü

-3_/fhkq cg+lÍt lålto >]0fL

^)Ü @)Ü @)Ü

-ª_/fhkq cg+lÍt k|yd >]0fL

^)Ü @)Ü – @)Ü

-r_ /fhkqf+lÍt t[tLo >]0fL

&)Ü !)Ü !)Ü !)Ü

-5_ /fhkqf+lÍt lålto >]0fL

!)Ü ^)Ü @)Ü !)Ü

-h_ /fhkqf+lÍt k|yd >]0fL

!)Ü ^)Ü @)Ü !)Ü

1158


pQm bkmf s} pkbkmf & df lgDg Joj:yf b]lvG5M–

pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfln; k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ;t k|ltzt dfgL b]xfoadf]lhdsf pDd]bjf/x¿ aLrdf dfq 5'§f5'§} k|ltikwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/]g]5 .

-s_ dlxnf – t]QL; k|ltzt-v_ cflbjf;L÷hghflt

– ;QfO{; k|ltzt-u_ dw]zL – afO{; k|ltzt-3_ blnt – gf} k|ltzt-ª_ ckfË – kfFr k|ltzt-r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q – rf/ k|ltzt

%= o;/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] ;+j}wflgs k|fawfgcg'¿k ;dfj]zL tyf ;dfg'kflts l;4fGtsf] cg'z/0f u/L tbg'?k kbk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{ / k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ;DalGwt b]lvPsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu h:tf lgsfon] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf]

l;4fGtnfO{ qmd}cg';f/ sfg"gdf kl/0ft ug{] gLlt lnPsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] cj:yfdf /fHosf ;a} ;+/rgfdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;a} ju{ / If]qsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/fpg] u/L sfo{qmdx¿ cl3 a9fOg] / ;DalGwt sfg"gdf tbg'?k ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ul/g] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 . hxfF;Dd ljjflbt lj1fkgsf] ;Gbe{ 5, lgj]bsn] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * / *-s_ sf] Joj:yfdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtsf] Joj:yf geO{ lj1fkg g+= ()#÷)^$.)^% df dxfsfnL c~rndf c=x]=a= kbsf nflu %* hgfsf] l;6 vf]lnPsf]df ;dfj]zL tl/sfaf6 l;6 lgwf{/0f gul/Psf] egL pQm lj1fkgaf6 cfJxfg u/]sf] c=g=dL= / c=x]=a= kbsf] k/LIff lng] nufotsf sfd sf/jfxL :ylut ug{ cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]tsf] dfu u/]sf]df cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] cj:yf 5}g . nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] ;"rgf g+= (#÷)^$÷)^% sf] ldl;n ;+nUg lgj]bsn] k]z u/]sf] 5fFofk|ltdf lgj]bsn] k|Zg p7fPsf] kb ;d]tsf] lnlvt k/LIffsf] sfo{qmd ldlt @)^%.@.* df k|sflzt ul/g] eGg]

1159


b]lvPsf] tyf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] dxfsfnL c~rn sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ldlt @)^%.&.#) df lnlvt k/LIff ;d]t ;DkGg eO;s]sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvFbf To;/L lj1fkg cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;d]t ;DkGg e} t];|f] kIfsf] xs ;d]t l;h{gf e};s]sf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ pQm lj1fkg ab/ ug{ ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg .

^= ca, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf * / *s= sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#, wf/f !* / wf/f @! ;Fu aflemPsf] egL bfjL lnPsf] ;Gbe{df k|ydtM ;+ljwfgsf plNnlvt k|fawfgx¿nfO{ klg x]g'{ kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f wf/f !#= df ;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t b]xfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M

-!_ ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g .

-@_;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, pTklt, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g .

-#_ /fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, pTklt, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g .

&= t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"Gfåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .

*= To;}u/L, wf/f !* df /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL xs cGtu{t b]xfo jdf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] b]lvG5 M

-!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 .

-@_dlxnf, >lds, j[4, ckfË, tyf czQm / c;xfo gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 .

-#_ k|To]s gful/nfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] xs x'g]5 .

1160


wf/f @! df ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs cGtu{t æcfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5Æ elgPsf] 5 .

(= o;/L wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf ;sf/fTds lje]b;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] wf/f !* df ;a} gful/snfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs k|bfg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . wf/f @! n] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf df}lns xssf ?kdf k|Tofe"t plNnlvt Joj:yfcg'¿k lqmofzLn x'g' /fHosf] st{Jo aGb5 / To;k|lt /fHo pbf;Lg ePsf] kfO{Pdf ;/sf/nfO{ emSemSofpg] lhDd]jf/L Gofokflnsfn] lgjf{x ub{5 . ;+ljwfgn] g} ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ To:tf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ df æo; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt jGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g}

sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;f] sfg"g To;sf] s'g} efu jb/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f]cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] b]lvPdf ;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv cdfGo / jb/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5Æ elgPsf] 5 .

!)= plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] /f]xdf ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf * n] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ljleGg kbdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ ckgfOg] k|lqmof lgwf{/0f u/L To;sf nflu k|ltzt ;d]t lglZrt ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] P]= bkmf *s= n] bkmf * n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] afx]ssf] k|lqmof cjnDjgdf lgif]w ub}{ kbk"lt{sf ;Gbe{df vfnL kbsf] hfgsf/L lbg] / To:tf] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df kb;+Vof osLg u/L lj1fkg k|sflzt ug]{ nufotsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt cfwf/df x]bf{ ljjflbt b'a} bkmf kbk"lt{;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf / tL b'a} bkmfdf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ug]

1161


{ u/L k|ltzt 5'6\ofOPsf] b]lvFb}g . lnlvt ;+ljwfg nfu" ePsf] k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLdf sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf jf /fHosf cGo s'g} lgsfo ;jf{]Rr x'g ;Sb}gg\, ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod x'G5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n sfg"g dflgG5 . d"n sfg"g;Fu ljk/Lt x'g] cyf{t\ aflemg] sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] wf/0ff :jLsf/ ul/Psf] x'G5 / of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] klg wf/f ! df :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf c+lusf/ u/L ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} c+ux¿df dw]zL, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf, dhb'/ ls;fg, ckfË, lk5l8Psf ju{ / ;a} If]qnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg] /fHosf] bfloTj x'g] s'/fnfO{ wf/f ## df cf}+NofPsf] cj:yfdf /fHon] ;f] adf]lhdsf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg] Joj:yf sfod u/fpg]tkm{ ;lqmotf b]vfpg' kg{] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgn] gful/snfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|Tofe"t u/L

/fHosf] bfloTjs} ?kdf ;'lDkPsf] s'/fnfO{ /fHon] cgb]vf u/L To;df lg/k]If /xg' k|hftflGqs / sfg"gL zf;g k4ltdf ;'xfpFbf] dflgb}g .

!!= k|:t't lgj]bgdfkm{t lgj]bsn] cfkm"nfO{ dfq ge} cfkm" h:t} x}l;ot ePsf cGo gful/sx¿n] cGo ;]jfx¿df ;dfj]zL 9+uaf6 ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfP klg :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;f] cj;/ gkfPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ phfu/ u/L JolQm ljz]ifsf] nflu ge} ;du| ;dfj]zL l;4fGtdf c6fpg] ju{ s} k|ltlglwTj u/L lgj]bg lbg cfPsf] / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;fdflhs Gofosf] axfnL x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

!@= jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] b]zdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo n}lËs ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;+/rgf ug]{ k|:tfjgfdf ;+sNk ub}{ cu|ufdL cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;fy u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d'n'ssf] cu|ufdL cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g k'/fg} 9/f{ / z}nLaf6 ;Dej x'g g;Sg] dx;"; ePsf] 5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf

1162


ju{ ;d"xnfO{ cufl8 j9]sf cGo ju{ ;d"xsf JolQm ;/x ;dfg?kdf /fvL p:t} Jojxf/ u/]df ;dfhdf cufl8 k/]sf] ju{ ;Fw} cufl8 kg]{ / k5fl8 /x]sf] ju{ k5fl8 g} /xg] kl/l:ylt pTkGg x'g hfg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgdf k|Tofe"t ;dfgtfsf] xsdf vf; cj:yfsf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{ ;d"x tyf ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] ;lhn} hf]lvddf kg]{ ;d"x / To:t} vf; cj:yfsf JolQmnfO{ 5'§} sfg"g agfO{ Jojxf/ ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg /fVg yflnPsf] xf] . xfd|} jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] wf/f !# df klg ;dfgtfsf] xscGtu{t pkwf/f # sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf To:t} Joj:yf u/L ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Joj:yfdf z}lIfs, cfly{s jf ;fdflhs cflb b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d"x jf ju{ tyf vf; zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s cj:yfn] kl5 k/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ljz]if 5'6 jf Joj:yf u/L cGo ju{ jf ;d"x ;/x ;dfg u/fpg] gLlt lnOG5 . o;/L k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d"x jf ju{nfO{ ;dfhdf cGo ju{ jf ;d"x;/x ;dfg x}l;ot / cj:yfdf Nofpg] jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] Pp6f k|d'v nIo klg xf] . To;f] t wf/f !* df /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL xs cGtu{t

pkwf/f -!_ df k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/L wf/f @! df ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs cGtu{t cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/Lj ls;fg dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df df}lns xs s} ?kdf cf/If0f;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{tsf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds Joj:yf, wf/f !* df /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL xscGtu{t pkwf/f -!_ sf] Joj:yf tyf wf/f @! df ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsnfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf ge} Pscsf{df ;fk]lIft ?kdf x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf] nflu ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ePkl5 ;+j}wflgs efjgfcg'¿k sfg"gL ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f jf ljBdfg sfg"gdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g cfjZos x'G5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ## sf] /fHosf] bfloTj cGtu{t b]xfo -3!_ df æd'n'ssf] /fHo ;++/rgfsf ;a} c+ux¿df dw]zL blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf, dhb'/, ls;fg, ckfË, lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]q ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fpg]Æ

1163


s'/fsf] Joj:yf klg o; ;Gbe{df plQs} dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

!#= ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf plNnlvt k|fjwfgx¿ ;fdflhs / cfly{s kl/jt{g NofO{ ;a} ju{ jf ;d"xsf JolQmx¿ /fHosf x/]s ;+/rgfdf ;dfg?kdf ;xefuL x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] tkm{ kl/nlIft x'Fbf jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGt tyf ;dfgtfsf] xsdf lglZrt ju{ jf ;d"xsf] nflu ul/Psf] ;sf/fTds lje]b ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;dfgtfjfbL l;4fGtsf k|d'v kf6fx¿ x'g\ . ;dfgtfjfbL l;4fGtdf /fHosf ;a} ju{ ;d"xsf JolQmnfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|fKt ug{] / pkef]u ug{] kl/l:ylt tof/ ul/G5 . To;sf] nflu ;a}nfO{ ;dfg agfpg sfg"gåf/f kl5 k/]sf] vf; ju{ jf ;d"xnfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf jf ;x'lnot jf 5'6 jf cj;/ lbO{ dfly p7fpg] / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ ;Gt'lnt agfpg] k|oTg ul/G5 .

!$= o;/L ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ca æsfg"gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg æ/ æsfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 s;}nfO{ al~rt gul/g]Æ eGg] ;Lldt / cf}krfl/s ;dfgtfdf dfq ;Lldt ge} ;Gt'lnt Pj+ ;du| ;fdflhs pTyfg Pj+ ;fdflhs Gofo;Dd lj:tfl/t

e};s]sf] 5 . sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;j} ;dfg eGg] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf /flv+bf ;dfhdf jlu{o c;dfgtf x6\g g;s]sf], ;j} ju{sf ;d"xsf JolQmnfO{ ;dfg?kdf ;f/e"t?kn] Jojxf/ x'g g;s]sf] ljutsf] ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfsf] cg'ej af]wuDo ?kdf /Xof] . ;j}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ eGg] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtn] klg vf; ju{ jf ;d"xsf JolQmnfO{ cufl8 a9]sf] ju{ jf ;d"x;/x ;dfg:t/df ;Gt'lnt ?kdf /fVg g;s]sf] sf/0f cS;/ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n''sx¿df vf; ju{ jf ;d"xsf JolQmx¿ ;LdfGts[t ?kdf /x]sf] dx;"; ePsf] 5 . ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] ?kdf /x]sf ju{nfO{ sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf / ;j}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ eGg] ;dfgtfsf] Pp6} 3]/fdf /flv+bf jlu{o c;dfgtf x6\g g;s]sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ x[bo+ud u/L jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs cGtu{t ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :yfg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtn] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs / wf/f !* sf] /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xsnfO{ kl/k"/s ?kdf /fvL ;LdfGts[t ju{nfO{ ;f/e"t

1164


-Substantive_ ;dfgtf k|bfg ug{ / ;dGoflos -Equitable_ pknAwL xfl;n ug{ d2t ub{5 . lsgeg] o;df ;dfhsf ;LdfGts[t ju{ ;d"x -Marginalised group_ g} nlIft ju{sf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .

!%= x/]s dfgj rfx] tL h'g;'s} pd]/, wd{, j0f{, lnË, hfthftL, efiffefifL, ;Ifd jf c;Ifd x'g\, ;j} ;dfhsf c+u x'g\ / ;j}nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf / ;dfg x}l;otdf /fHon] /fVg ;s]df dfq plrt ;dfh -Just

Society_ sf] lgdf{0f x'g;Sg] x'Fbf hgtfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj af]w ug]{ s'g} klg nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHon] b]zdf pknAw cfly{s ;|f]t;fwgsf] ljt/0f, gful/snfO{ pknAw u/fpg] /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf tyf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf s'/fx¿sf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] d"No dfGotf;Fu cfa4 ub}{ n}hfg'k5{ .

!^= Dff}lns xssf] ?kdf ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf s'/fx¿ ;+ljwfgsf] k':tsdf 6fFl;P/ ;lhg] uxgf xf]Ogg\ / ltgnfO{ :j0fL{d cIf/sf] ?kdf ;+ljwfgd} ;Lldt u/fpg'sf] cf}lRfTo klg /xFb}g . ;+ljwfgn] gful/snfO{ pknJw u/fPsf] xs ;j} x}l;otsf gful/sn] ;dfg ?kdf pkef]u

ug{ gkfPdf Tof] dxŒjxLg x'ghfg] x'Fbf To:tf df}lns xssf] pkef]usf] Joj:yfaf6 gful/snfO{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg' /fHosf] k|d'v st{Ao x'g] x'Fbf To:tf] kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ ;/sf/sf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . ;+ljwfgn] /fHonfO{ lgb]{z u/]sf] st{Jo / bfloTj ;/sf/n] k'/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . /fHo jf o;sf c+u tyf lgsfox¿ To;f] ug{ ;lqmo x'g ;s]gg\ jf cfkm\gf] st{Jo / bfloTj k|lt pbfl;g x'g k'u]sf] v08df To:tf] st{Jo / bfloTj kfngf u/fpg ;+j}wflgs efjgfcg'¿k Gofokflnsf ;lqmo /xg] Goflos kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . Gofkflnsfsf] ;lqmotf ;Gt'lnt ;fdflhs pTyfg / ljsf;sf] ;f/yL xf] . :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft u/]sf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] st{Ao / bfloTj k|lt pbf;Lg x'g k'u]sf] jf ;'if'Kt ePsf] /fHo ;+oGq / o;sf cjojx¿nfO{ ltgsf] st{Ao / bfloTj kfngf ug{ cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ k|hftflGqs sfg"gL zf;g k4ltdf Gofokflnsfdf cGtlg{lxt x'G5 .

1165


!&= jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! Dff Jojl:yt ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs ljutdf ePsf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ lgld{t jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] pkh xf] . of] xsn] Psftkm{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] jf vf; zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s cj:yfn] kl5 k/]sf ju{ jf ;d"xx¿nfO{ dfly psf:g / /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;dfg?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg] lglZrttf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)) sf] pkwf/f -@_ df æg]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] :jtGq Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL cjwf/0f / d"NodfGotfnfO{ cg'z/0f u/L nf]stGq / hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ o; ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 x'g]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;+ljwfgn] GofokflnsfnfO{ nf]stGq / hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf k|lt pQ/bfoL agfPsf] 5 . To:t} wf/f !))-!_ df æg]kfnsf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfox¿af6 k|of]u ul/g]5Æ eGg] ;+j}wflgsJoj:yf ePaf6 ;d]t pNn]lvt ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] lqmofzLntf k|lt ;+j}wflgs efjgfcg'¿k ljBdfg sfg"gL ;+oGqn]

tfnd]n g/fv]sf] egL GofofnonfO{ u'xf/]sf] cj:yfdf Gofokflnsf cfˆgf] bfloTj k|lt lg/k]If /xg ;Sb}g .

!*= bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ hf/L eO{ nfu" ePsf] jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsdf cGt/lgxLt ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * df Jojl:yt :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{;DaGWfL Joj:yfdf ljleGg kbx¿df l;6 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] / pQm bkmf * df plNnlvt tl/sf afx]s cGo tl/sfaf6 kbk"lt{ ug{ bkmf *s= n] aGb]h nufPsf] ;d]t b]lvFbf pQm Joj:yfnfO{ jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / Joj:yfcg'¿k kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 . ljkIfLdWo]sf] :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefusf] lnlvt hjfkmdf klg ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ qmd} cg';f/ sfg"gdf kl/0ft ug]{ gLlt lnOPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf To;k|lt ;/sf/ k"/} pbf;Lg ePsf] cj:yf ge} qmdzM ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg k|

1166


lta4 /x]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;+ljwfgdf ;jf{lws hf]8 lbOPsf] /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;a}sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/fpg] ljifonfO{ /fHosf ;a} c+un] k|fyldstfdf /fVg} k5{ . ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cjnDjgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ /fHo ;+/rgfleqsf lgsfox¿df kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf klg xf] . :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * / *s= n] u/]sf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf cem};Dd klg To; lsl;dsf] ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cg'z/0f u/]sf] b]lvPGf .

!(= t/ o; ;Gbe{df kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfdf qmd} cg';f/ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDjg ug]{ gLlt lnOPsf] egL ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf k|lta4tf JoQm ePsf] / P]gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yfnfO{ k"/} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ubf{ pTkGg x'g] sfg"gL l/Qmtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ klg u+eL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] l;4fGt cGtu{t s'g} klg sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ubf{ To; sfg"gn] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf

kf/]sf] k|efj, To;sf] cefjdf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL l/Qmtfsf] l:ylt, To; sfg"gn] ;d]6]sf] If]q / To;sf] k|fljlws kIf ;d]tsf] ;du| d"NofÍg ug'{ kb{5 . sfg"g klg ;dfhsf] ljsf;qmd ;Fu;Fu} ljsl;t / kl/dflh{t x'Fb} hfg] ;fdflhs pkh x'Fbf sfg"g hlxn] klg ;dfh ;fk]If x'G5 / x'g'k5{ . d"n sfg"gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] / ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ agfPsf] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf cGo ;fdfGo jf ljz]if sfg"gn] ;+ljwfgsf] cg'z/0f / cjnDjg ug}{k5{ .

@)= :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf * / *s= df /x]sf] ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 / To;sf] cg'e"lt ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] d'n'ssf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng / lgodg ug{ ag]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] u/]sf] kbk"lt{;DaGwL Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L :jf:Yo ;]jf h:tf] ljz]if

1167


of]Uotf, bIftf / ljz]if1tf cfjZos kg]{ ljlzi6 cj:yf, To;sf] k|fljlws kIf, To;sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] kIf / /fHon] c+lusf/ u/]sf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cg'lzng ;d]tsf ljljw kIfx¿nfO{ b[li6ut u/L :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gdf /x]sf] kbk"lt{;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf nflu tTsfn} k|lqmof k|f/De ug'{ egL ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no / :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg" . pSt /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof= lu/LzrGb| nfnGof= k|sfz j:tL

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !! ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[tM bLkss'df/ bfxfn

lg0f{o g+= *!*( sflQs, @)^^

;af]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L


lu/LzrGb| nfndfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz

j:tL;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] ==WS=== ))!*

cfb]z ldltM @)^^.%.!!.%

d'2f– pTk|]if0f .

lgj]bsM sfe|]knfGrf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s uf=lj=;= j8f g ++ $ v/]nyf]s a:g] clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fb v/]n

lj?4ljkIfLM sfg"g Gofo tyf ;

+ljwfg;ef Joj:yf dGqfno sf7df8f}F+ ;d]t

s'g} JolQm dfly sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] st{Josf] bfloTj lghn] jxg ug'{kg]{ afWotf eP klg, xssf] k|of]u wf/ssf] :j}R5fdf

1168


lge{/ x'g] x'G5 / wf/sn] cfkm\gf] xssf] k|of]u ug]{ gug]{ jf slt xb;Dd ug]{ s'/f :jefljs?kn] lghdfg} cGtlglx{t /xg] .

:jf:gLdflg;n] ;DaGwljR5]b d'2f bfo/ ubf{, hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+ztkm{ ;d]t bfjL ug]]{ jf ldnfkq ug]{ jf bfjL 5f8\g ;Sg] s'/f lgh :jf:gLdflg;sf] lgtfGt :j}R5fdf lge{/ /xg] ljifo ePsfn] lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yfaf6 ;DaGwljR5]b ug{, d'2f bfo/ ug]{ :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ k|fKt pQm xsdf k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] eGg gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_


k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmfåo >L o'j/fh ;'j]bL / >L ls/0f kf}8]n

cjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM

lhNnf cbfntL lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod *%s-#_

nf]Ug]:jf:gL dxnsf] $s, $v / $u g+=

cfb]zGof=lu/LzrGb| nfnM

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ljj/0f / cfb]z lgDg adf]lhd 5M

;f/jfg sfg"gåf/f ;'lglZrt ul/Psf xsnfO{ sfo{ljlw sfg"Gfn] lgoGq0f ug]{ tyf pQm xsnfO{ z"Godf kl/0ft ug{ ;Sb}g . sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf] d'Vo sfd ;f/jfg sfg"gåf/f ;'lglZrt ul/Psf xsnfO{ s;/L k|fKt ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf ug]{ ;Dd xf] . d'n'sL P]g, @)@) df @)%* ;fndf ePsf] P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgn] nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxndf $-s_ $-v_ / $-u_ g+= sf] Joj:yf u/L dlxnf dfgj clwsf/sf] lbzfdf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s= gDa/n] ;DAfGw ljR5]b x'Fbf ;DAfGw ljR5]b ug]{ :jf:gLdflg;n] lghsf] nf]Ug]af6 c+zkfpg] c+z ;DaGwL ;f/e"t xssf] ;'lglZrtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf]

1169


$v= gDa/df ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] dlxnfn] c+z glnO{ ;f]afkt dfl;s jf jflif{s ?Kfdf vr{ e/fO{ lng rfx]df cbfntn] klg To:tL :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ nf]Ug]sf] cfDbfgL ;d]tsf] Vofn u/L vr{ e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ s'/fsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $u= gDAf/n] ;DAfGw ljR5]b x'Fbf ;DaGwljR5]b ug]{ :jf:gLdflg;n] nf]Ug]sf] j08f ug'{kg]{ s'g} ;DklQ g} gePsf] cj:yfdf klg lgh c+z gkfPsL :jf:gLdflg;n] nf]Ug]af6 vr{ e/fpg rfx]df / o:tf] nf]Ug]sf] cfDbfgL cfo:tf ePdf cfDbfgL / cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df vfg nfpg vr{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s=, v / $u= n] nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf] ;DaGwljR5]b x'Fbf ;DaGwljR5]b ug]{ dlxnfn] nf]Ug]af6 c+z kfpg] ;f/e"t xsnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ df @)^) ;fn d+l;/ ! ut] ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6 lgod *%-s_ yk u/L b]xfo # sf] Joj:yf :jf:gLdflg; jfbL e} bfo/ ePsf] ;DaGwljR5]b ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fdf jfbL kIfn]

hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+z glng] u/L ldnfkq ug{ jf hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+z tkm{sf] bfjL 5f8L ;DaGwljR5]b tkm{ dfq af]nL lg0f{o ug{ afWo kfg]{ 5}g eGg] Joj:yfdWo] æjfbL kIfsf] d~h"/Ln] hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+z tkm{sf] bfjL 5f]8L ;DaGwljR5]b tkm{ dfq af]nL lg0f{o ug{ afWff kg]{ 5}gÆ eGg] Joj:yfn] d'n'sL P]g, @)@) sf] P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgaf6 nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxndf yk ul/Psf] $s=, $v= / $u= gDj/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ z"Godf kl/0ft ug{] ;Ddsf] Joj:yf u/L ;DaGwljR5]b ePsL dlxnfsf] cj:yf ;DaGwljR5]b e} ;s]kl5 3/sf] g 3f6sf] gxf];\ egL Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;f/e"t xsnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] Pjd\ z"Godf kl/0ft ug{] sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf lje]bsf/L /xL g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_-@_-#_ åf/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs / k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zsf] ;sf/fTds lje]b ;DaGwL Joj:yf, wf/f @) åf/f k|bQ dlxnfsf] xssf] pkwf/f ! df plNnlvt dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] lje]b ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf / wf/f !( åf/f k|

1170


bQ ;DklQsf] xssf] pkwf/f ! df plNnlvt k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug{], ef]u ug{] a]rljvg ug{] / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]jf/ ug{] xs x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf;Fu aflemG5 . lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod *%-s_ sf] b]xfo # sf] Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ log} df}lns xssf] pkef]u ug{ cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd 3f]if0ffTds cfb]zåf/f cdfGo / ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fb v/]nsf] @)^%.!).* df btf{ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg .

o;df lgj]bsn] d'Vo ?kdf lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod *%-s_ df ePsf] Joj:yf ;DaGwdf bfjL lnPsf] b]lvof] . bfjLsf] lgodfjnL ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L eO{ nfu' ePsf] b]lvFbf lgod hf/L ug{] sfo{df c;Da4 cGo lgsfox¿nfO{ lgj]bsn] ljkIfL agfPsf] eP klg ;f] lgsfosf] gfddf sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm dfu u/L /xg'kg{] b]lvFb}g . ;jf{]Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL hf/L ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd x'g'kg{] gkg{]

s] xf] < o; ;DaGwdf ePsf] ;j} Joxf]/fx¿nfO{ lnlvt hjfkm ;/xsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ >L /lhi6«f/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ k]z eP kl5 ;'g'jfO{sf] lglDfQ lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{' eGg] o; cbfntsf] @)^%.!).( sf] cfb]z .

lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod *%s sf] b]xfo -#_ sf] plNnlvt Joj:yf nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s=, $v= / $u= Pj+ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf plNnlvt wf/f;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ lg/fwf/ / skf]nslNkt dfq xf] . plNnlvt Joj:yfn] lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/] em} nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s=, $v= / $u=sf] dlxnfn] c+z, dfl;s vr{ Pj+ vfg nfpg vr{ k|fKt ug]{ xsnfO{ lgoGq0f u/]sf] geO{ dlxnfsf] :j}R5fn] nf]Ug];Fu ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL xsnfO{ ;'/lIft / ;'ud agfPsf] 5 . nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s=, $v= / $u=n] nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf] ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] ePdf ltgLx¿ aLr c+zj08f ug{ nufP/ dfq ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{, ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] :jf:gLdflg;n] c+z

1171


glnO ;f]afkt nf]Ug];Fu aflif{s jf dfl;s vr{ e/fO{ lng rfx]df cbfntn] To:tL :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ nf]Ug]sf] ;DklQ / cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df aflif{s jf dfl;s vr{ e/fO{ lbg'kg]{, j08f ug'{kg]{ s'g} ;DklQ geO{ vfg nfpg vr{ e/fpg rfx]df / To:tf] nf]Ug]sf] cfDbfgL cfo:tf ePdf cbfntn] To:tL :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ nf]Ug]sf] cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df vfg nfpg vr{ e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] / lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod *%s n] plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd cbfntn] c+z e/fO{ lbg] ;DaGwdf sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ rfxg] :jf:gLdflg;sf] OR5fnfO{ dxTj lbO{ To:tL :jf:gLdflg;n] c+z glng] u/L Pj+ hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ tkm{sf] bfjL 5f8L ldnfkq ug{ jf To:tf] bfjL 5f]8]df ;DaGwljR5]b tkm{dfq lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] u/L Joj:yf u/L nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $s=, $v= / $u= adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL xs, clwsf/ pkef]u ug]{ ;DaGwdf dlxnfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf :jtGq / ;Ifd agfOPsf] kfOG5 . To;af6 jfbL dlxnfn] sfg"gadf]lhd

c+z jf dfl;s vr{ k|fKt ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfdf cÍ'z nufOPsf] xf]Og . :jf:gLdflg;n] c+z / dfl;s vr{sf] bfjL 5f8L ldnfkq ug]{ k|fjwfg tkm{ lgj]bsn] cfklQ gu/L s]jn To:tf] ljifosf] bfjL 5f]8]sf]df cbfntn] lg0f{o ug]{ eGg] k|fjwfg tkm{ dfq rf;f] JoQm u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L c+z / dfl;s vr{sf] bfjL 5f8L ldnfkq ug{ ;lsg] t/ ;f]xL ljifodf cbfntn] lg0f{o ug{ afwf kg]{ eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ :jo+ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ ;d]t b]lvG5 . dlxnfn] c+z jf dfl;s vr{ lng grfx]df jf To; tkm{sf] bfjL 5f]8]df ;DaGwljR5]b tkm{ dfq lg0f{o ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfaf6 dlxnf kIf ePsf] ;DaGwljR5]b d'2fdf ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf c+z jf dfl;s vr{ lng] glng] ;DaGwdf :jo+ dlxnfnfO{ g} lhDd]jf/L / k"0f{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfO{Psf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg / sfg"g;Fu aflemPsf] eGg ldNg] xf]Og . dlxnf jfbL ePsf] ;DaGwljR5]b d'2fdf dlxnfsf] :jtGq ;xdlt / d~h"/LnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] k|s[ltsf] l/6 lgj]bssf] p7fg sfg"g;Ddt / cf}lrTok"0f{ dfGg g;ls+bf

1172


lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod *%-s_ sf] b]xfo -#_ df plNnlvt Joj:yf s'g} sfg"g Pj+ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] Pj+ df}lns xsdf cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ cfwf/lxg x'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ geO{ l/6 lgj]bg g} vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] tkm{af6 /lhi6«f/ 8f=/fds[i0f ltdN;]gfsf] @)^%.!!.^ df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L cfh o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhftx¿ cWoog u/L lgj]bs clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn] d'n'sL P]gdf @)%* ;fndf ePsf] P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgn] ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] dlxnfn] ;DaGwljR5]b kl5 3/sf] g 3f6sf] x'g] cj:yf gcfjf];\ egL nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxndf $s=, $v= / $u= yk u/L ;DaGwljR5]b ug'{ k"j{ cbfntn] c+z 5'6\ofO{ lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]df lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ df @)^) ;fndf ;+zf]wg u/L lgod *%s-#_ yk u/L ;f] jfWofTds Joj:yfnfO{ cÍ'z nufO{ c+z

glnO{ ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]af6 ;f/jfg sfg"gnfO{ sfo{ljlw sfg"gn] lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5, sfo{ljlw sfg"gn] ;f/jfg sfg"gnfO{ cem ;/n agfpg' kg]{df ;f/jfg sfg"gs} k|fjwfgnfO{ x:tIf]k u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] agfPsf] ;f] lgodn] dlxnfju{sf] xs clwsf/ s'l07t u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm k|fjwfg ab/ 3f]lift x'g'k5{ egL tyf ;xGofoflwjQmfåo o'j/fh ;'j]bL / ls/0f kf}8]nn] lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod *%-#_ sf] Joj:yf d'n'sL P]g, nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $s=, $v= / $u= g+=;Fu aflemPsf] 5}g, dlxnfsf] d~h"/L lagf cbfnt cfkm}+n] c+z glbnfO{ ;+aGw ljR5]b ug{] u/L ldnfkq ug{ jf lg0f{o ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf pQm $s=, $v= / $u= g+=n] dlxnfsf] :j}R5fdf cbfntn] sfd ug'{kg]{ u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] xf], lgodfjnLn] t P]gsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;/nLs/0f dfq u/]sf] xf], dlxnfsf] OR5fg';f/ c+zsf] bfjL 5f8]df cbfntn] c+z lng'kg]{ u/L jfWo u/fpg g;Sg] x'Fbf ;f] afwf c8sfp km'sfpg] lgodfjnLsf]] Joj:yfnfO{ aflemPsf] eGg ldNb}g egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .

1173


@= pko'{Qm ax; lhsL/ Pjd\ ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df, lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod *%s sf] pklgod -#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf d'n'sL P]g nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s, $v / $u g+= sf] Joj:yf ljk/Lt ePsf] x'Fbfn] ab/ ul/kfpFm egL dfu bfjL ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;DaGwdf x]bf{ pQm P]gsf] $s g+= “o; dxnsf] !gDa/ adf]lhd nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf] ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] ePdf cbfntn] lghx¿aLr c+zj08f ug{ nufP/ dfq ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] lg0f{o ug'{ k5{ . ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] nf]Ug]dflg;n] g} c+z lnO{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cbfntn] tfobftL dfu u/L c+lzof/x¿aLr c+zj08f ug{ cfb]z lbO{ To:tf] nf]Ug]dflg;sf] efudf kg]{ c+z / ;f] c+zaf6 ;DaGwljR5]b ug]{ :jf:gLdflg;n] kfpg] c+zsf] cGhfd u/L c+zj08f geP;Ddsf] nflu To:tL :jf:gLdflg;sf] hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s ?kn] vr{ e/fO{ lbg' k5{ . c+zj08f e};s]kl5 ;DaGwljR5]b ePsL :jf:gLdflg;sf] c+z efudf

k/]sf] ;DklQdf lghsf] xs x'g]5 . To:tL :jf:gLdflg;n] csf]{ ljjfx gu/]df jf csf]{ ljjfx u/]sf] eP klg s'g} ;Gtfg gePdf lghsf] z]ifkl5 lghn] kfPsf] To:tf] ;DklQ cl3Nnf] nf]Ug]n] kfpg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} $v g++= df “o; dxnsf] $s= gDa/df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] :jf:gLdflg;n] c+z glnO{ ;f]afkt nf]Ug];Fu aflif{s jf dfl;s vr{ e/fO{ lng rfx]df cbfntn] To:tL :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ nf]Ug]sf] ;DklQ / cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df jflif{s jf dfl;s vr{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ . nf]Ug]n] To:tf] vr{ To:tL :jf:gLdflg;n] csf]{ ljjfx gu/];Dd dfq eg'{ k5{Æ eGg] / $u= g+= df æo; dxnsf] ! g+= adf]lhd ;DaGwljR5]b ePsf]df bkmf $s= adf]lhd a08f ug'{kg]{ s'g} ;DklQ geO{ nf]Ug]af6 c+z gkfPsL :jf:gLdflg;n] nf]Ug]af6 vfg nfpg vr{ e/fpg rfx]df / To:tf] nf]Ug]sf] cfDbfgL cfo:tf ePdf cbfntn] To:tL :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ nf]Ug]sf] cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df vfg nfpg vr{ e/fO{ lbg' k5{ . nf]Ug]n] To:tf] vr{ To:tL :jf:gLdflg;n] csf]

1174


{ ljjfx gu/];Dd dfq eg'{ k5{Æ eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 .

#= lj=;+= @)%* ;fndf d'n'sL P]gdf ePsf] P3f/f}F ;+zf]wgsf] ;Gbe{df ;f] P]gdf n}+lus Gofo (Gender Justice)

nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ul/Psf k|fjwfgx¿sf] efjgf tyf agf}6tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, :jf:gLdflg;n] cfkm\gf] nf]Ug]af6 ;DaGwljR5]b ug'{kg]{ l:yltdf, c+z hLljsf / ;DklQ ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿ p7g ;Sg] / To:tf ljjfbsf ljGb'x¿sf] ;+of]hg / lg/fs/0f Ps} k6sdf / ;Dej eP;Dd yf]/} ;do leq xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] pQm Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} xfd|f] ;fdflhs Pj+ kfl/jfl/s kl/l:yltdf, :jf:gLdflg;x¿ cfly{s ?kn] ;fdfGotof lghsf] nf]Ug] dfly lge{/ /xL /xg] ;d]tn], nf]Ug]af6 ;DaGwljR5]b x'g]af6 pTkGg x'g] kl/l:yltdf, :jf:gLdflg;sf] e/0fkf]if0fdf k|lts"n cj:yfsf] l;h{gf gxf];\ eGg] b[li6n] ;f] Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] cg'dfg ;xh} ug{ ;lsG5 .

$= pko'Qm k[i7e"ldnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@

sf] lgod *%s sf] pklgod -#_ df “:jf:gLdflg; jfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf] ;DaGwljR5]b ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fdf jfbL kIfn] hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+ztkm{ bfjL 5f8L ldnfkq ug{ rfx]df lghsf] d~h"/Ln] hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+z glng] u/L ldnfkq ug{ jf hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+ztk{msf] bfjL 5f8L ;DaGwljR5]btkm{ dfq pkrf/ vf]h]df ;DaGwljR5]btkm{ dfq af]nL lg0f{o ug{ afwf kg]{ 5}g” egL ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{ l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfusf] ;Gbe{df x]g'{kbf{, nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $s, $v / $u sf] Joj:yf :jf:gLdfl;n] nf]Ug]af6 ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ d'2f bfo/ ug]{ cj:yfdf lghsf] c+z, hLljsf tyf dfl;s vr{ ;DaGwdf lghsf] xsdf JolQm ljz]if cyf{t\ lghsf] nf]Ug]n] jxg ug'{kg]{ ;f] xs;Fu ;Da4 st{Josf] -Correlated

Duty_ tfTko{sf] nflu nf]Ug] dfly lghsf] sfg"gL xssf] -Right

in Personam_ l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] Joj:yfaf6 ;DaGwljR5]b d'2f bfo/ ug]{ :jf:gLdflg;sf] xsdf sfg"gL xssf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 eg], ;f] xssf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL st{Josf] jxg ug'{kg]{

1175


lhDd]jf/L lghsf] nf]Ug] dfly x'g] b]lvg cfpF5 .

%= sfg"gL xssf] k|of]u / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt st{Josf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, s'g} JolQm dfly sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] st{Josf] bfloTj lghn] jxg ug'{kg]{ afWotf eP klg, xssf] k|of]u wf/ssf] :j}R5fdf lge{/ x'g] x'G5 / wf/sn] cfkm\gf] xssf] k|of]u ug]{ gug]{ jf slt xb;Dd ug]{ s'/f :jfefljs?kn] lghdfg} cGtlglx{t /xg] x'G5 . To;sf/0f :jf:gLdflg;n] pQm sfg"gL xssf] pkef]u jf k|rng s'g} sf/0fn] cf+lzs?kn] fdq ug]{ u/fpg rfx]df jf gug]{ gu/fpg rfx]sf] cj:yfdf klg lghnfO{ sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] st{Jo -Duty_ h:tf] ug]{ u/fpg} kg]{ u/L ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] afWo u/]sf] eGg ;lsb}g . :jf:gLdflg;n] ;DaGwljR5]b d'2f bfo/ ubf{, hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+ztkm{ ;d]t bfjL ug]]{ jf ldnfkq ug]{ jf bfjL 5f8\g ;Sg] s'/f lgh :jf:gLdflg;sf] lgtfGt :j}R5fdf lge{/ /xg] ljifo ePsfn] lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf ePsf] ;f] Joj:yfaf6 ;DaGwljR5]b ug{, d'2f bfo/ ug]{ :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ k|fKt pQm xsdf k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] eGg ldng] . t;y{ lhNnf cbfnt

lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod *%s sf] pklgod -#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf, nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s, $v / $u g+= sf] ljk/Lt ePsf] jf To;n] ubf{ ;f] dxnsf] pQm Joj:yfaf6 l;lh{t :jf:gLdflg;sf] sfg"gL xsdf k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] gb]lvg'sf ;fy} ;f] ;DaGwdf bfjL ug]{ jf ldnfkq ug]{ gug]{ s'/fnfO{ lghsf] :j}R5fdf lge{/ x'g] egL cem :ki6 u/]sf] gb]lvgfn], l/6 lgj]bgdf dfu ul/Pcg';f/ cfb]z hf/L x'g] cf}lrTo b]lvPg . ctPjM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{lbg" .

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7Gof=k|sfz j:tL

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !! ut] /f]h % z'ee\ Ohnf; clws[t– bLkss'df/ bfxfn

lg0f{o g+= *!() sflQs, @)^^

=;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;

1176


dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L

dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL

k'g/fj]bg g+===)^%===DF==))$

km};nf ldltM @)^^.%.$.%

d'2f– lnvt ab/ .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM sf7df8fF} lhNnf, sf7df8fF}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @^ g/b]jL a:g] s[i0fs'df/L e§sf] d'=;=ug]{ P]=P]= a:g] /Tgk|;fb e§

lj?4k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM sf:sL

lhNnf kf]v/f pk–dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=!! 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8fF}++ lhNnf sf7df8f}F++ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @( a:g] lrqfs'df/L u'?ª

z'? km};nf ug]{M– df=lh=Gof=>L xl/s'df/

kf]v/]nk'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M

df=Gof= >L a'4/Tg zfSo

df=Gof= >L ljgf]bk|;fb 9'+u]n

;fljs lsQf gDa/x¿ gofF

gfkLdf kl/jt{g x'g' :jfefljs xf] . ;fljssf tLg lsQf olt w]/} lsQf s] s;/L eP vf]Hg kb{Yof] egL s'g} klg JolQmdfly st{Jo nfb\g g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=^_ hfgsf/L lbg'k"j{ g}

hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] eGg] b]lvg] k|Dff0fsf] cefjdf cg'dfgs} e/df klxnf g} hfgsf/L kfPsf] eGg gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=&_ d"ntM hUufdf

xs :jfldTj x'g] JolQmdf g} ;f] ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 . :jfldTj g/x]sf] JolQmn] lnvt ul/lbg ;Sb}g . lnvt ul/lbFbfsf] cj:yfdf :jfldTjsf] kl/rfos hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{df gfd hUufwgLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq ;f] ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] lqmof ;Dej x'g] .

kl5 ;f] :jfldTj cj}w /x]sf] clwsf/ k|fKt

1177


lgsfon] ljlwjt 7x/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] bftfsf] x}l;ot :jfldTjljxLg ;/x x'g k'Ub5 . :jfldTjsf] kl/rfos hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ gx'g' / xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{ ;f] /x]sf] eP klg kl5 ;f] cf/Deb]lv g} ab/ x'g' sfg"gsf cfFvfdf ;dfg cj:yf x'g] .

hUufsf] :jfdL g} g/x]sf] JolQmn] u/]sf] xs x:tfGt/0fnfO{ j}w dfGg g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=(_ ;Ifd cbfntn] ljlw;Ddt

dfWodn] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cbfntn] g} cfkm"v'zL cdfGo ul/lbg] xf] eg] of] Goflos c/fhstfsf] ;"rs x'g k'Ug] .

-k|s/0f g+=!)_ d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= #%

g+=sf] cfzocg';f/ s]jn–-s_ sfg"gn] clwsf/}

glbPsf] lgsfon] u/fPsf] ldnfkq jf lg0f{o,

-v_ sfg"gn] tf]lslbPsf] clwsf/Lafx]s cGon] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf u/fPsf] ldnfkq,

-u_ ljlw;Ddt t/Lsfn] ljjfbn] d'2fsf] ?kdf hGd glnPsf] cj:yfdf ePsf] ldnfkq jf lg0f{o /

-3_ sfg"Gfåf/f lgwf{l/t k|lqmof cjnDag gu/L ePsf ldnfkq jf lg0f{o lg/y{s, lgliqmo / z"Go x'G5g\ .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_ 5nsk6, hfn;fh, s[lqd

cfwf/, gSsnL k|df0f, cfk;L ldnf]dtf] / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQdf sAhf h:tf dfWodaf6 ePsf btf{af6 s;}sf] xs k|fKt gxf];\ eGg] g} b"lift btf{sf] d"n dd{ xf] . lagf ;|f]t, lagf cfwf/ / ;|f]t lnvt jf k|df0fsf] k|lts"n x'g k'u]sf btf{nfO{ klg b"lift btf{s} bhf{df /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf sfo{n] ;do;Ldfsf sf/0fn] dfGotf kfpg] l:ylt g/xf];\ eg]/ g} b"lift btf{ ab/ u/fpg xbDofb gnfUg] l;4fGt sfod ePsf] xf] . h'g s'/f k|ToIf ?kdf ;Dej 5}g, Tof] k/f]If ?kdf klg ;Dej x'g gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=!$_1178


d"n ;|f]tsf cltl/Qm Tof] ;|f]taf6 pAh]sf cGo lnvtx? klg cbfnts} lg0f{oaf6 z"Godf kl/0ft eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;|f]tsf ;j} s8Lx? w/fzfoL ePsf] :ki6 l:ylt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg kl5Nnf] lnvtnfO{ k/f]If ?kdf ;b/ dflglbg' Gofo;+ut gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=!^_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmfx? >L ljZjk|sfz l;Ub]n, t]haxfb'/ s6'jfn / jfns[i0f g]pkfg]

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L Zofdk|;fb v/]n

cjnlDjt ghL/M g]sfk @)@(, lg0f{o g+= ^

%$, k[i7 # g]sfk @)#), lg0f{o g+= &*

%, k[i7 #$% g]sfk @)$@, lg0f{o g+=

@#@), k[i7 #!* g]sfk @)$#, lg0f{o g+=

@^^^, k[i7 @^% g]sfk @)$#, lg0f{o g+=

@&#(, k[i7 %)$ g]sfk @)$$, lg0f{o g+=

#)!(, k[i7 @*( g]sfk @)%*, lg0f{o g+=

^(&$, k[i7 %$

g]sfk @)^), lg0f{o g+= &!^^, k[i7 %*

g]sfk @)^! lg0f{o g+= &#$%, k[i7 @(!

g]sfk @)^$, lg0f{o g+= &*&#, k[i7 !)*%

;Da4 sfg"gM c=j+= #%, *^ g+= Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]

bkmf !( g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f !!^

km};nfGof= k|sfz j:tLM ;jf]

{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_ -s_ adf]lhd o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df dfggLo GofofwLzx¿ aLr @)^%.!.@$ df ePsf] km};nfdf dt}So x'g g;sL k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKtdf tYo / 7x/ lgDgadf]lhd 5–

klt dx]Zj/ e§sf gfdsf] kf]tf nut g+= $(( sf] hUuf;Fu le8L btf{ x'g] sf=lh= uf]+uj' uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $-s_ ls=g+= !!$, !##, !#% g+= sf] hUufnfO{ sf=lh=c=sf] @)$).@.@^ sf] ldnfkqsf] cfwf/df df=kf]=sf= sf7df8fF}+sf] @)$$.@.@* sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/n] btf{ u/L nu]sf]

1179


sfo{ b"lift ePsf] 5 . pQm ldnfkq Pj+ lg0f{o ab/ u/L xs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2f lbPF . pQm tLg lsQfsf] xb;Dd ldnfkq Pj+ ;f]sf] cfwf/df ePsf] btf{ ab/ eO{ lkm/fbLsf] gfddf btf{;d]t x'g] 7x/ u/L sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$(.!@.! df km};nf eof] . pQm km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ;b/ e} clGtd ePsf] 5 . pQm clGtd km};nfadf]lhd d]/f] gfddf btf{ u/L hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ kfpmF egL dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf d}n] lgj]bg u/]sf]df pQm sfof{noaf6 ljleGg ldltsf lnvtn] dfu u/]sf hUufx¿ cGo JolQmsf] gfddf uO{ ;s]sf]n] cbfntaf6 lnvt ab/ u/fO{ Nofpg hfgsf/L lbg] eGg] ldlt @)%@.!!.( sf] lg0f{osf] ldlt @)%#.#.@& df hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf]n] hfgsf/L Dofb Pj+ h=ld= sf] !* tyf h=k= sf] !& g+= sf] cfwf/df of] lkm/fb ug{ cfPsf] 5' . lkm/fbLsf] xs sfod e} btf{;d]t x'g] hUufdWo] sf=lh= uf]+uj' uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $-s_ ls=g++ !#% sf] If]=km= !–@–) hUufdWo] ls=sf= x'Fbf sfod ls=g++

(#& If]=km= )–%–) hUuf ljkIfLx¿ cfk;df ldn]dtf] u/L df=kf]=sf= sf7df8fF}af6 /=g+= *!!!-s_ ldlt @)%!.!!.!^ df /lhi6«]zg u/L lng' lbg' u/]sf] lnvt ab/ u/L Gofo kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] @)%#.$.@* sf] lkm/fb kq .

bfjLdf plNnlvt hUuf b'uf{b]jL l;Fv8f ;d]tn] O{Zj/dfg >]i7;Fu @)$^.(.$ df /fhLgfdf kf/Lt u/L lnO{ btf{ x'g cfPkl5 k|= dWo]sf] d lrqfs'df/L u'?ªnfO{ xs 5f8L kf/Lt ul/lbPsf] xf] . ljkIfLsf] lkm/fb n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $) g+= Pjd\ bfg as;sf] % g+= åf/f lglb{i6 b'O{ jif{ xbDofb g3fO{ bfo/ ePsf] 5 . d"n ls= g+= !#% ls= sf= e} btf{ x'g cfPsf] / pQm ls= g+= !#% dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] @)$$.@.@* sf] lg0f{on] gfgL5f]/Lsf] gfddf btf{ u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ ljkIfLn] :jLsfg'{ ePsf] 5 . ;f] lg0f{o btf{pk/ ljkIfLsf] lkm/fb @)$*.&.# df k/]sf] / ;f] lkm/fb kg'{ cufj} btf{jfnf gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/n] ljleGg JolQmx¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] x'Fbf ljkIfLn] cfˆgf] hUuf cGoq JolQmnfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] ldltn] d'n'sL P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $) g+= /

1180


bfg as;sf] % g+= sf] xbDofbleq gfn]; gu/]af6 ljkIfLnfO{ lnvt ab/ ug]{ xs g} gx'Fbf xsb}of / xbDofbsf] cfwf/df lkm/fb bfjL vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|= lrqfs'df/L u'?ªsf] @)%#.!!.!& sf] k|ltpQ/ kq .

k|ltjfbL zfGtf clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL l;+v8fsf] Dofb ldlt @)%$.(.!*.^ df tfd]n ePsf]df lgh b'j}n] z'? Dofb} u'hf/L k|ltpQ/ kq glkm/fO{ a;]sf .

k|ltjfbLsL bftfdWo]sf klxnL bftf gfgL5f]/Ln] v8\udfgnfO{ ul/lbPsf] lnvt g} ab/ x'g] 7x/L b]= ld= g+= &@$ sf] lnvt ab/ d'2f cfh} o; Ohnf;af6 km};nf ePsfn] ;f] d'2fsf] km};nfdf plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0f;d]tsf cfwf/df k|= zfGtf clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL l;Fv8fn] k|= lrqfs'df/L u'?ªnfO{ ul/lbPsf] /=g+= *!!! ldlt @)%!.!!.!^ sf] xf=a= sf] lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ldlt @)%^.^.%.$ sf] sf7df8f}F+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf .

@)$$.#.# b]lv km/s–km/s ldltdf xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf lqmofnfO{ cGoyf eGg g;s]sf], n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $) g+= / bfg as;sf] % g+= sf

xbDofb;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg g;s]sf], @)$$.#.# sf lnvtx¿ oyfjt /x]sf] cj:yfdf z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf @)%^.!).& df k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

o;df k|ToyL{ s[i0fs'df/L e§n] ldlt @)$*.!@.@# df lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6 g} gfgL 5f]/L t08'sf/af6 tx–tx xs x:tfGt/0f xF'b} gfkLdf gofF lsQf sfod ePsf] eGg] s'/f yfxf kfO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . cGo JolQmsf gfpFdf u};s]sf] s'/f dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] @)%@.!!.( sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ @)%#.#.@& df yfxf kfPsf] egL d'n'sL P]g, hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= / hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= adf]lhd bfo/ x'g cfPsf] lkm/fbjf6 lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] xbDofb / sfg"gsf] k|of]udf ;d]t km/s kg{ ;Sg] xF'bf c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd ljkIfL lemsfpg' eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] @)%&.%.@* sf] cfb]z . o;df k|ToyL{ s[i0fs'df/L e§n] ldlt @)$*.!@.@# df lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6 g} gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/af6 tx–tx xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf] p;} avt yfxf

1181


kfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf cGo JolQmsf gfpFdf u};s]sf] s'/f dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] @)%@.!!.( sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ @)%#.#.@& df yfxf kfPsf] egL d'n'sL P]g, hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= / hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= adf]lhd bfo/ x'gcfPsf] lkm/fb xbDofbsf] cfwf/df vf/]h ug'{kg]{df lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] @)%&.!).@% sf] km};nf .

cfTdlgi7 cfwf/df s[lqd xbDofb sfod u/L cbfntsf] tx–txaf6 km};nf eO{ d]/f] xs :yflkt ePsf] hUufdf cbfntsf] km};nf;d]tnfO{ lgliqmo x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . Ps} ldltdf bfo/ ePsf] Ps} xbDofb sfod ul/Psf] lkm/fb kqsf] cfwf/df Ps} ;fy bfo/ ePsf nufpsf lnvt ab/ d'2fx?df lnvt ab/ e} clGtd ?kdf /x]sf] Joxf]/f ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f ldl;naf6 k|i6 x'Fbf–xF'b]} tL clGtd ?kdf /x]sf d'2fdf ePsf] km};nf k|lts"n x'g] u/L k|:t't d'2fdf ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ u/L OG;fkm kfpmF eGg] jfbLsf] tkm{jf6 o; cbfntdf @)%*.

(.@$ df kg{cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq . o;df d'2f kbf{–kb}{sf] cj:yfsf] lnvt ab/tkm{ gfln; lbg xbDofbn] c;/ gug]{ x'Fbf ;d]t lkm/fb vf/]h ug]{ 7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg]{ x'Fbf c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd ljkIfL lemsfpg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.*.!) sf] cfb]z .

gfgL5f]/Lsf] xs g} :yflkt x'g g;Sg] hUuf lghsf GffpFdf btf{ u/L cGo JolQmnfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f u/L lbPsf] lnvt ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] z'? sf7df8fF} lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ug'{kg]{df xbDofbsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ pN6L ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df df=Gof= >L zf/bf >]i7sf] /fo .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] cfkm"n] cbfnt k|j]z ubf{sf] cj:yfdf g} hUuf c? JolQmdf u};s]sf], cGo JolQmsf] gfpFdf hUuf u};s]sf] w]/} ;dokl5 lkm/fb k/]sf] / ldlt @)$*.!@.@# df lbPsf] gfkLsf] lgj]bgaf6 g} gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/af6 xs

1182


x:tfGTf/0f eO{ ljleGg lsQf sfod ePsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6;Fu k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] p;} avt yfxf kfPsf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbDofbleq ;DalGwt cbfntdf lkm/fb bfo/ u/L ;Sg'kg]{df s]jn ldlt @)%#.#.@& df dfq dfnkf]t sfof{no dfkm{t yfxf kfPsf] egL bfo/ ePsf] lkm/fb xbDofb gf3L bfo/ x'g cfPsf] b]lvFbf z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntn] lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x¥ofO{ u/]sf] km};nfnfO{ xbDofbsf] cfwf/df pN6L ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df df=Gof= >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf] /fo .

lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2f;Fu ;DAflGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhftx¿ cWoog u/L kIf ljkIfsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿n] ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL k]z ug'{ ePsf] ax;gf]6 ;d]t cWoog ul/of] .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ ljZjk|sfz l;Ub]n, t]haxfb'/ s6'jfn / afns[i0f g]pkfg]n] jfbL bfjLsf] hUuf k|ltjfbLsf k/bftf gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/n] @)$$.@.@* df ldnfkqcg'¿k k|fKt u/]sf hUuf

btf{ u/] klg ;f] hUufsf] jf:tljs xsbf/ jfbLsf :juL{o klt dx]Zj/ e§ x'g\, @)#^ ;fnd} ;fljs ls=g+= !!$, !##, !#% / ^^^ sf] hUuf /}=k= u/L kfpg sf/jfxL rnfPsf] cj:yfdf btf{ x'g gkfpFb} lgh k/nf]s ePsf] sf/0f jfbLn] @)$* ;fndf lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxL rnfpFbf pQm lsQfx¿ dWo] ls= g+= !!$, !## / !#%sf] hUuf @)$).@.@^ sf] ldnfkqaf6 gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/df uPsf] eGg] hfgsf/L ePsf] / ;f] ldnfkq ab/df d'2f rnL @)$( ;fndf ldnfkq;d]t ab/ x'g] 7x/L ePsf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 @)%!.(.!! df ;b/ e} clGtd ePsf] 5, k|ltjfbLsf k/bftf gfgL5f]/Lsf] xssf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ldnfkq g} ab/ ePsf] cj:yfdf kl5 hUuf vl/b ljqmL u/]sf] Jojxf/ klg b"lift g} x'Fbf kl5sf] lnvt sfod /xg ;Sb}g, gfgL5f]/Ln] ldnfkqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] hUuf a]rlavg x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kl5 dfq ePsf] xf], ldnfkq ab/ ;d]tsf d'2fdf ljjflbt hUuf;d]t cGoq uPsf] eGg] pNn]v gePsf] / ;f]sf] hfgsf/Lsf] s'g} ;|f]t g} gePsfn] gfgL5f]/L kl5sf JolQmx¿n] hUuf lnPsf] yfxf gx'Fbf z'? cj:yfaf6} xbDofb nfUb}g, ldnfkq ab/

1183


tyf xs sfod d'2fsf] km};nfadf]lhd bf=vf= ug{ hfFbf dfq ljleGg JolQmdf uPsf] egL hgfp lbPsf] / xbDofb yfxf kfPsf] cj:yfaf6} z'? x'g] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] OG;fkm ;b/ x'g] cj:yf 5}g egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/L u'?ªsf] tkm{af6 ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf Zofdk|;fb v/]nn] @)$* ;fndf lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf nfdf] cjlwkl5 ;sf/ ug{ kfpg] sfg"g 5}g, @)$* ;fndf gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/;Fu jfbLn] d'2f u/]sf] ePklg ;f] d'2f kg'{ cufj} gfgL5f]/Laf6 hUuf cGoq u};s]sf] e} z"Go l:yltdf bftfn] d'2f xf/]sf] ePkl5 To:tf] km};nf ab/ u/fO{ /xg' kb}{g, gfgL5f]/Ln] ldnfkqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] hUuf ljleGg JolQmnfO{ laqmL u/]sf] cj:yf eP klg Ps} ljifo k|s[ltsf] d'2f x'Fbf c=j+= &@ g+= adf]lhd Pp6} gfln; lbg'kg]{df 5'§f5'§} gfn]; lbPsf] klg q'l6k"0f{ 5, jfbLn] klxnf] d'2fsf] ?k ljrf/ u/L kl5sf] d'2f lbPsf] ;d]t q'l6k"0f{ 5, ljkIfLsf kltn] z'? sf/jfxLdf /}s/ kl/0ft ul/kfpFm eg]sf]df Tof] clxn];Dd x'g;s]sf] 5}g, ;fljs lsQf

ljleGg lsQfdf lsQfsf6 ePsf] /f]Ssf u/L kfpg @)$*.!@.@# lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yfdf tL lsQf s;/L lsQfsf6 e} uPsf] eGg] s'/f yfxf gePsf] eGg ldNb}g, cGfGt sfn;Dd d'2f ug]{ xbDofb x'Fb}g, xbDofbsf] cfwf/df bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] OG;fkm ;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .

pko'{Qm ax; lhsL/ Pjd\ ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYo;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg k|:t't d'2f k]z ePsf] 5 . o;df jfbLsf] bfjLdf klt dx]Zj/ e§sf] gfpFsf] kf]tf g+= $(( sf] hUuf;Fu le8L btf{ x'g] sf=lh= uf]+uj' uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+=$-s_ ls=g+= !!$, !## / !#% sf] qmdzM If]qkmn !–%–@–), )–!)–)–) / !–@–)–) hUufnfO{ gfgL5f]/L / uf]kfndfgaLr ldlt @)#(.!@.!* df lkm/fb ldlt @)$).@.!%df k|ltpQ/ eO{ ldlt @)$).@.@^sf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf] ldnfkqsf] cfwf/df df=kf]=sf= sf7df8f}Fsf] @)$$.@.@* sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/n] btf{ u/L nu]sf] sfo{ b"lift btf{ xf] . pQm ldltsf] ldnfkq Pjd\ btf{ ab/ u/L xs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fdf pQm tLg lsQfsf]

1184


xb;Dd ldnfkq Pjd\ ;f]sf] cfwf/df ePsf] btf{ ab/ e} lkm/fbLsf] gfpFdf btf{ x'g] 7x/L sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 km};nf eof] . tb\kZrft h=w=k|=k"hf{ kfpg dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf lgj]bg lbFbf lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf hUufx¿ cGo JolQmx¿sf] gfddf u};s]sfn] cbfntaf6 lnvt ab/ u/fO{ Nofpg' eGg] @)%#.#.@& df hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsfn] lkm/fb ug{ cfPsL eGb} lkm/fbLsf] xs sfod e} btf{ x'g] ls=g+= !#% sf] !–@–) hUufdWo] lsQfsf6 u/L ls=g+= (#& sf] )–%–) hUuf ljkIfLx? ldn]dtf] u/L df=kf]=sf= sf7df8fF}sf] /=g+= *!!!-s_ ldlt @)%!.!!.!^ df /lhi6«]zg kf/Lt ePsf] lnvt ab/ u/L kfpFm eGg] lkm/fb bfjL kfOG5 . z'? lhNnf cbfntn] jfbL bfjLadf]lhd lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] 5 eg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] xbDofb gf3L bfo/ x'g cfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df vf/]h ug'{kg]{ eGb} z'? km};nf pN6L u/]sf] 5 .

o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfpk/ jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df ;+o'Qm

Ohnf;df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] df=Gof= >L zf/bf >]i7af6 /fo JoQm / ;f] /fodf c;xdlt hgfpFb} z'? km};nfnfO{ xbDofbsf] cfwf/df pN6L x'g] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] df= Gof= >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{af6 /fo JoQm e} dt}So x'g g;sL o; Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf ldl;n ;+nUg tYo Pjd\ ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; gf]6 tyf ax; lhsL/ ;d]tsf] ;Gbe{df lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5–

!= lkm/fb xbDofb gf3L bfo/ ePsf] 5, 5}g < k|:t't btf{ b"lift xf] xf]Og <

@= jfbL bfjLadf]lhd lnvt ab/ x'g] xf] xf]Og <

Kflxnf] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{@= sf7df8f}F lhNnf

uf]u+a' uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $s= sf] ls=g+= (#& sf] )–%–) -kfFr cfgf_ hUuf k|ltjfbL zfGtf clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL l;+v8fn] k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/L u'?ªnfO{ /=g+= *!!! Aff6 ldlt

1185


@)%!.!!.!^ df xfn}b]lvsf] js;kq kf/Lt ul/lbPsf] b]lvof] . ;f] lnvtpk/ jfbLn] @)%#.$.@* df lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ k|ltjfbLåf/f xbDofb gf3]sf] egL k|f/Deb]lv g} uDeL/ ?kdf p7fOPsf] 5 . xbDofbs} dfWodaf6 cbfntn] OG;fkmsf] /f]xdf k|j]z ug]{ xf] . xbDofb gf3L lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf]df d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L lg?k0f ug]{ cj:yf x'Fb}g . To;}n] xbDofb gf3]sf] egL k|Zg p7]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf ;j{k|yd xbDofbsf ;Gbe{df o; cbfntn] cfˆgf] Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ ljjflbt lnvt;Fu ;DalGwt hUufsf] ;fljsb]lv xfn;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

#= k|ltjfbLsf] ljjflbt lnvt;Fu ;DalGwt ls=g+= (#& sf] hUuf ;fljsdf d"n ls=g+= !#% sf] hUuf /x]sf] eGg]df ljjfb b]lvPsf] 5}g . pQm hUuf ;d]tsf] ;DaGwdf uf]kfndfg >]i7n] gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/pk/ @)#(.!@.!* df lbPsf] b]=ld=g+= !$%% sf] lvrf]nf d]6fO{ xs sfod d'2fdf sf7df8f}+F lhNnf

cbfntaf6 @)$).@.@^ df gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/sf] gfddf bf=vf= btf{ x'g] u/L ldnfkq ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L btf{ ePsf] hUuf lsQfkmf]8 x'Fb} ls= g+= (#& sf] )–%–) hUuf @)$$.#.# df lgh gfgL5f]/Laf6 v8\udfg zfSon] /=g+= *@*#-s_ sf] xfn}b]lvsf] as;kqaf6 kfO{ ldlt @)$%.@.@$ sf] /fhLgfdfåf/f uLtf lwtfnnfO{ -/=g++ &%&&-s__, lgh uLtf lwtfnn] klg xfn}sf] as;kqåf/f zfGtf clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL l;Fv8fnfO{ -/=g+= !)@-s__ ldlt @)$%.$.& df lbPsf] kfOG5 . lghx?af6 @)%!.!!.!^ df /=g+= *!!! sf] xfn}b]lvsf] as;kq lnvtaf6 oL k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/L u'?ªdf cfPsf] ;DalGwt sfuhftx¿af6 b]lvG5 .

$= csf]{tkm{ jfbL bfjLsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ ljjflbt lnvtsf] ls=g+= (#& sf] hUufsf] d"n lsQf g+= !#% ;d]tsf hUufx¿ /}s/ kl/0ft ul/kfpFm egL jfbLsf klt dx]Zj/ e§n] dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8fF}df @)#^.(.!! df lgj]bg lbPsf] kfOG5 . tb\kZrft\ jfbL s[i0fs'df/Ln] @)$* ;fndf dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf lgj]bg lbPsf]df

1186


ls= g+= !#% ;d]tsf] df]7 le8fpFbf @)$$.@.@* sf] lg0f{on] gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/sf gfddf uPsf]n] sf/jfxL ul//xg k/]g eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8fF}af6 @)$*.&.!& df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .

%= dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] pQm lg0f{okl5 gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/sf] xssf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 @)$).@.@^ df ePsf] ldnfkq / ;f] ldnfkqsf] cfwf/df gfgL5f]/Lsf] gfddf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{ocg'¿k ePsf] btf{ ab/ ul/kfpmF egL jfbL s[i0fs'df/Ln] gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/ ;d]tpk/ @)$( ;fnsf] b]= ld= g+= @%$& sf]] ldnfkq ab/ / b]= ld= g+= @%%! sf] lg0f{o btf{ ab/ d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . tL d'2faf6 ls=g+= !#% ;d]tsf xsdf ePsf] pQm ldnfkq / ;f]sf] cfwf/df ePsf] btf{ ab/ eO{ jfbLsf] gfddf btf{ ul/lbg' kg]{ 7x/L sf7df8fF} lhNnf cbfntaf6 @)$(.!@.! ut] km};nf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 @)%!.(.!! ut] km};nf e} clGtd ePsf] kfOG5 .

pQm km};nfsf] cfwf/df ls=g+= !#% ;d]tsf] hUufsf] btf{jfnf gfgL5f]/Lsf] gfd

vf/]h u/L cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ ul/kfpFm egL jfbL s[i0fs'df/Lsf] @)%!.!!.!$ df dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . of] lgj]bgkl5 ljleGGf ldltsf] lnvtn] pQm hUufx¿ cGo JolQmsf] gfddf u};s]sf]n] cbfntaf6 lnvt ab/ u/fO{ Nofpg hfgsf/L lbg] eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] @)%@.!!.( sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ #% lbgleq cbfnt uO{ lnvt ab/ u/L Nofpg oL jfbLnfO{ @)%#.#.@& df hfgsf/L lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df ljjflbt lnvtsf] @)%#.$.( df gSsn lnO{ @)%#.$.@* df jfbLsf] k|:t't lkm/fb k/]sf] cj:yf 5 .

^= k|ltjfbL tkm{sf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfn] jfbLn] @)$*.!@.@# df gfkL6f]nLdf lsQfsf6 ePsf hUufx¿ /f]Ssf ul/kfpmF eGfL lgj]bg lbFbf g} k|ltjfbLsf gfddf hUuf cfO;s]sf] / ;f] s'/f ;f]xL cj:yfdf yfxf hfgsf/L kfP/ klg @)%#.$.@* df bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't lkm/fb xbDofb gf3]sf] egL lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 . ;f] ;Gbe{df jfbL s[i0fs'df/Ln] @ g+= gfkL 6f]nL afnfHo"df @)$*.!@.@# df lbPsf] b=g+= #! sf] lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/fdf ;fljs

1187


lsQf geO{ gofF lsQfx¿sf] pNn]v ub}{ ;f] ljifodf 5fgjLg ul//x]af6 cfkm"n] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf d'2fx¿sf] clGtd lsgf/f gnfu];Dd emu8f hgfO{ btf{ /f]Ssf ul/kfpg dfu u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm lgj]bgaf6 ;fljs lsQfx¿ ldnfkqsf] cfwf/df gfgL5f]/Lsf] gfddf btf{ ug]{ dfnkf]t sfof{non] lg0f{o u/]sf], lsQfsf6 ePsf] gS;faf6 b]lvPsf] / s] s;/L lsQfsf6 ePsf] xf] ;f] ljifodf 5fgjLg ul//x]sf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljjflbt hUuf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL ;d]tsf] gfddf lsQfkmf]8 e} uPsf] lghnfO{ hfgsf/L ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOPGf . lgj]bgdf 5fgjLg ub}{5' eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePkl5sf] cj:yfnfO{ lsQfkmf]8;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ j[tfGtsf] hfgsf/L ePsf] egL cg'dflgt ?kdf lgisif{df k'Ug' Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . gfgL5f]/L lj?4 log} jfbLn] bfo/ u/]sf] d'2fdf k|ltpQ/ lbFbf tyf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ;d]t cfkm"n] hUUff x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] s'/f k/f]If ?kdf ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] kfOGg . ;fljs lsQf gDa/x¿ gofF gfkLdf kl/jt{g x'g' :jfefljs xf] . ;fljssf tLg lsQf olt w]/} lsQf s] s;/L eP

vf]Hg kb{Yof] egL s'g} klg JolQmdfly st{Jo nfb\g ;lsGg .

&= ljjflbt hUuf k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf xs x:tfGt/0f e} cfPsf] eGg] jfbLnfO{ klxn] g} hfgsf/Ldf cfO;s]sf] x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f 7f]; k|df0fsf] cefjdf cg'dfg ug'{ Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . o; cj:yfdf dfnkf]t sfof{non] cbfntaf6 lnvt ab/ u/fO{ Nofpg' egL @)%#.#.@& df hfgsf/L lbg'k"j{ g} jfbLsf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] eGg] b]lvg] k|Dff0fsf] cefjdf cg'dfgs} e/df jfbLn] klxnf g} hfgsf/L kfPsf] eGg ldn]g .

*= hxfF;Dd s:tf] cj:yfnfO{ yfxf kfPsf] dflgg] eGg] sfg"gL k|Zg 5 To;sf xsdf g]=sf= k= @)%* k[i7 %$ lg= g+= ^(&$ tyf g]= sf= k= @)^!÷@(!÷&#$% df o; cbfntn] s]xL dfGotf :yflkt ul/;s]sf] 5 . oL lg0f{ox¿dWo] klxnf]df lnvtsf] gSsn glnO{ n]vs, ;fIfL, kf/Lt ldlt / hUufsf] ljj/0f yfxf kfpg g;Sg] x'Fbf lnvt ePsf] yfxf ePs} cj:yf dfgL lkm/fb ug'{kg]{ ts{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;} u/L kl5Nnf] lg0f{odf lg0f{o ldlt yfxf kfP/ gx'g]

1188


lg0f{osf] gSsn k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq oyfy{ ljj/0f yfxf kfO{ pkrf/sf] vf]hL ;Dej x'g] x'Fbf of] ldlt g} cbfnt k|j]zsf] cf/DeljGb' x'g] ljZn]if0f ljlglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't ljjfb o; cbfntn] klxn] g} sfod u/]sf l;4fGteGbf k[ys wf/sf] /x]sf] b]lvPg .

(= d"ntM hUufdf xs :jfldTj x'g] JolQmdf g} ;f] ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 . :jfldTj g/x]sf] JolQmn] lnvt ul/lbg ;Sb}g . lnvt ul/lbFbfsf] cj:yfdf :jfldTjsf] kl/rfos hUufwgL k|df0fk'hf{df lghsf] gfd hUufwgLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq lghaf6 ;f] ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] lqmof ;Dej x'g] xf] . t/ kl5 ;f] :jfldTj cj}w /x]sf] clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfon] ljlwjt 7x/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] bftfsf] x}l;ot :jfldTjljxLg ;/x x'g k'Ub5 . :jfldTjsf] kl/rfos hUufwgL k|df0fk'hf{ gx'g' / xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{ ;f] /x]sf] eP klg kl5 ;f] cf/Deb]lv g} ab/ x'g' sfg"gsf cfFvfdf ;dfg cj:yf x'g\ . k|:t't ljjfbdf d"nbftfn] ljjflbt ;DklQdf cbfntsf] h'g ldnfkqaf6 xs k|fKt u/]sf] 5, ;f] ldnfkq g} ab/ ul/kfpg / ;f]xL hUufdf xs sfod ul/kfpg log} jfbLsf]

cnu–cnu d'2f kbf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;Ddsf Goflos lgsfoaf6 ePsf km};nfx¿n] d"nbftfsf] xs k"0f{ ?kn] ;dfKt ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;/L hUufsf] :jfdL g} g/x]sf] JolQmn] u/]sf] xs x:tfGt/0fnfO{ j}w dfGg;lsFb}g .

!)= Goflos tyf cw{Goflos lgsfosf lg0f{osf] dof{bf /xg' kb{5 . Goflos lg0f{o jf}l4s Jofofdsf nflu ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\Ù tL sfof{Gjogsf nflu ul/Psf x'G5g\ . Goflos lg0f{o cf}krfl/stf lgjf{xsf nflu ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\Ù ljjfbsf] lgK6f/fsf ;fy} s;}sf] xs bfloTjsf] lgwf{/0fsf nflu ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ;Ifd cbfntn] ljlw;Ddt dfWodn] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cbfntn] g} cfkm"v'zL cdfGo ul/lbg] xf] eg] of] Goflos c/fhstfsf] ;"rs x'g k'Ub5 .

!!= ljlwjt ab/ x'g g;s] tL lg0f{o dfGo x'g] l;4fGtnfO{ o;} cbfntsf] g]sfk @)@( k[i7 # lg=g+= ^%^, g]sfk @)#)÷#$%÷&*% / g]sfk @)^$÷!)*%÷&*&# df c+uLsf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !( tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !!^ ;d]tn]

1189


Goflos lg0f{osf] ;j{dfGotfsf] pb\3f]if u/]sf 5g\ . s]jn–-s_ sfg"gn] clwsf/} glbPsf] lgsfon] u/fPsf] ldnfkq jf lg0f{o, -v_ sfg"gn] tf]lslbPsf] clwsf/Lafx]s cGon] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf u/fPsf] ldnfkq, -u_ ljlw;Ddt t/Lsfn] ljjfbn] d'2fsf] ?kdf hGd glnPsf] cj:yfdf ePsf] ldnfkq jf lg0f{o / -3_ sfg"Gfåf/f lgwf{l/t k|lqmof cjnDag gu/L ePsf ldnfkq jf lg0f{o lg/y{s, lgliqmo / z"Go x'G5g\ . d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= #% g+=sf] cfzo oxL xf] .

!@= k|:t't ljjfbdf d"nbftfsf] xssf] ;|f]tsf ?kdf /x]sf] ;fljs hUuf /f]kgL )–^–) btf{sf] kf]tf le8fP/ hUuf /f]kgL #–!–@ hUuf ldlt @)#(.!@.!* sf] lkm/fb tyf To;df ldlt @)$).@.!% sf] k|ltpQ/ k/L ldlt @)$).@.@^ df ePsf] ldnfkqnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] JolQm oL jfbLdf xsb}of /x]sf] 5 . sf/0fÙ btf{ dfu ul/Psf] hUuf dfnkf]t sfof{non] ;f]xL ldnfkqsf cfwf/df k|ltjfbLsL d"nbftfsf gfddf btf{ eO;s]af6 cbfntdf hfg ;'gfPsf] 5 . /, log} jfbLsf tkm{af6 ;flwsf/ lgsfo sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf

b'O{ cnu lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf 5g\ . d"nbftfsf] k|ltjfb ePsf] 5 / ;a"b k|Dff0f a'‰g] sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ lhNnf GofofwLzaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . of] lg0f{olj?4 d"nbftfsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k'g/fj]bg k/L ;f]xL lg0f{o ;b/ eOa;]sf] 5 . tL lg0f{osf] cf}lrTosf ljifodf c=j+= *^ g+= adf]lhd cbfntdf k|j]z ug{;Sg] sfg"gL dfu{ oL k|ltjfbLaf6 cjnDag ePsf] 5}g . of] d'2fsf] k|ltjfbsf hl/ofaf6 tL clGtd eP/ a;]sf lg0f{ox¿df s'g} klg lsl;dsf] 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ug'{ jf ;j"b k|df0fsf] ;xL d"Nof+sg eof] ePg egL x]g'{ Goflos cg'zf;gsf] pNNf+3g x'g hfG5 . o:tf sfo{ cgflwsf/ dfq geO{ plNnlvt Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !( / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !!^ k|lts"n ;d]t x'g k'Ub5 . t;y{ cbfntsf clGtd lg0f{ocg'¿k ug'{ u/fpg'df g} sfg"gsf] ;jf]{kl/tfsf] l;4fGt ;kmlne"t x'g k'Ub5 .

!#= z"Goaf6 xssf] l;h{gf x'Fb}g . ;|f]tljxLg ;DklQ x'g} ;Sb}g . ha k|ltjfbLn] ;DklQsf] d"n;|f]t dfg]sf] cfwf/nfO{ g} cbfntn] cj}w 3f]lift u/L ab/

1190


eO;s]sf] / ;f] hUufdf oL jfbLsf] xs sfod ul/lbO{ clGtd ePsf] 5 eg] ab/ eO;s]sf] btf{nfO{ o; d'2faf6 k/f]If ?kdf dfGotf lbg' Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . ljlw;Ddt t/Lsfaf6 ab/ eO;s]sf] btf{ jf:tjdf btf{ g} xf]Og . o:t} btf{nfO{ b"lift btf{ eGg'kg]{ x'G5 . b"lift btf{nfO{ o; cbfntn] cfkm\gf ljleGg lg0f{odf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df b"lift eGg] zAb g} sltko lg0f{odf k|of]u geP klg d'2f rNbfrNb} u/fOPsf] btf{ -g]sfk @)$@, k[i7 #!* lg=g+= @#@)_, xssf] ;|f]t gb]vfO{ ePsf] btf{ -g]sfk @)$#÷@^%÷@^^^_, bftfs} xs sfod g/x]sf] cj:yfsf] btf{ -g]sfk @)$#÷%)$÷@&#(_, cs}{ hUuf le8fO{ ;s]sf] /;Lb le8fO{ jfj'sf] gfd ;d]t 9fF6L ePsf] btf{ -g]sfk @)^)÷%*÷&!^^_ / ;|f]tljxLg btf{ -;=c=a' @)^@ cÍ !@, k[i7 !%_ nfO{ d'Vo ?kdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . vf;u/L g]sfk @)$$÷@*(÷#)!( sf] lg0f{o k"0f{ Ohnf;s} ePaf6 oxfF ljz]if ?kdf pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 . o; lg0f{on] klg hUufsf] :jfldTj g} z"Gosf] l:yltdf k'u]kl5 lghn] ul/lbPsf]

lnvtaf6 ;[lht kl/0ffdnfO{ z"Go 3f]lift u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ;d]t d"nbftfsf] xs g} z"Gosf] l:yltdf k'u]kl5 z"Goaf6 ;[lht lnvtn] a}wtf k|fKt ug{;Sg] l:ylt /x]g .

!$= 5nsk6, hfn;fh, s[lqd cfwf/, gSsnL k|df0f, cfk;L ldnf]dtf] / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQdf sAhf h:tf dfWodaf6 ePsf btf{af6 s;}sf] xs k|fKt gxf];\ eGg] g} b"lift btf{sf] d"n dd{ xf] . lagf ;|f]t, lagf cfwf/ / ;|f]t lnvt jf k|df0fsf] k|lts"n x'g k'u]sf btf{nfO{ klg b"lift btf{s} bhf{df /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf sfo{n] ;do;Ldfsf sf/0fn] dfGotf kfpg] l:ylt g/xf];\ eg]/ g} b"lift btf{ ab/ u/fpg xbDofb gnfUg] l;4fGt sfod ePsf] xf] . h'g s'/f k|ToIf ?kdf ;Dej 5}g, Tof] k/f]If ?kdf klg ;Dej x'g'x'Fb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf klg cbfntn] ab/ ul/;s]sf] b"lift btf{nfO{ dfGotf lbg] u/L lkm/fb vf/]h ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] lg0f{o ;f/tM q'l6k"0f{ 5, sfg"g / Gofo k|lts"n 5 .

!%= ca, o; ljjfbdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ bf];|f] k|Zgsf ?kdf /x]sf] jfbL

1191


bfjLadf]lhd ls=g+= (#& sf] hUufsf] lnvt ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

!^= ljjflbt lsQfsf] d"n lsQf ;fljs ls=g+= !#% xf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . pQm ls=g+= !#% ;d]tsf] hUuf @)$).@.@^ sf] ldnfkqsf cfwf/df gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/df uPsf]df klg s'g} b'ljwf 5}g . ;f] ldnfkq / ;f]sf] cfwf/df gfgL5f]/Lsf] gfddf ePsf] btf{ ;d]t ab/ e};s]sf] s'/fdf klg s'g} ;+zo 5}g . pQm ls=g+= !#% af6 lsQfkmf]8 e} jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= (#& sf] hUuf gfgL5f]/Laf6 v8\udfg zfSo, lgh v8\udfgaf6 uLtf lwtfnnfO{ / lgh uLtf lwtfnaf6 zfGtf clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL l;Fv8fdf cfO{ lghx?af6 k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/L u'?ªnfO{ @)%!.!!.!^ df x:tfGt/0f ePsf] s'/f klg lglj{jfb 5 . k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/Lsf] xsef]usf] ;|f]]tsf] lnvteGbf cufl8sf v8\udfgsf] lnvtpk/ k/]sf] @)%^÷)%& sf] b]= ld= g+=&@$÷%)&# sf] lnvt ab/ d'2f, v8\udfgaf6 uLtf lwtfnsf] lnvtpk/ k/]sf] @)%^÷)%& sf] b]= ld= g+= &@^÷%)&% sf] lnvt ab/ d'2f / uLtf lwtfnaf6 zfGtf

clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL l;Fv8fsf] gfddf cfPsf] lnvt;d]t pk/ log} jfbL k'g/fj]lbsfn] lbPsf] @)%^÷)%& sf] b]= ld= g+= &@&÷%)&^ sf] lnvt ab/ d'2fx¿df @)%^.^.% df sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 pQm lnvtx¿ Afb/ x'g] 7x/L clGTfd ePsf] k|df0fsf ldl;nx¿af6 b]lvG5 . d"n ;|f]tsf cltl/Qm Tof] ;|f]taf6 pAh]sf cGo lnvtx? klg cbfnts} lg0f{oaf6 z"Godf kl/0ft eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;|f]tsf ;j} s8Lx? w/fzfoL ePsf] :ki6 l:ylt ljBdfg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg kl5Nnf] oL k|ltjfbLsf] lnvtnfO{ k/f]If ?kdf ;b/ dflglbg' Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g .

!&= o;/L k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/Lsf] gfddf x:tfGt/0f e} btf{ x'g cfPsf] ljjflbt hUufsf] ;fljssf] d"nbftf gfgL5f]/Lsf] btf{ g} ab/ ePsf] / lgh kl5sf btf{jfnx¿af6 qmdzM x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} cfPsf bfjLsf] hUufsf ljjflbt lnvt eGbf cufl8sf ;a} lnvtx¿ Afb/ e};s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf kl5Nnf] k6s k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/Lsf] gfddf btf{ x'g cfPsf] xssf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lnvt klg sfg"gL cl:tTjljxLg b]lvg cfof]

1192


. ljjflbt hUuf b"lift ?kdf btf{ e} btf{jfnfaf6 xs ;b}{ cfPsf cl3Nnf bftfx¿sf lnvtx¿ Gf} sfg"gcg'¿k dfGo x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf kl5Nnf] lnvtn] a}wtf k|fKt ug{;Sg] cj:yf gb]lvFbf k|ltjfbLx¿ zfGtf clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL l;+Fv8fn] @)%!.!!.!^ df /=g+=*!!! Aff6 k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/L u'?ªnfO{ xfn}b]lvsf] as;kq egL kf/Lt ul/lbPsf] jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= (#& sf] h= /f]=)–%–) hUufsf] lnvt sfod /xg ;Sg] b]lvg cfPg . pQm lnvt ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf] @)%^.^.% sf] km};nf ;b/ ug'{kg]{df pN6L x'g] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] @)%&.!).@% sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pQm km};nf pN6L x'g] /fo JoQm ePsf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf df=Gof= >L zf/bf >]i7sf] /fo dgfl;a e} jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf] @)%!.!!.!^ df /=g+=*!!! af6 kf/Lt xfn}b]lvsf] as;kq lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x5{ . c? tk;Ln adf]lhd ug{" .

tkl;n

dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvPadf]lhd jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf] lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L x'g] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf pN6L e} jfbL bfjLadf]lhd lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/ ePsfn] lnvt ab/ ePsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8fF}nfO{ lbg"======!

z'? km};nfn] k|ltjfbLx¿af6 jfbLnfO{ e/fO{ lbg] egL tk;Lndf pNn]v u/]sf] sf]6{kmL ? !)).– k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf @)%^.!).& df /;Lb g+= ))@)( af6 w/f}6L /fv]sf] / pQm sf]6{kmL jfbLnfO{ e/fpg' kg]{ ePaf6 ;f] sf]6{kmL lbnfO{ kfpmF egL jfbLsf] b/vf:t k/]df lgodfg';f/ lbg' egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf n]vL k7fpg" ==@k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" =====#

pSt /fodf ;xdt 5f}F . Gof= tkaxfb'/ du/Gof= tflx/ cnL cG;f/L

1193


Olt ;Djt @)^^ ;fn ebf} $ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ Ohnf; clws[t– bLkss'df/ bfxfn

lg0f{o g+= *!(! sflQs, @)^^

=;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg"k/fh zdf{

dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo

;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+ ===== ##)#

cfb]z ldltM @)^^.%.@.#

ljifoM pTk|]if0f .

lgj]bsM lhNnf sf7df8f}F, sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+ @% OGb|rf]sdf sfof{no eO{ kf6g cf}Bf]lusIf]q l:yt ;+3O{ Knfli6s O{08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/k|fKt ;~rfns kjgs'df/ ;+3O

lj?4ljkIfLM kf6g cf}Bf]lus

If]ql:yt ;+3O{ Knfli6s O{08li6«h -k|f=_ ln=sf] sfdbf/ d}of a8fn ;d]t

k|To]s pBf]u jf ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Go"gtd tnj:s]n / eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/;s]kZrft\ lagfsf/0f Ps k6s sfod ul/;s]sf] Go"gtd tnj:s]n 36fpg' Gofo;+ut x'g g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+= %_ cfkm\gf sfdbf/ jf

sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd tnj eQf eGbf sd x'g]u/L lbg kfOg] 5}g eGg'sf] cy{ s'g} pBf]un] cfkm"n] cfkm\gf] pBf]usf] cfly{s cj:yf, sfdsf] k|s[lt, >lds;Fusf] cfk;L ;Demf}tfaf6 ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd tnj eQf eGbf j9L lbg gkfOg] eGg] cy{ nufpg gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+= ^_

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmfåo >L k|;Ggs[i0f bf; / ;ltzs'df/ emf

1194


ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L lzjaxfb'/ /fgfef6, ljåfg clwjQmf >L /d]z j8fn

cjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,

@)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_, !@-!_-@_-ª_

>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @!-!_, -^_, -5_, @%-!_

cfb]zGof=cg"k/fh zdf{M

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5M

ljkIfL d}ofF a8fn ;d]tsf JolQmx¿ o; pBf]usf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿ x'g\ . ldlt @)%&.!.!#sf] g]kfn /fhkq efu # v08 %) cltl/QmfÍ % df k|sflzt >d dGqfnosf] ;"rgfadf]lhd lbPsf] ?=!%).– kfl/>lds yk / ?=!^^.– dxFuLeQf gkfPsf] egL lghx¿n] ljkIfL >d sfof{nodf ph"/L lbPsf]df o; k|lti7fgn] ;f] adf]lhdsf] yk tna / eQf ;d]t lbPsf] egL >d sfof{nonfO{ hjfkm lbPsf] lyof] . k'gM ldlt @)%*.%.!$ df ;f]xL ljifodf lghx¿n] jl/i7 sf/vfgf lg/LIfs;dIf bf]xf]/f]

dfu u/]sf] / ljkIfL sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%*.%.@* df ldlt @)%&.!.!# sf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ ;f]xL ldltb]lv kfl/>ldsdf ?=!%).– / dxFuLeQf ?=!^^.–yk u/L lgj]bsx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg' egL lg0f{o ul/of] . ;f] lg0f{opk/ P]gsf] bkmf @^ adf]lhd >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df ldlt @)%*.%.@* sf] >d sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;b/ e} ldlt @)^).&.@) df lg0f{o eof] . ;f] cbfntsf] lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ cGo pkrf/sf] dfu{ gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 btf{ ug{ cfPsf] 5' . >d cbfntsf] km};nf afbL bfjLeGbf aflx/ uO{ ePsf] 5 . ldlt @)%&.!.!# df k|sflzt ;"rgfadf]lhd a[l4 ePsf] kfl/>lds / dxFuLeQf @)%% ;fndf vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] kfl/>ldsdf ;dfof]hg ;Dd u/]sf]n] ;f]xLcg';f/ e'QmfgL lbO{ cfPsf] egL o; k|lti7fgn] >d sfof{nodf lnPsf] lhsL/ tkm{ ljrf/} ul/Psf] 5}g . ljkIfLx¿ @)%&.*.$ eGbf cufl8;Dd c:yfoL ;]jfdf /x]sf]df ldlt @)%&.^.$ df ePsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd ldlt @)%&.!.!# df k|sflzt ;"rgf adf]lhdsf] yk kfl/>lds / dxFuLeQfafktsf] /sd lghx¿n] c:yfoL ;]jf ubf{sf] cjlwdf g}

1195


kfO;s]sf] x'Fbf cltl/Qm /sd oyfjt\ /xg] u/L ldlt @)%&.*.$ df ljkIfLx¿n] tna eQf a'lem;s]sf 5g\ . o;/L tna eQf / cltl/Qm eQf ;d]tsf] zt{ ljk/Lt yk kfl/>lds / eQfdf bfjL u/]sf]df To:tf] bfjLpk/ ljrf/} ug'{ gkg]{df k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-!_ sf] ljjGwgsf] l;4fGt ljk/Ltsf] bfjLdf bf]xf]/f] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o :ki6 q'l6k"0f{ 5 .

ldlt @)%&.!.!# sf] ;"rgfn] @ j6f ljsNksf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|ydtM @)%$ ;fndf tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ kfl/>lds tyf dxFuLeQfdf a[l4 ePsf] b/sf] /sd ;dfof]hg ug]{ / bf];|f] @)%$ ;fndf tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ b/eGbf a9L vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] eP ;f]df gk'u /sd ;dfof]hg ug]{ . @)%% ;fn kf}ifb]lv vfOkfO{ cfPsf] kfl/>lds Pj+ dxFuLeQfdf ldlt @)%&.!.!# sf] ;"rgfadf]lhdsf] a[l4 /sd ;dfof]hg u/]sf] b]lv+Psf] egL pNN]v ubf{ ub}{ k'gM bf]xf]/f] cfly{s ef/kg]{ lsl;dn] k'g M ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltb]lv e/fO{ lbg] 7x5{ egL ePsf] >d sfof{nosf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] >d cbfntsf] km};nf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ 5 .

P]gsf] bkmf @!-^_ adf]lhd kfl/>lds 36fpg] jf s§f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ gePsf] x'Fbf g} P]gsf] bkmf @%-!_ df To:tf] ljjfb k/]sf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq ph"/ ug'{kg]{ xbDofbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . @)%% ;fn kf}ifdf 36fpg gldNg] x'Fbf tna eQf 36fOPsf], kl/0ffd:j?k ldlt @)%&.!.!# sf] ;"rgfadf]lhdsf] yk kfl/>lds / eQf ;dfof]lht e} ;s]sf]df k'gM lbg' egL ePsf] km};nf k"0f{tM u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{ox¿ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^).!).& sf] l/6 lgj]bg .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lbg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).!).* sf] cfb]z .

>d cbfntaf6 tna, eQf ;d]tsf] ;dfof]hg ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ d'2fsf] tYosf] ljj]rgf u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ tYosf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf l/6 If]qaf6 x]g{ ldNb}g . >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @%-@_ adf]lhd ldlt @)%&.!.!#

1196


sf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] xbDofb leq} ldlt @)%&.^.!! df lgj]bg btf{ u/]sf]nfO{ xbDofb g3fO{ lgj]bg btf{ u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . cbfntn] @)%% ;fnb]lvsf] tna eQf e/fPsf] klg 5}g . ljkIfLn] lbPsf] egL bfjL u/]sf] /sd xfdLn] g} vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] /sd xf] . vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] /sd ldlt @)%&.!.!# sf] ;"rgfadf]lhdsf] yk /sd xf]Og . t;y{ ;kmfxft lnO{ gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL d}ofF a8fn ;d]t !% hgfsf] ;+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm .

ldl;n ;+nUg tYo k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^).&.@) sf] km};nfaf6 lgj]bssf] s'g} klg xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf] cj:yf gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] >d cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).!!.@& sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

>d cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ l/6 If]q cfslif{t x'g] gx'g] ;DaGwdf a]Unfa]Un} lg0f{o ePsf] b]lv+O{ ;f] ;DaGwdf Ps?ktf sfod x'g af~5gLo eO{ k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug]{ u/L @)%( ;fnsf] l/6 g+ @%!( lgj]bg ?kHof]lt lj?4 >d

cbfnt;d]t ePsf] lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^!.!@.@# df cfb]z ePsf] b]lvFbf k|:t't lgj]bgdf klg ;f]xL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{osf] clGtd 6'Ëf] nfu]kl5 km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!.#) sf] cfb]z .

>d P]g, @)$* n] >d cbfntsf] km};nfpk/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf tNnf] cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf 7Ls a]7Ls s] xf] egL hfFRg kfpg] / ;lx Gofo kfpg] sfg"gL xs ;d]t s'l07t x'ghfg] x'Fbf >d cbfntsf] lg0f{opk/ o; cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg nfUg ;Sg] / lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg lbg kfpg] xsb}of /x] ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z ug"{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 Hof]lt kmfd{; k|f=ln=lj?4 >d cbfnt;d]t ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^#.$.* df ePsf] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk ;+nUg /x]sf] .

lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] b}lgs d'2f k];L ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmfåo k|;Ggs[i0f bf; / ;ltzs'df/

1197


emfn] ljkIfLx¿n] cfkm\gf] s'g sfg"gcg';f/ k|bfg ePsf] xs xgg\ ePsf] xf] eGg / v'nfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ljkIfLx¿n] ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf leqdf pkrf/sf] af6f] vf]Hg' kg{]df ;f] vf]h]sf] gb]lvPsf], lgj]bs pBf]un] ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd j]tg eGbf j9L /sd lbO{ cfPsf] 5 . ;fljsdf lbOPsf] kfl/>lds c:yfoL x'Fbfsf] ;dodf lbOPsf] lyof] . ljkIfLx¿n] @)%% ;fndf lsg < s] slt sf/0fn] cfkm\gf] s] slt /sd 36fO{Psf] xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf ;dodf g} pkrf/ gvf]h]sf] x'Fbf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] Dofb leq pkrf/ vf]Hg cfpg'kg{]df gcfPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg hf/L x'g ;Sb}g . k|lti7fgn] ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] kfl/>lds lbO;s]sf] x'Fbf kl5 yk Joo ef/ kg{] u/L yk /sd lbg ;Sb}g . >d cbfntn] yk /sd lbg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"gadf]lhdsf] gePsf] x'Fbf pQm lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g'kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .

To;} u/L ljkIfL >d sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 pkGofoflwjQmf lzjaxfb'/ /fgfef6n] lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;

+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_, !@-!_-@_-ª_ åf/f k|bQ k|fs[lts JolQm gful/sx¿n] dfq df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg] xs clwsf/ sfg"gL JolQmnfO{ k|of]u ug{af6 jl~rt ul/of] egL dfu bfjLlnO{ cfPsf] ldn]g . lgj]bssf] lgj]bgdf s] dfu bfjL lnO{ cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f :ki6 gb]lvPsf], >ldsx¿sf] xslxtsf] lgldQ ag]sf] >d P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ g} >ldsx¿sf] dfuadf]lhd >d sfof{non] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . cfkm"n] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds 36]sf] yfxf kfPsf] $ dlxgf @* lbg leqdf >ldsx¿ >d sfof{nodf cfPsf] x'Fbf xbDofb leq k|j]z gu/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 egL / ljkIfLx¿sf] tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf /d]z j8fnn] g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%&.!.!# sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L s'g} klg k|lti7fgdf sfd ug{] >ldsx¿sf] Go"gtd tnjdfgdf ?=!%).– / vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] dx+uL eQfdf ?=!^^.– yk u/L lbg] Joj:yf ePsf]df lgj]bs Knfli6s O08l6«hn] ljkIfLx¿n] @)%# ;fn d} vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnj:s]nnfO{ @)%$ ;fndf

1198


a9]sf] tnj:s]ndf 36fO{ ;dfof]hg u/]sf] / @)%& ;fndf a9]sf] tnj:s]n / dxËLeQf @)%% ;fndf ldnfg ul/Psf] :s]ndf dfq yk ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg k|lti7fgdf sfd ug{] sd{rf/Lx¿n] Go"gtd ?kdf kfO;s]sf] kfl/>lds 36fpg sfg"gtM ldNb}g . lgj]bs pBf]un] ljkIfLx¿nfO{ klxn] lbO{ cfPsf] Go"gtd tnjdfgdf @)%&.!.!# sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd yk ePsf] ?=!%).– yk u/L Go"gtd kfl/>lds / lghx¿n] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] dxËL eQfdf ?=!^^ yk u/L lbg'kg{] g} b]lv >d sfof{non] sfg"gadf]lhd >ldsx¿nfO{ yk lbg'kg{] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] >d cbfntsf] lg0f{o ab/ ug'{ kb{}g . lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .

k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bs / ljkIfLx¿sf] tkm{af6 ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foL / pkGofoflwjQmfn] ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf sfuhftx¿sf] cWoog u/L lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] gx'g] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{] x'g cfof] .

@= lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, >d sfof{non] k|liti7fgdf ;+nUg sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿n] @)%% ;fn kf}if dlxgf eGbf klxn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnj @)%% kf}ifdf 36fpg] clwsf/ Joj:yfksnfO{ gePsf] egL >d cbfntn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{owf/df pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . >d P]gsf] bkmf @!-5_ n] kfl/>lds 36fpg] jf s§f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ gePsf] sf/0fn] g} P]gsf] bkmf @%-!_ df To:tf] ljjfb k/]sf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf leqdf ph"/ gfn]z ug'{kg{] xbDofbsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ePsf] kfFr jif{ ljlt;Sbf;Dd lrQ a'emfO{ j;L ;s]sf] cj:yfdf lagfcfwf/ sf/0f lglj{jflbt tYonfO{ ljjflbt t'NofO{ @)%% ;fn kf}ifdf 36fpg gldNg] tnj:s]n 36fPsf] sf/0fsf] kl/0ffd :j?k @)%&.!.!# sf] ;"rgfadf]lhd j[l4 /sd ;dfof]lht eO;s]kl5 klg k'gM lbg'kg{] egL ePsf] km};nf, k"0f{tM xr'jf, lg/fwf/ u}/sfg"gL Pj+ ljifout x'g'sf] ;fy} P]gsf] bkmf @!-5_ / @%-!_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] dg;foljk/Lt /x]sf]n] ab/efuL 5 . ab/ ul/kfpFm

1199


eGg] lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

#= lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf d}of j8fn ;d]tsf !& hgf sfdbf/ sd{rf/L cfk\mgf] pBf]usf sd{rf/Lx¿ ePsf / lghx¿ @)%# ;fn eGbf cl3 g} pBf]udf /xL sfd u/]sf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb gp7fPsf], pBf]un] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ @)%% ;fn dfu{ dlxgf;Dddf tnj e'QmfgLlbbf k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] dfl;s tnj:s]n slDtdf ?=!#)).– / j9Ldf ?=@&)).– ;Dd sfod u/L e'QmfgL lbPsf] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg @)%% ;fn d+l;/ dlxgfsf] dfl;s tnj ljj/0f kmf/fdaf6 b]lvG5 . To;} u/L ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] lgj]bs pBf]un] cfk\mgf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ljt/0f u/]sf] @)%& ;fn j}zfv dlxgfsf] dfl;s tnj ljj/0f kmf/d x]bf{ ljkIfL sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿n] dfl;s tnjsf] ?kdf Go"gtd ?=!#)).– / j9Ldf ?=!$^).– ;Dd dfq k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] .

$= g]kfn /fhkq efu # v08 %) cltl/QmfÍ % df @)%&.!.!# df k|sflzt ;"rgf / >d ljefusf] r=g+= $$*$ ldlt @)%&.%.@# sf] kl/kqcg';f/ k|lti7fgdf sfd ug{] sfdbf/

sd{rf/Lx¿n] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] dfl;s Go"gtd tnjdf ?=!%).– / vfOkfO{ cfPsf] dx+uL eQfdf ?=!^^.– yk ug]{ u/L Joj:yf ePsf]df lgj]bs ;+3O{ Knfli6s O08li6«h k|f=ln= n] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klxn]b]lv vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnjeQfdf s]jn ;dfof]hg;Dd dfq u/]sf] b]lvof] . g]kfn /fhkq / >d sfof{nosf] kl/kqadf]lhd vfOkfO{ cfPsf] Go"gtd tnjdf ?=!%).– / dx+uL eQfdf ?=!^^.– yk u/]sf] b]lvg cfPg . lgj]bs pBf]un] cfkm\gf] lgj]bgd} @)%% kf}ifdf 36fpg gldNg] tnj:s]n 36fOPsf] egL cfkm} :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfpFb5 .

%= s'g} klg sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|lti7fgdf sfd u/]afkt k|fKt ug{] Go"gtd kfl/>lds tf]lsg'sf] cf}lrTo / cy{ lghn] cfkm\gf] hLjgofkg ug{ ;sf];\ / cfkm\gf] / kl/jf/sf] plrt :jf:Yo lzIff lbg ;lsof];\ eg]/ g} lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . plrt Hofnflagf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] hLjgofkg ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf /fHon] cfkm\gf] b]z leq /x]sf pBf]u k|lti7fgdf /x]sf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ug{] u/]sf] x'G5 . k|To]s pBf]u k|lti7fgn]

1200


cfkm\gf] pBf]u k|lti7fgdf sfd ug{] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pBf]usf] cfly{s cj:yf cg';f/ cfkm\gf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sg] lsl;dn] tnj eQf / ;'ljwf lbg] u/]sf] x'G5 . k|To]s pBf]u jf ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Go"gtd tnj:s]n / eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/;s]kZrft\ lagf sf/0f Ps k6s sfod u/L ;s]sf] Go"gtd tnj:s]n 36fpg' Gofo;+ut x'g cfpFb}g .

^= >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @! sf] pkbkmf -!_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] Go"gtd kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf k|lti7fgsf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds, dx+uL eQf / ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 / To;/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b/;DaGwL ;"rgf g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sfzg ul/g]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;f]xL bkmfsf] pkbkmf -^_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds, dx+uL eQf / ;'ljwfeGbf sd x'g] u/L Joj:yfks / sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/L aLr s'g} ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsg] 5}g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]df pQm sfg"gLJoj:yfsf] dg;fo s'g} klg k|lti7fgn]

cfkm\gf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd tnj eQf eGbf sd x'g] u/L lbg kfO{g] 5}g eGg'sf] cy{ s'g} pBf]un] cfkm"n] cfkm\gf] pBf]usf] cfly{s cj:yf, sfdsf] k|s[lt, >lds;Fusf] cfk;L ;Demf}tfaf6 ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd tnj eQf eGbf j9L lbg gkfO{g] eGg] cy{ nufpg ldNb}g . lgj]bs pBf]un] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ @)%% ;fn kf}if dlxgf eGbf klxn] k|bfg u/]sf] Go"gtd tnj:s]n /sd @)%% ;fn kf}if dlxgfaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Go"gtd tnj:s]n lgwf{/0f u/]kZrft\ 36fO{ klxn] k|fKt u/]sf] eGbf 36L u/fpg' Gofof]lrt Pj+ sfg"g;+ut x'g gcfpg] x'Fbf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ >d sfof{non] g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%&.!.!# df k|sflzt u/]sf] /fhkqsf] v08 %) cltl/QmfÍ % adf]lhdsf] ldl;s kfl/>ldsdf ?=!%).– / dx+uL eQfdf ?=!^^.– yk u/L sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lbg] u/L u/]sf] >d sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] >d cbfntsf] lg0f{o sfg"gcg's"n g} ePsf] x'Fbf To:tf] sfg"g

1201


cg's"n ePsf] lg0f{o cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 ab/ x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg" .

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofoOlt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} @ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ Ohnf; clws[tM df]xg/fh e§/fO{

lg0f{o g+= *!(@ sflQs, @)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'tm Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L


df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf;Djt\ @)^! ;fnsf]

kmf}=k'=g+=–#$%^km};nf ldltM @)^^.%.&.!

d'2f M ha/h:tL rf]/L .

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf ;nf{xL, l;d/f uf=lj=;=j8f g+=@ a:g] pd]zs'df/ l;Fx

lj?4

k|ToyL{ jfbLM k|df]bs'df/ l;Fxsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/

z'? k}m;nf ug]{M–df=lh=Gof >L b]j/fh

>]i7k'g/fj]bg k}m;nf ug]{M–

df=Gof=>L lji0f'k|;fb 9sfn

df=Gof=>L Clif/fh ld>

hL/x ubf{ ;fdfGo s'/fdf s]xL km/s Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] eGg] cfwf/af6 dfq} jf/bftdf ;+nUgtf /x]g5 eGg gldNg] .

Ps} 7fpFsf JolQmn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ :ki6 klxrfg u/L hfx]/jfnfsf] ;'gsf] l;qmL l5gfO{ efu]sf] egL v'nfO{ lbPsf] df}sfsf] sfuh / cbfntsf] askqsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ l5b|fGj]if0f u/L ;fdfGo s'/fdf n]vfOsf] Ps?ktf ePg eGb}df k|ltjfbLsf] lgbf]{liftf :yflkt x'g g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=#_ jf/bftsf] ;

+nUgtfnfO{ ls6fgL u/L hfx]/L lbO;s]kl5 cg';Gwfg kIf

1202


cyf{t\ ;DalGwt k|x/L sfof{non] cfˆgf] sfg"gL st{JocGtu{t df}sfdf cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{df gu/L l9nf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf] b]lv+b}df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] cg'';Gwfgaf6 ;+slnt k|df0fx¿sf] k|fdfl0fs d"No :jtM 36\g] xf]Og . To:tf k|df0fx¿n] jf/bftnfO{ l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf k'li6 ub{5g\ eg] tL k|df0fx¿sf] k|fdfl0fs dxŒjdf s'g} z+sf ug{ gldNg] .

jf/bftsf] ldlt eGbf l9nf] u/L df}sfsf] sfuh u/fOPsf] eGb}df To:tf] sfuhsf] dxTjnfO{ gsfg{ g;lsg] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6Mjl/i7 clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf;

k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L k|]d/fh sfsL{

cjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM d'n'sL P]g rf]/Lsf]

dxnsf] !@ / !$-@_

km};nfGof= /fdk|;fb >]i7M

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^).!@.@$ sf] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg btf{ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo / lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5 M–

ldlt @)%&.&.!* ut] ljxfg ^ ah]sf] ;dodf d hfx]/jfnf lhNnf ;nf{xL l;d/f uf=lj=;= j8f g++ @ l:yt /fdhfgsL d7dlGb/glhs /x]s]f kfgL kf]v/Ldf 57 kj{sf] pkf;gf a|t ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;Fx e"ldxf/n] PSsf;L cfO{ d}n] 3fF6Ldf nufO/fv]sf] d"No ?=!*,))).– kg]{ @ tf]nsf] ;'gsf] l;qmL l5gL efUg nfu]sf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ kqmfp ug{ vf]Hbf lghn] ;fydf af]sL NofPsf] 5'/fn] d hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k|xf/ u/L 3fOt] t'NofO{ km/f/ /x]sf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ kqmfp u/L sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .

ldlt @)%&.&.!* ut] ^ ah]sf] ;dodf hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;Fx 57 k"hfsf] pkf;gf ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL pd]zs'df/ l;Fx

1203


e"ldxf/n] PSsf;L cfO{ hfx]/jfnfn] 3fF6Ldf nufPsf] @ tf]nfsf] ;'gsf] l;qmL l5gL 5'/f ;d]t k|xf/ u/L km/f/ /x]sf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 36gf:yn d''r'Nsf .

kLl8t hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;+xsf] bfofF xftsf] xTs]nfdf ljleGg gfk ;fOhsf] rf]6 /x]sf] eGg] 3fp hfFr s]z kmf/fd k|ltj]bg .

ldlt @)%&.&.!* ut] ^ ah]sf] ;dodf hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;Fx 57 kj{sf] k"hf ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf hfx]/Ldf pNn]lvt k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;Fx e"ldxf/ pQm ;'gsf] l;qmL l5gL efUg nfUbfsf] cj:yfdf hfx]/jfnfn] lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ kqmg vf]Hbf 5'/fn] k|xf/ u/L ;Vt 3fOt] t'NofO{ pd]zs'df/ l;Fx km/f/ /x]sf / lghsf] rfnrng ufpF3/df ;d]t /fd|f] g/xL lgh JolQm ck/fwL k|s[ltsf] x'g\ eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L a'lemPsf rGb|]Zj/ kf08] e"ldxf/, >LgGbg kf08], e"ldxf/, /fh]Gb| d08n vTj] ;d]tn] ul/lbPsf] Ps} ldnfg Joxf]/fsf] sfuh .

ldlt @)%&.&.!* ut] ^ ah]sf] ;dodf hfx]/jfnfsf] 3fF6Ldf nufPsf] ;'gsf] l;qmL rf]/L ePsf] eGg] ;'g]sf] x'F . lgh aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;Fx

e"ldxf/n] nu] nu]gg\ v'nfpg ;lSbg eGg] Joxf]/fsf] a]rg ;fx, ljGb]Zj/k|;fb xhf/Ln] u/L lbPsf] sfuh .

;+slnt ;a'b k|df0fsf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;Fxn] hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;+xsf] tf]nf @ sf] ;'gsf] l;qmL ha/h:tL rf]/L u/L nu]sf] jf/bft k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf]n] rf]/Lsf] dxnsf] ! / $ g+= cg';f/sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf]n] ;f] s;"/df ;f]xL P]gsf] ;f]xL dxnsf] !$-@_ g+= cg';f/ ;hfo x'g / rf]/L u/L nu]sf] wgdfn ? !*,))). k|ltjfbLaf6 hfx]/jfnfnfO{ P]gsf] !) g+=/ @! g+= cg';f/ lbnfO{ e/fO{ lbg] dfu bfjL lnO{ km/f/ k|ltjfbLsf xsdf Dofb hf/L x'g dfu ub}{ cleof]ukq ;fy ;Ssn ldl;n k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u bfjL .

ldlt @)%&.&.( ut] sf7df8f}F uPF . ltxf/ sf7df8f}Fdf dfgL d]/f] bfh' /fh]zs'df/ l;Fx gf/fo0f3f6, lrtjg e/tk'/df a;]sf] x'Fbf )%& sflt{s !( ut] gf/fo0f3f6 cfOk'u]F . tLg lbg ToxLF a;L @)%& ;fn sflt{s @@ ut] ;fFemdfq ufpF3/df cfPsf] x'F . d pk/sf] kf]n ph'/L ;a} em'¶f xf] . hfx]/jfnfsf] bfh' /

1204


hfx]/jfnf;Fu ufpFsf] hjfx/ /fo;Fu >d ;DaGwL d'2f o; cbfntdf btf{ e} ;h{ldg ;d]t ug{ cbfntaf6 8f]/ sd{rf/L hfFbf ;f] ;h{ldgdf em'¶f s'/f n]vfO{ b]pm eGbf d}n] gdfg]sf] sf/0f l/;fO{ d;Fu 8f]/ sd{rf/L ;fd'Gg] 7Ls kf5'{ eg]sf lyP . ;f]xL /L;OjLaf6 em'¶f d'2f bfo/ u/]sf x'g\ . d /fi6«;]js sd{rf/L e} cfˆgf] Odfgbf/L / akmfbf/L ;fy sfd u/L xfn pkbfg lnO{ 3/ a;]sf] 5' . rf]/L ug]{ dflg; d xf]Og / hfx]/jfnf @ tf]nfsf] ;"gsf] l;qmL nufpg] dflg; klg xf]Og . d pk/sf] hfx]/L ;a} em'¶f xf] . s] s;/L s;n] l;sfO{ of] d'r'Nsf tof/ u/] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . ;f] lbg d sf7df8f}Fdf 5' . lghnfO{ 3fp s] s;/L agfP < dnfO{ yfxf 5}|g . d}n] rf]/L u/]sf] 5}g egL z'? cbfntdf cfO{ k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] u/]sf] aofg .

pQm ldlt ;dodf cfˆgf] ufpF3/df lyPF . pQm ldlt ;dodf k|ltjfbL ufpF3/df lyPgg\ . ldlt @)%&.&.( ut] lgh sf7df8f}F uO{ ;f]xL sflt{s @@ ut] dfq ufpF 3/df cfPsf lyP . hfx]/jfnf / d ;Fusf] hUuf hldg;DaGwL d'2fdf lgh k|ltjfbL ;h{ldg d'r'Nsfdf

gj;]sf] sf/0faf6 of] d'2f lbPsf] xf] . jf/bft ePsf] d}n] b]lvg egL k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL ;+lhj l;Fx e"ldxf/n] u/]sf] askq .

v';L/fhL;fy yfgfdf ;lx5fk u/]sf] x'F . ;f] sfuh Joxf]/f ;fFrf] xf] . k|df]bs'df/ l;Fx ufpF3/sf] em'¶f s'/fu/L lx8\g] jf c?nfO{ b'Mv lbg] JolQm xf]Og . hfx]/L Joxf]/f ;fFrf] xf] . aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] k|df]bsf] 3fF6Laf6 ldlt @)%&.&.!* ljxfg ^ ah]sf] ;dodf ;'gsf] l;qmL vf];L efUg nfUbf pd]zn] 5'/L eF"8Ldf k|xf/ ug{ vf]Hbf bflxg] xftdf 5'/Ln] sfl6Psf] xf] . k|ltjfbLsf] s'/f em'¶f xf] . d}n] cfˆgf] cfFvfn] 36gf:yndf b]v]sf] x'F . %))÷^)) eGbf a9L JolQmx¿ pQm 36gf x'Fbf pkl:yt lyP . cufl8af6 b]v]sf] x'F eGg] hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;+xn] u/]sf] askq .

hfx]/jfnfsf] askq / lghsf ;fIfLx¿sf] askqaf6 log} k|ltjfbL pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] hfx]/jfnfsf] l;qmL ha/h:tL rf]/L u/L nu]sf] xf] eGg] ljZj;gLo b]lvFb}g . ;fy} l9nf] u/L a'lemPsf sfuhx¿ k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !) ad]flhd k|df0fdf nfUg] cj:yf ;d]t gx'Fbf z+sf/lxt k|

1205


df0fsf] cefjdf k|ltjfbL pk/sf] cf/f]lkt s;"/ sfod ug{ Gofo;+ut gx'Fbf k|tljfbL pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] cf/f]lkt s;'/af6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;nf{xL lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.@.!% sf] km};nf .

kLl8t k|df]bs'df/ l;+xn] k|ltjfbLn] g} jf/bft 36fO{ km/f/ /x]sf] egL ls6fgL hfx]/L b/vf:t lbPsf x'g\ . h'g 36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf Pj+ 3fF hfFr s]z kmf/fdaf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . jf/bftsf ;dodf k|ToIfbzL{ /fh]Gb| d08n, >LgGbg kf08] a]rg ;fx ;d]tn] cg';Gwfgsf s|ddf ls6fgL sfuh u/L lbPsf 5g\ . t/ k|ltjfbL jf/bft :ynaf6 36gf 36fO{ km/f/ /xL ! jif{kl5 kqmfp k/]kl5 jf/bftdf OGsf/L aofg u/]sf] 5 . h;df cfkm" jflx/ ePsf] s'g} o'lQm;+ut tYo k]z ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ctM xr'jfsf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO kfpg] u/L ePsf] z'? km};nf ab/efuL 5 . ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fs]f k'g/fj]bgkq .

ls6fgL hfx]/L b/vf:t, hfx]/jfnfsf] askq, rZdlbb JolQmsf] k|x/Ldf ePsf] sfuh / cbfntdf ePsf] askq, hfx]/jfnfsf] xftdf nfu]sf]

3fp / k|ltjfbLsf] PlnjL lghsf] ;fIfLaf6 k'li6 gePsf] cj:yfdf z'?af6 k|ltjfbLn] rf]/L u/]sf] g7x/L ePsf] km};nf pk/f]Qm cfwf/ k|df0faf6 km/s kg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf c=a+= @)@ g++ adf]lhd k|ToyL{nfO{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.!@.# sf] cfb]z .

k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofpg' kg]{df g7x¥ofO{ ;kmfO lbO{ u/]sf] km};nf gldn]sfn] ;f] km};nf pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;Fxn] cf/f]lkt ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^).!@.@$ sf] km};nf .

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] ck/fw :yflkt x'g] s'g} klg k|df0f ldl;ndf ;+slnt ePsf 5}gg\ . rZdbLt elgPsf JolQm Pj+ hfx]/jfnfsf] egfO{ Psfk;df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ 5g\ . hfx]/L b/vf:t :jod\ k|df0f x'g ;Qm}g . rf]/Lsf] jf/bft ldlt @)%&.&.!* df ePsf]

1206


elgPsf] 5 t/ jf/bft b]Vg] JolQmsf] sfuh ldlt @)%*.&.!$ df dfq} u/fOPsf] 5 . o:tf] sfuh df}sfsf] sfuh xf]Og . jf/bft ldltdf d cGoq} /x]sf] eGg] hLls/ -Plea of Alibi _ nfO{ d]/f] ;fIfLsf] askq ;d]taf6 k'li6 eO/x]sf] x'Fbf dnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/df ;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] ;f] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/L z'?n] ;kmfO lbPsf] km};nf oyfjt\ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] ldlt @)^!.!!.!& sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

hfx]/jfnf / k|ToIfbzL{ ;fIfLx¿sf] askq km/s km/s ePsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/ sfod u/L ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf c=a+ @)@ g+= adf]lhd k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.%.#) sf] cfb]z .

lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf;n] k|:t't d'2fdf jf/bft ePsf]

ldltb]lv ;ftlbg kl5 dfq hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] 5 . 36gfsf k|ToIfbzL{ elgPsf JolQmsf] s/La ! jif{ kl5 sfuh ePsf] 5 . jf/bftsf] Psjif{kl5 u/fPsf] sfuhsf] s'g} k|fdfl0fs d"No /xg ;Qm}g . h;sf] sfuhsf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/ sfod ul/Psf] xf] . To:tf] sfuhsf] k|fdfl0fs d"No g} g/x]sf] l:yltdf TolQs} cfwf/df s;"/ sfod x'g ;Qm}g . jf/bftsf] ;dodf k|ltjfbL sf7df8f}F ePsf] s'/f lghsf] ;fIfLsf] askq ;d]taf6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] lagf sfg"gL cfwf/ ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] s;"/ sfod u/L ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] OG;fkm q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;f] km};nf ab/ u/L z'?n] ;kmfO lbg] 7x/ u/]s]f km};nf oyfjt\ sfod ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] .

k|ToyL{ afbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L k|]d/fh sfsL{n] hfx]/L xbDofb leq} k/]sf] 5 . hfx]/jfnfsf] 3f hfFr kmf/fdn] klg ha/h:tL rf]/L ePsf] k'li6 eO/x]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbL df}sfdf km/f/ /xL kl5 cbfntdf pkl:yt ePsf 5g\ . k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL ;+hLj l;Fx e"ldxf/n] jf/bftsf] lbg k|ltjfbL sf7df8f}Fdf lyP

1207


eg]klg lgh ;fIfL cfkm}+ ;nf{xL lhNnf, l;d/f uf=lj=;=j8f g+= @ sf] cfˆg} 3/df /x]af6 lghn] jf/bft :yndf k|ltjfbL lyPg egL u/]sf] askq :jo+df cfwf/xLg b]lvG5 . jf/bft ldlt ;dodf k|ltjfbLn] cGoq lyPF egL lnPsf] lhsL/ kTof/nfos 5}g . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;a'b k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L s;"/bf/ sfod u/]sf] km};nf ldn]sf] x'Fbf ;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] .

pko'{Qm ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] .

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ hfx]/jfnfn] nufPsf] b'O{ tf]nf ;'gsf] l;qmL r'F8fnL oL k|ltjfbLn] rf]/L nu]sf] / ;dfpg vf]Hbf 5'/fn] k|xf/ u/L efu]sf] eGb} k|ltjfbL pk/ ls6fgL hfx]/L k/]sf] b]lvG5 . hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;+xsf] 3fp hfFr k|ltj]bgaf6 lghsf] bflxg] xftsf] xTs]nfdf wfl/nf] j:t'n] !Æ×¼Æ×¼ a/fa/sf] sf6]sf] 3fp /x]sf] b]lvG5 . df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ >L gGbg kf08] e"ldxf/, r08]Zj/ kf08] e"ldxf/ / /fh]Gb| d08nn] k|ltjfbL pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] hfx]/jfnfn]

nufPsf] ;'gsf] l;qmL r'F8fO{ nu]s]f / hfx]/jfnfn] kqmg vf]h]sf]df lghnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] 5'/f k|xf/ u/L efuL uPsf] egL df}sfdf v'nfO{ sfuh ug'{sf] ;fy} cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ askq ubf{ ;d]t ;f]xL Joxf]/fnfO{ k'li6 u/L askq u/]sf] b]lvG5 . hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;+xn] ;d]t cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ hfx]/L Joxf]/fnfO{ ;dy{g u/L askq u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L 36gfsf] k|ToIfbzL{ ;fIfLsf ?kdf /x]sf JolQmx¿sf] df}sfsf] sfuh / askqsf] Joxf]/faf6 hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ ;dy{g ul//x]sf] b]lv+g cfof] .

#= lgh k|ToIf ;fIfLx¿n] df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh / cbfntdf cfO{ u/]sf] askqdf jf/bft ePsf] eGg] d"n tYonfO{ :yflkt u/]sf] / ;f] jf/bftdf oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLs} ;+nUgtf /x]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg k'li6 ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 . lghx¿sf] df}sfsf] sfuhsf] Joxf]/f / cbfntdf ePsf] askqdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ jf/bft:ynaf6 efUb} ubf{ cufl8 jf k5fl8 stfkl§af6 b]v]sf] eGg] h:tf] s'/fdf hL/x ubf{ ;fdfGo s'/fdf s]xL km/s Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] eGg] cfwf/af6 dfq}

1208


jf/bftdf k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf /x]g5 eGg ldn]g . 36gfsf k|ToIfbzL{ JolQmx¿ / k|ltjfbL Ps} 7fpFsf afl;Gbf ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . Ps} 7fpFsf JolQmn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ :ki6 klxrfg u/L hfx]/jfnfsf] ;'gsf] l;qmL l5gfO{ efu]sf] egL v'nfO{ lbPsf] df}sfsf] sfuh / cbfntsf] askqsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ l5b|fGj]if0f u/L ;fdfGo s'/fdf n]vfO{sf] Ps?ktf ePg eGb}df k|ltjfbLsf] lgbf]{liftf :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g .

$= hxfF;Dd jf/bft ldlt ;doeGbf Psjif{ kl5 u/fPsf] df}sfsf] sfuhsf] s'g} k|fdfl0fs d"No /xFb}g eGg] k|ltjfbL tkm{sf ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] hLls/ 5, ;f] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't jf/bftsf] ldlt @)%&.&.!* eGg]df s'g} ljjfb 5}g . hfx]/jfnfn] ldlt @)%&.&.@$ df g} ls6fgL hfx]/L lbO{ k|ltjfbL pk/ kf]n u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . df}sfdf k|ltjfbL km/f/ /xL kl5 cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ OGsf/L aofg lbPsf 5g\ . lgh k|ltjfbL k|x/L ;]jfdf sfd u/L ;s]sf k"j{ k|x/L sd{rf/L eGg] tYo lghs} aofgaf6 v'n]sf] 5 . jf/bftdf oL k|ltjfbLs} ;+nUgtfnfO{ ls6fgL u/L

hfx]/L lbO{ ;s]kl5 cg';Gwfg kIf cyf{t\ ;DalGwt k|x/L sfof{non] cfˆgf] sfg"gL st{Jo cGtu{t df}sfdf cg';Gwfg ug'{ kg]{df gu/L l9nf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf] b]lv+b}df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] cg'';Gwfgaf6 ;+slnt k|df0fx¿sf] k|fdfl0fs d"No :jtM 36\g] klg xf]Og . To:tf k|df0fx¿n] jf/bftnfO{ l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf k'li6 ub{5g\ eg] tL k|df0fx¿sf] k|fdfl0fs dxTjdf s'g} z+sf ug{ ldNb}g . t;y{ jf/bftsf] ldlt eGbf l9nf] u/L df}sfsf] sfuh u/fOPsf] eGb}df To:tf] sfuhsf] dxTjnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g .

%= To:t} k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] jf/bft ldlt ;dodf cfkm" cGoq /x]sf] egL lhsL/ lnO{ -Plea of Alibi _ To;}nfO{ cfˆgf] lgbf]{liftfsf] cfwf/ b]vfPsf]df ;f]tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lghsf] pQm lhsL/nfO{ cGo :jtGq k|df0faf6 k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . lghsf] ;fIfL ;+hLjl;+x e"ldxf/n] cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ askq ubf{ ldlt @)%&.&.!* df k|ltjfbL sf7df8f}Fdf lyP egL askq u/]sf] eP tfklg lgh ;fIfL

1209


cfkm}+ jf/bft ldlt ;dodf ;nf{xL lhNnf l;d/f uf=lj=;=j8f g+= @ l:yt lghsf] cfˆg} 3/df /x]sf] eGg] lghsf] askqaf6 v'n]sf] 5 . t;y{ jf/bft ldlt ;dodf k|ltjfbL sf7df8f}Fdf lyP eGg] lgh ;fIfLsf] askq kTof/nfos b]lvFb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf k|ltjfbLn] cGoq lyPF, jf/bftdf ;+nUg lyOg egL lnPsf] lhsL/ k'li6 x'g ;Qm}g .

^= o;k|sf/ ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0fx¿af6 oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf]n] z"?n] ;kmfO lbg] 7x/ u/]sf] km};nf pN6L u/L hj{h:tL rf]/Lsf] s;"/ sfod u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ d'n'sL P]g, rf]/Lsf] dxnsf] !@ / !$-@_ g++ adf]lhd ! dlxgf !% lbg s}b / ljuf] ?=!*,))). sf] 8]9L ?=@&,))).–hl/jfgf u/L ;f] hl/jfgf jfkt ;d]t s}b x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^).!@.@$ sf] km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg hLls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L lgodfg';f/ ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .

Gof= df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h ! z'ed===Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+= *!(# sflQs, @)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L

/fdk|;fb >]i7dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz

j:tL;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf]

b]=k'=g+= ––(^@&;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf]

b]=k'=g+=––(^@(km};nf ldltM @)^^.@.!).!

d'2fM xs sfod rng .

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lh=sf7df8f}+, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !( Kofkmn a:g] rGb|axfb'/ >]i7

lj?4k|ToyL{ jfbLM lh=sf7df8f}

+, sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= !( 9f]sf6f]n a:g] zfGtnfn >]i7

Pj+

1210


k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lh=sf7df8f}+, sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !( Kofkmn a:g] lbuDa/nfn >]i7

lj?4k|ToyL{ jfbLM lh=sf7df8f}

+, sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= !( 9f]sf6f]n j:g] zfGtnfn >]i7

z'? km};nf ug]{M df=lh=Gof=a]b/fd

kf]v/]nk'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M

df=d'=Gof=>L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL

df=Gof= >L af]w/L/fh kf08]

;k{6 gfkLsf] gS;fdf rf/ lsNnf vf]lnPsf] dfq geO{ df}hf ;d]t hgfO{ k"hf{ lbg] sfo{ ;d]t ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6} ePsf] kfOG5 . hUuf Joj:yfkgsf] of] P]ltxfl;s / cfwf/e"t s8LnfO{ nfu" x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] lg/y{s / lgik|of]lht dflgg' GofoF;+ut x'+b}g . cfh klg ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu} ;'/lIft oL gfk

gS;f ;fljs / xfnsf hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] s8L hf]8\g] cfwf/e"t k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ul/g' Gofof]lrt x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_ hUufsf]

xfn ;fljs le8fpg] vfnsf b]jfgL d'2fdf klg k|df0fx¿sf] dfnfåf/f g} ;DklQdf :jfldTj lgwf{/0f ul/g' Goflos x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=^_ cfjfbL hUuf 5

eg] To;nfO{ vghf]t ug]{ JolQmn] gfkL x'Fbf lkmN8j'sdf ;f]xL a]nf n]vfPsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ :jfldTj lgwf{/s Pp6f k|df0fsf ?kdf u|x0f ul/g' Gofof]lrt x'g] .

hUuf vghf]t ug]{ JolQmn] gfkLsf] a]nfdf hUufsf] :jfldTj cfkm\g} eGg jf cGo hf] sf]xLsf] gfd klg n]vfpg ;Sg] ePsfn] cfk"mnfO{ s]jn df]xL / cGo JolQmnfO{ :jfdL b]vfO{ gfkL If]qLo

1211


btf{ lstfa cyf{t\ lkmN8a'sdf d'2f kg'{ eGbf bzsf}+ cufl8 n]vfOPsf] l:yltdf o;nfO{ k|dfl0fs d"NofÍgdf lglZrt ef/ lbg'kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=&_ cflwsfl/s lgsfodf

df]xLn] g} lbPsf] k|f/lDes lgj]bg sygnfO{ ;d]t To:tf] hUufsf] jf:tljs hUufwgL sfod ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ k|df0f dfGg'kg]{ .

kl5 cfP/ s'g} Ps hgfdfq hUufwgL xf] eGg] sygn] k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$ df plNnlvt ljjGwgsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd s'g} k|fdfl0fs an /fVg g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=*_

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;ltz emf

k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ljZjsfGt d}gfnL Pj+ ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;f]dsfGt d}gfnL

cjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM c=j+= !&! g+=

km};nfGof=k|sfz j:tLM

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)%&.*.!# sf] km};nfpk/ d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFm egL k|ltjfbLx¿sf] tkm{af6 5'§f5'§} lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntaf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_ adf]lhd lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bgdf bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5 M–

df]7 (.@^)@ nut df}hf afnfh' xf=g+= *!( ufFsf] lsQf g+= @ df]7 (.@^)# df}hf :joDe' xf=g+= ^(^ sf] Ovf8f]n lsQf @ ;d]tsf] hUuf d]/f] lktfhL j]vfnfn >]i7sf gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] gfkL x'Fbf hUuf df]xL e}/j dxh{gn] xf=g+= *!( sf] uf=lj=;=;LtfkfOnf j8f g+= ( s ls=g+= ^)( df hUufwgLsf] dxndf j]vfnfn >]i7;d]t / xf=g+= ^(^ sf] P]=P]=j8f g+= ( u ls=g+= %^ df hUufwgL j]vfnfn >]i7, jb|L/fh,/fhefO{, ;GtjL/, nfv] dxh{g , bfgd'gL , /Tgaxfb'/ ;d]tsf gfpFm n]lvlbPsf] / pQm b'j} lsQf

1212


ljtf{ hUuf ePsf]n] /}s/df kl/0ft u/L cfkm\gf] gfpFdf btf{ u/L hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfpFm egL sf7df8f}F dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxL x'Fbf Dofbdf d]/f] lktfhL a]vfnfn xflh/ e} ;f] bfjLsf] hUuf ljtf{ xf]Og . vf; d]/f] xsef]u lt/f]leqsf] /}s/df btf{ e} rng u/l/cfPsf] hUuf x'Fbf c:yfoL hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t kfO;s]sf]n] btf{ u/L hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfpFm egL lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxLdf a:g' ePsf] lyof] . sf/jfxL rln/x]sf] ca:yfdf df]xL e}/a dxh{gsf] xsflwsf/ g/x]sf]n] df]xLn] dafx]s c?=hUufwgL egL b]vfPsf]df cGo k|ltjfbLx¿n] Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] x'Fbf pQm @ lsQf hUufsf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfpFm egL @)$&.!).!) df d]/f] lktfhLsf] c=jf=e} d zfGtnfnn] lgj]bg lbPkl5 pQm hUufwgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ dnfO{ lbg'kg]{df Dofb} u'hf/L a:g] k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ k'gM Dofb lbO{ xflh/ x'g cfPsf /fhefO{, lbuDa/;d]tn] xfd|f] xs;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL ePsf] b]lvFbf ls=g+= %^ / ^)( sf] hUuf ;DaGwdf :jfldTj xs

lx:;fdf t]/f] d]/f] b]lvFbf cbfntdf u} xs sfod u/L Nofpg' egL ldlt @)%).!.!% df dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}F, sn+sL zfvfn] ;'gfO{ lbPsf]n] of] lkm/fb ug{ cfPsf] 5' . ab|L >]i7sf] 5f]/f lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] xsdf lghn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] k|df0fdf xL/fnfn >]i7 sf=O=Kofkmn eGg] b]lvG5 . ;fljsdf s] s'g slt g+=sf] hUufaf6 xfnsf] oL hUuf slt x'g cfof] / lghn] s] sltdf bfjL lng' ePsf] xf] ;f] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . df]xLn] hUufwgL dxndf ab|Lsf] gfd n]lvlbPsf] sf/0fn] dfq e"m¶f bfjL ug{ cfpg' ePsf] xf] . bfgd'gLsf] gflt g/]Gb| d'gL;d]tsf] xsdf lghn] d]/f] lktf wd{d'gL zfSosf] gfpFdf :joDe" xf=g+= !!@$ sf] e08f/ Jof;L ...! dWo]df gfk ePsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] t/ d]/f] afnfh'sf] xf=g+= *!( / :joDe"sf] xf=g+= ^(^ ePsf]n] oL k|ltjfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] hUufsf] gfd, /=g+= ;d]t km/s–km/s b]lvPsf] xF'bf df]xLn] lghsf] jfh]sf] gfd lkmN8j'sdf n]vfPsf] sf/0fn] dfq e"m¶f bfjL ug{ cfPsf] k'li6 x'G5 . /fhefO{ eGg] rGb|axfb'/sf]

1213


xsdf lghn] bfjL lnPsf] df}h] sf7df8f}+ d?=nut g+= *() ljtf{ hUuf egL bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d]/f] bfjLsf] hUuf klxn] b]lvsf] /}s/ xf] . ;f] cfwf hUufdf hutaxfb'/ >]i7n] ph"/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . df]xL e}/a dxh{gn] pQm b'j} lsQf hUufsf] hUufwgL j]vfnfn >]i7 dfq xf] . hUuf lghs} gfpFmdf hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ lbPdf /fhL 5' egL ldlt @)$&.!@.!# df lgj]bg lbPsf] 5 . d]/f] lktfn] s'tafnL a'emfPsf] e/kfO{;d]t lghn] k]z u/]sf] 5 . oL k|ltjfbLx¿n] dfnkf]t sfof{non] lbPsf] Dofb} u'hf/L k'gM lbPsf] Dofbdf pkl:yt e} lhsL/ bfjL;d]t lnPsf] hUuf / d]/f] pQm bfjLsf] hUuf ldNg le8\g gcfPsf] / oL hUuf j]vfnfn dfqsf] xf] egL df]xLn] ls6fg;fy df=kf]=sf=df lgj]bg lbPsf] lghn] s't sj'lnot u/L lbPsf] j]vfnfn >]i7n] dfnkf]t a'emfPsf] hUuf ljtf{ ge} /}s/ ePsf]n] hUufsf] c:yfoL hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ a]vfnfnn] g} kfpg' ePsf] ;d]t k|df0faf6 pQm ;LtfkfOnf uf=lj=;=j8f g+= (-s_ ls=g+= ^)( sf] If]=km= !–*–) / P]=P]=j8f g+= ( -u_ ls=g+= %^ sf] If]=km= %–!–) d]/f] lktfhL

a]vfnfn >]i7sf] dfq btf{ xsef]u lt/f]leqsf] ePsf]n] lktfsf] k/nf]s ePsf] x'Fbf d]/f] xs k'Ug] x'Fbf pQm b'j} lsQf k"/} hUuf d]/f] xs sfod u/L hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ d]/f] gfpFmdf lbg' eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}+ nut zfvf / sn+sLsf] gfpFmdf k"hL{ ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb kq .

df=kf]=sf=af6 @)%).!.!% df ;DalGwt lgsfodf u} cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] xs lx:;f sfod u/fO{ Nofpg' egL ;'gfpg' ePsf]n] d]/f] o; cbfntdf xs sfod u/fO{ kfpFm egL @)%).@.!& df lkm/fb bfo/ e} ;s]sf] 5 . d]/f] lkm/fbdf d]/f] afh] xL/fnfn >]i7sf] gfdsf] ;fljs o6\vf @%$ g+= af6 j08f e} cfPsf] xfn sf=o6\vf **@ sf] nutdf btf{ e} ;fljs Ovf8f]n eGg] v]t /f]kgL !–*–@ sf] xfn sf=lh=;LtfkfOnf uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ( -u_ df}hfsf] cjn lsl;dsf] If]=km= /f]kgL %–!@–) dWo] bfgd'gLsf] ef]u )–$–) s6fO{ afFsL /f]kgL %–*–) dWo]sf] cfwf d]/f] v]t /f]kgL @–!@–) hUuf d]/f] xs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]

1214


k|ltjfbL lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] k|ltpQ/ kq .

dfnkf]t sfof{no, sf7df8f}F sn+sLn] cbfntAff6 xs sfod u/fO{ cfpg' egL ldlt @)%).!.!% df ;'gfPkl5 d}n] log} jfbL;d]t pk/ o;} cbfntdf @)%).@.!* sf lbg xs sfod /}s/ kl/0ft lvrf]nf d]6fO{ btf{ ;d]t u/fOkfpFm egL lkm/fb kq bfo/ ul/;s]sf] x'gfn] ;f] lkm/fb kqdf d}n] lnPsf] lhsL/x¿nfO{ o; k|ltpQ/ kqsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf nufO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] k|ltpQ/ kq .

k|ltjfbL g/]Gb|d'gL zfSosf] gfpFmsf] lbg #) sf] Otnfogfdf Dofb ldlt @)%).$.!$ df tfd]n ePsf]df k|ltpQ/ glkm/fO{ z'? Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] .

o;} d'2fsf k|ltjfbLx¿n] bfo/ u/]sf] nufpsf] xs sfod d'2fx¿ ;fy} k]z ePsf] .

jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf] hUufdf jfbLsf] xs sfod x'g] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n] jfbLsf gfpFdf btf{ u/L lbg' eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%$.!.@$.# sf] km};nf .

k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg g} gu/L d]/f] xs sfdo x'g g;Sg]

egL z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pQm km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

3/;f/df a08f ePsf] cGo ;DklQx¿sf] ;fy} plNnlvt hUuf;d]t d]/f] c+z efudf k/]sf], ldlt @)!#.!@.@ sf] kf]tf /l;b ePsf] ;d]t k|df0fx¿ df}h'bf 5Fbf5Fb} ;f]tkm{ ljrf/ g} gu/L z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntn] dnfO{ x/fO{ u/]sf] km};nf c=j+= !*$ -s_, !*% / !*( tyf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf %$ ;d]tsf cfwf/df q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] pQm km};nf ab/ u/L d]/f] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

e}/j 8Fuf]nsf gfdsf] nut k'g/fj]bs rGb|axfb'/ >]i7, lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] nut;Fu gle8fO{ jfbL k|ltjfbLsf] k|df0f c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd Ps csf{nfO{ gb]vfO{ g;'gfO{ u/]sf] lg0f{o km/s kg{ ;Sg] e} ljrf/0fLo x'Fbf c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd ljkIfL lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z

1215


ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)%$.*.!@ sf] cfb]z .

ldlt @)!#.!!.!! sf] a08fkqdf ;"o{nfn >]i7;d]tsf] gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] Ko"vf ^(^ g+= sf] ^.$!@ hUufdWo] #–*–@ hUuf ;"o{nfnsf] efudf a08faf6 lbFbf df]xL gb]lvPsf] t/ åfl/sfnfnnfO{ ;f]xL hUufaf6 @–@–) hUuf lbFbf ;f]xL g+= ;f]xL df]xL e}/rf dxh{g egL pNn]v ePsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 . ;f] hUufdf pQm j08fkqcg';f/ e}/rf dxh{g df]xL 5Fb} lyP eGg] @)@).$.!$ df k'gM lgh;Fu df]xL;DaGwL sj'lnot u/fO{ lbg'kg]{ / a]vfnfnaf6 k]z x'g'kg]{ sf/0f lyPg . xf=g+= *!( sf] ;DaGwdf d]/f] ;DaGw g/xg] x'gfn] jofg ug'{ gkg]{ / lbuDa/nfnn] k]z u/]sf] o6vf **@ g+= sf] /l;b k]z ug'{kg]{df k|ltlnlk k]z u/]sf] x'gfn] k|ltlnlk x]/L c=j+= &* g+= cGtu{t aofg ug'{ k/]g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] jf= dxfb]j kl08tn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf u/]sf] jofg .

rGb|axfb'/ >]i7n] o; cbfntdf k]z u/]sf] kf]tf /l;b g+= *() d]/f] j'jf j]vfnfn

>]i7sf] xf=g+= *!( / ^(^ df le8\g] xf]Og . pQm ljjflbt @ lsQf hUuf (-s_ ls=g+= ^)( / (-u_ ls=g+= %^ xf=g+= *!( / ^(^ af6 le8\g] hUuf x'g\ . pQm ljjflbt @ lsQf hUuf lglj{jfb ls;fg e}/j dxh{g, e}?rf dxh{g e}/j 8+uf]n Ps} JolQm xf] . dfnkf]t sfof{nodf cfkm\gf] aofg lbFbf lgh ls;fgn] pQm b'O{ lsQf hUuf (-s_ ls=g+= ^)( / ( u ls=g+= %^ xf=g+= *!( / ^(^ df le8\g] hUuf x'g\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL zfGtnfn >]i7n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .

/l;b g+= *!( Ovf8f]nsf] /l;b xf]Og . ufFsf] nut /l;b / Ovf8f]nsf] df}hfsf] -afnfh'sf]_ /l;b ljjflbt ;LtfkfOnfsf] hUuf;Fu gldNg] ePsf]n] Psf uf=lj=;= Psf df}hfsf] hUufaf6 csf]{ df}hf csf]{ uf=lj=;=sf] hUuf xf=g+= hfn;fhL /l;b k]z ePsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs lbuDa/nfn >]i7n] c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .

k|ToyL{ zfGtnfn >]i7n] k|df0fdf lbPsf] xf=g+= ^(^ Ovf8f]nsf] /l;b k'g/fj]bs rGb|axfb'/,

1216


lbuDa/nfnnfO{ c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd ;'gfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)%%.(.#.% sf] cfb]z .

zfGtnfnn] k]z u/]sf] :joDe' df}hfsf] xf=g+= ^(^ sf] /l;b sf=lh=;LtfkfOnf j8f g+= ( -s_ ls=g+= ^)( sf] !–*–@ / P] j8f g+= ( -u_ ls=g+= %^ sf] %–!@–) hUuf;Fu le8\g] hUuf xf]Og . plNnlvt b'j} hUuf sf=O{=d?=*() g+= sf] kf]tf nutsf] $–!)–# ;Fu le8\g] hUuf xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] jf= dxfb]j kl08tn] c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd u/]sf] jofg .

of] ljjflbt ;LtfkfOnfsf] hUuf;Fu gldNg] ePsf]n] Psf uf=lj=;=,Psf df}hfsf] hUufaf6 csf]{ df}hf csf]{ uf=lj=;=sf] hUuf vfg hfn;fhL /l;b k]z u/]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs lbuDj/nfn >]i7n] c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd u/]sf] jofg .

@)%%.(.& sf] cfb]zsf] ;Gbe{df ldlt @)%%.(.@) df dxfb]j kl08tn] jofg ubf{ ;Ssn sfuh k]z gePsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvFbf k"j{cfb]zfg';f/sf] ;Ssn} sfuh

bflvn u/fO{ c=a+= &* g+= adf]lhd k"jf{b]zfg';f/ aofg u/fO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)%^.!.#! sf] cfb]z .

@)!# ;fnsf] kf]tf /l;baf6 sxfF s'g df}hfsf] slt gDj/sf] slt If]qkmn ePsf] hUufsf] /l;b xf] eGg] s'/f v'Nb}g . e"m¶f k|df0fsf] cfwf/df d]/f] ;DklQdfly bfjL u/]sf] x'gfn] hfn;fhLdf ;hfo ;d]t ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] jf= dxfb]j kl08tn] ldlt @)%^.#.#! df c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd u/]sf] aofg .

jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7n] df]7 (.@^)@ nut df}hf afnfh' xf=g+= *!( ufFsf] lsQf @, df]7 (.@^)# df}hf :joDe" xf=g+= ^(^ sf] Ovf8f]n lsQf @ ;d]t d]/f] lktfhL a]vfnfn >]i7sf gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] / xfn lktfhL k/nf]s ePsf]n] ;f] hUufdf cfkm\gf] xs k'Ug] egL bfjL u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf k|:t't ljjfbsf] hUuf s'g nut;Fu le8\g] xf] eGg]tkm{ k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] nut sf=d?sf] ePsf] / k|ltjfbL lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] nut sf= o6\vfsf] ePsf] b]lvFbf ;LtfkfOnf

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uf=lj=;=sf] k|:t't hUuf;Fu le8\g] gb]lvg] / jfbLsf] nut afnfh' / :joDe"sf] eO{ ;f] df}hf;Fu ;LtfkfOnf glhs kg]{ ePsf]n] jfbLsf] nut;Fu ljjfbsf] hUuf le8\g] b]lvof] . of] cfwf/af6 ;d]t jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= ^)(/ %^ sf] hUufdf jfbLsf] xs sfod x'g] egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%$.!.@$ df ePsf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)%&.*.!# sf] km};nf .

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] afnfh', :joDe" df}hf glhs kg]{ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df lg0f{o u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 . s'g} klg kf]tf nutsf] hUuf ;f] kf]tf ePs} 7fpFdf x'G5 eGg] x'Fb}g . kf]tfsf] :yfgb]lv 6f9f / glhs eGg] cfwf/df u/]sf] km};nf g]sfk @)#&, lg=g+= !#^$ k[i7 $* df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt Pj+ c=j+= !*$s= !*% / k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-ª_ / %$ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf k|lts"n 5 . jfbLsf] btf{ k|df0fsf] afnfh' df}hfsf] xf=g+= *!( sf] )–!@–# / :joDe' df}hfsf] xf=g+= ^(^ sf] !–%–! ;d]t hDdf @–@–) hUuf

le8fO{ df]xL e}/a dxh{gn] @)@).$.!$.@ df sa'lnot u/]sf] ;d]tsf cfwf/df hUufwgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ kfpFm egL dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ;d]t v'n]sf] 5 . ;f] sa'lnotdf o6\vf df}hf Ovf8f]n v]t !–%–! / P] ufFdsf] v]t /f]kgL )–!!–# / @–@–) hUuf df]xLdf hf]Tg lbPsf] eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 o6\vf df}hfsf] hUuf afnfh' / :joDe' df}hfsf] nut;Fu le8\g ;Qm}g . dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}Fsf] ldlt @)%#.!!.@) sf] kqaf6 afnfh'sf] xf=g+= *!( sf] hUuf le8fO{ btf{ u/fO{ ;s]sf], btf{ ug{ afFsL g/x]sf] egL n]vL k7fPsf] tyf :joDe" df}hfsf] ;fljs btf{ ;DaGwdf s'g} hjfkm g} cfpg g;s]sf] egL lhsL/ lnOFbf lnOFb} klg To;tkm{ s'g} ljrf/ gu/L :j]lR5s ?kdf lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ;f] km};nfdf uDeL/ q'l6 ljBdfg /x]sf]n] Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] -s_ / -v_ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] ldlt @)%*.@.$.% sf] lgj]bg kq .

1218


o;} nufpsf] lg=g+= ^#)& sf] xs sfod rng d'2fdf bf]xf]¥ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fdf klg ;f]xL cfwf/ k|df0faf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).#.!! sf] cfb]z .

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . ljjflbt ls=g+= %^ sf] hUuf ;DaGwdf jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7 / k|ltjfbL d ePsf] o;} nufpsf] cfh} btf{ u/]sf] xs sfod d'2fdf pNn]v ePsf] aF'bf k|df0f lhsL/x¿nfO{ g} cfwf/ lnO{ k|:t't d'2fdf klg d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ u/L lg:;f kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] ldlt @)%*.!.!@ sf] lgj]bg .

;e]{ gfkL x'Fbf ls=g+= %^ sf] h=/f]= %–!@–) sf] s}lkmot dxndf a]vfnfn >]i7, jb|L >]i7, /fhefO{ >]i7nufot cGo JolQmx¿nfO{ s't a'emfPsf] egL df]xL e}/adfg dxh{gn] n]vfO{ lbPkZrft\\ kl5 cfP/ a]vfnfnnfO{ dfq} ;a} s't a'emfPsf] eGg' jf a]vfnfnsf] Psnf}6L hUuf eGg kfpg'df ljjGwgsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd klg gldNg] Pj+ o; d'2fsf kIf ljkIf

cfk;df e}ofb gftfsf eGg] kl/k|]Iodf btf{eGbf w]/} a9L hUuf k|ltjfbL a]vfnfnn] Psnf}6L kfpg] sfg"gL cfwf/;d]t gb]lvFbf lghsf] dfq Psnf}6L sfod u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,kf6gsf] lg0f{odf k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ^-ª_ / %$ ;d]tsf] q'l6 b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).#.!! sf] cfb]z .

lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf ;ltif emfn] ljjfbsf] ls=g+= ^)( / %^ sf] hUufdf jfbLsf] xs sfod ubf{ afnfh' tyf :joDe" df}hfsf] nutaf6 jfbLsf] hUuf glhs kg]{ eO{ le8\g] egL lnOPsf] lg0f{ofwf/ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . nut /x]sf] 7fpFsf] gfpFaf6 glhs / 6f9f /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df nut le8\g] / gle8\g] eGg] x'Fb}g . ljjflbt hUuf ;fljsb]lv g} /}s/ eO;s]sf] / jfbLsf] nutaf6 klxn] g} hUuf btf{ eO;s]sf] eGg] s'/f a]vfnfnsf] clws[t jf zfGtnfnn] hUuf btf{ ;DaGwdf ldlt @)

1219


$&.!).!) df dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] Joxf]/faf6 klg jfbLsf] hUuf btf{ afFsL 5}g eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . ldlt @)%#.!).& df sf7df8fF} lhNnf cbfntaf6 xf=g+= **@ tyf *!(.^(^ af6 s] slt hUuf btf{ eof] / slt afFsL 5 egL btf{ ;|]:tfsf] ptf/ ;d]t lemsfpg] u/L cfb]z ePsf]df ;f] adf]lhdsf] btf{ ;|]:tf g} glemsfO{ jfbL bfjLadf]lhd xs sfod u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g . dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%#.!!.@) sf] kqaf6 xf=g+= *!( af6 hUuf afFsL gb]lvPsf] eGg] :ki6 hjfkm cfPsf]df ;f]nfO{ a]jf:tf u/L ePsf] z'? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L u/L k'g/fj]bssf] xs sfod ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] .

k|ToyL{ jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7sf] tkm{af6 ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf ljZjsfGt d}gfnL Pj+ ljåfg clwjQmf ;f]dsfGt d}gfnLn] ljjfbsf] hUufdf k|ltjfbLsf] xssf] ;|f]t g} 5}g . lkmN8a'sdf /fhefO{ eGg] n]lvb}Fdf lglj{jfb xs :yflkt x'Fb}g . /fhefO{ eGg] dflg; rGb|dfg g} xf] eGg] s'g} k|df0faf6 klg v'Nb}g . @)$@ ;fndf df]xL

e}/adfgn] /}s/ kl/0ft ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg lbFbf k|ltjfbLn] k|ltjfb ug{ ;s]sf] klg 5}g . z'? cbfntn] k|df0fsf] plrt d"NofÍg u/L u/]sf] km};nfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;d]t plrt 7x/ u/]sf] / xfn o; cbfntaf6 bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ubf{ e}ofb gftfleqsf] eGg] cfwf/ lnPsf]df k|df0faf6 jfbL k|ltjfbL e}ofb eGg] v'Nb}g . df]xLn] g} k|:t't hUufsf] wgL jfbL xf] egL v'nfO{ lbPsf]df df]xLsf] egfO{ cflwsfl/s x'G5 egL s}of}+ k6s k|ltkflbt l;4fGtaf6 klg k'li6 x'G5 . t;y{ k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ u/L k|bfg ePsf] lg:;f g} tYout ?kdf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;d]taf6 jfbL bfjLadf]lhd xs sfod x'g] egL ePsf] km};nf sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf ;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] .

b'j} kIfaf6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf Pj+ ljåfg clwjQmfx¿n] ug'{ePsf] pko'{Qm Joxf]/fsf] ax; a'Fbf ;d]tnfO{ dgg\ ub}{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .

1220


@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, ;LtfkfOnf uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ( -s_ ls=g+= ^)( sf] If]=km= !–*–@ / P]= j8f g+= (-u_ ls=g+= %^ sf] If]=km= %–!@–) sf] hUuf xf=g+= *!( / ^(^ sf] nutaf6 le8\g] eGb} jfbLn] bfjL u/]sf]df z'?n] jfbL bfjLadf]lhd xs sfod x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;d]taf6 ;b/ ePsf]df ;f] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 5'§f5'§} btf{ ePsf] d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bgdf lg:;f e} k'g/fj]bg btf{ eO{ lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] b]lvof] .

#= ljleGg ;fljs nut b]vfP/ gofF gfkLsf lsQf gDj/ cfkm\gf gfpFdf btf{ ul/kfpg bfjL ul/Psf]df s'g nut s'g lsQf;Fu le8\5 eGg] Goflos cfwf/sf] lgSof}{n ug'{ g} o; ljjfbsf] d"n ljifo /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L ;fljs nut jf kf]tf /;Lbdf hUufsf] df}hf, gfd / If]qkmn pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 . cj}1flgs cfwf/df pNn]v ePsf If]qkmn :jfefljs ;Ldf;Dd 36a9 x'g' / o;nfO{ dfGotf lbg' Gofo;+ut g} x'G5 . nut jf kf]tf /;Lb jf k"hf{df hUufsf] rf/lsNnf n]lvPsf] eP

Pp6f lg0ff{os cfwf/ aGg ;Sb5 . t/ clwsf+z nut jf kf]tf /;Lb jf k"hf{df rf/ lsNnf hlgPsf] kfOFb}g . c=j+= !&! cg';f/ gfk gS;f u/L lsNnf osLg u/L hUufsf] :jfldTj lgwf{/0f ul/g' ;jf]{Qd Goflos k|lqmof xf] . t/, rf/ lsNnf gn]lvPsf o:tf lnvtsf sf/0fn] xfn ;fljs le8fpg] sfo{sf nflu cGo k|df0fsf] vf]hL ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . rf/ lsNnf n]lvPsf /fhLgfdf tyf js;kq ;d]tsf kfl/t lnvtdf ;d]t rf/lsNnf pNn]v x'Fbf /}s/ jf ljtf{ eGg] clglZrt lsNnf pNn]v ePsf x'G5g\ . rf/ lsNnfdf vf]nf, af6f], eL/ / d7 dlGb/ h:tf k|fo ckl/jt{gzLn lsNnf n]lvPsf] /x]5 eg] kf]tf nut jf k"hf{sf] hUuf osLg ug]{ Pp6f ljZjfl;nf] cfwf/ x'g ;Sb5 . ;f]xL gfdsf] hUufsf] kf]tf nut le8fP/ ;fFwsf] hUuf btf{ ul/Psf] /x]5 eg] of] klg Goflos ljj]rgfsf] Pp6f cfwf/ aGg ;Sb5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf jfbL tyf k|ltjfbLn] b]vfPsf cfkm\gf ;fljs kf]tf tyf nutaf6 ljjflbt hUufsf] :jfldTj lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/x¿ e]l6Pgg\ .

$= d'2fsf kIfn] xssf] ;|f]tsf ?kdf b]vfPsf nutdf plNnlvt gfdnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL xfnsf] 7fFpsf] gfd;Fu

1221


le8fO{ hUufsf] xfn ;fljs le8fpg] sfo{ Pp6f lg0ff{os cfwf/ aGg ;Sb5 . t/, df}hfsf] ;Ldf osLg gx'Fbf o;nfO{ Psdfq lg0ff{os cfwf/ agfpg ldNb}g . df}hf jf hUufsf] gfdaf6 s'g 6f9f / s'g glhs eGg] cfwf/df dfq lgisif{ lgsfNg Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf ;fljsdf k|rlnt e"ld Joj:yfdf hUufsf] kl/ro lbg To; hUufnfO{ cd's gfd lbOg] ul/GYof] . o;n] ubf{ jNnf] lsQf Pp6f gfdsf] / kNnf] lsQf csf]{ gfdsf] x'g' klg s'g} c:jfefljs x'Fb}g . t;y{, ;fljsdf lbOPsf] hUufsf] gfd / xfn hUuf /x]sf] 7fpFmsf] gfd;Fu ;DaGw ufF;]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg] cj:yf klg ;xh 5}g . nut jf kf]tf /;Lb jf k"hf{ / ltgdf plNnlvt rf/ lsNnf, cbfntdf k/]sf d'2fx¿ tyf ltgdf plNnlvt Joxf]/f, gfk gS;fsf] cfwf/df ;d]t ;fljs nut le8fO{ :jfldTj lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

%= o;}u/L @))! ;fnk"j{ ePsf] ;k{6 gfkL gS;f / ;f] ;Dj4 k"hf{sf] canf]sg u/L Pp6f Goflos wf/0ff agfpg ;lsg] x'G5 . ;f] gfkL tyf To;sf] ;|]:tf nfu" x'g g;s]sf] ePtfklg s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] lxt jf clxtsf] nflu tL

gfk gS;f t}of/ gePaf6 Goflos lgisif{ lgsfNg' kbf{ tL 5'g} gx'g] / x]g}{ gx'g] lnvt xf]Ogg\ . a? ;/sf/af6} ;fj{hlgs tj/n] ;DkGg gfkLsf oL ;|]:tf hUufsf] xfn ;fljs le8fpg] ljZjfl;nf cfwf/ x'g\ . of] ;k{6 gfkLsf] gS;fdf rf/ lsNnf vf]lnPsf] dfq geO{ df}hf ;d]t hgfO{ k"hf{ lbg] sfo{ ;d]t ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6} ePsf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] hUuf Joj:yfkgsf] of] P]ltxfl;s / cfwf/e"t s8LnfO{ nfu" x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] lg/y{s / lgik|of]lht dflgg' GofoF;+ut x'+b}g . cfh klg ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu} ;'/lIft oL gfk gS;f ;fljs / xfnsf hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] s8L hf]8\g] cfwf/e"t k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ul/g' Gofof]lrt x'G5 .

^= vf;u/L sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf hUufsf ;DaGwdf ljljw cfwf/af6 s'g kf]tf nut jf k"hf{ gofF gfkLsf] s'g lsQf;Fu le8\5 eGg] osLg ug{ k|df0fx¿sf] s8L cWoog u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg kg]{ x'G5 . kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf k|ToIf k|df0fsf] cefjdf kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fx¿sf] dfnfsf cfwf/df lgisif{ lgsflnP h:t} hUufsf] xfn ;fljs le8fpg]

1222


vfnsf b]jfgL d'2fdf klg k|df0fx¿sf] dfnfåf/f g} ;DklQdf :jfldTj lgwf{/0f ul/g' Goflos x'G5 . jf:tjdf ljleGg k|df0fx¿sf] s8Lsf] ;xof]un] g} s'g nut s'g hUuf;Fu le85\ eGg] k|Zgsf] lgwf{/0f x'g ;Sb5 . k|:t't d'2fdf o:tf s8Lx¿ / k|fdfl0fs ;[+vnfx¿ ;Lldt 5g\ . df}hfsf] k|rlnt gfd / btf{ dfu ePsf] hUufsf] :yfg lglZrt?kn] ldn]df hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] Pp6f lgwf{/s k|df0f aGg ;Sb5 . t/, ljjfbdf ;+nUg b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L kIfn] bfjLsf nflu k|:t't u/]sf kf]tf nut;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L lgisif{df k'Ug' Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] lgwf{/s k|df0fsf ?kdf kfl/t lnvtx¿df n]lvPsf] hUufsf] gfdsf cfwf/df of] o;} 7fpFsf] hUuf xf] eGg] osLg ug{ klg ;lsGg . ;dosf] cGt/fnn] :yfg jf hUuf ljz]ifsf] gfd kl/jlt{t ePsf x'G5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf tL gfd g} nf]k eO;s]sf x'G5g\ .

&= t;y{, o:tf] cj:yfdf cfjfbL hUuf 5 eg] To;nfO{ vghf]t ug]{ JolQmn] gfkL x'Fbf lkmN8j'sdf ;f]xL a]nf n]vfPsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ :jfldTj lgwf{/s Pp6f k|df0fsf ?kdf u|x0f ul/g' Gofof]lrt x'G5 .

hUuf vghf]t ug]{ JolQmn] gfkLsf] a]nfdf hUufsf] :jfldTj cfkm\g} eGg jf cGo hf] sf]xLsf] gfd klg n]vfpg ;Sg] x'G5 . cfk"mnfO{ s]jn df]xL / cGo JolQmnfO{ :jfdL b]vfO{ gfkL If]qLo btf{ lstfa cyf{t\ lkmN8a'sdf d'2f kg'{ eGbf bzsf}+ cufl8 n]vfOPsf] l:yltdf o;nfO{ k|dfl0fs d"NofÍgdf lglZrt ef/ lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . of] :jfldTj lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljljw k|fdfl0fs ;[+vnfx¿ dWo] cbfntn] ljZjf; ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/ xf] . o;n] s'g} k|fdfl0fs jn /fVb}g eGg' plrt x'Fb}g . sf/0f, hUufwgL b]vfOPsf JolQm;Fu kf]tf nut klg 5 / of] To; hUufsf] x'b} xf]Og eGg ;lsg] cfwf/ gePdf lkmN8a'ssf] cleJolQm cfwf/e"t k|df0f xf] .

*=gfkLk"j{ sf7df8fF}

pkTosfdf kf]tf nut g} xfnsf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;/xs} x}l;ot /fVg] lnvt k|df0f xf] . @)@! ;fn cyf{t\ w]/}cl3 eljiodf ljjfb knf{ eGg] cg'dfg u/L To;sf nflu k|df0f v8f ul/lbg] clek|fo gfkLdf n]vfO lbg] JolQmsf] 5 eGg] cGoyf k|dfl0ft g} ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s To; lnlvt cleJolQmnfO{ cGoyf

1223


dfGg ;lsFb}g . t;y{, k|:t't ljjfbdf hUufsf] :jfldTj osLg ug{ df]xLn] hUufwgL egL n]vfOlbPsf] tyf cfk"mn] s;nfO{ s] slt s't a'emfOcfPsf] eGg] Joxf]/fnfO{ Pp6f lgZrofTds k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

(= ljjfbsf] ls=g+= %^ / ^)( sf] gfkLsf] If]qLo btf{ lstfa x]bf{ ls=g+= ^)( sf] hUufwgL a]vfnfn >]i7 ;d]t / df]xL e}/a dxh{g pNn]v ePsf] / ls=g+= %^ sf] hUuf gfkL x'Fbf hUufwgL a]vfnfn, jb|L >]i7, /fhefO{ >]i7, cGtjL/ pbf;, /Tgaxfb'/, nfv] dxh{g, bfgd'gL ;d]t pNn]v eO{ df]xLdf e}/a dxh{g g} hlgPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] lkmN8 a'saf6 s'g hUufwgLsf] s] slt xs lx:;f xf] eGg] g5'l§Psf] / xfn bfjL ubf{ cf–cfkm\gf] kf]tf nutsf] ;fljs k|df0f ;d]t k]z u/L a]vfnfn, lbuDa/nfn, /fhefO{ eGg] rGb|axfb'/ >]i7 ;d]tsf] tLg hgfn] cnu–cnu bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm hUufsf] df]xL e}/a dxh{gn] k|:t't ljjfbsf] hUufx¿ /}s/ kl/0ft ug]{tkm{sf] bfjL ubf{ ldlt @)$@ ebf}df lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ls=g+= %^ sf] hUuf

a]vfnfn, ab|L >]i7, /fhefO{ ;d]tsf] hUuf xf] egL n]vfOlbPsf] b]lvG5 . ls=g+= ^)( sf] lkmN8a's Pj+ hUufwgL btf{ ;|]:tfdf klg hUufwgL a]vfnfn;d]t eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ls=g+= %^ sf] lkmN8a'sdf g} a]vfnfn, jb|L / /fhefO{nfO{ df]xL e}/a dxh{gn] a'emfpg' kg]{ s'tsf] xs lx:;f ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] 5 . t/, ls=g+= ^)( df a]vfnfnafx]s cGo sf]–sf] hUufwgL x'g\ / df]xLn] ;f] lsQfsf] s] slt afnL s'g s'g hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfpg] u/]sf] eGg] v'Nb}g . ljjflbt hUufsf] df]xLn] k|fKt u/]sf] df]xLofgL xssf] c:yfoL lg:;f ;d]tdf ls=g+= %^ sf] hUufdf a]vfnfn ;d]tsf ^ hgf hUufwgLx¿ /x]sf] tYo pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . hUufwgL btf{ ;|]:tf ;d]tdf klg hUufwgL a]vfnfn ;d]t eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljjflbt hUuf gfkL x'Fbf v8f ePsf] lkmN8a'sd} a]vfnfnnfO{ ! d'/L, /fhefO{nfO{ % kfyL Pj+ ab|LnfnnfO{ % kfyL s't a'emfpg' kg]{ eGg] Joxf]/f ;f] hUuf sdfpg] df]xL e}/a dxh{gn] n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;f] lkmN8j'ssf] Joxf]/f Pj+ df]xL e}/a

1224


dxh{gn] cf/Dedf k6s–k6s lbPsf] lgj]bg;d]taf6 ljjfbsf] ls=g+= %^ / ^)( sf] hUufwgL jfbL zfGtnfnsf :juL{o lktf a]vfnfn dfq /x]5g\ eGg] gb]lvFbf pQm ls=g+= %^ / ^)( sf] hUufdf lgh zfGtnfnsf] dfq Psnf}6L xs k'Ug] l:ylt b]lvPg .

!)= hxfF;Dd k|ToyL{ jfbLsf lktf a]vfnfn / k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿sf] ljjflbt ls=g+= %^ / ^)( sf] hUufdf s] slt xs lx:;f sfod x'g] eGg] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, b'j} lsQf hUufdf cf–cfkm\gf] xs ePsf] eGb} ljleGg JolQmx¿n] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbPsf]df dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)%).!.!% sf] lg0f{o ;'gL pQm ls=g+= %^ / ^)( df hUufwgL egL pNn]v ePsf hUufwgLx¿ dWo] a]vfnfnsf] xs vfg] 5f]/f zfGtnfn >]i7sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] nufpsf] b]=k'=g+= (^@*. (^#! df /fhefO{ eGg] rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] lkm/fb bfjL / b]=k'=g+= (##) df ab|Lnfn >]i7sf] xs vfg] lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] tkm{af6 5'§f5'§} lkm/fb k/]sf] cj:yf

b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fsf k|ToyL{ jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7sf afa' a]vfnfn >]i7nfO{ ljjflbt lsQf hUufsf] ;flnGbf ! d'/L s't a'emfpg] u/]sf] / cGo hUufwgLx¿ dWo] /fhefO{ eGg] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/nfO{ % kfyL / ab|Lnfn >]i7nfO{ % kfyL s't a'emfpg] u/]sf] egL df]xL e}/a dxh{gn] lkmN8j'sdf pNn]v u/]sf] x'Fbf oL tLg} hgf JolQmx¿sf] ljjflbt hUufdf a/fj/L xs lx:;f /x]sf] geO{ 36L a9L /x]sf] eGg] b]lvof] . plNnlvt hUufwgLafx]ssf cGo hUufwgLx¿n] ljjflbt hUufdf bfjL ug{ cfPsf] gb]lvFbf bfjL ug{ gcfpg] cGo hUufwgLx¿sf] xsdf k|:t't d'2faf6 ljrf/ ul//xg' k/]g .

!!= jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7n] df]7 g+= (.@^)@ sf] nutaf6 df}hf afnfh'sf] xf=g+= *!( ufFsf] lsQf @ / df]7 g+= (.@^)@ s} nutaf6 df}hf :joDe"sf] xf=g+= ^(^ af6 Ovf8f]n lsQf @ ;d]t d]/f] lktf a]vfnfn >]i7sf gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] hUuf;Fu le8\g] eGb} k|:t't ls=g+= ^)( / %^ df bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/

1225


>]i7n] pQm b'j} lsQf hUuf sf7df8f}+ d?=kf]tf g+= *() af6 bfh' rGb|axfb'/ / d ;d]tsf] gfddf btf{ eO{ ?=!.^& kf]t a'emfpg' kg]{ $.$# v]t;Fu le8\g] eGb} bfjL u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:t} csf{ k|ltjfbL lbuDa/nfn >]i7n] :j= afh] xL/fnfn >]i7sf gfddf sf7df8f}F o6\vf **@ g+= sf] nutaf6 le8L btf{ ePsf] eGb} bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Pp6} hUufdf ljleGg JolQmx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ hUufwgL b]vfO{ bfjL u/]sf] o:tf] l:yltdf hUuf hf]tef]u u/L ;DalGwt hUufwgLnfO{ afnL a'emfpg] df]xLn] cfk"mn] sdfPsf] oL hUufsf] hUufwgL b]vfO{ @)@! ;fnsf] gfkLsf] lkmN8j's n]vfO{ lbPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm { dfnkf]t sfof{noh:tf] cflwsfl/s lgsfodf df]xLn] g} lbPsf] k|f/lDes lgj]bg sygnfO{ ;d]t To:tf] hUufsf] jf:tljs hUufwgL sfod ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ k|df0f dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . kl5 cfP/ s'g} Ps hgfdfq hUufwgL xf] eGg] sygn] k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$ df plNnlvt ljjGwgsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd s'g} k|fdfl0fs an /fVb}g\ . :jfefljs / ;xh ?kdf n]vfO{ lbPsf]

sygnfO{ lagfcfwf/ / sf/0f kl/jt{g ug{ gkfOcf];\ / o;f] ul/of] eg] Tof] s'g} klg k|fdfl0fs d"No g/fVg] lg/y{s / lgik|of]lht cleJolQm agf];\ eGg] g} ljjGwgsf] l;4fGtsf] d"n dd{ xf] . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$ n] cl3Nnf] cleJolQm;Fu j]d]n /fVg] df]xLsf] kl5Nnf] sygnfO{ cfwf/ lng' kg]{ eGg] jfbL k'g/fj]bssf] sygn] s'g} dxTj /fVb}g\ .

!@= k|:t't ljjfbdf df]xL e}/a dxh{gn] a]vfnfn afx]ssf cGo % hgf hUufwgLx¿sf] gfd ;d]t pNn]v u/L cfk"mn] sdfPsf] ls=g+= %^ sf] hUufsf] hUufwgLnfO{ j'emfpg' kg]{ afnLsf] kl/df0f ;d]t v'nfO{ n]vfO{ lbPsf] lkmN8j's Joxf]/fnfO{ ;fljs btf{ ;|]:tfnufotsf ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fx¿af6 k'li6 eO/x]sf] b]lvFbf pQm hUufx¿sf] hUufwgL k|ToyL{ jfbLafx]ssf cGo JolQmx¿ ;d]t /x] ePsf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 . oL jfbL;d]tsf tLg hgfn] bfjL u/]sf] cj:yf ePaf6 ljjflbt ls=g+= %^ sf] hUufdf k|ToyL{ jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7sf] Psnf}6L xs k'Ug] geO{ jfbLsf] ;fljs kf]tf nutdf hlgPsf] If]qkmn tyf cGo

1226


bfjLstf{sf] kf]tf nutdf hlgPsf] If]qkmnsf ;fy} df]xLn] lkmN8j'sdf n]vfOlbPsf] s'tsf] cfg'kflts lx;fa ;d]tsf cfwf/ k|df0faf6 tLg efusf] b'O{ efu;Dddf jfbL zfGtnfnsf] xs k'Ug] b]lvg cfof] . ljjflbt ls=g+= %^ df If]qkmn %–!@–) hUuf /x]sf]df ;f]sf] tLg efusf] b'O{ efu cyf{t\ If]qkmn #–!#–@–@ ;Dddf k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] xs k'Ug] b]lvFbf Tolt xb;Ddsf] hUufdf lghsf] xs sfod x'g] b]lvg cfof] . afFsL If]qkmn !–!$–@–@ hUufdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿ rGb|axfb'/ >]i7 / lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] a/fa/L xs sfod x'g] u/L o;} nufpsf] b]=k'=g+= (^@* / (^#) sf] xs sfod d'2fx¿df cfh} o;} Ohnf;af6 km};nf eO;s]sf] x'Fbf To;tkm{ o; d'2faf6 yk ljj]rgf ul//xg' k/]g .

!#= hxfF;Dd ls=g+= ^)( sf] hUufsf] k|Zg 5 , ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ nufpsf] b]=k'=g+= (^#) sf] xs sfod d'2fsf jfbL lbuDa/nfn >]i7n] pQm ls=g+= ^)( ;d]tdf xs sfod ul/kfpFm egL ;f] d'2fsf] z'? lkm/fbdf bfjL lnPsf] ePtfklg lghn] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgdf

kl/jlt{t bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg btf{ ubf{ ;f] lsQf hUufdf oL k|ToyL{ jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7sf] dfq} xs sfod ePdf cfkm\gf] s'g} cfklQ gePsf] egL z'? lkm/fbdf bfjL lnPsf] s'/fnfO{ xfn cfP/ kl/Tofu ul/;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf] ca:yfdf ;f] ls=g+= ^)( df jfbL zfGtnfn / k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] ;DaGwdf dfq lg0f{odf k'Ug' kg]{ b]lvof] . ls=g+= ^)( sf] lkmN8j'sdf hUufwgL a]vfnfn ;d]t eGg] pNn]v eO{ csf]{ ls=g+= %^ sf] lkmN8a'sdf eg] ljleGg hUufwgLx¿sf] gfd Pj+d\ lghx¿nfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{ afnL ;d]tsf] kl/df0f ;lxtsf] ljj/0f pNn]v eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{af6 ;d]t ls=g+= ^)( sf] If]=km= !–*–@ dWo] # efusf] @ efu cyf{t\ If]qkmn !–)–@ tyf afFsL ! efusf] If]qkmn )–*–! af6 cfwf efu cyf{t If]qkmn )–$–)–@ ;Dddf nufpsf] b]=k'=g+= (^#) sf] d'2fsf jfbL lbuDa/nfnn] bfjL 5f8L ;s]sf] ca:yf x'Fbf ;f] If]qkmn )–$–)–@ ;d]t u/L ls=g+= ^)( sf] hUufdWo] If]=km= !–$–@–@ hUufdf k|ToyL{ jfbL

1227


zfGtnfn >]i7sf] xs sfod x'g] b]lvof] . afFsL If]qkmn )–$–)–@ hUufdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] xs sfod x'g] u/L b]=k'=g+= (^@* ;d]tsf] d'2fdf ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf klg ljZn]if0f ul//xg'k/]g .

!$= t;y{ z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= ^)( / %^ sf] k"/} hUufdf k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] xs sfod x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)%&.*.!# sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf s]xL pN6L eO{ jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= ^)( sf] If]=km= !–*–@ sf] hUuf dWo] h=/f]= !–$–@–@ / ls=g+= %^ sf] If]=km= %–!@–) af6 # efusf] @ efu cyf{t If]=km= #–!#–@–@ ;Dddf k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] xs sfod x'g] 7x5{ . c?df tkl;n adf]lhdug"{ .

tkl;nk'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]

km};nf s]xL pN6L e} jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= ^)( If]qkmn !–*–@ dWo] If]=km= !–$–@–@ / ls=g+= %^ sf] hUufdf # efusf] @ efu cyf{t\ If]qkmn #–!#–@–@ ;Dddf jfbLsf] xs

sfod x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n] ;f]xLadf]lhd hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm egL P]gsf Dofbleq bvf{:t lbg cfP g/du/d ldnfO{ jfbLsf gfpFdf hUuf btf{ u/L lbg' egL ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{nodf n]vL k7fO{ lbg' egL z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf nut lbg"––––!bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg"–––––––@

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7

Ohnf; clws[tM p=;=ljb'/ sf]O{/fnf

lg0f{o g+= *!($ sflQs, @)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt,;+o'Qm Ohfn;dfggLo GofofwLz >L

lvn/fh /]UdL dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d

zdf{ ;+jt\ @)^^% ;fnsf]

kmf}=k'=g+=)#$*, )#$(km};nf ldltM @)^^.#.#!.$

d'2fM e|i6frf/ .1228


k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !# tfxfrn ;f]N6Ldf]8 jfkmn a:g] g]kfn /fi6« a}+s s]Gb«Lo sfof{no afn'af6f/sf ue{g/ ljhogfy e§/fO{

lj?4k|ToyL{ jfbLM /~hgs[i0f

cof{nsf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @( 7d]n a:g] g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg laefusf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfg

lj?4k|ToyL{ jfbLM /~hgs[i0f

cof{nsf] k|ltj]bgn] g]kfn ;/sf/

cfjZos ;+Vofdf eGg] jfSofFzn] cfjZostfcg';f/ Ps jf Ps eGbf j9L cfo'Qmx¿ /xg ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] OlËt u/]sf] b]lvPsf] l:yltdf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo Ps hgf

dfq cGo cfo'Qm x'g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g / k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo Ps hgf cfo'Qm dfq /x]ePsf] cj:yfdf b'j} hgfaLr dtleGgtf ePdf k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] /fonfO{ g} cfof]usf] lg0f{o dfGg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfpF5 . olb o;f] gx'g] egL cy{ ug]{ xf] eg] ;j}wflgs lgsfosf] ;+/rgf g} lg/y{s Pj+ lgliqmo x'g hfg] .

-k|s/0f g+=#_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ps

GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;n] ljz]if cbfntsf] cWoIf cyjf s'g} Ps hgf ;b:osf] /fonfO{ ;dYf{g dfq ug'{kg]{ u/L clwsf/ lglZrt jf ;Lldt u/]sf] kfOb}g . j:t'tM ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ohnf;nfO{ lg0f{o lb+bf dftxtsf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] /fo ;dy{g dfq ug]{ u/L ;Lldt ul/g'

1229


Gofo / sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_ e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ ck/fw

7xg{sf] nflu To:tf] sfo{df ab\lgot tTjsf] ljBdfgtf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . /fi6« a}+sn] ljZj a}+saf6 k|fKt ug]{ ;xof]u /sd cfk"mv';L cfk}m vr{ u/]sf] geO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd ljZja}+saf6 :jLs[t eO{ ;f]wegf{ cfPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;+:yfsf] /sd b'?kof]u u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] tYo k|dfl0ft x'g g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=*_ e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df

s'g} sfd s'/f ug]{ u/fpg] jf lbg] / kfpg] b'j} JolQm jf lgsfo bf]ifL x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=(_

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M laåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf u0f]z/fh zdf{ Pj+ clwjQmfx¿ /f3jnfn j}B, zDe' yfkf, nj d}gfnL / s[i0f ;fksf]6f, 8f=

/+lhteQm k|wfgfË, /dgs'df/ >]i7 / lzjk|;fb l/hfn

k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf lzjaxfb'/ /fgfef6

cjnlDjt ghL/M g]sfk )^% lg=g+ &(!!

k[i7 ! k'i7 ! g]sfk @)%$ lg=g ^$$*

k[i7 %%# ;Da4 sfg"gM clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg

cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @) / @!

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod #-#_ / -$_

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!(-!_

ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf %, ^ / &

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *-#_, pkbkmf -!_ / -@_

cfb]zGof=lvn/fh /]UdLM

ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}Fsf] cWoIf / ;b:o ;d]t tLg} hgf GofofwLzsf] /fo gldnL ljz]if cbfnt P]g,@)%( sf] bkmf ^sf] pkbkmf -%_-&_ adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;df k]z eO{ Ps

1230


GofofwLzsf] ldlt @)^$.!@.% sf] k}m;nfpk/ ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd o; cbfntdf k|ltjfbLx¿sf] tk{maf6 k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M –

g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f ;DaGwL sfdsf] ;'lb|9Ls/0fsf]nflu g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / IEF INC. Lloyd Hill Oakton, USA in Association of KPMG, Srilanka aLr ljZja}+ssf] o'=P;= 8n/ @^,%(,%*) ;xof]udf ldlt ^ k|]mj'c/L @))^ df ;DkGg ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k/fdz{bftfn] k"/f gu/]sf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf] / To;f] ubf{ k/fdz{bftf;Fu xhf{gfafktsf] Ifltk"lt{ /sd dfubfjL ug'{kg]{df ueg{/n] JolQmut :jfy{sf] cfwf/df k/fdz{bftf kIf;Fu /sd n]gb]g u/L sl/a tLg s/f]8 g]kfnL ?k}of xhf{gf 5'6 u/fO{ clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf]n] cfjZos sf/jfO{ ul/kfpFm egL clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ldlt @)^#.!!.!# df k/]sf] ph"/L .

ljZja}+s tyf j]nfotL ;xof]u ;+:yf 8L=Pkm=cfO=8L= sf] C0f

tyf cg'bfgdf ;~rflnt ljQLo If]q k|fljlws ;xof]u kl/of]hgf cGtu{t g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] Re-engineering d'Vot "…….. aims at improving the prudential regulatory framework and strengthening the supervisory function, as well as developing a bank crisis management and restructuring unit" ;DaGwL sfdsf]nflu ljZja}+saf6 pknAw ;xof]u /sd o'=P;= 8n/ @^,%(,%*) sf] nfutdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / k/fdz{bftf IEF INC. Lloyd Hill Oakton,

USA in Association of KPMG, Srilanka

aLr ldlt ^ k|]mj'c/L @))^ df ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] .

;Demf}tfsf] Appendix D

sf] Key Personnel and Sub consultants

df Bank Examination Expert df rf/hgf, Non Bank Examination Expert

df b'O{hgf / Off-Site Supervisor df Pshgf ;d]t u/L ;d'Rrf kl/of]hgfsf]nflu & hjfg Key

Personnel /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] . ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd z'? ug{sf] nflu & hgf Key

Personnel g]kfn cfPsf h;dWo] b'O{ hjfg ;Demf}tfsf] Appendix C, Key Personnel and Sub Consultants df plNnlvt JolQmeGbf afx]ssf ePsf]n] lghx¿nfO{ sfddf gnufO{ lkmtf{ k7fOPsf] . af+sL % hjfg ljz]if1af6 ldlt @^ dfr{, @))^ b]lv @$ clk|n, @))^ ;Dd sfd u/L tof/

1231


u/]sf] INCeption Report df g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] a}+s ;'kl/j]If0f tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ljefuaf6 k|fKt /fo k|ltlqmof ;d]tnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L k|ltj]bg kl/dfh{g ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;f] adf]lhd kl/dfh{g u/L tof/ u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pQm b'a} ;+:yfaf6 k'gM k|fKt k|ltlqmofnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L % h'g, @))^ df tof/ u/]sf] INCeption Report Final Version klg yk kl/dfh{g ug{ k/]df cfufdL lbgdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ egL g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / k/fdz{bftf aLr ;xdlt ePsf] elgPsf] .

Key Personnel k"/f gePsf]n] sfd z'? ug{ cˆ7\of/f] k/]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] !% dfr{df JoQm u/]sf] k|ltlqmofsf] ljifodf k/fdz{bftfn] oyfzSo l56f] b'O{hgf Replace ug]{ Joxf]/fsf] hjfkm !^ dfr{df k|fKt ePsf] / ;f]adf]lhd k7fPsf] b'O{hgfsf] CV cg';f/ Replace

ug{ Pshgf dfq originally appoint

ePsf] JolQm;Fu Equal or Better

ePsf] / csf]{ gePsf]n] k'gM Pshgf JolQmsf] gfd k7fpg cg'/f]w ub}{ Replace ePsf JolQm g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / ljZja}+s b'a}af6 cg'df]bg

x'g'kg]{ Joxf]/fsf] hjfkm # clk|n, @))^ df k7fPsf] .

# clk|n, @))^ df k7fPsf] k|ltlqmofsf] cfwf/df k/fdz{bftfn] k7fPsf] Key

Personnel originally appoint

JolQmsf] :yfgdf Replace ug]{ Equal or Better gb]lvPsf]n] kl/of]hgfsf] sfd sf/jfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf 9Lnf x'g uPsf]n] oyfzSo l56f] Equal

or Better Key Personnel sf] Replace

ug{ !* h'nfO{, @))^ df g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] cg'/f]w u/]sf] . Originally appoint ePsf kfFrhjfg dWo] klg b'O{hgf k'gM g]kfn cfpg grfx]sf]n] s"n rf/hgf Key Personnel sf] Replace ug'{kg]{ eGg] To; k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] 6f]nL Key Personnel

5gf}6sf]nflu Srilanka cjl:yt World Bank Office df cGt/jftf{ lng uPsf], lghx¿sf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof ;dfKt gePsf], lghx¿ cfk\mgf] sfof{no dfkm{t cGo ;+:yfdf sfd ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{df lghx¿ 5gf}6 ePdf kl/of]hgf cjlwe/sf] nflu g]kfndf sfd ug{sf] nflu ;Da4 sfof{noaf6 No Objection Letter / lnlvt cfZjf;g k|fKt x'g'kg]{ Joxf]/fsf] kq g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 ldlt !( ;]K6]Dj/, @))^ df k/fdz{bftfnfO{ n]v]sf] . o;

1232


aLr @!, @^ / @* ;]K6]Dj/, @))^ df b'a} kIfaf6 k|:t't ljifosf] ;DaGwdf Od]n tyf lr7Lkqsf] sf/f]jf/ ePsf] .

Nepal Implementation Support Mission of Financial Sector Technical Assistance Project (FSTAP) and Financial Sector Restructuring Project (FSRP) September 18-29, 2006 ljZja}+ssf] ld;g ;d]tn] k/fdz{bft[ ;+:yfn] k/fdz{bftfsf] k"0f{ ;FVof pknAw u/fpg Hofb} g} l9nf u/]sf], sfd ug{ g]kfn cfPsf k/fdz{bftf klg d'n's 5f]8L efu]sf] / lghx¿sf] ;§fdf goFf k/fdz{bftf k7fpg' kg]{ ljifo;Fu ljjfb cNem]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k/fdz{bftf kIfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f u/fpg c;kmn ePsf]n] g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd pkrf/ k|flKtsf] nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ ld;gsf] 7x/ dGtJo There has been considerable delay in full commissioning of the consulting firm of IEF INC. (in association with KPMG of Sir Lanka) on supervision task as outlined in the TOR. The issue at hand relates to replacing consultants who have left the country abruptly. The mission concurs that NRB should to invoke remedies under its contract if NRB considers IEF INC, to have failed to fulfill its obligations. egL cy{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj tyf /fi6« a}+ssf] ue{g/nfO{ !# cS6f]j/, @))^ df Aide memoir

k7fPsf] .

k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] cfwf/df k/fdz{bftf;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] Clause 2.6.1

adf]lhd ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ / To;sf] #) lbg] ;"rgf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbg] egL g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ueg{/af6 ldlt @)^#.&.@# df ePsf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf ;Demf}tfsf] ;f]xL k|fjwfg adf]lhd g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] gf]e]Dj/ !%, @))^ sf] kqaf6 k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbPsf] b]lvof] . ;Demf}tfsf] Clause

2.6.1 adf]lhd k/fdz{bftfnfO{ ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf] tL; -#)_ lbg] ;"rgf lbg] lg0f{o ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 geGg] ueg{/af6 ePsf], k/fdz{bftfn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] pQm kqnfO{ /]:kf]G; ub}{ ldlt @ l8;]Dj/, @))^ df a}+snfO{ k7fOPsf] Od]ndf ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg rfx]sf] o;sf] nflu klxn] lgwf{/0f ePsf & hgf Key Personnel dWo] Pshgf ;fljss} / afFsL ^ hgf goFf Key Personnel sf] gfd / pgLx¿sf] JolQmut ljj/0f (CV) ;+nUg u/L k7fPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] . k/fdz{bftfn] k7fPsf] pQm

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Od]ndf plNnlvt Joxf]/f ;d]tnfO{ cWoog u/L æa}+s / k/fdz{bftf ljrsf] ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ ;DaGwdf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbOPsf] #) lbg] Dofb ;dfKt eO;s]sf] / k/fdz{bftfaf6 k|fKt hjfkmpk/ ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf]n] pQm ;Demf}tf eË ug]{Æ egL g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.(.^ df a;]sf] (*) cf} j}7sn] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df gf]e]Dj/ !%, @))^ df k7fPsf] kqsf] l/k|m]G; lb+b} ! k|m]j'c/L @))& df k7fPsf] kqdf ;Demf}tf eË ePsf] jf/]df k'gM ;"rgf lbPsf] .

k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] cfwf/df ;Demf}tfsf] Clause 2.6.1

adf]lhd k/fdz{bftfnfO{ ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf] tL;lbg] ;"rgf lbg] u/L ldlt @)^#.&.@# df ueg{/af6 lg0f{o x'Fbf / g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.(.^ df a;]sf] (*) cf} j}7s ;d]tn] k/fdz{bftf;Fusf] ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ ljifonfO{ cg'df]bg

ubf{ ;d]t ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;Sg] k/fdz{bftf;Fu xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjL ug]{ jf gug]{ ljifodf lg0f{odf s'g} s'/f pNn]v gu/L df}g /x]sf] . ;ft hjfg Key Personnel sf] e"ldsfaf6 INCeption Report sf] tof/L x'g'kg]{df Bank Examination

Expert / Non Bank Examination Expert

b'a}If]qaf6 Ps Pshgf u/L hDdf b'O{hgf Key Personnel z'? b]lvg} cg'kl:ylt ePsf] sf/0fn] % hjfg Key Personnel

sf] ;xeflutfdf dfq INCeption

Report tof/ ePsf] . k/fdz{bftfn] k]z u/]sf] INCeption Report df g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] a}+s ;'kl/j]If0f tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ljefuaf6 k|fKt /fo k|ltlqmof ;d]tnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L k|ltj]bg kl/dfh{g ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;f] adf]lhd b'O{ k6s k|fKt k|ltlqmofnfO{ cWoog tyf ;dfof]hg u/L % h'g, @))^ df tof/ u/]sf] INCeption

Report Final Version tof/ u/]sf] / yk kl/dfh{g ug{ k/]df cfufdL lbgdf ug{ ;lsg] egL g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / k/fdz{bftf aLr ;xdlt ePsf] elgPsf] .

The First payment of an amount equal to a month of remuneration will be paid on the submission INCeption Report and work plan for two years of assignment

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accompained by a monthly progress report of accomplishment during month versus work plan. eGg] ;Demf}tfsf] Clause ^=$ df plNnlvt k|fjwfg n] INCeption Report ;Fu;Fu} b'O{jif{;Dd ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ dlxgfjf/L sfo{ ljj/0f Monthly

Work Plan ;d]t k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] . ;Demf}tfsf] pk/f]Qm Joj:yfsf] afah'b k/fdz{bftfn] INCeption Report k]z u/]sf] t/ Work Plan k]z gu/]sf] . Consulting Team sf & hgf k/fdz{bftf hDdf ePkl5 Work

Plan, a'emfpg] Joxf]/f hgfO{ k/fdz{bftfn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+s;Fu klxnf] dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgLsf] nflu ldlt !( h'g, @))^ df Od]n dfkm{t cg'/f]w u/]sf] . ;a} k/fdz{bftf cfPkl5 dfq Work Plan tof/ ug{ pko'Qm x'g] cfwf/df INCeption

Report :jLs[t u/L ;f] afkt k|yd dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds tyf Reimbursable Expenxes sf] ljn ef}r/sf] cfwf/df o'=P;= 8n/ ^*,@&&=$( a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zstxaf6 e'QmfgL lbg] u/L ldlt @)^#.#.!( df lg0f{o ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfgeGbf :ki6 ?kdf km/s kg{ uPsf] . IEF INC.Lloyd Hill Okton, USA in Association of KPMG Srilanka n] k6s–k6s ;Demf}tfsf] a'+bfx¿sf]

pNn+3g u/L sfd sf/jfO{ ;'rf?=?kn] ;~rfng gu/s]f]n] ;+:yfsf] lj:j;lgotfdf uDeL/ k|Zg p7L ljZja}+s ;d]tsf] ;xdlt lnO{ ;Demf}tf eË ug{ #) lbg] ;"rgf lbPsf] / To;df k|fKt hjfkmdf lj:jf; ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf ljBdfg gePsf]n] ;~rfns ;dltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ lgh;Fusf] ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ lg0f{odf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] d]/f] klg ;xdlt ePsf] xf] . ;Demf}tf eË ePsf] sf/0fn] KPMG IEF g} kLl8t ePsf]n] Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug]{ ljifodf ljefuLo k|:tfj df}g /xsf] x'g ;S5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+s h:tf] df}lb|s clwsf/Lsf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] c;n lgotn] sfd sf/jfxL u/]sf]n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u u/]sf] 5}g egL g]=/f= a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf tyf ue{g/ ljhogfy e§/fO{n] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;dIf lbg' ePsf] lnlvt jofg .

;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu & hjfg k/fdz{bftf pknJw u/fpg'kg]{df % hjfg dfq pknJw u/fPsf] / ltgLx¿ klg Ps dlxgf kl5 lkmtf{ uPsf] tt\kZrft\ s'g} klg k/fdz{bftf

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pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf]n] ;+:yfsf] lj:jzgLotfdf k|Zg v8f eGg] ljZja}Fs ;d]tsf] ;xdltdf ;Demf}tf /4 u/]sf] sf/0fn] IDA

sf] ;xof]u tyf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 Joxf]g]{ /sd gf]S;fg x'gaf6 ar]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd ug{ ;+:yf k|of;/t /xsf]n] Defulter eGg gldNg,] ;Demf}tf eË u/sf] sf/0fn] pQm ;+:yfnfO{ g} dsf{ kg{ uPsf] / dsf{ kg]{ kIf;Fu bfjL gug]{ / dsf{ kg]{ kIfn] g} Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug]{ k|rng /x]sf] eGg] 8]k'6L ueg{/ tyf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;b:o jL/ljqmd /fodfemLn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;dIf lbPsf] lnlvt jofg .

;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd ug{ cfjZos ;+Vofdf k/fdz{bftf pknJw u/fpg g;sf]sf]n] ;Demf}tfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg dgfl;j gb]lvPsf]n] ;Demf}tf eË ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] tkm{af6 ;Demf}tf /4 ug]{ ;DaGwdf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:tfj / 5nkmnsf] bf}/fgdf ;d]t s]xL s'/f gp7]sf] ;fy} To:tf] cj:yfdf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjL ;DaGwdf ;Demf}tfdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v gePsf], dfu bfjL gu/]sf]

eGg] 8]k'6L ueg{/ tyf ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o s[i0faxfb'/ dfgGw/n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;dIf lbPsf] lnlvt jofg .

k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f gu/sf] jf Performance sf] sf/0fn] ;Demf}tfdf x'b} gePsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ dg;fo;Fu cfj4 u/L Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjLsf] ljifo ;Demf}tf / sfg"g;Ddt gePsf]n] xhf{gf jf Ifltk"lt{ h:tf] ;Dj]bgzLn ljifopk/ s'g} ;f]r agfpg dgfl;j gePsf], xhf{gf u0fgfsf] cGo cfwf/ ;d]t cd't{ ?kdf /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ s/f/sf] ;fdfGo lgod;Fu cfj4 ug{ Gofof]lrt gb]lvPsf], ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf] sf/0faf6 g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ s'g} xflg gf]]S;fgL kg{ guPsf], Aggrieved Party

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s geGg] k/fdz{bftf g} ePsf]n] Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug]{ ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{ cfjZos gePsf] . ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt s'g} zt{ jf cGo ljifo pk/ ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] v08df PskIfn] p7fPsf] ljifo jf dfusf ;DaGwdf Amicable

Settlement x'g ;Sg] / ;f] gePsf] 1236


cj:yfdf Arbitration ;d]t x'g ;Sg] k|lqmoftkm{ pGd'v ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfgn] xhf{gf jf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfubfjLsf] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5}g . k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf s'g} ljjfb l;h{gf gePsf] / g]kfn /fi6« a+}+ss} k|of;af6 ;Demf}tf /4 ul/Psf] / To; ljifodf csf]{ kIfaf6 k|ltjfb gu/]sf] x'Fbf Amicable Settlement

Arbitration k|fjwfg cfslif{t gePsf] . DTT sf] s]zdf k/fdz{bftf kIfaf6 ;Demf}tf eË ePsf] 5 eg] o;df g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 ePsf]n] oL b'O{ s]z df}lns ?kdfg} leGg 5g\ . o;f] ubf{ o;f] x'GYof] eGg] cd's s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ lnO 7f]; cfwf/ lagf xhf{gf bfjL ug]{ h:tf ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;fv tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf ;d]t gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf] . k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] sfd gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s] s'g cfwf/df s] slt Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug]{ s'/f ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v gePsf], g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]IfsLo e"ldsfdf olt g} /sd x|f; x'g cfPsf] egL u0fgf ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ gePsf]n] g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL x'g

uPsf] s'/fdf ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . /fli6«o afl0fHo a}+sdf pko'Qm Joj:yfkg x'g g;sL lbg k|ltlbg 3f6fdf u}/x]sf], tTsfnLg cj:yfdf /fli6«o afl0fHo a}+ssf] Joj:yfkg k|foM z"Go cj:yfdf /x]sf] l:yltnfO{ cf+sng u/L IfltnfO{ /sddf ?kfGt/ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] KPMG sf] s]zdf ;Demf}tf eË ubf{ / g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f ljefu z"Go cj:yfdf g/x]sf], k/fdz{bftfn] ;dod} sfd u/s]f] eP ;'kl/j]If0f ljefusf] Ifdtfdf clej[4L x'g ;Sg] ePklg o:tf] cd't{ sfo{sf] Ifltk"lt{ u0fgf ug{ ;Dej gePsf] / To;sf] cfwf/ ;Dem}tfdf gn]lvPsf]n] DTT sf] s]zaf6 Lesson learn

ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf c;xdt /x]sf] . k/fdz{bftfn] ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt / ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfgsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf] ls6fgL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5}g . ;Demf}tfdf x'Fb} gePsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd ljjfb v8f u/]df g]kfn /fi6« a}+s cfkm}df ljjfbdf kg{ uO{ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf a}+ssf] 5jL tyf a}+sn] ug{ cf+6]sf ;'wf/sf sfo{df gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;Sg] l:yltsf]

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d"NofÍg u/L ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ u/L ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/sf]n] sfNklgs xflg gf]]S;fgLsf] dfu bfjL ug]{ k|Zg} gp7g] ePsf]n] g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ s'g} xflg gf]]S;fgL k'Ug guPsf]n] ;f] /sd c;"n pk/ ug'{ gkg]{ / ;f] af/]df lg0f{o ubf{ s'g} lhDd]jf/L / clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u gu/]sf] egL cy{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj tyf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;b:o ljBfw/ dlNns, ;~rfns ;dLltsf] ;b:o k|bLks'df/ >]i7, k/f;/ sf]O/fnf / ljZjs]z/ df:s]sf]] Ps} ldnfgsf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;dIf lbPsf] jofg .

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] cfwf/df clause 6.2.1(a) adf]lhd k/fdz{bftfnfO{ Defulter 7x/ ub}{ ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{on] g]kfn /fi6« a}snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL x'g guO{ k/fdz{bftf kIfnfO{ g} xflg gf]]S;fgL x'g uPsf] / o:tf] cj:yfdf k/fdz{bftf;Fu xhf{gfafktsf] Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL ug]{ Joj:yf ;Demf}tfdf gePsf]n] k/fdz{btf;Fu xflg gf]]S;fgL dfubfjL gu/]sf] xf] . o:t} INCeption Report ;Fu;Fu}

sfo{ of]hgf k]z ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg ;Demf}tfsf] Clause

6.4.df /x]sf] / ;f] ad]lhd sfo{ of]hgf k]z ug{ g;s]sf] tYo k/fdz{bftf / sfd afkt kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o stf{ cfkm}n] :jLsf/ ubf{ub}{ gu/]sf] sfd ;d]tsf] nfuL kfl/>lds afkt o"=P;= 8n/ ^*,@&&.$( e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o clgoldt ab\lgotk"0f{ / e|i6frf/o'Qm eP gePsf] ljifodf s/f/ cGtu{t sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;Dkflbt sfo{sf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg leq /xL e'QmfgL ul/Psf] xf] . INCeption Report

afktsf] e'QmfgL ubf{sf] cj:yf;Dddf s/f/ /4 ug]{ jf s/f/ cGtu{tsf] sfo{ gug]{ eGg] cj:yf cfO;s]sf] lyPg . s/f/ cg'¿k lg/Gt/ sfo{;Dkfbg ul//x]sf] tTsfnsf] l:yltdf xhf{gfsf] s'g} ;jfn g} p7fg x'g] cj:yf gePsf] . ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ cg';f/ k/fdz{bftfn] ;DkGg u/]sf] sfd h'g a}+sn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] sfd afkt ;Demf}tfs} zt{leq /xL e'QmfgLsf] nflu l;kmfl/z u/]sf] xf] . ck"0f{ sfdnfO{ k"0f{ dflgPsf] 5}g . ck"0f{ sfdsf af+sL sfd cfufdL k|

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ltj]bgdf ;dfof]hg ug]{ ;xdlt eP cg'¿k ;DalGwt JolQmx¿;Fusf] 5nkmn a}}7s dfkm{t INCeption Report

final ul/Psf] xf] . Work Plan

sf] ;DaGwdf ;Dk"0f{ & hjfg pkl:yt ePkl5 k]z ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf]n] Payment clause cg'¿k k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;DkGg ePsf] sfdsf] nflu e'QmfgLsf] l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] xf] egL g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfg, pklgb]{zs, dx]Zj/nfn >]i7, ;xfos lgb]{zs jL/]Gb|bQ cj:yL, ;xfos lgb]{zs lgef >]i7 / k|wfg ;xfos lji0f'k|;fb u'/fufO{n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;dIf lbPsf] Ps} ldnfgsf jofg .+

cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvPsf] ljj/0f / cleof]ubfjLM;Demf}tfsf] g]t[Tj ug]

{ kIf IEF INC. n] lr¶L, kq Jojxf/ ubf{ tyf ;Demf}tf ubf{ IEF

INC. k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] t/ Letter-

head df IEF Solutions pNn]v u/L To;sf] nf]uf] / [email protected] Od]n 7]ufgf k|of]u u/]sf]5 . hasL ;Demf}tfsf] Clause 1.4 df adf]lhdsf] ;Dks{ JolQmsf] gfd / 7]ufgf ;DaGwL k|fjwfgdf Od]n 7]ufgf pNn]v ePsf] kfO{b}g . ;Demf}tfdf

pNn]v gePsf] Od]nsf] k|of]uaf6 ePsf] s'g} klg kq Jojxf/nfO{ sfg"gtM dfGotf lbg ldNb}g . Internet df Website

vf]hL ubf{ IEF INC. sf] s'g} Website b]lvFb}g eg] IEF Solutions sf] http://www.iefsolutions.com/index.htm Website /x]sf] kfOG5 t/ To;df ;f] ;+:yfsf] d'Vo sfof{no, kbflwsf/L nufotsf Partner tyf ;Dks{ clwsf/Lsf] jf/]df s'g} hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5}g . IEF INC. tyf IEF Solutions b'a} ;+:yf Ps} xf] jf cnu cnu x'g eGg] ljifo cfkm}df ljjfb:kb dfq geGg] e'mSofpg] jf e|d l;h{gf ug]{ ab\lgotn] agfOPsf] b]lvG5 . :ki6 klxrfg gePsf] ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tjdf !( s/f]8 %) nfv ?k}ofeGbf a9Lsf] k/fd{z{ pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ug'{ / To;nfO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 cg'df]bg ug]{ u/fpg] sfo{df k|ToIf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ueg{/ ljhogfy e§/fO{ tyf ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf] sfd sf/jfO{ e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ xf] . IEF INC. sf] tkm{af6 ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ clwsf/kq k|fKt elgPsf] JolQm Mr. S.V. Bharadwaj / lghsf]

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tkm{af6 ;fIfLsf] ?kdf ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ JolQmx¿sf] gfd nufot lghx¿ s'g d'n'ssf] gful/s x'g eGg] ;d]t v'Ng g;s]sf]n] lghx¿sf] klxrfg cfkm}df ;Í6fkGg cj:yfdf /x]sf]5 . h'g ;+:yfn] ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug{ k7fPsf] xf] ;f] ;+:yf / To:tf] ;+:yfn] ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug{ lbPsf] clwsf/kq jfxss} klxrfg ;Í6df /x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;+:yf / To:tf] ;+:yfn] v6fPsf] JolQmsf] klxrfgsf] vf]hLg} gu/L To:tf JolQmx¿;Fu g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] tkm{af6 ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug'{ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf] sfd sf/jfO{ cfkm}df ab\lgot k"0f{ /x]sf] / To:tf] ab\lgot e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ tkm{ pGd'v ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . ^ k|]mj'c/L, @))^ df sf7df8f}Fdf ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ to ePsf] elgPsf] Ps lbgcl3 % k|]mj'c/L, @))^ df IEF INC. sf] tkm{af6 ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ clwsf/kq k|fKt JolQm Mr. S.V. Bharadwaj sf] JolQmut h?/Lsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ p8fgaf6 sf7df8f}F cfpg g;Sg] eGg] cfk"mn] x:tfIf/

u/]sf] ;Demf}tf k|lt x:tfIf/sf]nflu s'g} cd's JolQm dfkm{t g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf k7fPsf] kqaf6 b]lvPsf] . oBlk kqjfxs /d]z eGg] JolQmn] pQm ;Demf}tfkq s'g d'n'ssf] s'g zx/af6 sf] JolQmdfkm{t slxn] sxFf / s;/L k|fKt u/sf] xf] tT;DaGwL ljj/0f v'Ng cfpFb}g / g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;d]tn] To;sf] ljj/0f lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . ^ k|]mj'c/Ldf g]kfn cfpg g;Sg] eP csf]{ ldlt to ug'{kg]{df cd's :yfgaf6 cd's JolQmdfkm{t\ k7fPsf] ;Demf}tfdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] k|ltx:tfIf/ ug'{kg]{ jfWotfdf e|i6frf/ ug]{ ab\lgot /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o'=P;= 8n/ @^,%(,%*) nfutsf] kl/of]hgfdf k/fdz{bftf kIfaf6 g]t[Tj ug]{ kIfsf] tkm{af6 ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt JolQm :j+o / ;xof]uL kIf / lghx¿sf] ;fIfL ;d]tsf] cg'kl:yltdfg} ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] tYonfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;Demf}tfsf kIfx¿g} sfNklgs jgfj6L ePsf] / ;d'Rr} ;Demf}tfg} e'm§f, sLt]{ / hfn;fhL

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sfuhftsf] cfwf/df ag]sf] egL k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf] .

k/fdz{bftfn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] tf]s]sf] zt{sf] clwgdf /xL cfˆg} d"Nodf aLdf u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf General

Condition of Contract sf] Clause 3.4 df / To:tf] aLdf s/f/ cjlwe/;Ddsf] nflu lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg]{ / tT;DaGwL k|df0f sfuh / aLdf lk|ldod afktsf] d"No e'QmfgL u/]sf] /l;b ;d]t k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo ljifosf] cltl/Qm Jofj;flos bfloTj afkt ;d]tsf] nflu sDtLdf ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt 7]s cÍ o'=P;= 8n/ @^,%(,%*) sf] a/fa/sf] /sd Joxf]g]{ u/L aLdf u/fPsf] x'g'kg]{ zt{ Special Condition of Contract sf] Clause 3.4 (iii) df tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . k|:t't Joj:yf ;Demf}tfdf /fVg'sf] p2]Zog} s'g} sf/0fn] k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k/fdz{bftf -ljldt_ n] aLdf sDkgL;Fu /sd k|fKt u/L SnfO{G6nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ afktsf] /sd a'emfpg ;'ud / Uof/]06L u/fpg] Pp6f dfWod xf] . k/fdz{bftfnfO{ sfd z'? ug]{ cg'dlt lbg / To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf]nflu lgoldt ?kdf aLdf lk|ldod

lt/]sf] /l;b k]z ug'{kg]{ :ki6 k|fjwfg ;Demf}tfdf x'Fbf x'Fb} g]kfn /fi6« a}+s;Fu aLdf ;DaGwL sfuhft / To;sf] lk|ldod lt/]sf] /l;b cfof]u af6 dfu ubf{ aLdf u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L k/fdz{bftfsf] ePsf]n] To:tf] k|sf/sf] sfuhft g]kfn /fi6« a}+s;Fu gePsf] egL k|fKt hjfkm cWoog ubf{ To:tf] zt{ kfngf gx'Fbf gx'Fb} k/fdz{bftfnfO{ sfddf nufpg' g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] lhDd]jf/ clws[taf6 uDeL/ q'l6 dfq ge} k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf 5gf}6 ePsf] ;+:yfsf] x}l;ot :ki6 ePsf] 5 .

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / k/fdz{bftf M/S IEF INC. Lloyd Hill Oakton, USA in Association of KPMG, Srilanka aLr ldlt ^ k|]mj'c/L @))^ df ePsf] egLPsf] ;Demf}tfdf IEF INC.

sf] tkm{af6 Mr. S.V. Bharadwaj n] / KPMG, Srilanka sf] tkm{af6 Mr.

A.N Fernando n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Mr. S.V. Bharadwaj

nfO{ ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug{ clwsf/kq lbOPsf] t/ ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] ;xof]uL kIf KPMG, Srilanka sf] tkm{af6 x:tfIf/ ug]{ Mr. A.N Fernando

nfO{ To:tf] clwsf/kq k|bfg ul/Psf] gb]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df jf:tljs hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf

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cfof]un] ;Da4 ;+:yf KPMG Ford, Rhodes, Thornton & Co. 32A, Sir Mchamed Macan marker Mw, Colombo sf] Senior

Partner Mr Rajan Asirwatham ;Fu ldlt !% h'g, @))& sf] kqaf6 lnlvt hfgsf/L dfu ubf{ æxfdLn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] pQm kl/of]hgf ;DaGwL sfdsf] nflu k|:tfj k]z ug{ ;xdlt ;lxt ;+:yfsf] skf]{/]6 k|f]kmfO{n ;Dd IEF INC.

nfO{ pknAw u/fPsf xf] . k|:tfj k|:t't u/]kZrft\ xfdLn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+s;Fu jf JolQmut / IEF INC. ;Fu ;+o'Qm pkqmddf s'g} ?kdf klg sfd u/]sf 5}gf} . xfd|f] ;+:yfn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / IEF INC. ;Fu cfhsf] ldlt;Dddf s'g} e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf] 5}g . g]kfn /fi6« a}+s;Fu xfdLn] s'g} lsl;dsf] ;Demf}tf u/]sf 5}gf} . xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] clws[t k|ltlglwdWo] s'g} klg Partner n] nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfn e|d0f u/]sf] 5}g . g]kfn /fi6« a}+s;Fu ePsf] pQm ;Demf}tfdf xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] elgPsf] Mr. A.N Fernando

slxn] klg g]kfn cfPsf 5}gg\ / ;Demf}tfsf] k[i7 # df ePsf] b]lvPsf] x:tfIf/ lghsf] xf]Ogæ eGg] Joxf]/f ldlt !( h'g, @))& df k7fPsf]

hjfkmL kqdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm Joxf]/f cWoog ubf{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ueg{/ / ;Da4 sfdsf]nflu lhDd]jf/ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf] sfo{nfO{ ab\lgot, b'/fzok"0f{ / e|i6frf/L ePsf] tYonfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf]nflu g]kfn /fi6« a}+s SnfO{G6 tyf IEF INC. / KPMG, Srilanka b'O{ cnu cnu sDkgL k/fdz{bftfsf] x}l;otdf tL b'O{ ;+:yf aLrsf] ;+o'Qm pkqmd ;Demf}tf Joint Venture

Agreement sf] cfwf/df ;Demf}tf ePsf] egL ;Demf}tfsf] zL/ Joxf]/fdf pNn]v ePsf] . tL b'O{ ;+:yf aLr ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] ;Demf}tf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ cg'/f]w ubf{ KPMG,

Srilanka sf] Partner Reyaz Mihular n] IEF INC. sf] Mr. S.V. Bharadwaj nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] ldlt # d], @))$ sf] kq k|fKt ePsf] / ;f] kqdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] kl/of]hgfdf sfd ug]{ ;DaGwdf xfdL aLrsf] ;Demf}tf kSsf ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb} SnfO{G6 cyf{t g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;d]tnfO{ ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg ;d]t cg'/f]w u/sf]

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b]lvof] . pQm kqsf] jf:tljstfsf] jf/]df cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cfof]un] ;Da4 ;+:yf KPMG SriLanka sf] Senior Partner Mr

Rajan Asirwatham ;Fu ldlt !% h'g, @))& sf] kqaf6 lnlvt kqaf6 hfgsf/L dfu ubf{ xfd|f] kf6{g/ Reyaz Mihular sf] x:tfIf/ ePsf] letter head xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] h:tf] b]lvPtfklg Tof] xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] letter head xf]Og, xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] letter head sf] tn j6ddf xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] kf6{g/x¿sf] gfd n]lvPsf] x'G5 ;fy} pQm # d], @))$ sf] kqdf ePsf] x:tfIf/ jf:tjdf xfd|f] kf6{g/ Reyaz Mihular sf] xf]Og egL ldlt !( h'g, @))& df k7fPsf] kqsf] 5}7f} k|s/0fdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm kl/k|]Ifdf h'g kqsf] cfwf/df IEF INC. / KPMG, Srilanka aLr ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] ;Demf}tf ePsf] elgPsf] xf] ;f] kq g} ;Da4 ;+:yfaf6 verify u/fpFbf em"7f egL k|dfl0ft eGg] cfPsf] cj:yfdf b'O{;+:Yff ljrsf] ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] cfwf/df ;Demf}tf ePsf] egL ;Demf}tfsf] zL/ Joxf]/fdf n]lvPsf] h:tf] u/L k|:t't ;Demf}tf ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] cfwf/df ge} ;+o'Qm ?kdf sfd ug]{ Joxf]/fsf] agfj6L, e'm§f, sLt]

{ / hfn;fhL sfuhftsf] cfwf/df tof/ u/]sf] ;xdlt kqnfO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s h:tf] ;+:yfn] ;+o'Qm pkqmdssf] ;Demf}tf ;/xsf] dfGotf lbO{ b'a} ;+:yf;Fu ;+o'Qm pkqmddf cfwf/df ;Demf}tf ug'{ cfkm}df e|i6frf/ ug]{ ab\lgotaf6 clek|]l/t ePsf] tYo k'li6 x'g cfPsf] 5 .

;Demf}tfsf] Appendix D sf] Key Personnel and Sub consultants df Bank Examination Expert df rf/hgf, Non Bank Examination Expert df b'O{hgf / Off-Site Supervisor df Pshgf ;d]t u/L ;d'Rr} kl/of]hgfsf]nflu & hjfg Key

Personnel /xg] Joj:yf ;Fu;Fu} lghx¿sf] gfdfjnL ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd z'? ug{sf] nflu & hgf Key

Personnel !% dfr{, @))^ df g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf ;Dks{df cfPsf h;dWo] b'O{ hjfg ;Demf}tfsf] Appendix C, Key Personnel df plNnlvt JolQmeGbf afx]ssf ePsf]n] lghx¿nfO{ sfddf gnufO{ lkmtf{ k7fOPsf] egL cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cfof]uaf6 dfu ePadf]lhd g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 pknAw u/fO{Psf] kmfon ;fy ;+nUg kqdf pNn]v ePsf] / af+sL %

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hjfg ljz]if1af6 ldlt @^ dfr{, @))^ b]lv @$ clk|n, @))^ ;Dd sfd u/L tof/ u/]sf] INCeption Report df g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] a}+s ;'kl/j]If0f tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ljefuaf6 k|fKt /fo k|ltlqmof ;d]tnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L k|ltj]bg kl/dfh{g ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;f]adf]lhd kl/dfh{g u/L tof/ u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pQm b'a} ;+:yfaf6 k'gM k|fKt k|ltlqmofnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L % h'g, @))^ df tof/ u/]sf] INCeption Report Final Version

klg yk kl/dfh{g ug{ k/]df cfufdL lbgdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ egL g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / k/fdz{bftf aLr ;xdlt ePsf] egL klxnf] dlxgfsf] kfl/>ldsafktsf] /sd e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{odf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;Demf}tfsf] Appendix D

df plNnlvt Key Personnel sf JolQmx¿sf] /fli6«otf nufotsf cGo klxrfg gv'n]sf]n] tT;DaGwL ljj/0f / lghx¿sf] kl/rokq pknAw u/fpgsf] nflu cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cfof]uaf6 g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf]df g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 lghx¿sf] JolQmut ljj/0f CV ;Dd pknAw u/fPsf] . kl/rokq pknAw gu/fPsf]n]

k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf g]kfn cfPsf elgPsf JolQmx¿ jf:tjdf g]kfn cfP gcfPsf] jf/]df z+sf pTkGg x'g uO{ lghx¿ sfdsf] nflu g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;Dks{df cfPsf] elgPsf] !% dfr{, @))^ eGbf !% lbg cufj} / sfd u/]sf] elgPsf] Ps dlxgfsf] ldltaf6 !% lbg kl5 cyf{t ! dfr{, @))^ b]lv #) clk|n, @))^ ;Dd lghx¿ g]kfn k|j]z tyf k|:yfg u/] gu/]sf] jf/]df osLg ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg cfof]uaf6 cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cWofudg ljefunfO{ ldlt @)^$.#.$ sf] kqaf6 cg'/f]w ul/Psf]df pQm ljefusf] ldlt @)^$.#.% sf] kqaf6 pQm b'O{ dlxgfsf] cjlwdf plNnlvt ljb]zL gful/s g]kfn k|j]z tyf g]kfnaf6 aflx/ k|:yfg u/]sf] sDKo'6/ clen]vaf6 km]nf gk/]sf] hjfkm k|fKt x'g cfPsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd ;DkGg ug{ klxnf] dlxgfdf % hgf k/fdz{bftf cfPsf] elgPsf] Joxf]/f ;d]t em"7f ;fljt x'g uPsf] 5 . k|To]s k/fdz{bftfn] kfl/>ldssf] k|of]hgsf] nflu cfk"mn] sfo{;Dkfbg u/]sf] ;dofjlw Time Sheet df hgfO{ ;Da4 ljefuaf6 k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;Demf}tfsf] Clause

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^=$ sf] a'n]6 $ df plNnlvt Joj:yf adf]lhd tof/ u/]sf] clen]v cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^$.#.^ sf] kqaf6 g]kfn /fi6« a}+s;Fu dfu ePsf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;f]xL ldltdf k|fKt ;Da4 clen]v cWoog ubf{ % hgfsf] gfdaf6 clen]vdf xflh/ hgfPsf] b]lvG5 . k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s a}+sdf pkl:yt eGg] sfd u/]sf JolQmx¿sf] kl/rokq cfof]uaf6 dfu x'Fbf g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 pknAw x'g g;s]sf] / g]kfndf cfO{ sfd u/]sf] elgPsf] cjlwdf To:tf ljb]zL k/fdz{bftf g]kfndf k|j]z u/]sf] / g]kfnaf6 k|:yfg u/]sf] sDKo'6/ clen]vaf6 gb]lvPsf] egL cWofudg ljefuaf6 k|dfl0ft eGg] cfPsf] tYo Ps cfk;df ldNg uPsf] b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ltg} JolQmx¿ Ps dlxgf;Dd lgoldt xflh/ /xL sfd u/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] tof/ u/]sf]] clen]v Time Sheet Record

sLt]{, hfn;fhL / agfj6L ePsf] tYo cfkm} k|dfl0ft x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

k/fdz{bft[n] INCeption

Report ;Fu;Fu} sfo{ of]hgf ;d]t k]z ug'{kg]{ :ki6 k|fjwfg ;Demf}tfsf]

Clause ^=$ df /x]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tfsf] pQm k|fjwfg cg';f/ k]z ePsf] Inception Report

cToGt cgf}krfl/s ?kdf tof/ u/L k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;Dff tof/ ug]{ k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] gfd ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . k|ltj]bgdf s'g} k/fdz{bftfsf] gfd pNn]v gx'g'sf] cy{ ;f] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ sfdsf]nflu ;Demf}tfadf]lhd lgo'Qm eGg] kfl/>lds lng] k/fdz{bftf :j+odn] ;f] k|ltj]bg / To;df plNnlvt ljifoj:t'sf] jf/]df lhDd]jf/L lng grfxg' xf] . k/fdz{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ljifodf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf IEF INC. Lloyd Hill Oakton, USA in Association of KPMG, Srilanka aLrsf] ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/ pNn]v ug]{ t/ ;f]xL ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug]{ qmddf INCeption Report k]z ubf{ s]jn g]t[Tj ug]{ kIf Lead Partner sf] gfd dfq k|:t't u/L ;xof]uL Partner sf] gfd pNn]v gug'{sf] k5fl8 jf:tljstfnfO{ n'sfpg] b':k|of; dfq ePsf] tYo v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . ;Demf}tfdf ;Lldt JolQmsf] dfq kx'Fr x'G5 eg] k|ltj]bg :jefj}n] ;fj{hlgs x'g] ljifo ePsf]n] To:tf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ / k|:t't ug]{ qmddf

1245


;xefuL g} gePsf] kIf KPMG

SriLanka ;d]tnfO{ ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ePkZrft\ :j+o KPMG

SriLanka af6g} lj/f]w, Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL nufotsf ljljw k|sf/af6 p7\g ;Sg] sfg"gL k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] ;+efjgnfO{ k"jf{g'dfg u/]/g} slyt IEF INC n] cfˆgf] dfq gfd ;dfj]z u/]sf] s'6Lnrfn cfof]usf] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf KPMG SriLanka af6 ldlt !% h'g, @))^ df k7fPsf] kqaf6 kbf{kmf; x'g k'u]sf] 5 . INCeption Report ;Fu;Fu} sfo{ of]hgf k]z x'g g;s]sf] tYo k/fdz{bftfn] !( h'g, @))^ df klxnf] dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL dfu u/]sf] Od]ndf :j+o :jLsf/ u/]sf] / ;Demf}tfadf]lhd sfo{ of]hgf a'emfpg' kg]{df ga'emfPsf] eGg] s'/f ;f] sfdafktsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{ostf{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s a}+s ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfg cfkm}n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] Joxf]/f lg0f{oaf6g} b]lvg cfpF5 .

INCeption Repport ;Fu;u} sfo{of]hgf k]z ug'{kg{] k|fjwfg ;Demf}tfdf /x]sf] / sfo{ of]hgf k]z ug{ g;s]sf] tYo k/fdz{bftf / kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lbg]

lg0f{ostf{ b'j} kIfn] :jLsf/ ubf{ub{} gu/]sf] sfd ;d]tsf] nflu o"=P;= 8n/ ^*,@&&=$( g]=?=%),!$,@(*.*^ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o clgoldt dfq geO ab\lgotk"0f{ / e|i6frf/o'Qm ePsf] / ;Demf}tfadf]lhd k'/f ug'{kg{] sfd ub{} gu/]sf] tYo :jod k/fdz{bftf / g]kfn /fi6« a}+s b'a} kIfn] :jLsf/ ubf{ ub{} k|yd dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds tyf Reimbursable Expeness

sf] ljn ef}r/sf] cfwf/df o"=P;=8n/ ^*,@&&=$( tTsfn k|rlnt ljlgdo b/ ?=&#=$$ sf] b/n] x'g cfpg] g]=?=%),!$,@(*.*^ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o clgoldt dfq geO ab\lgotk"0f{ / e|i6frf/o'Qm x'g uPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ c;kmn ePsf]n] ;Demf}tfsf] Clause

2.6.1 (a) adf]lhd ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ / To;sf] #) lbg] k"j{;"rgf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbg] g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ueg{/af6 ldlt @)^#.&.@# df ePsf] lg0f{o{g} k|fylds lg0f{o xf] / ;f]xL lg0f{o tyf ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] "

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…We hereby give you this 30 days notice for the termination of the said Contract agreement in pursuant to the Clause 2.6.1 of the contract dated February 6, 2006 entered between this Bank and M/S IEF INC. in association with KPMG, Srilanka

egL !% gf]e]Dj/, @))^ sf] kqaf6 k/fdz{bftfnfO{ ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . Æa}+s / k/fdz{bftf aLrsf] ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ ;DaGwdf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbOPsf] #) lbg] Dofb ;dfKt eO;s]sf] / k/fdz{bftfaf6 k|fKt hjfkmpk/ ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf]n] pQm ;Demf}tf eË ug]{Æ eGg] g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.(.^ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd " ….. We would like to inform you that Nepal Rastra Bank has decided to terminate the Contract dated February 6, 2006 between Nepal Rastra Bank And M/S IEF INC. in association with KPMG, SriLanka egL ! k|m]j'c/L, @))& df ;Demf}tf eË ePsf] jf/]df k'gM ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ue{g/af6 ldlt @)^#.&.@# df ePsf] lg0f{osf] cg'df]bg;Dd ePsf]n] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfg"gLb[li6df uf}0f dxTjsf] 5 . ue{g/af6 ldlt @)^#.&.@# df ePsf] lg0f{o ;~rfns ;ldltn] cg'df]bg u/] jf gu/]sf] b'a} cj:yfdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] !

% gf]e]Dj/, @))^ df ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ egL ;Demf}tfsf] Clause 2.6.1

(a) adf]lhd k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbOPsf] ;"rgfsf] sfg"gL cl:tTjdf c;/ kg{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g . ;Demf}tf :jLs[t ug]{ / ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ ;f/jfg dxTjsf gLltut ljifo ePsf]n] ;Demf}tf :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/Ldfg} ;Demf}tf ;dflKt ug]{ clwsf/lglxt /xG5 . k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ c;kmn ePsf]n] ;Demf}tfsf] Clause

2.6.1 (a) adf]lhd ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ lg0f{o ;Fu;Fu} ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f gug]{ kIf;Fu ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd xhf{gfafktsf] Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ;d]t ug]{ ;"rgf lbO{ ljjfb v8f ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L cfk"mnfO{ kmfObf / g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL x'g] u/L g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t ;Demf}tf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] k"j{ :jLs[ltlagf ;dfKtL ug]{ u/L ue{g/n] k|fKt gePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L :j}R5frf/L / ab\lgotk"0f{ tl/sfaf6 u/]sf] lg0f{o e|i6frf/ ug]

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{ p2]Zoaf6 clek|]l/t ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb 5}g . ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] cfwf/df s'g} kIfn] ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf] ;a} cj:yfdf xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL ug'{g} k5{ eGg] jfWofTds cj:yf /xb}g . t/ xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL gug]{ xf] eg] s] slt sf/0fn] xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL gug]{ xf] ;f] jf/]df :ki6 lg0f{o x'g eg] cfjZos x'G5 . k|:t't lg0f{odf s] s'g sf/0f / cfwf/df xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{ bfjL ug]{ jf gug]{ b'a} ljifodf lg0f{o df}g /x]sf]n] k|:t't lg0f{o ljjfbf:kb aGg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f b]vfO{ bf];|f] kIf;Fusf] ;Demf}tf eË ug'{ Pp6f kIf xf] eg] To:tf] kIf;Fu Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug'{ csf]{ kIf xf] . h'g kIfn] ;Demf}tf eË u¥of] ;f] kIf Aggrieved Party

gdflgg] / To;n] xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug{ gkfpg] eGg] xf]Og . ;Demf}tfdf Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug]{ d"n cfwf/ eg]sf] Defaulter nfO{ b08 lbg' Ps xf] eg] bf];|f] cfk"mnfO{ x'g uPsf] xflg gf]]S;fgL dfubfjL ug'{ xf] . Default sf] cfwf/df ;Demf}tf

eË u/]sf] sf/0fn] eË ug]{ kIfnfO{ dsf{ gkg]{ / Ifltk"lt{afkt bfjL ug{ gkfO{g] eGg] ts{ s/f/;DaGwL sfg"gsf] l;2fGt;Fu d]n vfg] xf]Og . ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} kIfn] bfloTj k"/f gu/]df jf kIfsf] sfd sf/jfO{ / cfr/0faf6 ;Demf}tfsf] kfng gu/]df ;Demf}tf pNn+3g u/]sf] dflgg] / To;/L ;Demf}tf pNn+3g ePsf] cj:yfdf jf:tljs xflg gf]]S;fgL dfu ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL xs dsf{ kg]{ kIfnfO{ x'g] s/f/sf] ;fdfGo lgod ePsf]n] ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ kIf Aggrieved Party gdflgg], Ps kIfn] ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf] cj:yfdf csf]{ kIf Aggrieved Party

dflgg] / ;f]xL kIfnfO{ dfq xhf{gf dfubfjL ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+s cfkm}n] ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf]n] Aggrieved Party

k/fdz{bftf :jod ePsf]n] cfkm} ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ / cfkm} xflg gf]]S;fgLafkt Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjLdf hfg] s'/f sfg"g;Ddt gePsf] eGg] ;a} kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] wf/0ffdf ;xdt x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvFb}g . ;Demf}tfadf]lhd

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sf] bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 Defaulter 7xl/Psf] kIfnfO{ b08 lbg] ;d]tsf] p2]Zon] Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug'{ Pp6f kIf xf] eg] cfk"mnfO{ k'Ug uPsf] xflg gf]]S;fgLsf] d"NofÍg u/L Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL ug'{ csf]{ kIf xf] . ;a} cj:yfdf jf:tljs xflg gf]]S;fgLsf] d"NofÍg quantify x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g . ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf] sf/0faf6 g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] xflg gf]S;fgL k'u]sf] 5}g, jNsL ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf] sf/0faf6 g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt !# s/f]8 ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] cfly{s ;xof]u Iflt x'gaf6 /f]lsPsf] 5 eGg] clwsf+z kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lsf] wf/0ff;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ljefunfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] kl/of]hgfnfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] bfloTj jxg u/]sf k/fd{bft[ ;F:yfn] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0fn] kl/of]hgf 9Lnf x'g uO{ To;af6 g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ s'g} xfgL gk'u]sf] eGg] ts{nfO{ ;xh ?kdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ b]lvFb}g . s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k'Ug uPsf] jf:tljs / ;+efljt xflg

gf]]S;fgLsf] d"NofÍg u/L Defaulter kIf;Fu dfu bfjL ug'{kg]{ /fi6« a}+ssf] lhDd]jf/ kbflwsfl/n] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvof] .

j:t'tM ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj kfngf ug{ c;kmn kIf;Fu xhf{gfafktsf] Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ s/f/Lo lnvtsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . h;sf] cefadf s/f/Lo lnvtsf] ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . ;Demf}tfsf kIfx¿n] o; ;Demf}tfsf] ljifodf pTkGg ePsf jf o;;Fu ;Da4 jf o;sf] JofVofsf] qmddf p7]sf ljjfbsf] cfk;L ;dfwfgsf] nflu pko'Qm k|of;sf] pkof]u ug]{5g\ . of] ;Demf}tf;Fu ;Da4 ljifosf] ;DaGwdf kIfx¿ aLr p7]sf] s'g} klg ljjfb cfk;L ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df ;dfwfg ug{ Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] tL; lbgleq cfkl;s ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df ;dfwfg x'g ;s]g eg] s'g} klg kIfn] Special Condition of

Contract df Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;dfwfgsf] nflu k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . o; ;Demf}tfsf] jf/]df jf ;f];Fu ;Da4 s'g} klg ljjfb, dtleGgtf, jf bfjL cyjf cj}wflgstf nufot o; ;Demf}tf;Fu ;Da4 tyf tT;DaGwL ljjfb, g]kfn ;/sf/sf]

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xfn nfu" /x]sf] dWo:ytf ;DaGwL lgod4f/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd ;dfwfg ul/g]5 eGg] k|fjwfg k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] General

Condition of Contract sf] Clause 7.1 / 7.2 df :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] s'/f g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Ln] :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;Demf}tfdf Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg gePsf], Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjLsf] ljifo ;Demf}tf / sfg"g;Ddt gePsf], ;Demf}tfdf x'Fb} gePsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ dg;fo;Fu cfj4 u/L xhf{gf jf Ifltk"lt{ h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifo pk/ s'g} ;f]r agfpg dgfl;j gx'g], xhf{gf jf Ifltk"lt{ u0fgfsf] cfwf/ ;Demf}tfdf gePsf], xhf{gf u0fgfsf] cGo cfwf/ ;d]t cd"t{ ?kdf /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ s/f/sf] ;fdfGo lgod;Fu cfj4 ug{ Gofof]lrt gb]lvPsf], ;Demf}tfdf xhf{gf jf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfubfjLsf] ;'lglZrt gu/]sf] eGg] wf/0ff c:ki6, bf]xf]/f]kg / Ps cfk;df aflemPsf] b]lvof] . ljZja}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf ;~rflnt ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf cGtu{t /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+ssf]

Joj:yfkg ;~rfng ;DaGwL sfdsf]nflu 5gf}6 ePsf] Deloitte

Touche Tohmatsu, USA nfO{ k/fdz{bftf lgo'Qm ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, USA aLr ldlt hgj/L #!, @))@ df ePsf] Joj:yfkg s/f/ ;DaGwdf b'O{ jif{] ;Demf}tf ePsf] . g]kfndf ljBdfg åGåsf] sf/0fn] ;'/Iff l:ylt k|lts"ntsf] cfwf/df Force Majeure b]vfO{ k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;Sg] egL lbPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] k/fdz{bftfpk/ 7]s d"No o'=P;=8n/ %&,((,&() jf ;f] sfo{ cGo s;}af6 nufpFbf nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ k/fdz{bftf;Fu Ifltk"lt{ afkt dfu u/]sf]df ;Demf}tfsf] Amicable Settlement sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ jftf{ eGg] k/fdz{bftfn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ o'=P;= 8n/ ^,))))) xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg u/]sf] . DTT sf] k|;Ëdf IEF INC. Lloyd Hill Oakton, USA in Association of KPMG, Srilanka ;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] kl/of]hgf / sfdsf] :j?k To;sf] cfotg Volume df s]xL cGt/ b]lvP tfklg ;Demf}tfsf] k|s[lt / xhf{gf Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL

1250


;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] d"ne"t k|fjwfgdf df}lns cGt/ gx'Fbf gx'Fb} Pp6fsf] xsdf clwstd ;Ldfdf Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug]{ / csf]{sf] xsdf Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL gug]{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ue{g/n] ldlt @)^#.&.@#df u/]sf] lg0f{odf ab\lgot /x]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] bfloTj kfngf gug]{ kIf;Fu xhf{gfafkt s/f/ d"No o'=o;= 8n/ @^,%(, %*) tTsfn k|rlnt ljlgdo b/ &#=$$ n] x'g cfpg] g]=?=!(,%#,!(,%%%.@) sf] sDtLdf bzk|ltztsf] b/n] x'g cfpg] Ifltk"lt{ ?=!,(%,#!,(%%.%@ cIf?kL Pss/f]8 kGrfgAa] nfv Pslt; xhf/ gf};o krkGg k};f afpGg dfu bfjL ug'{kg]{df gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 ;f] a/fa/sf] /sd g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf] b]lvG5 . dfly plNnlvt tYo / ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf ueg{/ ljhogfy e§/fO{ / sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gbdfg k|wfgn] ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ab\lgotk"j{s xflg gf]S;fgL u/L u/fO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvg

cfPsf]n] ;f] cf/f]kdf dfly sfod ul/Psf] ljuf] ?=%),!$,@(*.*^ -cIf?kL krf; nfv rf}wxhf/ b'O{;o cG7fgAa] k};f 5of;L dfq_ / ?=!,(%,#!,(%%.%@ -cIf?kL Pss/f]8 kGrfgAa] nfv Pslt;xhf/ gf};o krkGg k};f afpGg dfq_ ;d]t hDdf ?=@,$%,$^,@%$.#* b'O{s/f]8 k}tfln;nfv 5ofln; xhf/ b'O{;o rjGg k};f c7tL; dfq_ ljuf] sfod u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] ;f]xL bkmfsf] ;f]xL pkbkmf adf]lhd b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf ;hfo dfu bfjL ub}{ z'? cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] cf/f]k kq .

d g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs e} sfd ub{5' . /fi6« a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f ljefu ;'b[9Ls/0f nufotsf k/fdz{ ;DaGwL sfo{df ePsf] q'l6n] b]znfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf]n] ljuf] ?=!,(%,#!(%%.%@ ;d]t hDdf ?=@,$%,$^,@%$.#* lbnfO{ e/fO e|=lg=P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf * adf]lhd ;hfo+ ul/kfpFm eGg] cf/f]kbfjL unt xf] . a}+sleq s'g} klg k|lqmof d]/f] PSn}sf] clVtof/Ln] x'g] xf]Og . d]/f] tkm{af6 ;DalGwt 8]k'6L ueg{/dfkm{t\ >Ldfg\

1251


ueg{/;dIf k|:t't u/L g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;~rfns ;ldtsf] lg0f{oaf6 lgo'lQm ug]{ lg0f{o u/L bft[ ;+:yf, ljZj a}]+ssf] ;d]t ;xdlt lnO{ k/fdz{ bftfx¿ lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf], o;/L ljZja}+saf6 ;xdlt k|bfg ubf{ lgo'lQm ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ Joxf]/f tyf ljj/0f ljZj a}+saf6 dufO{ 5fgljg u/L lgo'lQm ug]{ :jLs[t lbOPsf] xf] . lgo'lQm ug]{ lg0f{o eO;s] kZrft\ s/f/kqdf x:tfIf/ ug{ cfJxfg ubf{ ;DalGwt sDkgLsf clVtof/ k|fKt clws[t tf]lsPsf] lbg :jf:Yosf] sf/0fn] sf7df8f}+ cfpg c;dy{tf hgfO{ s/f/df lghsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] x'Fbf cg'/f]wadf]lhd s/f/kq x:tfIf/ cfO{;s]kl5 x:tfIf/ ePsf] ldltn] tf]lsPsf] ldltleq sfo{ z'? ug{ cfpg' kg]{ ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L u/fOPsf], tt\kZrft\ s/f/df pNn]v ePcg';f/sf & hgf k/fdz{bftfx¿ cfpg' kg]{df s/f/df pNn]v ul/Psf % / gofF JolQm @ hgf ;d]t & hgf k/fdz{bftfx¿ sfo{ z'? ug{ cfPsf]df lg0f{o eGbf jflx/sf yk @ hgfnfO{ ljZja}+ssf] k|fjwfgcg'¿k sfo{ ug{ lbg pko'Qm x'g] gx'g] osLg u/]/ dfq sfo{ z'? ug{ lbg'kg]{ ePsf] sf/0f lt b'O{ afx]ssf af+sL cGo % hjfg g]kfndf sfd ug{ cfO/x]sf]

kl/k|]Iodf sfd z'? ug{ lbg g]=/f= a}+s sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] :jLs[lt tyf ljZja}+ssf] ;xdltdf lgh % hjfgnfO{ sfo{ nufPsf], lghx¿n] Ps dlxgf;Dd s/f/df plNnlvt TOR sf] bfo/fleq /xL klxnf] dlxgfsf] nflu tof/ u/L k]z ug'{kg]{ INCeption Report tyf @ jif{sf] nflu sfo{ of]hgf ;d]t k]z ug'{kg]{df INCeption Report

dfq k]z u/s]f] / Work Plan k]z ug]{ ;DaGwdf @ jif{sf] s/f/ cjlw /x]sf] x'Fbf cfufdL dlxgfleq tof/ u/L k]z ug]{ eGg] ;DalGwt k/fdz{bftfx¿, ;DalGwt ;'kl/j]If0f, ljefusf k|ltlglwx¿ / d]/f] ;d]t pkl:yltdf 5nkmn u/L INCeption Report pk/sf] /fo k|ltlqmof ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L kl/dflh{t INCeption Report k]z u/]sf] tyf ;xdlt cg'¿k Work Plan cfufdL dlxgfdf k]z ug]{ u/L s/f/df ePsf] k|fjwfg cg'¿k ! dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ul/Psf] xf], o;df d]/f] s'g} ab\lgot g/x]sf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub{5' . ljuf]sf] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt kf6L{;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf, ljZja}+ssf] ljZjJofkL ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt Prescribed Proceurement

Guideline sf] k|fjwfg leq /xL ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;f] s/f/gfdf leqsf k|fjwfgx¿ ;]jf;DaGwL k/fdz{ cfJxfg ubf{ s'g}

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lsl;dsf] Ifltk"lt{ bfjL ug{ kfpg] tyf xh{gf nufpg] k|fjwfg ;d]t /fVg gkfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf ;f]xL cg'¿k s/f/sf] bfo/f leq /xL s/f/ /4 u/L Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL gul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] ;fy} of] s/f/ /4 ubf{ g]=/f=a}+snfO{ s] s:tf] xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f ul0flto ?kdf osLg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf g/x]sf], lghx¿n] cfP/ ug'{kg]{ Ps dlxgfsf] sfd ;DkGg u/L INCeption Report

;d]t k]z u/L ;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf lghx¿sf] s/f/ /4 ubf{ s] slt xflg gf]]S;fgL eof] ;f] olsg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf g/x]sf] tyf lghx¿sf] k/fdz{ ;]jfaf6 ul/g] elgPsf sfo{x¿ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s leq}af6 ;kmntfk"j{s k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Dkfbg eO/x]sf] cj:yf /xsf] x'++bf s'g]} xflg gf]]S;fgL k'Ug guPsf] tyf ljuf]sf] /sd klg s'g} cfwf/lagf xr'jfsf] e/df tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 . ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] Re-

Engineering ug{sf] nflu g]=/f= a}+s sf] ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{qmd k|efjsf/Ltf Unf]jn 6]08/ dfkm{t IEF INC Lioyd Hill Oakin, USA in Association of KPMG, Srilanka ;Fu ;Demf}tf ePsf] xf] . o;/L ;Demf}tf ubf{ Firm ;Demf}tf ePsf] x'Fbf Firm

n] cfkm\gf] k|:tfjdf pNn]v u/]sf] & hjfg ljleGg If]qsf bIf

JolQmx¿nfO{ lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf] . k/fdz{bftfx¿ !! dfr{ @))^ df g]kfn cfO{ @^ dfr{ @))^ b]lv tf]lsPsf] sfo{ k|f/De u/L sfo{/t /x]sf ;fy} kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ s/f/gfdf ePsf] k|fjwfgx¿sf] bfo/fleq /xL e'QmfgL ul/Psf] xf] . ;f] e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd ljZja}+saf6 ;d]t :jLs[t eGg];s]sf] 5 . k/fdz{bftf lgo'lQm ug]{ ;DaGwL k|lqmof d To; ljefudf ;?jf e} hfg' eGbf cufl8 g} ;DkGg eO;s]sf], d ToxfF uPkl5 s/f/sf] 9f+rf clGtdLs/0f ug]{ tyf k/fdz{bftf;Fu g]uf]l;o;g ug]{ l;nl;nfdf dfq ;+nUgtf ePsf], To; eGbf cufl8sf] sfo{ k|lqmofdf d]/f] ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] . h'g Firm ;Fu ;Demf}tf ePsf] xf] ljZja}+s tyf g]=/f=a}+s sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] :jLs[lt lnP/ dfq ;f]xL Firm n] k|:tfj u/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ sfddf nufPsf] xf] . k/fdz{bftfx¿ g]kfn cfP gcfPsf af/] cWofudg sfof{nodf /]s8{ /x] g/x]sf] s'/f g]=/f=a}+s nfO{ hfgsf/L /x]g . t/ o;/L sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ cfPsf % hgf ;Nnfxfsf/x¿sf] gfd ;lxt ldlt @)^@.!@.@( sf] k=;+= a}+ lj=;=lg=lj l;=P;=l6= @@@.@)^@ af6 tTsfn g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno cf=sf=ljefu

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tyf lg=lj= dxfzfvfnfO{ kq n]vL lghx¿nfO{ eL;fsf] nflu cfjZos l;kmfl/z u/L lbg x'g cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 tL JolQmx¿ ckl/lrt / g]kfn gcfPsf eGg ldn]g . cf/f]kkq em"7f xf], ;f] adf]lhd d}n] ab\lgotk"j{s s'g} e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ gu/L ;+:yfut lxtnfO{ dWogh/ u/L cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L jxg u/L c;n lgotn] klbo lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] x'Fbf dnfO{ ;hfo x'g'kg]{ xf]Og cf/f]k bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] o; cbfntdf u/]sf] jofg .

cf/f]kkqdf d k|lt nufOPsf] cf/f]k;Fu d k"0f{tM c;xdt 5' . of] cf/f]k ljz'4 ?kdf skf]nslNkt e|fds / em"7f ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df k"jf{u|xL9+un] tof/ kfl/Psf] x'Fbf s'g} ;Totf 5}g . KPMG IEF

n] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] cfwf/df $ hgf a}+s ;'k/lehg PS;k6{ @ hgf, ! a}+s ;'k/lehg PS;k6{ / ! hgf ck;fO6 ;'k/lehg ;lxt & hgfsf] 6f]nL agfpg' kg]{df pQm 6f]nL slxNo} klg agfpg g;lsPsf] / l6ddf k|:tfljt Consultant

x¿ k6s–k6s kl/jt{g u/L sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;s]sf], Consultant x¿ cfO{ Inception Report

a}+sdf k]z u/] tfklg tt\

kZrft\ cfk\mg} d'n's kmls{ uPsf] / sfd k|lt Seriousness gb]lvPsf] o;} aLr World Bank Mission n] ue{g/ / cy{ ;lrjnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/L pQm Consultant

nfO{ ;Demf}tfadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/z u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ljefluo l6Kk0fL / ljefluo 8]k'6L ue{g/ ;d]tsf l;kmfl/zdf ;Demf}tfadf]lhd ;Demf}tf lsg eË gug]{ egL #) lbg] ;"rgf hf/L ul/Psf,] pQm ;"rgfkZrft\ klg ;DalGwt sG;N6]06af6 lrQ j'e\mbf]\ hjfkm k|fKt gePsf]n] pQm k|:tfjnfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltdf nuL ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o kZrft\ ljZj a}+ssf] ;xdlt lnO{ ;Demf}tf eË ul/Psf] xf] . Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf pQm Consultant kmd{n] ge} g]kfn /fi6« a}+s cfk}mn] eË u/]sf], ;Demf}tfdf Ifltk"lt{ bfjf ug]{ s'g} Clause

gePsf] / ;~rfns ;ldltn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ s'g} xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] dx;"; gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 o;k|sf/sf] Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL gul/Psf] xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ue{g/sf] x}l;otn] d]/f] sfd ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] ;d]t x'Fbf ;f]xLadf]lhd ul/Psf] xf]

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. k|:tfljt sG;n6]G;L lng] jf/]sf] g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / IEF

aLr ;g\ @))^ km/j/L ^ df ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . pQm ;Demf}tfadf]lhd dfr{ !%, @))^ df & hgf sG;N6\of06x¿ g]kfn cfPsf x'g\ . h;sf] k|df0f :j?k yfO{ Po/j]hsf] pQm ldltsf] Kof;]Gh/ lni6df pNn]v ePsf] k|df0f cbfnt;dIf k]z u/]sf 5f}+ . oL & hgf sG;N6\of06 dWo] @ hgf z'?df k|:tfljt & hgf ;fy} % hgf k'/fgf /x]sf] / b'O hgf z'?df k|:tfljt JolQm afx]ssf] ePsf]n] lghnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/L lkmtf{ k7fO{ a}+ssf] Joj:yfkg / jN8{ a}+s ;d]tsf] ;xdlt lnO{ sfd z'? u/fOPsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 . Joj;foLs aLdf gePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf pk/f]Qm Joj:yf 7]s]bf/sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu xf] . t/ of] ;Demf}tf k|f/lDes cj:yfdf g} ePsfn] g]=/f=a}+s n] dfUg cfjZos g7fg]sf] x'Fbf gdfluPsf] xf] . cfjZostf x]/L h'g;'s} j]nf dfUg ;lsG5 . g]=/f= a}+s / IEFINC aLr ;'kl/j]If0f -g]=/f=a}+s_ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf cGtu{t lg/Gt/ kqfrf/ eO/x]sf] / ;j} sf/f]jf/ IEFINC ;Fu eO/x]sf] t/ Od]ndf

pQm 7]ufgf pNn]v gePsf] Mail h'g;'s} 7]ufgfaf6 cfP klg ;DalGwt kIfn] kfO/x]sf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] x'bf ;f] d]naf6 ;Dks{ gePsf] eGg ldNb}g . g]=/f=a}+s / IEFINC

aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf jfO{ ;s'{n];gaf6 ePsf] xf] . s'g} klg ;Demf}tf ubf{ ;j} kIfsf] lglZrt 7fp+df pkl:yt x'g' k5{ eGg] s'g} sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5}g jfO{ ;s'{n];g ;lx ug]{ cGt/fli6«o k|rng 5 . g]=/f=a}+s sf] d'Vo ;Demf}tf IEF INC ;Fu ePsf] xf] . IEF INC / KPMG SriLanka

aLr ;+o'Qm sfd ug]{ ;xdlt ePadf]lhd KPMG ;d]t ;+nUg ePsf] xf] . IEF INC sf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwn] ;lx u/L ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;f] ;Demf}tfnfO{ IEF INC / KPMG b'j}n] :jLsf/ u/L ;s]kl5 sf] JolQmn] ;Demf}tfdf ;lx u/] eGg] s'/f ljjfbsf] ljifo xf]Og . g]=/f=a}+sn] ;Demf}tf ubf{ IFF

INC ;Fu u/]sf]n] ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL kqfrf/ ubf{ KPMG ;Fu u/]/ hjfkm kfOg] cj:yf gx'g' :jefljs} xf] . KPMG af6 hjfkm k7fpg] JolQmsf] ljZj;gLotf ;d]t s'g} k|df0faf6 v'Nb}g . cWofudg ljefusf]

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ldlt )^$.#.% ut] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|]lift kqsf] ;DaGwdf cWofudg ljefusf] r=g+= !&## ldlt @)^$.#.@) sf] g]=/f= a}+snfO{ k|fKt kqdf dflg; cfPsf] /]s8{ / a}+ss–sf7df8f}+sf] p8fgsf] Kof;]Gh/ DofgLk]m:6f Disembarkation Card ;d]tsf] k|df0f k7fPsf] x'gfn] ;f] k|df0f jofg ;fy k]z u/]sf] 5'+ . d'Vo ;Demf}tf IEF INC ;Fu ePsf]n] Report ;f]xLadf]lhd k]z ePsf] xf] . KPMG sf] s'g lsl;dsf] ;+nUgtf /xg] eGg] s'/f KPMG / IEF INC aLrsf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . INCeption

Report d'Vo k|df0f xf], of] Report

/ ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df ;ft} hgf ljz]if1 cfP kl5 s;n] s'g sfd lhDdf lng] egL tof/ x'g] s'/f xf] . k"/} l6dsf] Completion

kl5 sfo{ ljefhg;lxtsf] Work Plan

lbg] df}lvs k|ltj4tfsf] cfwf/df d'Vo ;Demf}tfsf] kIf IEF INC nfO{ s/f/sf] zt{adf]lhd ljefluo lg0f{osf] cfwf/df e'QmfgL lbOPsf] xf] . o:tf] e'QmfgL j}+lsË Rofgnaf6 ;f]xL ;+:yfsf] vftfdf uPsf] / ;f] /sd a}+sn] ;xof]u stf{ ljZj a}+saf6 ;f]w egf{ k|fKt u/L g]=/f=a}+ssf] vftfdf hDdf e} ;s]sf] 5 . s/f/df plNnlvt

zt{ cg';f/ ;f] s/f/ eË ug{ #) lbgsf] cu|Ld ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ ePsf], To; cfwf/df ue{g/sf] lg0f{on] s/f/adf]lhd sfd ;DkGg gePdf #) lbg leq ;f] s/f/ eË ug]{ ul/ ;"rgf;Dd lbPsf] xf] . o; cfwf/df IEF INC n] sfd ug{ d~h"/ u/]sf] eP s/f/ eË x'b}+gYof] t/ To;f] ug{ d~h"/ ge} km/s kqfrf/ u/]sf] ;f]pk/ ;~rfns ;ldltn] 5nkmn u/L lghsf] hjfkm lrQ j'e\mbf] gePsf] tyf s/f/ eË ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]n] ue{g/n] s/f/ eË u¥of] eGg] cf/f]k em"7f xf] . s/f/ x'Fbf / eË ubf{sf] b'j} cj:yfdf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{on] u/]sf] 5 . o;df klg ljZj a}+ssf] klg ;xdlt 5 . ;Demf}tfdf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu ug]{ Joj:yf gePsf], ;Demf}tf a}+sn] eË u/]sf] / To;af6 a}+snfO{ Iflt k'u]sf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] dx;"; gu/]sf] tyf Ifltk"lt{ /sd lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'g} cfwf/ gePsf]n] sfNkgLs cfwf/df Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] Ifltsf] k'li6 ug{ c;Dej ePsf]n] o:tf] lg0f{o gu/LPsf] x'Fbf d dfly nufOPsf] cf/f]k cfwf/xLg / em"7f 5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] DTT sf] k|;Fudf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjL

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u/]sf] / IEF INC ;Fu ;Demf}tf eË ubf{ Ifltk"lt{ bfjL gug'{sf] sf/0fdf DTT ;Fusf] ;Demf}tf /f=jf a}+ssf] Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf]n] of] / Tof] s/f/ km/s ePsf], Tof] s/f/df DTT n] cfk}m s/f/ eË u/L Amicable

Settlement sf] nflu cg'/f]w u/]af6 Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug]{ kl/l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] t/ k|:t't ljifodf xfdLn] s/f/ eË u/]af6 To:tf] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf gePsf], ;fy} /f=jf=a}+ssf] b}lgs 3f6f u0fgf of]Uo ePsf]n] To;df Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug{ ;d:of gePsf], o;df Ifltdfkgsf] cfwf/ klg gePsf] x'Fbf dfu gul/Psf] xf] . !) k|ltzt Ifltk"lt{ bfjL ug'{kg]{ ;DaGwdf To:tf] Ifltk"lt{ u0fgfsf] s'g} l;4fGt / cfwf/ 5}g . a}+sn] IEF nfO{ lbPsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;f]wegf{ b:t"/ ;+:yf jN8{ a}+saf6 k|fKt e} ;s]sf] 5 egL Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug]{ s'g} Joj:yf / cfwf/ tyf a}+snfO{ s'g} jf:tljs Iflt ;d]t gePsf]n] dpk/ nufPsf] cf/f]k lg/fwf/ ldYof tyf jb\lgotk"0f{ 5 . cf/f]kkq adf]lhd d}n] s'g} unt dg;fon] k|]l/t e} /fi6«nfO{ xfgL k'Ug] / cfk"mnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug]

sfd gu/]sf] / g]=/f=a}+s P]g, @)%* / cGo k|rlnt P]gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj lgi7fk"j{s lgjf{x u/]sf] x'Fbf cf/f]k adf]lhd s'g} ;hfo x'g' gkg]{ d]/f] bfjL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]=/f=a}+ssf ue{g/ ljhogfy e§/fO{n] o; cbfntdf u/]sf] jofg .

k|ltjfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf ;fIfL /fdx/L Gof}kfg]sf] jskq eO{ ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] .

b'O{ hgf cfo'Qm dfq axfn /x]sf] cj:yfdf dt}So} x'g g;s]sf] ljifodf a}7ssf] lg0f{o g} lgliqmo x'g] u/L lgodfjnLdf æ;d]tÆ eGg] zAb /flvPsf] eGg ldNb}g . To;sf/0f b'Ohgf cfo'Qm pkl:yt /x]sf] cfof]usf] a}7sdf s'g} ljifodf dt}So sfod x'g g;sL dt a/fa/ ePsf] cj:yfdf a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{ sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] /fo 7x/ g} cfof]usf] lg0f{o x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't cf/f]kkq cfof]usf] lg0f{o lagf bfo/ u/]sf]n] vf/]h x'g' kb{5 eGg] ljåfg clwjQmfx¿sf] ax; lhsL/ ;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . k|ltjfbL eGbf klxn]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 5gf}6 ln:6df kl/;s]sf] k/fdz{bftf ;+:yf;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf]

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b]lvg] k|ltjfbLx¿n] k/fdz{bftf 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf ;+nUg e} k/fdz{bftf ;+:yf 5gf}6 u/]sf] eGg :jo+d jfbLn] g;s]sf], k/fdz{bftf 5gf}6 k|lqmofnfO{ cGoyf eGg] bfjL klg gePsf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLx¿n] :ki6 klxrfg gePsf] sfNklgs ;+:yf;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf] eGg] k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/sf] cf/f]k k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .

ljjflbt kqdf plNnlvt Aoxf]/fsf] cfwf/df dfq # d] @))$ sf] kq / ^ km]a'|c/L @))^ sf] ;Demf}tfdf ePsf] KPMG sf Partners sf] x:tfIf/ ;lxnfO{ cGoyf eGg gldNg] x'Fbf ^ February @))^ sf] ;Demf}tf em"7f sLt]{ / hfn;fhL sfuhftsf cfwf/df ePsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/sf] cf/f]k k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .

klxn]g} 5gf}6 ln:6df kl/;s]sf] k/fdz{bftf ;+:yf;Fu bft[ ;+:yf ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt / g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf :jLs[ltdf cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf] b]lvPsf] ;d]tsf cfwf/ sf/0f / ldl;n ;+nUg cGo s'g} ;a'b k|df0faf6 klg k|ltjfbLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf / d'n'snfO{ gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] ab\lgotn] ;Demf}tf u/]sf]

eGg] k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g . ;Demf}tf k|f/lDes cj:yfdf g} /x]sf] / k/fdz{bftf ;+:yfn] Joj;flos aLdf u/fPsf] k|df0f g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] hlxn];'s} klg dfu ug{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf To:tf] k|df0f dfu gu/]sf] eGg] sf/0fn] dfq k|ltjfbLx¿n] e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] ldNg] b]lvFb}g . jfbL kIfaf6 ax;sf] qmddf ;d]t k/fdz{bftfx¿ g]kfndf gcfPsf] eGg g;s]sf] x'Fbf plNnlvt xflh/L clen]v Pj+ kqx¿nfO{ k|df0fdf lng'kg]{ e} ;f]sf] cfwf/df k/fdz{bftfx¿ g]kfndf gcfPsf]df k|ltjfbLx¿n] sLt]{ hfn;fhL xflh/L clen]v tof/ u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k klg k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .

k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k]z ug]{ k/fdz{bftfx¿ g]kfndf gcfPsf] eGg] jfbLsf] bfjL g} k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k/fdz{bftf JolQmx¿ g]kfndf cfO{ :ynut ?kdf cWoog u/L k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ tYoo'Qm k|df0fsf] cefjdf k|ltjfbLx¿n] cgf}krf/Ls ?kdf tof/ u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .

;Demf}tf cg';f/sf k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] l6d k"/f

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ePkl5 sfo{ ljefhg ;lxtsf] Work Plan tof/ ug]{ u/L ;Demf}tfsf b'O{ kIfx¿sf aLrdf cfk;L ljZjf;sf cfwf/df df}lvs ;xdlt x'g'nfO{ :jfefljs dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;df k|ltjfbLx¿sf] ab\lgot /x]sf] eGg ;lsg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g . ab\lgotk"j{s e'QmfgL lbPsf] elgPsf] /sd a}+s 6«fG;km/ dfkm{t e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ ;+:yf M/S IEF INk sf cflwsf/Ls k|ltlglw Mr. S.V Bharadwaj pk/ eg] s'g} bfjL lng ;s]sf] kfOb}g . ab\lgotk"j{s e'QmfgL lbPsf] eg]sf] /sd c;"npk/ tkm{ s;}pk/ klg bfjL lnPsf] klg b]lvFb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf ;Demf}tfdf ePsf zt{adf]lhd k/fdz{bftfx¿ g]kfn cfO{ u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'kftdf klxnf] dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ k|ltjfbLx¿n] jb\lgotk"j{s e'QmfgL u/]sf] eGg] tYo k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .

;Demf}tf eË ug]{ ;DaGwdf #) lbg] k"j{ ;"rgf lbg] sfo{;Dd k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] ePklg ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ lg0f{o k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e§/fO{ :jodn] u/]sf] ge} g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] u/]sf]

b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ ;~rfns ;ldltsf] pQm lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf eGg] jfbLsf] bfjL klg 5}g .

;Demf}tfsf] zt{a]u/ ts{sf] cfwf/df cg'dfg u/L sfod u/]sf] xflg gf]]S;fgLsf] ljuf]nfO{ ;Demf}tf eË ePafkt g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ jf:tljs xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] dfGg ldNg] b]lvFb}g . ctM k|ltjfbLx¿n] ab\lgotk"j{s ;Demf}tf eË u/L / Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL gu/L cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf / /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPsf] eGg] cf/f]k ;a'b k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .

t;y{ k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e§/fO{ tyf ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] cf/f]kkq dfu bfjLadf]lhd e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] k'li6 x'g gcfPsf] x'Fbf lgh k|ltjfbLx¿n] k|:t't cf/f]kaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 yk k|df0f a'em\g] u/L ePsf] df=Gof= >L sf]dngfy zdf{sf] /fo / k|ltjfbLx¿n] cf/f]kkq dfu bfjLadf]lhd e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x¥ofO{ ;hfo u/]sf] df=Gof= >L rf]n]Gb| ;D;]/ h=a=/f= sf] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg eGg] df=Gof= >L

1259


e"kWjh clwsf/Lsf] ldlt @)^$.!!.% sf] /fo 7x/ .

k|:t't d'2fsf] lg0f{odf cWoIftf ug]{ cfo'Qmn] d'2f rnfpg] egL lg0f{o u/]sf] / To;df csf{ cfo'Qmsf] dt gldn] klg cWoIftf ug]{ cfo'Qmsf] dt g} cfof]usf] lg0f{o dflgg] lgoddf Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvFbf cWoIftf ug]{ cfo'Qmsf] dt g} cfof]usf] lg0f{o dfGg'kg]{ l:yltdf ;f] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvof] .

k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] IEF INC sf] tkm{af6 / /fi6« a}+s aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf cfkm\gf] ;xsfo{ / ;+nUgtf ePsf] eGg] KPMG Srilanka sf] kq ;+sf:kb / ljjfbf:kb ;d]t /x]sf] eGg] ;Gbe{df o; cbfntn] ;f] ;+:yf ;Fu kqfrf/ ubf{ k"j{ kq adf]lhd g} ;f] sfo{df cfkmgf] ;+nUgtf / ;xsfo{ gePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] ;Demf}tfsf KPMG

Srilanka sf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] gb]lvg] ;fy} ;Demf}tfdf ;lx ug]{sf] JolQmut x}l;ot /xg] l:ylt klg gb]lvO{ sfg"g;Ddt ?kdf gePsf] sfo{sf] kl/0ffd klg sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] ljlwzf:qLo b[li6sf]0f / dfGotf ;d]taf6 ;f] sfo{df KPMG sf] ;xdlt, ;

+nUgtf / ;xsfo{ ePsf] egL lhsL/ lng] kIfn] g} k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ k|df0f ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ;fdfGo k|rng klg ePsf]n] ;xsfo{ u/]sf] eGg] IEF INC sf] ;fy} k|ltjfbLx¿ ;d]tn] To;nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

cfof]un] lg0f{o ubf{ KPMG sf] kq k|fKt gePsf] eGg] s'/fn] dfq cfk/flws sfo{ gePsf] eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft x'Fb}g ;fy} ljZja}+ssf] ;xdltn] klg ePsf] cfk/flws sfo{af6 pGd'lQm klg ldNg ;Sb}g .

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / IEF/INC Lioyd Hill Oakton, USA In

association of KPMG Srilanka sf] aLrdf ^ Febrary @))^ df ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf KPMG

>Ln+sf ;Fu ;Fu;Fu} sfd ug]{ u/L ;xdlt k|fKt ePsf] s'/f pNn]v u/L IFF.Inc ;f] ;Demf}tf kq g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf k]z ePsf]df ;Demf}tfdf ePsf] elgPsf] lnlvt ;xdlt / ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] k|ltdf ePsf] Mr.A.N. Fernando

sf] ;lx5fk lghsf] gePsf], ;xsfo{ ;d]t gePsf] eGg] KPMG Srilanka sf] h'g k'gM @))& sf] kqsf] cfwf/df ;f] sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{ cGt{ut kg]{ eGg] ePkl5 o; cbfntn] a'em\bf bfjLsf] Joxf]/f ;dly{t

1260


e} ;Demf}tfsf] d"n kIf IEF.INC

af6 ljZjf; lbnfPsf] KPMG

Srilanka ;Fu;Fu} sfd ug]{ eGg] s'/f klg ;To b]lvg gcfO{ ;Fu} sfd u/]sf] eGg] egfO{ klg c;To ePkl5 ;f] s'/f cfk/flws sfo{ cGt{ut kg]{ klg b]lvG5 .

ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf &-s_ n] o; cbfntn] a'em\g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]klg ;f] lgsfo g]kfn clw/fHo jflx/ /x]sf] x'Fbf cbfntsf] ;do ;Ldf / d'2fsf] uDeLo{tfsf] lx;fjn] cbfntaf6 a'em\g ;Dej gx'Fbf ;f] ljifodf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u dfkm{t tT;DaGwL tYosf] 5fgljg / cGo s'/fx¿ ;d]t j'‰bf o; ;DaGwdf yk tYo k|fKt x'g] / ;fy{s kl/0ffd ;d]t k|fKt x'g] ePsf]n] o;/L k|fKt ePsf] lgisif{sf] cfwf/df dfq lg0f{odf k'Ug jf~5lgo b]lvPsf]n] plNnlvt ;Dj4 s'/f a'em\g' kg]{ e} k|:t't cf/f]kaf6 k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ ;kmfO lbg] u/L ePsf] o; cbfntsf cWoIf df=Gof= >L e"kWjh clwsf/Lsf] /fo / s;"/ 7x/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf] o; cbfntsf] df=Gof= >L rf]n]Gb| ;D;]/ h=a=/f= sf] /fo;Fu ;xdlt x'g g;s]sf]

x'Fbf ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^-%_ adf]lhd lg0f{osf] nflu ;af{]Rr cbfntdf k]z ug'{ eGg] df=Gof= >L sf]dngfy zdf{sf] @)^$.!!.% sf] /fo 7x/ .

k|d'v cfo'Qmn] cfo'Qmx¿ aLr km/s dt ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq cfkm\gf] dt lbg kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf pQm lgodfjnLdf /x]sf] kfOGg, o;n] ubf{ k|d'v cfo'Qmn] klg a}7sdf cfkm\gf] dt /fVg kfpg] Joj:yfn] Ps dt jf jx'dt ePsf] km/s dt x'g uPdf k|d'v cfo'Qm ;d]tsf] dt cfof]usf] lg0f{o dflgg]5Æ eGg] pQm lgodsf] Joj:yfn] csf]{ cfo'Qmsf] klg cyf{t s;}sf] ;fy gnfuL s'g} Ps cfo'Qmsf] dfq lg0f{onfO{ ;d]t egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g eGg] k|ltjfbL tkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLsf] ax; a'Fbf;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

IEF KPMG Srilanka ;Fu sfd ug]{ KPMG Srilanka sf] # d] @))$ sf] ;xdlt kq k]z u/L 5gf}6 lni6df ;Dddf 5flgPsf] ePklg ^ February @))^ df ;Demf}tf ug'{ cl3 jf ;Demf}tf ePkl5 ;Demf}tfadf]lhd sfd ug]{ :jLs[lt kq lbg' cl3 s'g} klg dfWodaf6 KPMG Srilanka

nfO{ jf:tljstf a'em\g] sfd k|ltjfbLx¿af6 eP u/]sf] kfOb}g

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. s] s'g cfwf/df IEF INC

nfO{ ;f] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug'{ k/]sf] xf] egL plrt ts{ / cfwf/ klg k|ltjfbLx¿n] v'nfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df k|ltjfbLx¿n] u/]sf] sfg"g, ;Demf}tfsf] pNn+3gaf6 x'g uPsf] xflg gf]]S;fgLsf] s[ofnfO{ e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ dfGg'kb{5 . s;"/ e};s]kl5 s'g} klg dfWodn] xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] /sd pknAw x'Fb}df k|ltjfbLsf] s;"/ e|i6frf/hGo gx'g] xf] eg] ;a} s;"/bf/x¿n] ;s];Dd xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug]{ k|of; ug]{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] /sd s'g} ;+:yf, JolQm jf k|ltjfbL :jodn] pknAw u/fP jf lkmtf{ u/] klg e|i6frf/hGo s;"/af6 pGd"lQm kfpg ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f k/fdz{bftfnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] pQm /sd ljZja}+sn] g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ pknAw u/fO{ ;s]sf] eGg] s'/fn] k|:t't d'2fdf s'g} ;fy{s cy{ /xg ;Sb}g . o; l:yltdf ;Demf}tf adf]lhd g} sfd g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf klg pQm /sd pknAw u/fOPsf] k|ltjfbLx¿sf] sfo{af6 g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg

gf]]S;fgL / IEF INC

nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug uPsf] k|i6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df slDtdf !) k|ltztsf] nfuL Ifltk"lt{df hfg' kg]{ eGg] Pp6f s'/f xf], t/ bfjL ug{ hfFb}df olt /sd kfpg ;lsG5 eGg ;lsg] s'g} lglZrt cfwf/ / sf/0f jfbLn] cf/f]kkqdf v'nfpg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . o; cfwf/af6 ;Demf}tfsf] ;d'Rof /sdsf] bz k|ltzt ;Demf}tfadf]lhd bfloTj kfngf gug]{ kIf;Fu bfjL ug'{kg]{ elgPsf] g]=?=!,(%,#!,(@%.%@ nfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] /sd dfgL ljuf] sfod ug{ ;lsg] b]lvg cfPg .

sf=d'= k|d'v cfo'Qmn] dfq d'2f rnfpg] u/]sf] lg0f{o vf/]h x'g'kg]{ tYodf k|j]z ubf{ klg g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL gePsf] tyf ;Demf}tf ubf{ ;d]t k|ltjfbLx¿sf] ab\lgot gePsf]n] k|ltjfbLx¿n] ;kmfO kfpg' kb{5 eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; a'Fbf ;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

pgfp JolQmn] NofPsf] ;Demf}tf kqnfO{ k|ltjfbLx¿n] :jLsf/]sf] l:ylt 5 / pQm ;Demf}tfadf]lhd

1262


Inception Report / Work Plan

a'emfO;s]kl5 dfq klxnf] ls:tf /sd pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ ;Demf}tfsf] jfWofTds Joj:yf lj?4 g} IEF.INC nfO{ ?=%),!$,@(*.*^ a/fa/sf] cd]l/sL 8n/ ^*,@&&.$( pknAw u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . o; l:yltaf6 k|ltjfbLx¿n] KPMG

Srilanka sf] k|ltlglwTj g} gePsf] cj:yfdf pQm em"7f sLt]{ hfn;fhL b]lvPsf] pQm ;Demf}tf kqs} cfwf/df gul/;s]sf] sfdsf] ;Demf}tfkq ljk/Lt IEF.INC nfO{ /sd pknAw u/fO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL / IEF.INC

nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofPsf] sfo{ k|ltjfbLx¿sf] ab\lgotk"0f{ / e|i6frf/hGo /x]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf]n] cf/f]kkq dfubfjLadf]lhd e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf # adf]lhd k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e§/fO{ / k|ltjfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] ;f]xL bkmf adf]lhd hgxL ! -Ps_ aif{ s}b x'g] 7x5{ . cWoIf df=Gof= >L e"kWjh clwsf/Lsf] k|ltjfbLx¿n] ;kmfO kfpg] 7x/fPsf] / ;b:o df=Gof= >L sf]dngfy zdf{sf] yk k|df0f clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u dfkm{t a'emg'kg]

{ eGg] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g g;s]sf]n] ljz]if cbfnt P]g @)%( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf % adf]lhd lg0f{osf] nfuL ;af]{Rr cbfntdf k7fpg] eGg] ;b:o df=Gof= >L rf]n]Gb| ;D;]/ h=a=/f=sf] @)^$.!!.%.! sf] 7x/ .

cg';Gwfg clws[t /~hgs[i0f cof{nsf] k|ltj]bgn] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e§/fO{ ;d]t ePsf] e|i6frf/ -;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xflg gf]]S;fgL_ d'2fdf ldlt @)^$.!!.% df ljz]if cbfnt P]g @)%( sf] bkmf ^-%_ adf]lhd x'g] u/L km};nf ePsf] x'Fbf km};nf ;lxtsf] z'? ldl;n yfg ! ;lxt kmfOnx¿ k7fOPsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ljz]if cbfntsf] r=g+= !$#% ldlt @)^$.!!.!% sf] ljz]if cbfntsf] kq .

z+sfx¿sf] cfwf/df dfq pQm ;Demf}tf sk6k"0f{ jf sfNklgs xf] egL 7x/fpg' jf lgisif{ lgsfNg' Gofok"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g . pQm ;Demf}tfg} ab\lgotk"0f{ / sfNklgs JolQmx¿åf/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] cleof]u bfjL z+sf/lxt k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

;fdfGo / ljz]if zt{x¿ /fvL ul/Psf] lnlvt ;Demf}tfdf

1263


;Demf}tfs} zt{x¿ b'a} kIfsf nflu nfu" x'g] s'/f xf] . t/ ljjflbt ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} bkmf jf zt{df Ifltk'lt{ lgwf{/0f / bfjL ;DaGwL Joj:yf gul/Psf]n] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf *@ / *# adf]lhd oL k|ltjfblx¿n] s/f/sf] bfloTj k"/f gug]{ kIfaf6 Ifltk'lt{sf] bfjL gu/]sf]nfO{ dfq e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf] ;+1f lbg ldn]g . To; sf/0f Ifltk"lt{;DaGwL cleof]u bfjL k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvPg .

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *-#_ df k|o'Qm æ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQÆ eGg] zAbfjnLsf] cy{ crn hUuf hdLg jf ;/sf/L /fh:j dfq xf]Og . bftf /fi6« jf lgsfon] g]kfn ;/sf/ jf s'g} klg ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo;Fu ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu ;Demf}tfåf/f k|bfg ug]{ gubL jf lhG;Lsf] k|To]s c+z ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ leq kb{5 . To;sf/0f ^ km/j/L @))^ df ePsf] elgPsf] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ljk/Lt ;Demf}tfsf] bfOTj k"/f gug]{ kIfnfO{ lbOPsf] elgPsf] e'QmfgL /sd kl5 ljZja}+sn] cg'bfg /sdaf6 zf]w egf{ u/] klg ;f] e'QmfgLaf6 g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] Iflt x'g uO{ ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] :ki6 b]lvG5 .

;Demf}tfcg';f/ tLg dlxgf leq Work Plan k]z} ug'{kg]{ / ;f] k]z u/]kl5 dfq ;Demf}tfsf] ljz]if zt{ Special Condition sf] bkmf ^=$ cg';f/ k/fdz{bftf sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{df To;nfO{ k"0f{ j]jf:tf ub}{ k/fdz{bftf sDkgLn] work plan k]z gu/]klg g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ / ljZja}+snfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L gu/fO{ k/fdz{bftf sDkgLnfO{ o"=P;=8n/ %!%#*.#@ sf] e'QmfgL lbOPsf] elgPsf] 5 . k"j{ lgof]lht vr{ tflnsf ljk/Lt lagf s'g} cf}lrTo bzf{O{ pQm e'QmfgL lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .

o;k|sf/ pk/f]Qm 36gfs|d / sfdsf] k|s[lt / k|ltjfbLx¿sf] Jojxf/af6 pk/f]Qm o"=P;= 8n/ %!%#*.#@ sf] e'QmfgL oL k|ltjfbLx¿n] g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ljZj;lgotf sfod /fVg xf]Og, ;fdfGo nfk/jfxLk"j{s klg xf]Og, clkt' hfgLhfgL ab\lgotk"j{s g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL u/], u/fPsf] b]lvg / k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf] 5 . t;y{ k|ltjfbLx¿ ljhogfy e§/fO{ / ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] u}/sfg"gL 9+un]

1264


o"=P;=8n/ %!%#*.#@ tTsfnLg ljlgdo b/cg';f/ ?=#&*$,(&$.@@ e'QmfgL lbO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *-#_ sf] s;"/ u/]sfn] b'a} hgfnfO{ ;f]xL bkmf *-#_ cg';f/ hgxL ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{ . ;f] afx]s Ifltk"lt{ nufot c?=lauf] tkm{ ul/Psf] cleof]u bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^%.!@.% sf] k}m;nf .

k|:t't d'2fdf ;+sng ul/Psf / ldl;ndf ;+nUg /x] ePsf ;a'b k|df0fx¿af6 e'QmfgL nufot ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ /fi6« a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o tyf ljZj a}+ssf] ;xdltaf6 ePsf] 5 . sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] kfl/>lds lx;fj ul/ e'QmfgL ul/Psf] x'gfn] cfk/flws sfo{ Actus Reus

slxst}af6 z+sf/lxt tj/af6 :yflkt / k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5}g . cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/fug]{ qmddf sfg"g;Ddt ?kdf ;Demf}tf kq tyf /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* af6 lbOPsf clwsf/ cGtu{t ;f]xL P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{ljlw ;d]t k"/f u/]sf] sfdx¿ /fi6« a}+ssf] xslxt ;+/If0f Pj+ ;'/If0f

ug{ ul/Psf] x''Fbf ldYof cf/f]kn] dfq s;"/ sfod x'g ;Sg] xf]Og . ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lji0f'k|;fb k/fh'nL ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] e|i6frf/ d'2fdf e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft x'gsf] nflu dg;fo tTjsf] ;fy} ab\lgotk"0f{ lqmofaf6 sfo{sf/0f ePsf] eGg] k|i6 b]lvg' kg]{ x'G5 . oL tTjsf] cefjdf ePsf] lqmofnfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgLsf] cfwf/df dfq} e|i6frf/ u/]sf] egL 7x/ ug'{ Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'Qm gx'g] egL -g]sfk @)%$, k[i7 %%#, lg=g+= ^$$*_ e|i6frf/sf] uDeL/ s;"/ k|dfl0ft x'gsf] nfuL dg;fo tTjsf ;fy} ab\lgotk"0f{ s[ofaf6 sfo{ sf/0f ePsf] eGg] k|i6 ?kdf b]lvPsf] x'g'kg]{ -g]sfk @)%&, cÍ !, k[i7 !, lg=g= ^*#^_ tyf e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] k|df0fsf] ef/ k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @% adf]lhd cleof]hgstf{df /xg] / cleof]u k'i6\ofO{ ug]{ z+sf/lxt b'ljwf/lxt, 7f];, :ki6, e/kbf]{ / tYoo'Qm k|df0f g/x] cleof]udf s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofpg Gofof]lrt ;d]t gx'g] eGg] -g]sfk @)^$, k[i7 %(*, lg=g &*$*_ ;d]tsf d'2fx¿df k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx¿ ;d]tsf]

1265


cfwf/df xfdLnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ul/ ePsf] k}m;nfdf uDeL/ q'l6 x'g'sf] ;fy} kmf}hbf/L Gofosf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx¿ / :yflkt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n e} ab/efuL /x]sf] 5 .

a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{sf] ;'b[l9s/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;~rfngdf l9nf;':tL gxf]; eGg] clek|fon] tTsfnnfO{ % hgf k/fdz{bftfx¿af6 g} ljZja}+ssf] ;d]t ;xdlt lnO{ sfo{ ;~rfngdf Nofpg] / afFsL @ hgf k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] xsdf ljZja}+ssf] procurement

Guideline adf]lhd lghx¿sf] CV

cWoog u/L k"j{ k/fdz{bftfx¿ ;/x - Eaual of Better _ ePsf] gePsf] osLg u/L a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldlt tyf ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt kZrft\\ dfq IEF/Inc Lioyd Hill Oakton, USA In association of KPMG Srilanka n] cg'/f]w u/]adf]lhd b'O{ k|:tfljt gofF k/fdz{bftfx¿nfO{ k"j{ k|:tfljt k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] 7fpFdf Substitute u/L sfo{ ug{ nufpg] pk/ ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt dfu ul/Psf] / ;f] pk/ ljZja}+sn] ;xdlt k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf k"j{ k|:tfljt k/fdz{bftfx¿ pkAw x'g g;s]df procurement Guideline cg';f/

k/fdz{bft[ ;+:yfsf] cg'/f]wdf k"j{ k|:tfljt k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] ;/x jf ;f]eGbf j9L of]Uotf / cg'ej ePsf k/fdz{bftfx¿nfO{ ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt k|fKt u/L sfo{ cufl8 j9fpg] k|fjwfg / k|rng /x]sf] 5 .

IEF/Inc Lioyd Hill Oakton, USA In association of KPMG Srilanka ;Fu ePsf] plNnlvt ;Demf}tf k/fdz{ ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt ;Demf}tf xf] . sfddf nufOPsf / g]kfndf /x]sf Expert x¿n] Inception report tof/ u/L ;Demf}tfdf tf]lsPsf] cjlweGbf @ lbg cufl8 -clk|n @$, @))^ _ df g} k]z u/L pQm l/kf]6{sf] jf/]df /fi6« a}+ssf] a}+s ;'kl/j]If0f ljefu tyf u}¥x a}+s ;'kl/j]If0f ljefu ;d]taf6 k|ltlqmof dfuL k|fKt k|ltlqmof tyf ;'emfj ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/ Inception report nfO{ clGtd ?k lbO{ h'g %, @))^ df g]kfndf g} /x]sf k/fdz{bftfn] /fi6« a}+sdf k]z u/]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .

;Demf}tfsf] Pp6f kIfn] ;Demf}tf ubf{ tyf k|fljlws k|:tfj k]z ubf{ pNn]v u/]sf] of]Uotf ePsf k/fdz{bftf pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf] / oxL cj:yfdf g]kfndf hgcfGbf]ng

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eO{ ljb]zLx¿ g]kfndf j:g g;Sg] cj:yf b]vfO{ ;DalGwt b]zsf] /fhb'tfjf;n] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] sf/0f ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd ug{df sl7gfO{ cfPsf] egL ;Demf}tfsf] Pp6f kIf M/S IEF Inc n] eg]sf] tyf a}+ssf] ck]Iff u/]adf]lhdsf] k/fdz{bftf ;dodf pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf sfd ;DkGg ug]{ s'/fdf z+sf ug]{ 7fpF ePsfn] o;af6 a}+snfO{ c;/ kg]{ eO{{ ;Demf}tfsf] ;fdfGo zt{ g+ @=^=! adf]lhd ;Demf}tf eË ug{ #) lbgsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lgodg ljefusf] l6Kk0fL cfb]zadf]lhd 8]k'6L ue{g/n] ;d]t #) lbg] ;"rgf lbgsf] nflu lgsf;fsf] nfuL l;kmfl/z u/]sf] x'gfn] ldlt @)^#.&.@# df ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ jf/]df #) lbg] ;"rgf lbg] sfo{sf] nfuL d k'g/fjbsn] :jLs[lt lbPsf] xf] . o; jf/]df ljZja}+sn] cy{ ;lrj / g]=/f=a}+snfO{ ;d]t kq n]vL tTsfn sf/jfxL ug{ eg]sf] 5 . o; jdf]hdsf] hfgsf/L gf]e]Dj/ !%, @))^ df u/fPkl5 klg IEF Inc

n] gf]eDj/ #),@))^ df a}+snfO{ hjfkm k7fpbf ;d]t k|ltj4tfsf] cefj g} /x]sf] kfOof] . h;sf]

sf/0f ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd x'g] ;Defjgf geO{ oL ;j} s'/f x]/L ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.(.^ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd IEF/Inc Lioyd Hill Oakton, USA In association of KPMG Srilanka af6 k|fKt hjfkm pk/ ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf]n] pQm ;Demf}tf eË ul/Psf] cj:yf xf] . of] ;Demf}tf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$ adf]lhd ul7t ;~rfns ;ldltn] bkmf @( adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L eË u/]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .

sfg"gtM btf{ g} x'g g;Sg] d'2f btf{ u/]sf]df o:tf] d'2f vf/]h ug'{kg]{df vf/]h g} gu/L unt / ldYof s'/fx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuh / sfg"gL Joj:yf tyf d'2fsf] tYosf] j:t'lgi7 cWoog gu/L ePsf] k}m;nf unt tyf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf]5 . d'2fsf] /f]xaf6 x]bf{ ;d]t slyt cf/f]k nufO{ cg';Gwfg k|lqmof g} unt lgotaf6 k|]l/t e} d'2f bfo/ ePsf] cj:yf 5 . ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ubf{ tyf ;Demf}tf tf]8\bfsf] cj:yfdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ ljkIfL gagfO{ l/;OjLsf] cfwf/df ha/h:tL xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg] / km;fpg] lgotaf6

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clek|]l/t eO{ d;d]t b'O{ hgfnfO{ dfq 5fg]/ bf]ifL / ;hfosf] efuLbf/ agfpg lgotj;\ unt k|lqmofaf6 d'2f rnfO{ cleof]u nufOPsf] s'/f k|dfl0ft e}/x]sf]df pQm s'/fnfO{ s'g} jf:tf gu/L bf]ifL 7x/ ug'{ ;/f;/ xfdL dfly cGofo ug'{ xf] . sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] sfg"gadf]lhd kfl/>lds lbPsf] / ;f] /sd ljZja}+sn] k|rlnt k|0ffnLcg';f/ ;+nUg ljn e/kfO{x¿ cWoog kZrft\ ljZj a}+saf6 ;d]t /fi6« a}+sdf ;f]wegf{ e'QmfgL e};s]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] egL d ;d]tnfO{ h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/L unt / slyt ts{ cufl8 NofO{ cfTdlgi7 ?kdf ;=c=Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 k}m;nf ePsf] 5 . pQm k}m;nf ldl;ndf /x]sf] plNnlvt tYo, ;+slnt k|df0f, sfg"g tyf k|:t't ljifodf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :yflkt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt e} ;f] xb;Dd unt, u}/sfg"gL tyf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf]n] d k'g/fj]bsnfO{ h/Ljfgf ug]{u/L ePsf] pQm k}m;nf ab/ u/L ljkIfLsf] em"7f bfjL tyf ph"/Laf6 k"0f{ ?kdf ;kmfO lbO{ Gofo OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ljhogfy

e§/fO{sf] ldlt @)^%.%.!(sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

kfl/>lds lb+bfsf cj:yfdf Workplan -sfo{tflnsf_ adf]lhd ;Dk"0f{ l6d g]kfndf cfPkl5 lbg] s'/fdf jrgj2tf ePsf] / Inception report k]z ul/;s]sf], h'g !(,@))^ Invoice

adf]lhd klxnf] dlxgfsf] /sd dfu u/L ;Demf}tfsf] kIf IEF Inc

sf] e'QmfgL x'g] a}+ssf] vftf g+ ;d]t pknJw u/fPadf]lhd dfu ePsf] o'=P;=8n/ ^*,@&&,$( /sddf a}+ssf] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf] ldlt @)^#.#.!( sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd !% k|ltzt s/ tyf Eof6 /sd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] vftfdf hfg] / k/fdz{bftfx¿n] sfd u/]sf] ;do cjlwsf] lx;fjaf6 lbguGtLdf x'g cfpg] /sd o'=P;=8n/ %!,%#*=#@ a}+s ckm cd]l/sf dfk{mt\ e'QmfgL k7fpg ldlt @)^#.#.@) df a}lsª sfof{no yfkfynLnfO{ kqfrf/ u/L h'nfO{ %,@))^ tbcg';f/ ldlt @)^#.#.@! df e'QmfgL uPsf] xf] . k/fdz{bft[ ;+:YffnfO{ o'=P;=8n/ %!,%#*.=#@ sf] e'QmfgL ubf{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]gn] lgwf{l/t k|lqmof / sfo{ljlw lgsf;fsf nflu lbOPsf] clVtof/L tyf ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt k|

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fjwfgx¿ k"/f u/L e'QmfgL lbPsf] x'Fbf g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ hfgL hfgL ab\lgotk"j{s s'g} xflg gf]]S;fgL u/fPsf] 5}g . pQm k/fdz{bftf ;+:yfnfO{ lgodj4 ?kdf e'Qmfg ul/Psf] /sd World

Bank ;Fu cS6'j/ @^,@))^ df dful/ World Bank n] gf]e]Dj/ &,@))^ df :jLs[t u/L gf]e]Dj/ *,@))^ df g]kfn /fi6« a}+s j}lsË sfof{no yfkfynLdf ;f]wegf{ e'QmfgL e} a}+ssf] Psfp06 g+ !$#!$) df hDdf e};s]sf] 5 . h;sf] k|df0f ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 . o;/L sfd u/]afkt ;do cjlwsf] lbguGtL u/L k/fdz{bftf ;+:Yff;u ePsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd e'QmfgL e} uPsf] /sd World

Bank n] ;f]wegf{ afkt e'QmfgL ;d]t k7fO{ ;s]sf] /sd ;d]tnfO{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] egL u/]sf] k}m;nf cfk}m kmf}hbf/L Gofo ljk/Lt unt Pj+ u}/sfg"gL ePsfn] ab/efuL 5 .

Inception Report a}ssf] ;DklQ ePsf] / cfjZostfg';f/ o;nfO{ a}+sn] eljiodf ;d]t k|of]u ug{;Sg] g} x'Fbf sfd u/]sf] ;do cjlwsf] lbg uGtLsf] lx;fjn] kfl/>ldsafkt ul/Psf]

e'QmfgLaf6 a}+snfO{ s'g} Iflt x'guO{ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] xflg gf]]S;fgL x'g uPsf] cj:yf g} 5}g . k}m;nfdf o:tf] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{Psfn] ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt k|fjwfg tyf cg'bfg /sdsf] d"n dd{ / dg;fo ;d]t ljk/Lt x'g] u/L k}m;nf x'g uPsf] eGg] s'/f k|i6 b]lvG5 .

k/fdz{bft[ ;+:Yff / g]kfn /fi6« a}+saLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf ;+nUg b'j} kIf ;xdt eO{ ljZja}+ssf] ;xdltdf xfnnfO{ g]kfn cfPsf % hgf k/fdz{bftfx¿af6 sfd u/fpg] eGg] lg0f{ocg';f/sf] u/fPsf] sfo{nfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ ljk/Lt eGg ldNb}g . ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf o;k|sf/sf] Jojwfg cfpg' ;fdfGo k|lqmof ePsf] / o:tf] cj:yfdf b'j} kIfn] ;xdltdf cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L To:tf Jojwfg x6fpg ;lsg] cj:yf ;Demf}tfsf] GCC @=$ df ;d]t /x]sf], ;Demf}tfsf] zt{cg';f/ % hgfsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lb+bf ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ d'tfljs k|yd dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds pNn]v u/L lghx¿sf] xflh/L /]s8{cg';f/ kfl/>lds Pj+ Reimbursable Expenses u0fgf u/L jf:tljs ?kdf xflh/ ePsf]

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lbgx¿sf] dfq kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lbPsf] x'Fbf l6Kk0fL cfb]z em"7f Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] kfO{Psf] 5 eGg] k}m;nfsf] s'/fdf s'g} ;Totf j:t'lgi7 tyf tYout cfwf/x¿ 5}gg\ .

;Demf}tfsf] zt{adf]lhd sfddf nufPkl5 clgjfo{ ?kdf e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf / of] /sd csf]{ kIfnfO{ dfuug]{ clwsf/ /xg] s'/f xfd|f] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -u_ tyf bkmf *$ sf] pkbkmf -!_ df k|i6 ?kdf 5 . sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] /sd e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ ;Demf}tf kqsf] zt{ tyf s/f/ sfg"gsf] Joj:yfsf] g} k|lts"nsf s'/fx¿ k}m;nfdf pNn]v ub}{ kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ul/Psf] sfo{af6 e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ b]Vg' eg]sf] s/f/ sfg"gdf Jojl:yt k|fjwfg tyf s/f/sf] dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ g} gj'e]msf] xf] eGg] k|i6 x'G5 . ;Demf}tfsf] zt{ tyf k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ jf:tljs eP u/]sf] sfdsf] e'QmfgL u/]sf] sfo{af6 e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *-#_ sf] s;"/ :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g . o; bkmfcg';f/ s;"/ :yflkt x'gsf] nflu ab\lgotk"0f{ sfo{ :yflkt x'g'kb{5 . ab\lgot k|dfl0ft x'g e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd s'g}

k|sf/n] lnP vfPsf] k|dfl0ft x'g'kb{5 . of] tYo k|dfl0ft geO{ pQm bkmfcg';f/sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft x'g ;Sb}g . o; jf/]df ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 w]/} d'2fx¿df l;4fGt tyf ghL/ ;d]t k|ltkfbg eO;s]sf 5g . o;y{klg pQm k}m;nf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt Pj+ :yflkt ghL/x¿ ;d]t ljk/Lt eO{ ab/efuL /x]sf]5 .

;Demf}tf sfof{Gog ubf{ tyf ;Demf}tf tf]8\bfsf] cj:yfdf ;+nUg cGo JolQmx¿nfO{ ljkIfL ;d]t gagfO{ l/;OjLsf] cfwf/df ha/h:tL xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg] / km;fpg] lgotaf6 clek|]l/t eO{ d ;d]t @ hgfnfO{ dfq cf/f]lkt ul/Psf] tYox¿ :yflkt / k|dfl0ft /x] ePsf]df ;f] ;DaGwdf s'g} jf:tf / k|sfz g} gu/L d ;d]tnfO{ bf]ifL ;hfosf] efuLbf/ agfpg' ;/f;/ cGofo ug'{ xf] . d ;d]taf6 s'g} uNtL u/]sf] 5}g eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 k'li6 e} /x]sf] cj:yfdf d ;d]tn] k"0f{ ;kmfO kfpg' kg]{df sfd u/]sf] ;do cjlwsf] ;Demf}tfsf] zt{adf]lhd e'QmfgL u/]sf] kfl/>lds / ;f] /sd ljZja}+saf6 ;d]t /fi6« a}

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+sdf ;f]wegf{ e'QmfgL e};s]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] egL d ;d]tnfO{ h/Ljfgf ug]{ ul/ unt ldYof Pj+ slyt ts{ cufl8 ;f/L cfTdlgi7 ?kdf;=c= Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] k}m;nf plNnlvt tYo, k|df0f, sfg"g tyf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :yflkt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt e} ;f] xb;Dd unt, u}/sfg"gL tyf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf]n] pQm k}m;nf ab/ ul/ ljkIfLsf] em"7f bfjLaf6 k"0f{?kdf ;kmfO kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf] ldlt @)^%.%.!( sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df ;+:yfnfO{ gf]S;fgL x'g'sf] ;fy} cf/f]lkt JolQmn] u}/sfg"gL tl/sfn] gub jf lhG;L jf cGo s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;'ljwf lnO{ u}/sfg"gL tl/sfn] 3";sf] ?kdf nfe lnPsf] ;d]t b]lvg' kb{5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLn] k'g/fj]bsx¿ Benefitted

ePsf] s'g} klg k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf / ljz]if cbfntsf tLg ;b:odWo] Ps ;b:on] d'2fdf 7x/ ug'{kg]{ ljifo;Fu ;Dj4 s'/f IEF. Inc. sf] cl:tTj osLg u/]/ dfq lg0f{o ug'{k5{ eGg] /fo JoQm ubf{ub}{

k'g/fj]bsx¿nfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofO{ u/]sf] k}m;nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf d=Gof=sf= nfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.!.@& sf] cfb]z .

lgodadf]lhd d'2f k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg lhsL/;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L b'j} tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf, clwjQmfx¿ Pj+ pkGofoflwjQmfn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .

ax;sf] qmddf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿sf tkm{af6 ax; k|f/De ub}{ ljåfg clwjQmf >L /f3jnfn j}Bn] bfjLcg';f/ ;Demf}tfsf] cl:tTj sfNklgs xf] eGg] k|dfl0ft 5}g . /fi6« a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o / ljZja}+ssf] cg'df]bgcg';f/ ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . To;sf] k|lqmof oL k|ltjfbLx¿n] cf cfkm\gf] kbef/ ;+efNg' eGbf klxnf b]lv g} k|f/De eO;s]sf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6«o k|rngcg';f/ b'a} kIf Ps} 7fpFdf j;L ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug'{ cfjZos 5}g . ;ft hgf

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ljz]if1 gcfP klg kfFr hgf g]kfn cfO{ sfd u/]sf] k|dfl0ft 5 . ljZja}+sn] klg kfFr hgf af6} sfd u/fpg] u/L cfkmgf] ;xdlt lbPsf] 5 . g]kfndf cfO{ sfd u/]kl5 k/fdz{bftfn] Inception report

lbPsf] / ul/;s]sf] sfdsf] e'QmfgL dfu ul/Pkl5 dfq e'QmfgL lbOPsf] xf] . ;Demf}tf ueg{/n] eË gu/L k"j{ ;"rgf ;Dd lbPsf] xf] . /fi6« a}s af]8{sf] lg0f{oaf6 dfq ljlwjt ;Demf}tf eË ul/Psf] xf] . /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #) n] ueg{/sf] sfd st{Jo pNn]v u/]sf] 5, To;sf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfd ePsf] 5}g . e|i6frf/ / ab\lgot st}af6 k'li6 gePsf] / of] d'2f bfo/ ug]{ lg0f{o g} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] lg0f{o gePsf]n] k|:t't bfjL g} vf/]h ug'{ k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] . +

o:t} ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ zDe' yfkf, nj d}gfnL / s[i0f ;fksf]6fn] ueg{/ h:tf] kbdf a;]sf] JolQmn] ;w} w]/} lg0f{o ug'{kb{5, c;n lgotn] sfd ubf{ub}{ klg obf sbf q'l6 jf sdhf]/L x'g ;Sb5 t/ To:tf] sfo{nfO{ e|i6frf/ eGg ;lsb}g . /fi6« a}+s P]g,

@)%* sf] bkmf !)& n] c;nlgotn] ul/Psf] sfdsf] hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}g egL pGd'lQm k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't d'2f sfg"gadf]lhd clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] lg0f{o a]u/ / cfof]usf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ ToxfFsf ;lrjsf] cfb]z a]u/ btf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;Demf}tfsf] csf]{ kIfn] c?eGbf sd d"Nodf sfd ug]{ k|:tfj lbPsf]n] IEF ;Fu g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] xf], ;f] sDkgLnfO{ k|ltjfbL agfOPsf] 5}g / IEF

nfO{ a'lemPsf] klg 5}g . jfbL kIfn] k|ltjfbLx¿sf] s'g} klg sfd jf cGo k|df0faf6 e|i6frf/sf nflu cTofjZos tTj æab\lgotÆ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . e'QmfgL lbg] s'/fdf ljZja}+sn] cfkm\gf] kl5Nnf] sfd af6 :jLs[lt lbPsf] 5 . /fi6« a}+saf6 k/fdz{bftfnfO{ e'QmfgL uPsf] /sd laZja}+sn] /fi6« a}+ssf] vftfdf hDdf u/L ;s]kl5 /fi6« a}+s jf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ s'g} cfly{s Iflt g} ePsf] 5}g . KPMG af6 k|fKt kq elgPsf] !* h'gsf] kq k|fKt gx'Fb} tLg tLg hgf ;x

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GofoflwjQmfx¿sf] sfg"gL /fo ljk/Lt xtf/ u/L d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 / bfjL k|dfl0ft gePsf]n] k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO kfpg' k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .

ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ 8f= /+lht eQm k|wfgfË,, /dgs'df/ >]i7 / lzjk|;fb l/hfnn] b'O{ cfo'Qm aLr dt}So x'g g;s]df t];|f] cfo'Qmsf] /fonfO{ afWofTds ?kn] kv{g' k5{, sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] /fon] bfo/ ul/Psf] d'2f sfg"g / :yflkt ghL/ -g]sfk @)$( lg=g+= $%#*, k[= $^%_ ;d]t ljk/Lt 5, ab\lgot k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5}g . sfg"gn] g} To;sf] lgsf; gu/];Dd ha/h:tL cWoIfsf] /fo ;b/ u/L d'2f bfo/ ug{ ldNb}g, k|ltjfbLx¿n] cfkm"n] vfPsf] eGg] bfjL / k|df0f 5}g . /fi6« a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;a} sfd ePsf]n] 5fgL 5fgL sf/jfxL ug{ ldNb}g eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .

k|ltjfbLx¿sf] tkm{af6 cGTodf ax; k|:t't ub}{ laåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf u0f]z/fh zdf{n] cfof]unfO{ k|fKt sfg"gL k/fdz{ ljk/Lt k|:t't d'2f rnfOPsf] 5 . /fi6« a}

+s / k/fdz{bftf aLrsf] ;Demf}tfsf] k|To]s r/0fdf ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt / /fi6« a}+ssf] lg0f{o 5 . e|i6frf/ d'2fdf lg0f{fos tTj æab\lgotÆ k|dfl0ft x'g' cfjZos 5 To;sf] cefjdf /fi6« ;]jsnfO{ sfdsf] ;'/Iff Safeguards k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;df ab\lgot nufot e|i6frf/sf cGo tTjx¿ k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5}g . k|ltjfbL agfpg' kg]{ ;j}nfO{ d'2f grnfO{ 5fgL 5fgL oL k'g/fj]bsx¿ pk/ lg/fwf/ cleof]u nufO{ d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . cfkm} jfbL x'g] u/L k|ltjfbL g} gagfOPsf] JolQmnfO{ lemsfO{ sf/jfxL ul//xg' klg kb}{g eGg] ;af]{Rr cbfntaf6 ghL/ ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . -g]sfk @)^#, lg=g+= &&!@, k[i7 &#&_ b'ef{jgfo'Qm sf/jfxL Malicious Prosecution af6 d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] k|i6 5 . cf/f]lkt s;"/ bfjL k|dfl0ft gePsf]n] k|ltjfbLx¿n] ;kmfO kfpg' k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .

k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf lzjaxfb'/ /fgfef6n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !!( n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u

1273


cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfjZos ;+Vofdf cGo cfo'Qmx¿ /xg] Joj:yf ;Dd u/]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f k|d'v cfo'Qm ;lxt b'O{{ hgf dfq cfo'Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] ljifodf b'O{ hgfsf] /fo gldn]df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod #-$_ cg';f/ k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] dtnfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dfGg'kb{5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ k|:t't d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;+lawfg / sfg"gsf] AofVof ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf lqmofzLn x'g] u/L ug'{ k5{, lgliqmo x'g] u/L ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;Demf}tf cg';f/ k/fdz{bftfx¿ g]kfn cfpFb} gcfP klg ;Demf}tfsf] ljz]if zt{sf] bkmf ^=$+ ljk/Lt e'QmfgL lbPsf] elgPsf] /sd hfgL hfgL g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg] ab\lgot /fvL ;f] e'QmfgL lbOPsf] k'li6 ePsf]n] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] k}m;nf dgfl;j x'Fbf ;b/ x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .

j:t'tM g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f ;DaGwL sfdsf] ;'9[l9s/0fsf] nflu g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / IEF Inc.Lloyd

Hill Okton, USA in Association of KPMG

Srilanka aLr ljZja}+ssf] o'=P;=8n/ @^,%(,%*). ;xof]udf ldlt ^ k]mj|c/L @))^ df ;DkGg ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k/fdz{bftfn] k"/f gu/]sf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf] / To;f] ubf{ k/fdz{ bftf;Fu xh{gfafktsf] Ifltk"lt{ /sd dfu bfjL ug'{kg]{df ueg{/n] JolQmut :jfy{sf] cfwf/df k/fdz{bftf kIf;Fu /sd n]gb]g u/L sl/j tLgs/f]8 g]kfnL ?k}of xhf{gf 5'6u/fO{ clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf]n] cfjZos sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k/]sf] ph"/ lgj]bgaf6 p7fg ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] Re– engineering ;DaGwL sfdsf] nflu ljZja}+saf6 pknJw ;xof]u /sd o'=P;= 8n/ @^,%(,%*). sf] nfutdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s / k/dz{bftf IEF Inc.Lloyd Hill Okton, USA in Association of KPMG Srilanka aLr ldlt ^ k]mj|c/L @))^ df ;Demf}tf ePsf] /x]5 . ;f] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd Key Personnels and Sub

consultants df Bank Examination Expert

df rf/hgf, Non Bank Examination

Expert df b'O{hgf / Off-Site

Supervisor df Pshgf ;d]t 1274


u/L ;d'Rr} kl/of]hgfsf]nflu & hjfg Key Personnel /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf]df % hgf ljz]if1af6 @^ dfr{, @))^ b]lv @$ clk|n, @))^ ;Dd Inception Report tof/ u/]sf] sfo{ ;Demf}tf ljk/Lt /x]sf], k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k'/f ug{ c;kmn ePsf]n] ;Demf}tfsf] Clause

2.6.1(@) adf]lhd ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ / To;sf] #) lbg] k"j{;"rgf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbg] g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ueg{/af6 ldlt @)^#.&.@# df ePsf] lg0f{oaf6 ;Demf}tf eË ePsf] cj:yf 5 . ;Demf}tfadf]lhd lgo'Qm eGg] cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{kg]{ blfoTj ljb]zL k/fdz{bftf g]kfndf k|j]z u/]sf] k|df0f k]z ug{ g;Sg] t/ lgoldt xflh/ k|dfl0ft u/L Inception Report tof/ u/]sf] egL o'=P; 8/n ^*,@&&.$( sf] g]=?=%),!$,@(*.*^ /sd kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lbg] g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ue{g/ ljhogfy e§/fO{ / ;Dj4 sfdsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfgsf] sfd sf/jfxL e|i6frf/hGo /x]sf] ;fy} ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj kfngf gug]{ kIf;Fu xh{gfafkt s/f/ d"No

o'=P;=8n/ @^,%(,%*). sf] tTsfnLg k|rlnt ljlgdo b/ &#=$$ n] x'g cfpg] g]=?=!(,%#,!(%%%.@) sf] sDtLdf bz k|ltztsf] b/n] x'g cfpg] Ifltk"lt{ ?=!,(%,(%%.%@ dfu bfjL ug'{kg]{df gu/]sf] ;d]tsf sf/0faf6 g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf ue{g/ ljhogfy e§/fO{ / sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *-#_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lv+g cfPsf]n] ab\lgotk"j{s e'QmfgL lbOPsf] ?=%),!$,@(*.*^ / Ifltk"lt{ afkt bflj gu/L g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf] ljuf] ?=!,(%,(%%.%@ ;d]t hDdf ?=@,$%,$^,@%$. #* ljuf] sfod u/L e|i6frf/ lgj/0f P]g, @)%( sf] ;f]xL bkmfsf] ;f]xL pkbkmf adf]lhd @ jif{ ;Dd s}b jf ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo cleof]u bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . z'? ljz]if cbfntsf cWoIf dfggLo GofofwLz >L e'kWjh clwsf/Ln] k|ltjfbLx¿ ljhogfy e§/fO{ / ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] e|i6frf/sf] cf/f]kaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ egL /fo JoQm u/]sf], To:t} ;b:o dfggLo GofofwLz sf]dngfy zdf{n]

1275


clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 yk tYosf] 5fgljg / cGo s'/fx¿ ;d]t j'‰g'kg]{ /fo JoQm u/]sf], ;b:o dfggLo GofofwLz >L rf]n]Gb| zDz]/ h=j=/fn] e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ 7xg]{ /fo JoQm u/L ljz]if cbfntsf tLg hgf dfggLo GofofwLzx¿ aLr leGgfleGg} /fo JoQm ePsf] cj:yf e} jx'dt sfod x'g g;s]sf]n] ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^-%_ adf]lhd lg0f{osf] nflu ldl;n ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;dIf k]z e} o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 k/fdz{bftfnfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] o"= P;= 8n/ %!%#*.#@ sf] tTsfnLg ljlgdo b/c'g;f/ ?=#&*$,(&$.@@ /sd ;Dd e|i6frf/ u/]sf] 7x/L ldlt @)^$.!@.% df ePsf] k}m;nfpk/ k|ltjfbLx¿sf] tk{maf6 o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] kfOof] .

d'n'ssf] cfly{s If]q ;'wf/sf] gfddf ljZja}+saf6 ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] !( s/f]8 %) nfv eGbf j9L /fzLsf] /sd kl/rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf å}wgfd / :ki6 klxrfg gePsf] ;+:yf IEF Inc.Lloyd Hill Okton, USA in Association of KPMG Srilanka ;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf g} ab\lgotk"0f{ / sfNklgs 5 egL clVtof/ b'?kof]u

cg';Gwfg cfof]un] k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/ nufPsf] cf/f]ksf] ;DaGwdf o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ;f] cleof]u jfbL kIfaf6 k|dfl0ft x'g g;s]sf] egL / ;Demf}tfadf]lhd bfloTj kfngf gug]{ kIf;Fu xhf{gfafkt kfpg' kg]{ Ifltk"lt{ ?=!,(%,(%%.%@ j/fj/sf] /sd bf];|f] kIf;Fu e/fO{ kfpg k|ltjfbLx¿n] Ifltk"lt{df bfjL gu/]sf] egL pQm ?=!,(%,(%%.%@ /sdnfO{ ;d]t ljuf] sfod u/L ;hfo x'g'k5{ eGg] cleof]u bfjLsf ;DaGwdf Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL gu/]sf]nfO{ dfq e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf] ;+1flbg gldNg] egL o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ r'gf}tL lbO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 k'g/fjb]g k/]sf] cj:Yff gb]lvFbf To;tk{m c?=ljrf/ ul//xg k/]g .

d'ntM k|ltjfbLx¿sf tk{maf6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwdf 5nkmn e} cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] plNnlvt tYout l:ylt o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] k}m;nfpk/ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ tk{maf6 k'g/fjb]g gk/]sf]

1276


cj:Yff / k|ltjfbLx¿sf] tk{maf6 dfq k'g/fjk]bg k/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bsx¿sf] tk{maf6 p7fO{Psf] k|Zg / pQm k}m;nfaf6 k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ ;hfo ePpk/ k'g/fj]bsx¿sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ ;DaGwaf6 ljrf/ ubf{ lgDg ljifox¿sf] ;DaGwdf lg?k0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M–

! k|:t't d'2f clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 cg';Gwfg u/L clws[t JolQmaf6 bfo/ ePsf] 5, 5}g <

@ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf tTsfn sfo{/t /x]sf b'O{ hgf cfo'Qm aLr dt}So x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] /fonfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dfg]/ k|:t't d'2f btf{ ul/Psf] sfg"g;Ddt 5 jf 5}g <

# ljz]if cbfntsf cWoIf Pj+ ;b:o aLr /fo gldnL tLg leGgleGg} /fo ePsf]df o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 tLg /fo eGbf leGg} k|s[ltsf] /fo 7x/ ug{ ldNg] xf], xf]Og <

$ k|ltjfbLx¿sf] sfo{af6 g]kfn /fi6« a}

+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] 5, 5}g < k|ltjfbLx¿n] ab\lgotk"j{s sfd u/L cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ / lghx¿sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;S5, ;Sb}g <

@= k|ydtM klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ oL k|ltjfbLx¿n] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ cglws[t JolQmaf6 cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f bfo/ u/]sf], d'2f bfo/ ug{ cfb]z lb+bfsf cj:yfdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|d'v cfo'Qm g/x]sf] s]jn b'O{ hgf dfq cfo'Qm /x]sf, sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmn] k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] x}l;ot k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf ;dfg x}l;ot /x]sf b'O{ hgf cfo'QmdWo] Ps hgf cfo'Qmsf] lg0f{oaf6 d'2f bfo/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gx'Fbf sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmn] dfq d'2f bfo/ ug]{ egL JoQm u/]sf] /fonfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dfGg ldNb}g . To;}n] sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmn] k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] x}l;ot k|fKt gug]{ ePaf6 sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmaf6 JoQm ePsf] /fosf] cfwf/df bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't cf/f]kkq g} k|f/DetM

1277


z"Gok"0f{ ePsf]n] o:tf] cf/f]kkqnfO{ u|x0f u/L ePsf] OG;fkm q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o pN6L u/L z"Go cj:yfsf] cf/f]k kq vf/]h u/L cleof]u bfjLaf6 cfk"mn] ;kmfO kfpg'k5{ eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] / ;f] ;DaGwdf lghx¿sf sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] p7fPsf] ax; j'Fbfx¿ ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] d'2fsf] txlssft / cGo sf/jfxL ubf{ u/fpFbf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ v6fpg ;Sg] tyf ;DalGwt ljifosf] ljz]if1 jf ljlzi6Ls[t lgsfosf] ;]jf lng ;Sg] clwsf/ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @) / @! n] cfof]unfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] adf]lhd ;x;lrj /~hgs[i0f cof{nnfO{ cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]s]sf] / d'2f rnfpg] /fo JoQm ug]{ sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qm nlntaxfb'/ lnDj"n] lgh /Ghgs[i0f cof{nsf] gfdaf6 d'2f bfo/ ul/g] Joxf]/f ;d]tsf] lg0f{o u/]sf] ;DalGwt kmfOnaf6 b]lvPaf6 cglws[t JolQmaf6 cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] eGg] k'g/fj]bs tk{maf6 p7fOPsf] k|

Zg;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . cfof]usf] d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf tn 5'§} ljj]rgf ul/Psf] x'Fbf oxfF c?=ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5}g .

#= To:t} bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf x]bf{, k|:t't d'2f bfo/ ug]{ lg0f{o cfof]usf] lg0f{o g} gePsf]n] z"Gosf] cj:yfsf] cf/f]k kq vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ Pj+ lghtk{msf sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax;tk{m ljrf/ ubf{ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod #-#_ / -$_ n] cfof]usf] lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . P]=lgod #-#_ n] cfof]usf] j}7ssf] cWoIftf k|d'v cfo'Qmn] ug]{ / lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf k|d'v cfo'QmnfO{ ePsf] clwsf/ jl/i7 cfo'Qmn] k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] pklgod -$_ n] jx'dt cfo'Qmsf] lg0f{onfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dflgg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . s'g} ljifodf jx'dt sfod x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|d'v cfo'Qm ;d]tsf] dtnfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dflgg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o ubf{sf cj:yfdf nlntaxfb'/ lnDj" sfo{jfxs k|d'v

1278


cfo'Qm /x] ePsf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] cg'kl:yltdf lghsf] clwsf/ jl/i7 cfo'Qmn] k|of]u ug]{ lgoddf Joj:yf eO{/x]sf]df sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qm ;d]t /x]sf nlntaxfb'/ lnDj"n] k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] clwsf/ ;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . hxfF;Dd s'g} ljifodf jx'dt sfod x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|d'v cfo'Qm ;d]tsf] dtnfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dflgg] 5 egL lgod #-$_ df k|of]u ePsf] k|d'v cfo'Qm ;d]t eGg] zJbfjnLn] cfof]usf] lg0f{o x'gsf nflu k|d'v cfo'Qm;Fu csf]{ cfo'Qmsf] klg dt ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{odf sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] dfq dt ePsf]n] sf=jf k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] lg0f{on] dfq cleof]u bfo/ x'g g;Sg] eGg] k|ltjfbL tk{msf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] lhsL/sf] ;Gbe{ 5 ;f]tk{m ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!(-!_ n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] cltl/Qm cfjZos ;+Vofdf cGo cfo'Qm /x]g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] cltl/Qm cGo cfo'Qmx¿sf] ;+Vof olt x'g] egL lglZrt jf ;Lldt u/]sf] 5}g . cfjZos ;+Vofdf eGg]

jfSofFzn] cfjZostfcg';f/ Ps jf Ps eGbf j9L cfo'Qmx¿ /xg ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] OlËt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo Ps hgf dfq cGo cfo'Qm x'g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g / k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo Ps hgf cfo'Qm dfq /x] ePsf] cj:yfdf b'j} hgf aLr dt leGgtf ePdf k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] /fonfO{ g} cfof]usf] lg0f{o dfGg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg cfpF5 . olb o;f] gx'g] egL cy{ ug]{ xf] eg] ;j}wflgs lgsfosf] ;+/rgf g} lg/y{s Pj+ lgliqmo x'g hfG5 . s'g} klg ;+ljwfg jf sfg"gsf] JofVofsf] p2]Zo ;fy{stf;Fu 5, lg/y{stf;Fu xf]Og . sfg"gsf] JofVof p2]Zod"ns 9+un] sfg"gL k|fjwfg lqmofzLn x'g] u/L ug'{ JofVofsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt klg xf] . To;}n] k|:t't ;Gbe{df b'O{hgf cfo'QmdWo] Pshgf k|d'v cfo'Qm ;d]tsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ sfo{jfxs cfo'Qm /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvFbf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod #-#_ / -$_ n] k|d'v ;d]tsf] dtnfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dflgg] cj:Yff b]lvPaf6

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b'O{hgf aLr dt leGgtf eO{ j/fj/df dt ljefhg ePsf] eGg] cy{ u/L d'2f rnfPsf] u}/sfg"gL ePsf] egL cy{ ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf ;f]xL cfwf/df cleof]u kq g} vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] k|ltjfbLx¿sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ Pj+ lgh tk{msf sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

$= t];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ljif]z cbfntsf cWoIf Pj+ ;b:o aLr /fo gldnL dt}So gePsf] cj:yf tLg lsl;dsf] /fo JoQm ePsf] b]lvPaf6} k|i6 x'G5 . ljz]if cbfntsf cWoIf ;b:o;lxt tLg} hgfsf] tLg leGgfleGg} /fo ePsf]df ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf %, ^ / & lqmofzLn eO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 d'2f x]l/g] cj:yf cfpF5 . o;df s'g} b'ljwf b]lvFb}g . hxfF;Dd ljz]if cbfntsf tLg} hgf GofofwLzaLr dt}So geO{ jx'dt sfod x'g g;sL 5'§f5'§} JoQm u/]sf] /fo ljz]if cbfntsf] k}m;nf xf]Og . ljz]if cbfntsf] o:tf] /fo ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;df k]z ePkl5 ljz]if cbfntsf] tLg /fodWo] Pp6f /fonfO{ ;dy{g ug'{k5{ . Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;n] pQm

tLgj6} /fonfO{ 5f]8]/ 5'§} lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] k|ltjfbLx¿ tk{msf sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax;tk{m ljrf/ ubf{ ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^ n] ljz]if cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q / k|of]usf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf % df pkbkmf $ adf]lhd klxnf cg'kl:yt /xg] ;b:o ;dIf k]z ubf{ klg jx'dt sfod x'g g;s]df lg0f{osf] nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pkbkmf ^ df pkbkmf % adf]lhd k]z u/]sf] d'2fnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cu|flwsf/ k|bfg u/L ;'gjfO{ ug]{5 eGb} pkbkmf & df pkbkmf % adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] d'2fsf] ;'gjfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ul/g]5 / ;f] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] lg0f{o g} ljz]if cbfntsf] lg0f{o dflgg]5 egL Joj:Yff u/]sf] b]lvPaf6 ;f] pkbkmfn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;n] ljz]if cbfntsf] cWoIf cyjf s'g} Ps hgf ;b:osf] /fonfO{ ;dYf{g dfq ug'{kg]{ u/L clwsf/ lglZrt jf ;Lldt u/]sf] kfOb}g . j:t'tM ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ohnf;nfO{ lg0f{o lb+bf dftxtsf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] /fo ;dy{g dfq

1280


ug]{ u/L ;Lldt ul/g' Gofo / sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm klg x'b}g . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf b'O{ GofofwLzaLr dt}So x'g g;sL b'O{ /fo ePsf]df k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 x'jx' b'O{ /fodWo] Ps /fo ;dy{g ge} j]Un} /fo lgisif{ cfPsf] klg kfOG5 . -g]sfk @)^%, lg=g+ &(!!, k[i7 !_ t;y{ ljz]if cbfntsf # hgf GofofwLzsf] /fo dWo] s'g} Ps hgfsf] /fo ;dy{g gu/L 5'§} k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o lbPsf] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] k}m;nf ;f] cfwf/df q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg] k'g/fj]bstk{maf6 lnOPsf] lhsL/ / ax; j'Fbf;Fu klg ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

%= cj rf}yf] k|Zgdf ljrf/ ubf{ o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ jfbL kIfn] nufPsf] cf/f]kdWo] o'=P;=8n/ %!%#*.#@ sf] tTsfnLg ljlgdob/ cg';f/ ?=#&,*$,(&$.@@ e'QmfgL lbO{ k|ltjfbLx¿n] e|i6frf/ u/]sf] 7x/L k}m;nf ePsf] / ;f] k}m;nfpk/ k|ltjfbLx¿sf] tk{maf6 dfq k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbLx¿ ljhogfy e§/fO{ / ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf]

pQm /sd e'QmfgL lbg] sfo{ ab\lgotk"0f{ 5 5}g / lghx¿sf] sfo{af6 g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] 5 5}g < k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ 7x/fO{ ;hfo u/]sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] ljifodf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

^= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] oL k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf e|i6frf/ u/]sf] egL cf/f]k nufpbf d'Vo ?kdf ;Demf}tfsf kIfx¿ sfNklgs jgfj6L / ;d'Rrf ;Demf}tf g} em"7f sLt]{ / hfn;fhL sfuhftsf] cfwf/df tof/ ePsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd & hgf ljz]if1af6 sfd u/fpg' kg]{df % hgf ljz]if1n] dfq sfd u/]sf] egL sfd g} gu/sf] cj:yfdf e'QmfgL ;d]t k7fO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL k'¥ofO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *-#_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] egL ;f]xL bkmfsf] ;f]xL pkbkmf adf]lhd ;hfosf] dfu bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tfsf kIfx¿ sf] /x]5g\ / s] sfdsf] nflu s] s;/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] /x]5 egL x]bf{ ljZja}

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+ssf] cg'bfg ;xof]udf g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] Re-

engineering sfo{sf] Phase II

cGtu{t /fi6« a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{sf] nfuL dfr{ @$, @^ / #! @))$ df lj1fkg k|sflzt ul/Psf]df cGt/fli6«o :t/df hDdf @) j6f ;+:yfx¿af6 Expression of interest -EOI_ k|fKt e} o;df ljZja}+ssf] k|lqmof cGtu{t /xL EOI x¿sf] d"NofÍg kZrft\ ^ j6f ;:yfx¿ shortlist df k/L tL ;+:Yffx¿af6 k|fKt Technical tyf Financial Proposal x¿sf] d"NofÍg u/L ;f] kZrft\ dfq ;f] sfo{sf nfuL ;aeGbf sd Financial

Proposal ePsf] M/S IEF inc. in

association with KPMG, SriLanka ;Fu pQm sfdsf] nflu cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt ;d]t lnO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 . M/S IEF

inc n] EOI k]z ubf{ g} o;kl5sf kqåf/f IEF Solution sf] E.mail

Address dfk{mt\ ug{ ;lsg] Joxf]/f tyf M/S IEF inc in association

with KPMG, SriLanka sf] ;Dk{s 7]ufgf ;d]t ;Demf}tf kqsf] ljz]if zt{sf] g+ !=$=/ !=^ df Mr.S.V Bhardwaj ;Fu x'g] egL k|i6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;Gbe{df oxL

7]ufgfadf]lhd kqfrf/ ePsf] b]lvof] . j:t'tM z+sfx¿sf] cfwf/df dfq pQm ;Demf}tf sk6k"0f{ jf sfNklgs xf] egL 7x/fpg' jf lgisif{ lgsfNg' Gofok"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g . pQm ;Demf}tf g} ab\lgotk"0f{ sfNklgs JolQmx¿4f/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] xf] eGg] cleof]u bfjL z+sf/xLt tj/af6 k|dfl0ft x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] Ps GofofwLzsf] /fo x'Fbf ;Demf}tf sfNklgs jf sk6k"0f{ xf] eGg] s'/f :jtM l;4 ePg . o; ;+DjGwdf jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg gk/]sf] cj:Yff x'Fbf ;Demf}tfsf] j}wtf jf/] z+sf u/L /xg] 7fpF /x]g .

&= hxfF;Dd % hgf ljz]if1n] sfd u/]sf] egL ;Demf}tfadf]lhd sfd g} gu/L e'QmfgL lbPsf] eGg] cf/f]k 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] ;+Vofdf & hgf g} k/fdz{bftf g]kfn cfPsf] t/ @ hgf Original k|:tfjdf plNnlvt JolQm gePsf] g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] 5fgljg u/L z'?df g} @ hgfnfO{ dfq lkmtf{ k7fPsf] / afFsL % hgfn] dfr{ @^, @))^ b]lv sfo{ z'? u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . sfd u/]afktsf] /sd e'QmfgL k7fpbf ;Demf}tfcg';f/sf] k"/} k/fdz{bftfsf] kfl/>lds

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k7fPsf] geO{ sfd ug]{ % hgf k/fdz{bftfn] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'kftdf k7fPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . kfl/>lds afktsf] /sd ljz]if1nfO{ ;Lw} e'QmfgL glbO{ ;Demf}tfsf] d'VokIf g]t[Tj ug]{ ;+:Yff M/S IEF. Inc.

sf] gfddf Telegrapnic transfer u/L Payment k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . Contract termination x'g' eGbf cl3 g} ul/;s]sf] sfdsf] nflu ;Demf}tfsf] Cluse 2.6.3(a)

adf]lhd /sd e'QmfgL lbPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . k/fdz{bftfx¿n] u/]sf] sfd ;Demf}tfadf]lhd % hgfsf] ;+o'Qm x:tfIf/af6 First

Inception Report clk|n @$, @))^ df j'emfO{ $ hgf k/fdz{bftfn] cfˆgf] clVtof/L ;lxt afFsL ! hgf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|fKt Inception

Report ;DalGwt /fi6« a}+ssf] ljefux¿df k7fO{ cfjZos /fo ;'emfjsf nflu k]z u/L tL ljefux¿af6 k|fKt Comments ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L ! hgfsf] x:tf/Ifo'Qm Final Inception

Report % h"g @))^ df j'emfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tfadf]lhd M/S IEF Inc n] & hgf k/fdz{bftf pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf] cj:Yffdf ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt lnO{ % hgf k/fdz{bftfx¿af6 Inception Report

tof/ u/]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf sfd geO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] eGg] cf/f]k o'lQm;+ut b]lvPg . ;+Demf}tf adf]lhd Work plan

k]z gu/L u/]sf] sfdafkt e'QmfgL lbg gldNg] eGg] lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf Inception Report

dfq tof/ ePsf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tf g} eË eO{ cGo sfd cufl8 gj9]sf] cj:Yffdf Work plan jGg] cj:y} ePg .

*= pk/f]Qm tYout kl/k|]Iodf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿n] e|i6frf/ 7xl/g] sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ 5}gg\ egL x]g'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ ck/fw 7xg{sf] nflu To:tf] sfo{df ab\lgot tTjsf] ljBdfgtf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . jfbL kIfn] cleof]u nufpbf k'g/fj]bsx¿n] plNnlvt /sd e'QmfgL lbO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf # sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] eGb} ;f]xL bkmfsf] ;f]xL pkbkmf adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf *-#_ df pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df n]lvP b]lv afx]s cGo s'g} sfd u/L ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ab\lgotk"j{s s'g} lsl;dn] xflg gf]]S;fgL u/] jf u/fPdf s;"/sf]

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dfqf cg';f/ b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] 5 egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . of] bkmfsf] ;du| ds;b klg ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ab\lgotk"j{s s'g} lsl;dn] xfgL jf gf]S;fgL u/] jf u/fPsf] x'g'kg]{ egL To:tf] sfo{df ab\lgot tTjsf] clgjfo{ ljBdfgtf x'g'kg]{ eGg] g} b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ d'2fdf e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft x'gsf] nflu dg;fotTjsf] ;fy} ab\lgotk"0f{ lqmofaf6 sfo{ sf/0f ePsf] eGg] k|i6 b]lvg'kg]{ x'G5 . oL tTjsf] cefjdf ePsf] lqmofnfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgLsf] cfwf/df dfq} e|i6frf/ u/]sf] egL 7x/ ug'{ Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'Qm gx'g] egL o; cbfntaf6 -g]sfk @)%$, lg=g ^$$*, k[i7 %%#_ l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] cj:yf 5 . c;n lgotn] u/]sf] sfddf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)& n] hjfkmb]xL x'g' gkg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ & hgfsf] ;§f % hgf ljz]if1 k/fdz{bftfnfO{ sfddf nufPsf]df ljZja}+saf6 ;xdlt lnPsf] kfOG5 . e'QmfgL k7fpbf ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf]

k'/} k/fdz{bftfsf] kfl/>lds k7fPsf] geO{ u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'kftdf k7fPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . /sd a}+s 6«fG;km/ dfk{mt e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ ;Demf}tfsf] d'Vo kIf g]t[Tj ug]{ ;+:yf M/S IEF Inc

sf] gfddf hDdf ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf 5'§} e/kfO{ ul/g] / x'g] cj:yf ePg . k|ltjfbLx¿n] s'g} nfe lnPsf] eGg] cleof]u g} gePsf] / e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd ljZja}+saf6 :jLs[t eO{ ;f]w egf{ ePsf] eGg] s'/f The World Bank sf] News Release

No 2008/4/ NP News Release Paper sf] rf}yf] Kof/fu|fkmdf "The World Bank reimbursed this contract payment of US & 51538.32 on November, 2006 to Nepal Rastra Bank . The world Bank made this payment from a grant window. Our technical experts found that the work done by the consulting firm was satisfactorily caried Out against the terms of their contract " egL pNn]v ePaf6 ;d]t k|i6 x'G5 . bft[ lgsfon] g} e'QmfgL k|lqmofnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] cj:yfdf ab\lgotk"0f{ 9+un] /sd e'QmfgL lbPsf] eGg ldn]g . lsgsL /fi6« a}+sn] ljZj a}+saf6 k|fKt ug]{ ;xof]u /sd cfk"mv';L cfk}m vr{ u/]sf] geO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd ljZja}+saf6 :jLs[t eO{ ;f]w egf{ cfPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;+:yfsf] /sd b'?kof]u u/L e|

1284


i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] tYo k|dfl0ft x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g .

(= o;sf cltl/Qm ;Demf}tf ubf{ tyf tf]8\bf b'j} cj:yfdf ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 ;d]t lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] sfd;Dd oL k|ltjfbLx¿af6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ c;kmn ePsf]n] ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ jf/]sf] #) lbg] k"j{ ;"rgf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{ g} ;Demf}tf eË u/]sf] cy{{ u/L k|:t't cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . k/fdz{bftf ;+:yfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ c;kmn ePsf]n] ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ eGg] ljifosf] k|:tfj ;~rfns ;ldltdf k]z eO{ ;Demf}tf eË ug]{ egL ;~rfns ;ldltaf6} lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf d"ne"t lg0f{o ug]{ lgsfo ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ g} ljkIfL gjgfOPsf] cj:yf 5 . e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df s'g} sfd s'/f ug]{ u/fpg] jf lbg] / kfpg] b'j} JolQm jf lgsfo bf]ifL x'G5g\ . o; d'2fdf /sd kfpg] ;+:yf IEF. inc. nfO{ klg ljkIfL gagfO{ k'g/fj]bsx¿ @

hgfnfO{ dfq 5fg]/ -Pick &

Choose_ k|ltjfbL jgfPsf] cj:yf 5 . /sd k|fKt ug]{ IEF. inc. / ljleGg ;Demf}tf nufotsf k|lqmofnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltpk/ s'g} bfjL lng g;s]sf] cj:yfaf6 ;d]t cleof]u bfjL g} ;+lbUw Pj+ cfwf/k"0f{ gePsf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o; l:yltdf o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/L ePsf] k}m;nf ;f] xb;Dd ;b/ x'g'kb{5 eGg] k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmfsf] ax;;Fu of] Ohnf; ;xdt x'g ;s]g .

!)= t;y{ dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbLx¿n] e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] cleof]u g} :yflkt x'g g;s]sf]n] k|ltjfbLx¿ ljhogfy e§/fO{ / ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] u}/sfg"gL 9+un] o'=P;= 8n/ %!%#*.#@ tTsfnLg ljlgdob/ cg';f/ ?=#&*$(&$. @@ e'QmfgL lbO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *-#_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf]n] b'j} hgfnfO{ ;f]xL bkmf *-#_ cg';f/ hgxL ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x/L o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt

1285


@)^$.!@.% df ePsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;f] xb;Dd pN6L eO{ b'j} hgf k|ltjfbLx¿n] cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ . c?=tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .

tkl;ndfly OG;fkm v08df

n]lvP adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] k}m;nf pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbLx¿ ljhogfy e§/fO{ / ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x/L k}m;nf ePsf]n] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^$.!@.% sf] k}m;nfsf] tkl;n v08 ! adf]lhd k|ltjfbLx¿af6 h/Ljfgf c;"n ug{ /fv]sf] nut s§f ug"{ egL sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfnt txl;n zfvfdf n]vL k7fpg' ========!

k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e§/fO{s], dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x/L k}m;nf ePsf]n] lghn] ljz]if cbfntdf ldlt @)^$.#.@@ /=g+= )))(*% af6 /fv]sf] gub w/f}6L ?=@,%),))). b'O{ nfv krf; xhf/ lgh k|ltjfbLsf] bvf{:t k/] sfg"gadf]lhd lkmtf{ lbg" egL ljz]if cbfntdf / o;

cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.!@.% sf] k}m;nfsf] tkl;n v08 $ adf]lhd s;]sf] nut s§f ug"{ egL sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfnt txl;n zfvfdf n]vL k7fpg" . ;fy} lghn] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6Lafkt dfnkf]t sfof{no sn+sLsf] k=;= )^%.)^^ r=g= #$^@ ldlt @)^%.*.!! sf] kqaf6 /f]Ssf /fv]sf] k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e§/fO{sf] gfddf sf7df8f}F gu/ !# l;6 g+= !!)# –@! ls=g= $$ If]=km= )^&%=%) 3/ hUuf / P] l;6 g+ !!)#–@@ ls=g !#! If]qkmn ))#!&=() hUuf k'ms'jf ul/lbg" egL dfnkf]t sfof{no sn+sLnfO{ n]vL k7fpg" ===@

k|ltjfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgs], dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x/L k}m;nf ePsf]n] lghn] ljz]if cbfntdf ldlt @)^$.#.!* /=g+ )))(*$ af6 /fv]sf] gub w/f}6L ?=%),))). krf/ xhf/ lgh k|ltjfbLsf] b/vf:t k/] sfg"gadf]lhd lkmtf{ lbg" egL ljz]if cbfntdf / o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.!@.% sf] k}m;nfsf] tkl;n v08 % adf]lhd s;]sf] nut s§f

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ug"{ egL sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfnt txl;n zfvfdf n]vL k7fpg" . ;fy} lghn] o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6Lafkt lx/0o:j/dfg k|wfgsf gfdsf] sf=lh=sf= d=g=kf j8f g+ @( sf] ls=g+ !^#^ If]qkmn )–%–@–# sf] hUuf / ;f] df ePsf] 3/ ;d]t o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.(.@# sf] cfb]z / ;f]xL ldltdf lx/0oZj/dfg k|wfgn] ul/lbPsf] h]yf hdfgLsf] sfuhaf6 /f]Ssf /x]sf] b]lvPsfn] pQm ls=g+ !^#^ sf] 3/ hUuf k'ms'jf ul/lbg" egL dfnkf]t sfof{no l8NnLjhf/df n]vL k7fpg" ===#

k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ j'emfO{lbg" ===$

pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .

Gof= k|]d zdf{

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ #! ut] /f]h $ z'ed====

Ohnf; clws[t M dfwjk|;fb clwsf/L

lg0f{o g+= *!(% sflQs, @)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd

s]=;L=dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo

;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] )^#–WO–)((!

cfb]z ldltM @)^^.#.@%.%


lgj]bsM a'l4axfb'/sL >LdtL eQmk'/ lhNnf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= ! tf}nf5] a:g] nIdL HofVjf

lj?4ljkIfLM e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no,

eQmk'/ ;d]t

k'g/fj]bg nfUg] gnfUg] ;DaGwdf k/:k/ ljk/Lt sfg"gLJoj:yf ePsf] ;Gbe{df lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ clwsf/Ln] k"0f{ ?kdf ljj]ssf] k|of]u u/L ltgLx¿sf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw / kg{ cfpg] b'j} k|s[ltsf d'2faf6 Ps csf{df kg{;Sg] c;/ tyf k|efjsf] af/]df ;d]t

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uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ .

s'g} d'2fdf lg:sg] kl/0ffdnfO{ csf]{ d'2fdf lg:sg] kl/0ffdn] c;/ kf5{ eg] To:tf] c;/ kfg]{ d'2fsf] lg0f{o ePkl5 dfq csf]{ d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ .

df]xL nut s§f d'2f / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf ePsf] clGtd lg0f{osf cfwf/df dfq df]xL sfod x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] osLg x'g] / df]xL sfod x'g] cj:yf cfPdf dfq afF8kmfF8sf] ljifo lg/fs/0f x'g]x'Fbf df]xL nut s§f x'g] u/L clGtd lg0f{o ePdf df]xL afF8kmfF8 d'2fsf] cl:tTj / cf}lrTo g} ;dfKt x'g hfg] .

s't lbnfO{ df]xL lgisf;g d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] cj:yf afFsL 5Fb} To;nfO{ j]jf:tf u/L df]xL lgisf;g d'2f / afF8kmfF8 d'2f Ps} lbg lg0f{o u/L df]xL afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] lg0f{o sfg"gljk/Lt x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L s'Zdfv/ ;fksf]6f

ljkIfL tkm{af6McjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f !# / !( e"ld ;DaGwL -rf}yf] ;

+zf]wg_ P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^, @^-v_, -u_, -#_, -ª_, -r_, -5_, -h_ / -em_, %%

cfb]zGof= an/fd s]=;L=M

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ cg';f/ o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5 M—

d lgj]lbsfsf] gfd btf{sf] eQmk'/ lhNnf emf}v]n uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+= (-v_ ls=g+= &() sf] If]qkmn )–!–#–@–@ hUUff @)$%.!!.$ df /=g+= !%^$ af6 k~rdfof nfjaf6 / P]= ls=g+= &(! sf] If]qkmn )–!#–@–@ hUuf ;f]xL ldltdf /=g+= !%^# af6 rGb|axfb'/ nfjaf6 js;kq kfO{ cfkm}+n] ef]urng u/L cfPsL 5' . pQm hUuf gfkLsf] jvtsf] ls=g+= #%* ePsf] / gfkLdf

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hUufwgLdf t'N;L gf/f+ nfjsf] x:t] ;lx ug]{ 5f]/f t'N;Laxfb'/ nfj e=k'= ofG5] eGg] / hf]tfxf t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n' e=k'= of5]+ 6f]n pNn]v ePsf] tyf hf]tfxfdf n]lvPsf] JolQmn] g} hf]tfxf ls;fgsf] Joxf]/f d]/f] gfdsf] gDa/L xf] / d}n] hf]ltcfPsf] 5' egL lkmN8j'sdf k|i6?kdf n]v]sf] 5 . ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n' lkmN8j'sdf n]lvPsf] JolQm xf]Ogg\ . lghsf] 7]ufgf eQmk'/ of5]+ 6f]n ge} emf}v]n uf=lj=;= nflsnf xf] . gfkLdf hf]tfxfdf n]lvPsf JolQm hUufwgLsf Psf;uf]nsf cfˆg} 5f]/f x'g\ . Ps} kl/jf/sf JolQm hUufwgL / df]xL x'g ;Sb}g egL ljkIfLn] lbPsf] afF8kmfF8sf] lgj]bgdf k|ltjfb u/]sL 5' . Ps} kl/jf/sf JolQm hUufwgL / df]xL x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf df]xL nut s§f ul/kfpFm egL d}n] 5'§} lgj]bg btf{ u/]sL lyPF . d}n] nut s§f u/L kfpg lgj]bg lbP kZrft\ dpk/ ljkIfLn] hf]t lvrf]nf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf x'g\ . d}n] hf]tef]u u/]sf] tYonfO{ lghn] cGoyf egL k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .

ljkIfL t'N;Lgf/fo0fn] slyt ?kdf df]xL x'F egL lbPsf] afF8kmfF8sf] lgj]bg, d}n] lbPsf] df]xL nut s§f d'2f / lghn] lbPsf] hf]t

lvrf]nf d'2f @)^#.!@.^ df Ps} lbg km};nf u/]sf / d}n] lbPsf] df]xL nut s§f d'2fdf df]xL nut s§f gx'g] u/L km};nf u/]sf] sfo{af6 d]/f] ;fDkflts xsdf xgg\ x'g uPsf] 5 . df]xL nut s§f d'2f / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2f clGtd gx'Fb} -k'g/fj]bg txaf6 km};nf gx'Fb}_ hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ u/L @)^#.!@.^ df lg0f{o u/]sf]n] ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] x'Fbf ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ug{ cfPsL 5' .

ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n', lkmN8j'sdf plNnlvt JolQm xf]Ogg\ . hf]tfxf dxndf n]lvPsf JolQmn] g} hf]tfxf ls;fgsf] Joxf]/fdf d]/f] gfdsf] gDa/L xf], d}n] hf]ltcfPsf] 5' egL gfkLsf avt n]vfPaf6 gfkLsf] ls=g+= #%* sf] hUufsf] hUufwgL / df]xL Ps} kl/jf/sf JolQm ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 . df]xL nut s§f / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf d}n] k'g/fj]bg ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg txaf6 km};nf gx'Fb} df]xL afF8kmfF8 ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf %% sf] ljk/Lt 5 . ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] t'N;L

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gf/f+sf] 5f]/f egL k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . gfkLsf] ;dodf hf]tfxf dxndf plNnlvt JolQm hUufwgLsf] Psf;Fuf]nsf 5f]/f x'g\ . Ps} kl/jf/sf JolQm hUufwgL / df]xL x'g ;Sb}gg\ . hf]t nut s§fsf] lg0f{o clGtd ePkl5 dfq afF8kmfF8sf] lgj]bgdf lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ xf] . clGtd g} gePsf] km};nfnfO{ l;/fg xfnL u/]sf] jfF8 kmfF8sf] km};nf sfg"gL ?kdf q'l6k"0f{ x'g'sf ;fy} ;f] lg0f{oaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# Pj+ !( åf/f k|bQ df}lns xsdf xgg\ x'g uPsf] 5 .

e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] df]xL afF8kmfF8nfO{ c+lusf/ u/]klg df]xL nut s§f / df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] ljjfbnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug]{ s'/fnfO{ cGTo u/]sf] 5}g df]xL t]/f]d]/f] ljjfb Pj+ hf]t nfut s§f ljjfb pl7;s] kZrft\ k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L clGtd km};nfkZrft\ dfq afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df :j}R5frf/L 9+un] Ps} kN6df ;Dk"0f{ ljifodf ePsf] km};nfdf g]sfk @)$! lg= @!)# k[i7 &^@ df k|ltkflbt ePsf] l;4fGtsf] ;d]t ljk/Lt 5 .

ctM dfly plNnlvt ls=g+= &() / &(! sf] hUufsf] slyt df]xL x'F egL ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] afF8kmfF8sf nflu lbPsf] lgj]bg, d}n] df]xL nut s§f ug{ lbPsf] lgj]bg tyf ljkIfLn] lbPsf] hf]t lvrf]nf d'2faf6 df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] ljjfb p7]sf] cj:yfdf Ps} lbg lg0f{o u/L lvrf]nf 7xg]{ tyf df]xL nut s§f gx'g] km};nf u/L k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xsnfO{ s'l07t t'Nofpg] u/L ljkIfL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] @)^#.!@.^ sf] afF8kmfF8 ;d]t x'g] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o tyf ;f] cfwf/df df]xL nut s§f ug]{ u/L ePsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no eQmk'/sf] sfd sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm . ;fy} hf]t lvrf]nf / df]xL nut s§f d'2f clGtd lg0f{o gx'Fbf;Dd pQm lg0f{o sfof{Gjogdf gug'{ egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]lbsfsf] @)^$.!.@& sf] l/6 lgj]bg .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf], of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq ljkIfL

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e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no / dfnkf]t sfof{no eQmk'/sf] xsdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ / cGo ljkIfLsf] xsdf cfkm} jf cfˆgf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fOlbg' . lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjflw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ . ;fy} ;fy} e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, eQmk'/af6 ldlt @)^#.!@.^ df ePsf] hUuf afF8kmfF8;DaGwL km};nfadf]lhd lsQfsf6sf nflu dfnkf]t sfof{no, eQmk'/nfO{ ul/Psf] kqfrf/;DaGwL sf/jfxL kmfOn ;d]t dfnkf]t sfof{no eQmk'/af6 lemsfO{ k]z ug'{ . xfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvPg, sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6 @)^$.!.#) df ePsf] cfb]z .

lgj]bg bfjLsf] hUufsf] hf]tfxf dxndf pNn]v ePsf df]xL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! n] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof ! g+= nut e/L @ g+= cg';"rL k|sflzt e} $ g+= c:yfoL hf]tfxf lg:;f

k|fKt JolQm x'g\ . hf]tfxf df]xLnfO{ hUufwgL agfpg] p2]Zon] e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df rf}yf] ;+zf]wg ePsf] xf] . df]xLn] afF8kmfF8 / hUufwgLn] nut s§f u/L kfpg dfu u/]sf] ;fy} df]xLn] hf]t lvrf]nfdf bfjL u/]sf]df hf]t a]bvnL 7x/L nut s§f gx'g] 7x/ ePkl5 afF8kmfF8sf] lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . lgj]bsn] eg] e}++m hUufwgL df]xL Ps} kl/jf/sf xf]Ogg\ . o; sfof{noaf6 Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L afF8kmfF8 ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, eQmk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

df]xL afF8kmfF8 ug]{ clwsf/ e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nonfO{ ePsf], e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf] @)^#.!@.^ sf] afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL lg0f{o sfof{Gjog geO{ ;f] hUuf oyfl:yltdf /x]sf] x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no eQmk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgj]bg bfjL em"7f xf] . ;fljs ls=g+= #%* ls=sf= e} )$%.!!.! sf] j08fkq cg';f/ ls=g+= &() / &(! sf hUuf lgj]lbsfsf gfddf sfod ePsf] xf] . hUufwgL

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btf{ k|df0f k"hf{, ! g++ nut, @ g+= cg';"rL tyf kfl/jfl/s nutaf6 d]/f] gfd lel8/x]sf], d df]xL ePsf] k|dfl0ft 5 . t'N;Laxfb'/ nfj df]xL xf]Ogg\ . lglj{jflbt df]xL d x'Fbfx'Fb} lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd df]xL nut s§f x'g] xf]Og . lgj]lbsfn] @)$% ;fndf hUff lnFbf dnfO{ df]xL :jLsf/ u/]sL 5g\ . e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6 ;dflxt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df d btf{jfnf df]xLn] afF8kmfF8 u/L cfwf hUuf lng kfpg] g} x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bgsf] s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g . l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf s'Zdf/j/ ;fksf]6fn] lgj]bg bfjLsf] hUufsf] t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] ! g+= nut u/L @ g+= cg';"rL k|sfzg e} $ g+= c:yfoL hf]tfxf lg:;f ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] df]xL xssf] hUuf xf] . lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]em} df]xL / hUufwgL Ps} kl/jf/sf JolQm xf]Ogg\ . lgj]bsn] e"dL ;DaGwL P]g,

@)@! n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|lqmof cg'¿k df]xL xssf] nflu sf/afxL u/]sf] / e"dL ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] df]xLnfO{ cfwf hUufsf] lx:;]bf/ x'g] Joj:yf u/]af6 df]xL afF8kmfF8 ug]{ lg0f{o sfg"g;+ut 5 . df]xLn] cfwf hUufdf xs bfjL ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bsn] df]xL nut s§f ug{ lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] s'g} cy{ / dxŒj gePsfn] ;f]sf] clGtd lg0f{o gx'Fbf ;Dd df]xL hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ sfo{ cj?4 x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] l/6 vf/]h ul/g'kb{5 egL ax; ug'{eof] .

pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/nfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfof] .

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bg bfjLsf] lhNnf eQmk'/ emf}v]n uf=lj=;= j8f g+= (-v_ ls=g+= &() / &(! sf] qmd; )–!–#–@–@ / )–!#–@–@ hUufsf] slyt df]xL x'F egL ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{no, eQmk'/df df]xL hUuf afF8kmfF8 ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bg

1292


lgj]lbsfn] ;f]xL hUufsf] df]xL nut s§f ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf] d'2f tyf ;f]xL hUuf hf]t lvrf]nf ePsf] egL lgh} t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf Ps} ldlt @)^#.!@.^ df lg0f{o u/L hf]t lvrf]nf u/]sf] 7xg]{ tyf afF8kmfF8 x'g] / df]xL nut s§f gx'g] u/L lg0f{o u/]sf]n] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xsnfO{ ;d]t s'l07t kfg]{ u/L afF8kmfF8 ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{oaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# / !( åf/f k|bQ xsdf cf3ft kfg]{ sfo{ u/]sf]n] @)^#.!@.^ sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L df]xL gfd;f/L / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fsf] clGtd lg0f{o gx'Fbf;Dd afF8kmfF8sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug'{ egL cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL ePsf] kfOG5 . ljkIfL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non] t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] ljlwjt\ ?kdf df]xL xs k|fKt u/]sf] / df]xL nut s§f x'g] cj:yf gePsf] x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] cfkm" ljlwjt\ df]xL ePsf] / e"dL ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] df]xL

cfwf hUufsf] xsbf/ ePsf]n] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf]n] l/6 vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .

#= ljjflbt ls=g+= &() / &(! sf] hUufsf] df]xL / hUufwgL Ps} kl/jf/sf] x'Fbf df]xL nut s§f ul/kfpFm eGg]] lgj]bs tyf lglj{jfb ?kdf df]xL hUuf ePsf]n] afF8kmfF8 ul/kfpFm tyf df]xL hUuf lvrf]nf u/]sf]n] ;f] lvrf]nfdf sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n' e} ljjflbt hUufdf df]xLxs ;DaGwL ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] kfOG5 . e"ld;DaGwL P]gdf ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] bkmf @^ df bkmf @^-v_, @^-u_, @^-3_, @^-ª_, @^-r_, @^-5_, @^-h_, @^-em_ ;d]t yk u/L df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf hUufwgL / df]xLsf aLr cfwf cfwf afF8kmfF8 ug'{kg]{ dfGotfnfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm bkmfdf ePsf] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df df]xLn] cfwf hUuf kfpg]df ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g t/ k|:t't d'2fdf df]xL xs lglj{jfb ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] osLg x'g afFsL g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf cfwf hUufsf] bfjLnfO{ xfnsf]

1293


cj:yfdf :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] b]lvFb}g . csf]{tkm{ e"dL ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! n] hUufwgL / df]xL Ps} kl/jf/sf JolQm x'g g;Sg] s'/fsf] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . lgj]lbsfn] ;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf cfwf/df nut s§f ul/kfpFm egL bfjL lnO{ e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{nodf lgj]bg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . df]xL elgPsf ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] cfˆgf] df]xL xsdf lvrf]nf ePsf] egL log} lgj]bspk/ e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nodf hf]t lvrf]nf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

$= dfly plNnlvt df]xL afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL lgj]bg, df]xL nut s§f tyf df]xL hUuf lvrf]nf d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ P]gn] e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/LnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ oL tLg k|s[ltsf d'2fdWo] df]xL nut s§f d'2fsf] kl/0ffdaf6 df]xL xs ;dfKtL x'G5 eg] df]xL afF8kmfF8 d'2faf6 df]xLsf] cfwf xs 5'l§g hfG5 . To:t} hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fsf] kl/0ffd klg df]xL tkm{ g} a9L pGd'v x'g] b]lvG5 . k"jf]{Qm e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-v_, @^-u_, @^-3_, @^-ª_ adf]lhd df]xL hUufsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL lgj]bgdf

u/]sf] e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Lsf] lg0f{opk/ ;f]xL bkmf @^-r_ n] k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] df]xL nut s§f / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf %% n] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L plNnlvt d'2fx¿df k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / gnfUg] ;DaGwdf b'O{ k[ys sfg"gL Joj:yf /x] ePsf] :ki6 ?kdf b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

%= k'g/fj]bg nfUg] gnfUg] ;DaGwdf plNnlvt k/:k/ ljk/Lt sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf] ;Gbe{df lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ clwsf/Ln] k"0f{ ?kdf ljj]ssf] k|of]u u/L ltgLx¿sf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw / plNnlvt Joj:yf cGtu{t kg{ cfpg] b'j} k|s[ltsf d'2faf6 Ps csf{df kg{ ;Sg] c;/ tyf k|efjsf] af/]df ;d]t uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ xG5 . df]xL xs g} ljjflbt e} df]xL nut s§f d'2f / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no eQmk'/af6 ePsf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf pQm d'2fx¿ ljrf/flwg g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf df]xL xsnfO{ lglj{jfb dfgL afF8kmfF8 ;d]tsf]

1294


lg0f{o Ps} k6s u/]sf] sfo{n] lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bsLo xs, hf] k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGtsf ?kdf c+lusf/ ;d]t ul/;lsPsf] 5, ;f] xsnfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf k|efj / k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . s'g} d'2fdf lg:sg] kl/0ffdnfO{ csf]{ d'2fdf lg:sg] kl/0ffdn] c;/ kf5{ eg] To:tf] c;/ kfg]{ d'2fsf] lg0f{o ePkl5 dfq csf]{ d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ Goflos d"No dfGotf, /x]sf] / xfd|f] sfg"gn] ;d]t To;nfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . df]xL nut s§f d'2f / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf ePsf] clGtd lg0f{osf cfwf/df dfq df]xL sfod x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] osLg x'g] / df]xL sfod x'g] cj:yf cfPdf dfq afF8kmfF8sf] ljifo lg/fs/0f x'g] x'G5 . df]xL nut s§f x'g] u/L clGtd lg0f{o ePdf df]xL afF8kmfF8 d'2fsf] cl:tTj / cf}lrTo g} ;dfKt x'g hfG5 . s't lbnfO{ df]xL lgisf;g d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] cj:yf afFsL 5Fb} To;nfO{ j]jf:tf u/L df]xL lg:sf;g d'2f / afF8kmfF8 d'2f Ps} lbg lg0f{o u/L df]xL afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg] 7x¥ofPsf] lg0f{o sfg"g ljk/Lt e} cw{ Gofoflos lgsfok|lt g} hgcf:yf gx'g] lg0f{o u/]sf]n] pQm lg0f{o

pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ x'g] egL ;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ###( lgj]bs htgb]jL rf}/l8of ljkIfL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no ;Kt/L ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z d'2fdf o;} cbfntaf6 @)^%.!).@@ df lg0f{o ePsf] klg b]lvG5 . pQm df]xL nut s§f d'2fdf nut s§f gx'g] 7x/ ePsf] cfwf/ pNn]v u/L df]xL afF8kmfF8 d'2fsf] afF8kmfF8 x'g] u/L ePsf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no eQmk'/sf] @)^#.!@.^ sf] lg0f{o e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t ljk/Lt Pj+= q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf df]xL afF8kmfF8sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf]Og eGg] ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6 ax; ug'{x'g] ljåfg clwjQmfsf] ax;;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

^= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/ k|df0f Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf cfwf/df e"dL ;'wf/ sfof{no, eQmk'/n] df]xL afF8kmfF8sf] lgj]bg, df]xL nut s§f / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2f Ps} ldlt @)^#.!@.^ df nut s§f gx'g] cfwf/ pNn]v u/L nut s§f / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf clGtd lg0f{o gx'b} df]xL afF8kmfF8 ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z

1295


hf/L u/L ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . df]xL nut s§f d'2f / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf clGtd lg0f{o ePkl5 dfq df]xL afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL lgj]bgdf lg0f{o ug'{ egL ljkIfL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, eQmk'/sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t\ e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no eQmk'/df k7fOlbg' . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg' . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . Gof=s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofoOlt ;+jt @)^^ ;fn c;f/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\ –– lg0f{o g+= *!(^ sflQs,

@)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd

s]=;L=dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh

pk|]tL;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf]

kmf}=k'=g+= #$)*km};nf ldltM @)^^.#.!%.@

d'2f M cfos/ @)%@.)%#

k'g/fj]bs lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf b/jf/ dfu{ nfn b/af/ l:yt ofs P08 olt xf]6n lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 clVtof/ k|fKt -nfohf] clkm;/_ dx]Gb|/fh >]i7

lj?4k|ToyL{ ljkIfLM @ g+= If]q

s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ -xfn cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q g+=! aa/dxn

z'? lg0f{o ug]{M @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M

/fh:j Gofoflws/0f, sf7df8f}+

xf]6n pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ nufotsf s'/fx¿sf] hfFra'em ug]{, lgodg ug]{ / Ohfht lbg] af/]df k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ko{6g ljefun] hl8t Ifdtf a[l4sf] k|ltzt / o;sf] nflu l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] hDdf vr{ /sd / ;f]dWo]af6 cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_

1296


cg';f/ v'b cfoaf6 5'6 kfpg] /sd ;d]t osLg u/]kl5 o;nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g} csf]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] pBf]u ljefun] :ki6 sf/0f / cfwf/ gb]vfO{ cGoyf eGg] / ug]{ cj:yf gcfpg] .

pBf]u ljefun] sf/0f / cfwf/ b]vfO{ ;'ljwf gkfpg] jf/]df lg0f{o g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] ;'ljwfaf6 s/bftfnfO{ al~rt ug'{ Gofof]lrt gx'g] .

s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] clg0f{o tyf csfo{sf] bf]if jf o;sf] ef/ s/bftfn] jf]Sg' gkg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=%_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,

@)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] k|s[ltdf e/ kb{5 . pBf]u ljefudf k|fKt x'g] tYofÍ jf ljj/0fnfO{ pBf]u ljefuaf6 d"NofÍg u/]kl5 dfq osLg x'g] jf pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] s/ ;'ljwf 5'6

lbgsf] nflu dfq s/ clws[tn] pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{onfO{ cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6sf] lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/ lng kg]{ .

;'ljwfsf] dfu ug]{ s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Jofj;flos sf/f]af/sf] l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] cj:yfdf pQm n]vfsf] cfwf/df osLg x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ s/ clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZostf gkg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=^_

k'g/fj]bs lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgn l;Gxf

k|ToyL{ ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]n

cjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$

( sf] bkmf !%, !%-`_ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !

&, $!-!_, -#_ >d lgofdjnL, @)%) sf]

lgod %@1297


ko{6g P]g, @)#% xf]6n, nh tyf ky kb{zg

lgodfjnL, @)#* cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf

$@-@_

km};nfGof= e/t/fh

pk|]tLM /fhZj Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^).#.!^ sf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt kfpFm egL lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lgj]bg kqdf o; cbfntaf6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf *-3_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg e} bfo/ e} lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pjd\ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M—

k|:t't d'2fdf k|:t't s/bftf ofs P08 olt xf]6n ln= s] cf=a= )%@.%# df sDkgLn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] l;nl;nfdf pBf]u ljefu, Psåf/ ;ldltdf sf/jfxL eO{ /x]sf] / o; cf=j= sf] cfos/ of]Uo /sd, pQm ;'ljwf kfpg] /sd leq} kg]{ ePsfn] cf=j= )%@.)%# sf] nflu cfos/ ltg'{ gkg]{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%#.!).@ df s/bftfn] s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+df k]z u/]sf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0f kmf/d .

cf=j= )%@.)%# sf] cfos/ ;DaGwdf cfos/ 5'6;DaGwL sf/jfxL eO{ /x]sf] / af;:yfg Joj:yf ;DaGwdf klg cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ ldGxf kfpg' kg]{ ePsf]n] ;f]cg';f/ cfo ljj/0f km5\of}{6 u/L lbg' x'g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] s/bftfn] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+df lbPsf] kq .

k]z ePsf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fpk/ 5fgljg u/L x]bf{ xf]6nsf] dfu cg';f/ 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] lg0f{o ePsf]n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd v'b cfo sfod x'g] ePsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf s]xL eGg' kg]{ jf ;a'b k|df0f k]z ug{ P]gsf] bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd clGtd df}sf k|bfg ul/Psf] ldlt @)%$.#.#) sf] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] kq .

k]z ePsf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fj Pj+ jf;nftnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ k|:t't cf=j+= )%!.%@ sf] cfo ljj/0fdf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd o; ln= n] kfpg] ;'ljwf /sd s§f u/L cfo ljj/0f km5\of}{6 ePsf] k|df0f kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ofs P08 olt xf]6n ln= sf] kq .

1298


k|:t't s/bftf ofs o08 olt xf]6n ln= sf] cf=j= )%@.%# >=cf= sf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd x'g] v'b cfo ;d]tdf nfUg] s/ / h/Ljfgf /sd bflvnf ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] cfo ljj/0f km5\of}{6 ul/ lbg'kg]{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] l6Kk0fL / cfb]z kq . :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmofadf]lhd k]z ePsf] cfo ljj/0f tyf k|df0f sfuhx¿ cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf ## v adf]lhd 5fgljg ubf{ cf}Bf]us Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd ;'ljwf dfu u/]sf] ;Gbe{df Psåf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+ a}7saf6 ePsf lg0f{ocg';f/ ?=*,$),^!,!(!.(% pBf]usf] v'b cfoaf6 Psd'i6 jf k6s–k6s u/L tLg jif{ leq s§f ug{ kfpg] ko{6g ljefusf] r=g+= $^(# ldlt @)%$.!.!(sf] kqfg';f/ xf]6nsf] k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fdf cf}=Jo=P]gadf]lhd v'b cfoaf6 ;'ljwf kfpg] /sdsf] ;Ldfleq k/]sf] ?=#,^$,%*,!&&.(% nfO{ s/bftfn] s§f ug{ kfpg] egL b]vfPsf] ?=%,(*,^$,&)#.– s§f u/L af;:yfg Joj:yf u/fPsf] ?

=@&,#*,&**.– ;d]t ;dfa]; u/L x'g] afFsL ?=@,^!,$%,#!#.)% k|:t't cf=j= sf] v'b cfo sfod u/L ;f] df s/ ?=&#,@),^*&.^% / h/Ljfgf ?=*,&$,(^%.#@ ;d]t lx;fa ldnfg u/L cfo ljj/0f km5\of}{6 u/L 5fgljg ;dfKt ePsf] eGg] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] kq .

k'g/fj]bs pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd sfg"gL ?kdf kfpg' kg]{ ;'ljwf ;x'lnot / sfdbf/ sd{rf/L jf;:yfg Joj:yf vr{nfO{ sfg"gL bkmfx¿sf] unt JofVof u/L v'b cfodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] z'? lg0f{o ab/ u/L Gofo OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+df k]z u/]sf] k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .

>d P]g @)$* cg'¿ksf] af;:yfgafkt 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd s/ k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6 x'g] egL st} s'g} sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+b}g . vr{ g} gePsf] sDklgsf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf] /sdnfO{ hu]8f sf]ifd} /fv]sf] sf/0fn] vr{ eof] eGg ldn]g . cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf $!-h_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zaf6 v'b d'gfkmfaf6 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd

1299


s§f ug{ k'g/fj]bs ljQLo ;+:yfg gePsf]n] pQm P]g klg cfs[i6 x'g] b]lvg cfPg . k'g/fj]bsn] P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] Dofb leq ljj/0f bflvnf gePsf] l:yltdf bkmf %(-!_ cg'¿k h/Ljfgf ePsf] z'? s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bssf] cfo ljj/0fdf v'b cfodf /sd yk u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]af6 ljj/0fdf plNnlvt v'b cfodf q'l6eO{ s/ /sd 36\g uPsf] l:ylt /x]sf]n] bkmf ^)-#_ cg'¿k k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;hfo x'g ;Sg] g} b]lvof] . ctPjM tTsfnLg z'? s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)%$.#.#! df ePsf] v'b cfo lgwf{/0f krf{ / s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)^^.#.!^.@ df ePsf] km};nf .

lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f g+= $s sf] km};nf lhsL/sf xsdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] b]xfo -v_ -u_ / -3_ k|ToIf q'l6 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, )$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd gofF yk l:y/ h]yfsf] rfnL; k|ltzt /sd pBf]usf] v'b cfo (Taxable Income)

af6 s§f ug{ kfpg] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt /x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( adf]lhd s/

5'6 kfpg] pBf]usf] xsdf s/ sof{no cfkm}n] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ adf]lhd a'emL 5'§} s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ /fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 km};nf ubf{ j]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ n] g} pBf]un] yk gofF l:y/ h]yfdf vr{ u/]afkt ;f]sf] $)Ü 5'6 lbg] ls6fgL Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf ljk/Lt z'? s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/]sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .

dhb"/ jf;:yfgsf] %Ü /sd vr{ ldGxf lbOPsf] 5}g . clu|d s/ glt/]sf] xsdf cfos/ sfg"gn] h/Ljfgf x'g] eg]sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]us Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg] x'Fbf s'g} klg s/ h/Ljfgf ltg'{kg]{ xf]Og . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf pN6L u/L ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] cfb]z kq / ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt krf{ ab/ u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ sf] 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd yk l:y/ h]yfafkt

1300


kfpg] ;'ljwf lbO{ a9L nufOPsf] s/ h/Ljfgfsf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bs ofs P08 olt xf]6n lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf] k'g/fj]bg–kq .

o;df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf -`_ n] gofF yk l:y/ h]yfsf] $)Ü /sd pBf]usf] v'b cfoaf6 s§f ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gL k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ n] s/ clws[tn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd s/ 5'6 kfpg]sf] xsdf s/ sfof{no cfkm}n] a'emL s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] gofF yk u/]sf l:y/ h]yfdf ?=%(,$),!*,)((.#$ vr{ u/]sf]df ljjfb gp7fPsf] cj:yf ;f] /sdsf] $)Ü n] x'g] /sd s§f ug{ kfpg] s'/f cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] cj:yf To;sf] ljk/Lt ts{ u/L /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nfdf ;f] P]g sfg"gL k|lts"n ePsf] . >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ df k|lti7fgn] cfˆgf] s"n gfkmfsf] %Ü /sd dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] nflu 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] / af]g; P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf %-

@_ n] klg af]g;afkt 56\ofpFbf >d P]gadf]lhdsf] dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] nflu s"n d'gfkmfsf] %Ü n] 5'6\ofPsf] /sd ;lxt s§f u/]/ dfq lx;fa ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|To]s cfly{s jif{df s"n d'gfkmfaf6 %Ü /sd dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] nflu nflu 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ xf] / o;/L hDdf ePsf] /sdaf6 dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] lgdf{0f x'g] cj:yf /sd klg 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ sfg"gL afWotf x'g] t/ To:tf] /sd s§f rfxLF ug{ gkfpg] / To;df s/ ltb}{} hfg] xf] eg] >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ sf] k|of]hg g} k/f:t x'g]tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{df ;f] P]gsf] JofVofsf] k|Zg ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ /fhZj GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+n] km};nfdf plNnlvt sfg"gsf] k|ToIf q'l6 u/]sf] b]lvFbf /fhZj GofofwLs/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08 -3_ sf] k|Zgdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ k'g/fj]bgdf btf{ u/L lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)^!.*.!^ df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z .

lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] k];L ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf]

1301


k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L clgn l;Gxfn] lgj]bs sDkgL Ps pBf]u ePsf]n] o; pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( adf]lhd yk gofF l:y/ h]yfdf vr{ u/]sf] /sdsf] $)Ü /sd ?=@#,&^,)&,@#(.*% pBf]usf] v'b cfo (Taxable income)

af6 s§L x'g'k5{ . Psåf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+ lg0f{oaf6 ?=*,$),^!,!(!.(% dfq 5'6 lbg] lg0f{o cfkm}+df sfg"g ljk/Lt 5 . pBf]un] cfˆgf] s"n d'gfkmfsf] %Ü /sd dhb'/ jf;:yfgsf] nflu k|jGw ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]n] ;f]xLadf]lhd pBf]un] cf=j+= )%@.)%# df ?=@&,#*,&**.– vr{ 5'6fPsf] xf] . g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgLsf] d'2fdf s/ ldGxf lbPsf]df o; d'2fdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] k"j{lg0f{o ljk/Lt km};nf u/L s/ 5'6 lbPsf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg] x'Fbf s'g} klg s/ h/Ljfgf ltg'{kg]{ xf]Og . clu|d s/ glt/]df cfos/ sfg"gsf] s'g} klg bkmfn] bkmf %(-!_ adf]lhd h/Ljfgf x'g] eg]sf] 5}g . /fh:j GofofwLs/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf cGofok"0f{ ePsf]n]

pN6L u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd kfpg] 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L s/ h/Ljfgfsf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm ul/kfpFm egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .

k|ToyL{ @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{nosf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]nn] cfPs/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ clws[tn] lg0f{o u/]sf] clwsf/If]q jflx/sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( cGtu{tsf] ;'ljwf kfpFm egL pBf]u ljefudf kIf uPsf] 5 . ;f] ljefuaf6 kfpg] ;'ljwf * s/f]8 dfq xf] . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !* df ;x'lnot pknAw u/fpg lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ sfd Psåf/ ;ldltnfO{ 5 . * s/f]8 geO{ @# s/f]8 kfpg' kg]{ egL lgj]bsn] bfjL lng ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg txaf6 lgj]bs cfpg' ePsf] 5 . pBf]u ljefusf] lg0f{o oyfjt 5 . Psåf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.# sf] lg0f{onfO{ k'g/fj]bsn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f] pk/ ab/tkm{ lgj]bs uPsf] b]lv+b}g . o; d'2faf6 s/ 5'6 x'g ;SQ}g . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf cGoyf

1302


5}g ;b/ ul/kfpFm egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .

pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ ;'gL ca lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug] xf], xf]Og / /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ldn], gldn]sf] s] xf] < ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ s/bftf lgj]bs ofs P08 olt xf]6n lnld6]8n] cf=j= )%@.%# df sDkgLn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ cfos/ 5'6 kfpg] l;nl;nfdf pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltdf sf/jfxL eO/x]sf] / o; cf=j= sf] cfos/ of]Uo /sd ;'ljwf kfpg] /sd leq} /x]sf]n] cf=j= )%@.%# sf] nflu s'g} cfos/ ltg'{ gkg]{ egL :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmof cGtu{tsf] cfo ljj/0f gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fj Pj+ jf;nft k]z ePsf] cfwf/dff @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 s/bftf ofs o08 olt xf]6n ln= sf] cf=j= @)%@.%# sf] :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd x'g] v'b cfo ;d]tdf s/ h/Ljfgf u/L cfo ljj/0f km5f}{6 ul/lbPsf] lg0f{opk/ lgj]bs ofs P08 olt xf]6n ln= n] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+df u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf z'? lg0f{o ;b/ e} km};nf ePpk/

lrQ ga'emL /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf pN6L u/L ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;d]t ab/ ul/kfpFm egL o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

k'g/fj]bg kqdf d'n ?kdf k'g/fj]bs ofs P08 olt xf]6nn] ;t k|ltzt eGbf a9L Ifdtf al[4 u/]sf] / o;/L Ifdtf al[4 ubf{ l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] hDdf nufgLdWo] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ $)Ü n] x'g] /sd v'b cfoaf6 s§L ug{ kfpg]df ;f] ;'ljwf glbPsf] / sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] Joj:yfsf] nflu >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ cg';f/ cf=j= @)%@.%# df 5'6\ofPsf] ?=@&,#*,&**.– nfO{ vr{df cdfGo ug]{ jf/]sf] /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o; af/]df lg0f{o ubf{ >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $! df ul/Psf] Joj:yf / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] p2]Zo tyf dd{ Pj+ pQm bkmf !% df ul/Psf] ;'ljwfsf] pkef]usf] af/]df pQm P]gsf] bkmf !& cg';f/ ul7t Psåf/f ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] clgjfo{tfsf af/]df x]g'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

1303


>d P]g @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ cg';f/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] elgPsf] ?=@&,#%,&**.– nfO{ vr{df dfGotf lbg'kg]{ eGg] k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] egfO{sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ o:tf] /sd lsg 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ / o;sf] p2]Zo s] xf] eGg] s'/f klg x]g'{ kb{5 . sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu /sd 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ jf/]df ul/Psf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] d"n p2]Zo o;/L 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd /f]huf/bftf pBf]un] cfˆgf] Joj;foLs sf/f]jf/df k|of]u ug{ tyf cfkm"n] ;~rfng ug{ klg gkfpg] tyf o;sf] k|of]u s]jn sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] ;'Joj:yf ldnfpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq vr{ ug'{kg]{ eGg] a'lemG5 . of] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;DalGwt cfly{s jif{df 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd hDdf ug{ 5'6\6} sf]if v8f u/L k|To]s jif{sf] sd{rf/Lsf] cfjf;sf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd o:tf] sf]ifdf hDdf ub}{ hfg] / of] sf]ifsf] ;~rfng >d P]g tyf >d lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ u7g ePsf] >d ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 x'g] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf] sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sdaf6 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfjf;sf] nflu s] s:tf] Joj:yf ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o

ug]{ sfd klg >d ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 dfq x'g ;Qm5 . o;af6 sd{rf/Lx¿sf]nflu ;+o'Qm cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ jf sd{rf/Lx¿ jl;cfPsf] cfjf; dd{t ug{ jf cfˆgf] 3/÷cfjf; gx'g]n] 3/ jxfn ltg{ jf of] /sdaf6 sd{r/Lx¿ cfkm}n] cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ jf 3/ agfpgsf] nflu lgAof{hL jf ;x'lnot b/sf] Jofhdf C0f lbg] h:tf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfjf;;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt k|of]hgsf] nflu klg vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ :j:y cfjf;sf] ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] cGo s'g} pko'Qm of]hgf klg x'g ;Qm5g\ . w]]/} ljsNk / of]hgfdWo] s'g ljsNk jf of]hgf cg'¿k >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ cg';f/ 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd vr{ ug]{ eGg] s'/f >d ;DaGw ;ldltn] g} lg0f{o ug]{ s'/f xf] . t/ pQm P]gsf] bkmf $!-#_ tyf >d lgodfjnL @)%) sf] lgod %@ sf] v08 -3_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd 5'6\6} sf]ifdf /fVg' kg]{ / ;f]sf] ;~rfng >d ;dGjo ;ldltn] ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg kg]{df k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] pQm /sd

1304


o:tf] sf]ifdf /fvL ;f]sf] ;~rfng >d ;dGjo ;ldltn] ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] cj:yf b]lvPg . sd{rf/L Joj:yfsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] elgPsf] /sd /fVg >d P]g @)$* sf] bkmf $@-#_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] sf]if v8f /fvL >d ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 ;~rfng x'g] Joj:yfsf] cefjdf pQm /sd k'g/fj]bs sDkgLsf] cfˆg} sf]ifdf jf cfˆgf] OR5fcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;/L sd{rf/L jf;:yfgsf] nflu s/bftfn] 5'6\ofPsf] elgP tfklg pQm /sd k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn] cfˆgf] OG5fcg';f/ k|of]u / ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] pQm ?=@&,#*,&**.– nfO{ vr{df dfGotf glbPsf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvG5 .

k'g/fj]bsn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfpg kg]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf lnPsf] bfjLsf] ;DaGwdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{o 7Ls 5 jf 5}g eGg] jf/]df lg0f{o ubf{ lgDg lnlvt b'O{ k|Zgx¿ pk/ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5M—

!_ cfBf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !% cg';f/sf]

s'g} ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ s'g} pBf]un] k"/f ug'{kg]{ zt{x¿ s] x'g / pQm bkmfdf lgwf{l/t k"j{ zt{x¿ k"/f ug]{ pBf]un] ;f] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !& cg';f/ ul7t Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cfjZos 5, jf 5}g <

@_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !% cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] s'g} ;'ljwfsf] ;DaGwdf pBf]u ljefusf] Psåf/f ;ldltn] s'g} lg0f{o g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ cGtu{t s/ clws[tn] pQm cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ dfGotf lbg ;S5 jf ;Qm}g <

@= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ tt\sfn k|rlnt -cyf{t cfly{s jif{ @)%@.%# sf] cjlwdf nfu" /x]sf]_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfx¿sf] k|s[tL / k|sf/x¿ x]g'{ kb{5 . ;du|df x]bf{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !% cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfx¿nfO{

1305


tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] ;d"xdf kg]{ ;'ljwfx¿ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] bfo/fdf kg]{ pBf]ux¿n] :jtM k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5g\ . / o; af/]df Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf :jLs[ltsf] cfjZos kb}{g . h:tf] pQm P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -s_ cg';f/ 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ cfos/, cGtMz'Ns tyf ljqmL s/ gnfUg], Joj:yf v08 -h_ cg';f/ pBf]usf] l:y/ h]yfdf x|f; s§L ubf{ sfg"gdf plNnlvt b/sf] Ps ltxfO{ yk x|f; s§L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf tyf v08 -0f_ cg';f/ pBf]udf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfef+zdf cfos/ gnfUg]df ul/Psf Joj:yfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL ;'ljwf pQm P]gn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf ;'ljwf ePsf]n] o:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfjZostf kb}{g . of] s'/fnfO{ o;} cbfntsf] ljleGg k"j{ lg0f{ox¿df :ki6 x'G5 . @)%( ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ()&^ sf] d'2fdf ldlt @)^^.!.!) df pBf]un] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+zdf cfos/ gnfUg] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o pNn]vgLo 5 .

#= pQm bkmf !% cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] bf];|f] ;d"xdf kg]{ ;'ljwfx¿sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?

kdf bkmf !% sf] v08 -5_, v08 -8_, -w_ tyf -k_ cGtu{t k|fKt ;'ljwfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pBf]u ljefunfO{ pknAw tYofÍsf] cfwf/df Psåf/ ;ldltn] 5fgljg u/L ;'ljwf lbg] lg0f{o jf =l;kmfl/zsf] cfjZostf kb{5 / sltko cj:yfdf Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePkl5 dfq pQm ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt x'g ;Qm5g\ .

$= t];|f] ;d"xdf kg]{ ;'ljwfx¿sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf pQm P]gsf bkmf !% sf] v08 -`_, -6_ tyf -7_ df plNnlvt ;'ljwfx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu hl8t Ifdtf lj:tf/sf] k|ltzt jf pBf]un] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f jf jftfj/0fdf Go"gtd c;/ ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; jf pks/0fdf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 pBf]u ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 k|ljlw tyf j:t' ljsf; jf bIftf a[l4 jf pTkfbg Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] k|df0f tyf o;df ePsf] vr{sf] k'li6 ug]{ ljn ef}r/x¿ k|:t't ug'{ kof{Kt x'G5 . pQm hl8t Ifdtfdf lj:tf/ u/]sf] jf k|ljlw ljsf; jf Ifdtf a[l4 u/]sf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] hfFr ug]{ ;Ifd lgsfo ;a} cj:yfdf pBf]u ljefu jf o;sf] Psåf/ ;ldlt gx'g klg ;Qm5 . k|rlnt g]kfn

1306


sfg"gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yfcg';f/ o;sf] s'/fsf] hfFr ug]{ lgsfo cj:yf x]/L lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfno jf o; cGtu{tsf] lgsfo jf ko{6g Joj;fosf] lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ko{6g ljefu klg x'g;Qm5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf k'g/fj]bs s/bftf xf]6]n tyf ko{6g pBf]u ePsf] / ko{6g P]g, @)#% tyf pQm P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] xf]6n, nh tyf ky kb{zg lgodfjnL, @)#* sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ko{6g :t/sf] /]i6'/]G6 tyf xf]6nx¿sf] Ohfht lbg], xf]6nx¿sf] :t/ tyf Ifdtf ;DaGwdf hfFra'em ug]{, / cg'dlt tyf :jLs[lt lbg] lgods lgsfosf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clVtof/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ko{6g ljefunfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

%= k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf ;fljs hl8t Ifdtf !@) sf]7f ePsf]df ;f] df !%) sf]7f yk u/L hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt eGbf a9L a[l4 u/]sf] / o;sf] nflu k'g/fj]bs xf]6n pBf]un] s"n l:y/ k"FhLut vr{sf] ?kdf ?=%(,$),!*,!)).– vr{ u/]sf] s'/f ko{6g ljefun] ldlt @)%@.(.!@ df pBf]u ljefu ;'ljwf zfvfnfO{ n]v]sf] k|:tfj kqaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -`_ cg';f/

hl8t Ifdtfdf @%Ü eGbf a9L a[l4 u/]df o;/L Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn] yk ePsf] l:y/ h]yfsf] d"Nosf] $) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd v'b cfo -6\ofS;]jn Ogsd_ af6 Ps d'i6 jf k6s–k6s u/L tLg jif{ leq s6\6f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 / k'g/fj]bs s/ bftfn] cfˆgf] hl8t Ifdtfdf zt k|ltzt eGbf a9L Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] s'/f ljjfb/lxt 5 . o; ;DaGwdf pBf]u ljefun] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] cj:yf klg 5}g . o;/L hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt eGbf a9L a[l4 ePsf] s'/f k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfo ko{6g ljefun] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] cj:yfdf hl8t Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn] pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] d"No a[l4sf] d"Nosf] /sddf pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ $)Ü n] x'g] /sd v'b cfoaf6 s6\6f ug]{ ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{sf] nflu pBf]u ljefun] yk 5fglag ug{'kg]{ sf/0f / cfjZostf b]lvFb}g . xf]6]n pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ nufotsf s'/fx¿sf] hfFra'em ug]{, lgodg ug]{ / Ohfht lbg] af/]df k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ko{6g lgefun] hl8t Ifdtf a[l4sf] k|ltzt / o;sf] nflu l:y/

1307


h]yfdf ePsf] hDdf vr{ /sd / ;f]dWo]af6 pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ v'b cfoaf6 5'6 kfpg] /sd ;d]t osLg u/] kl5 o;nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g} csf]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] pBf]u ljefun] :ki6 sf/0f / cfwf/ gb]vfO{ cGoyf eGg] / ug]{ cj:yf klg cfpFb}g . o;/L pBf]u ljefun] sf/0f / cfwf/ b]vfO{ ;'ljwf gkfpg] jf/]df lg0f{o g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] ;'ljwfaf6 k'g/fj]bs s/bftfnfO{ al~rt ug'{ Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] clg0f{o tyf csfo{sf] bf]if jf o;sf] ef/ s/bftfn] jf]Sg k5{ eGg] klg xf]Og . o;}n] pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o geO{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf k'g/fj]bs s/ bftfn] kfpFb}g eGg] /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsg] cj:yf /x]g .

^= cj bf];|f] k|Zg cyf{t\ cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ clws[tn] s/ 5'6sf lg0f{o ubf{ Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o jf l;kmfl/z cfjZos 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/f tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, pk/f]Qm k|s/0fdf ljZn]if0f ul/Pcg';f/ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g

@)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] k|s[ltdf e/ kb{5 . pBf]u ljefudf k|fKt x'g] tYofÍ jf ljj/0fnfO{ pBf]u ljefuaf6 d"NofÍg u/] kl5 dfq osLg x'g] jf pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] s/ ;'ljwf 5'6 lbgsf] nflu dfq s/ clws[tn] pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{onfO{ cfos/ P]gs] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6sf] lg0f{o ubf{ cfwf/ lng kg]{ x'G5 t/ pQm P]gsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ k"/f ug{ kg]{ k"j{ zt{sf] ljifodf k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfo -h:tf] k|:t't ljjfbdf ko{6g ljefu+_ sf] d"NofÍg tyf l;kmfl/z pknAw ePsf] cj:yfdf / ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug]{ s/bftf pBf]un] lgoldt Jofj;flos sf/f]af/sf] l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] cj:yfdf pQm n]vfsf] cfwf/df osLg x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ klg s/ clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZostf kb{}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-s_ 3/]n' pBf]un] kfpg] ;'ljwf ;DalGwt pBf]u k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ 3/]n' pBf]udf btf{ eO{ ;f]xL

1308


cg';f/sf] pBf]u ;~rfng u/]sf k|df0f g} kof{Kt x'G5 . o;}u/L pQm P]g bkmf !%-h_ cg';f/ pBf]un] l:y/ h]yfdf x|f;s§Lsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;DalGwt pBf]un] /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ s/ clws[tn] cdfGo u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;f] yk x|f; s§Lsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ jf k|bfg ug{ lgoldt sf/f]jf/sf] l;nl;nfdf s/bftfn] /fv]sf] ljn, e/kfO{ tyf n]vfaf6 k|dfl0ft x'g] l:y/ h]yf d"No g} kof{Kt x'G5 . o;df pBf]u ljefusf] :jLs[lt cfjZos kb}{g . of] s'/f s/ clws[tx¿n] g} :jLsf/ u/]sf] dfGo Joj;flos k|rngsf] ?kdf ;d]t ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . o;}u/L pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-0f_ cg';f/ pBf]udf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfef+zsf] /sddf cfos/ gnfUg] / of] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pBf]u ljefusf] Psåf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZostf kb}{g . ;DalGwt s/bftf pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] / s/ clws[tn] cdfGo gu/]sf] n]vfn] ;dy{g u/] cg';f/sf] nfef+zdf s/ 5'6 :jt k|fKt x'G5 . o; af/]df o; cbfntaf6 ljleGg d'2fx¿df l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ul/;s]sf] cj:yf klg 5 .

&= pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 k'g/fj]bs s/bftf ofs P08 olt xf]6n pBf]un] cfˆgf]

hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt eGbf a9L lj:tf/ u/]sf] s'/f ko{6g ljefun] ldlt @)%@.(.!@ df pBf]u ljefudf k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvPsf] / of] s'/f s/ clws[tn] dfGotf lbPsf] s/bftfsf] cf=j= @)%@.%# sf] n]vf tyf cfo ljj/0faf6 klg :ki6 b]lvg] ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bs s/bftfnfO{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cfjZos gkg]{ x'gfn] s/ clws[tn] cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L k'g/fj]bs s/ bftfn] hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt eGbf a9L lj:tf/ u/]sf]n] o;/L Ifdtf lj:tf/ ubf{ l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] a[l4sf] hDdf /sd cyf{t d"Nosf] $) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd v'b cfoaf6 Ps}k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L tLg jif{;Dd s6fpg kfpg b]lvPsf]n] pQm /sd v'b cfPaf6 s6\6f ug{ glbPsf]df ;f] xb;Dd s/ sfof{nosf] ldlt )%$.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z tyf lg0f{o ab/ x'G5 / ;f] nfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] lg0f{o ;f] xb;Dd pN6L x'G5 .

*= k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] hl8t Ifdtfdf a[l4 u/L o;af6 l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] a[l4 k"Flhut

1309


vr{sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v u/L s/5'6sf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ldlt @)%@.(.!@ df pBf]u ljefunfO{ k7fPsf] kqsf ;fy ;+nUg k|ltj]bgsf] a'bf g+= !! df lbOPsf] ljj/0fdWo] a'bf g+= -ª_ df plNnlvt cGo ;DklQ zLif{sdf b]vfOPsf] ?=!,#^,(*,(@^.– vr{nfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf -*_ df plNnlvt l:y/ h]yfsf] kl/efiffleq gkg]{ b]lvPsf]n] pQm vr{nfO{ l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] vr{ dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf ePg . t;y{ pQm k|ltj]bgsf] k|:tfjdf l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] elgPsf] hDdf vr{ ?== %(,$),!*,!)).– af6 pQm ?=!,#^,(*,(@^.– s6fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] ?=%*,)#,!(,!^$.– sf] $) k|ltztn] x'g] ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^) pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] Ps} k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L tLg jif{ leq v'b cfPaf6 s§f ug{ kfpg] b]lvPsf]n] pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+ a}7sn] k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] v'b cfPaf6 s§L u/L lng kfpg] eg]sf] ?=*,$),^!,!(!.(% ;d]t pQm ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^)=leq g} ;dfj]z x'g] x'Fbf ;f]xL cfwf/df k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] cf=j= @)%@.)%# sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ egL ljkIfL s/

sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg] 7x5{ . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)^).#.!^.@ ePsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd pN6L x'G5 . c?=tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .

tkl;n

dfly 7x/ v08df /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePadf]lhd k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] Ps} k6s jf k6s–k6s u/L tLg aif{leq v'b cfoaf6 s§L u/L lng kfpg] 7x/ ePsf] hDdf ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^) dWo] af6 pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+ a}7saf6 v'b cfPdf s§f ug{ kfpg] elgPsf] ?=*,$),^!,!(!.(% k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] s/ v'b cfoaf6 s§f ul/g;s]sf] eP ;f] afFsL ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] Ifdtf a[l4 ubf{ l:y/ h]yf a[l4 ePsf] d"Noafkt v'b cfPaf6 s§f u/L lng kfpg] 7x/ ePsf] hDdf ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^) s/ /sd v'b cfPaf6 s§f u/L lng kfpg] u/L k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] cf=j= @)%@.)%# sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug"{ egL ljkIfL @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ -xfn cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no If]q

1310


g+= !_ df n]vL k7fOlbg" ===== !

k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L clen]v zfvfdf a'emfOlbg" == @

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=an/fd s]=;L=

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ !% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ –

Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n

lg0f{o g+= *!(& sflQs, @)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L

bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *$#(

km};nf ldltM @)^%.!).@!.#

d'2fM l5k l5ksf] hUuf btf{ jb/ .

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tL, gjnk/f;L

lj?4k|ToyL{ jfbLM k'g/fj]bg

cbfnt a'6jn ;d]t

cfkm\gf] xs ef]usf k|df0f /fvL ;f]xL cfwf/df ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 Ps k6s 5'6 hUuf btf{sf] lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf k"j{ lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] egL To;nfO{ ab/ ug{ cu|;/tf lng] kIfn] g} To; s'/fsf] k'i6\ofO{ lbg' kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=(_ Goflos jf cw{Goflos

clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ cbfnt jf Goflos Pj+ cw{ Goflos lgsfonfO{ cfkm\gf] lg0f{o cfkm} ab/ ug{ kfpg] If]qflwsf/ x'Fb}g . lg0f{o clGtdtf (Finality of Decision) sf] l;4fGTfn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o k6s k6s km]g{ gx'g] .

k'g/fj]bg k/L pN6g]b]lv afx]s Ps} txsf] cbfnt jf cw{ Goflos lgsfon] Ps

1311


k6s cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf km};nf sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf / k|lqmofafx]s cfkm} ab/ ug{ g;Sg] . ;DalGwt kIfx?nfO{ aGwgsf/L x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_ cw{ Goflos lgsfon] klg

s;}sf] xs lxtdf c;/ kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ubf{ Goflos k|lqmof g} cjnDAfg ug'{kg]{ .

5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"n] u/]sf] cfkm\gf] k"j{ lg0f{o ab/ ug{ kfpg] clVtof/L s'g} klg sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] gb]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!@_ dfnkf]t sfof{non] ;a'b

k|df0fsf] cfwf/df sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"n] u/]sf k"j{ lg0f{ox? kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg kfpF5 egL JofVof ug]{ xf] eg] hUuf btf{ ;DAfGwdf dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 x'g] s'g} lg0f{osf] :yfloTj sfod /xg g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!#_

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L z/bs'df/ v8\sf

k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M ljåfg clwjQmfx? uf]s0f{ l;+x yfkf / u0f]z lg/f}nf

cjnlDjt ghL/M g]sfk @)%), lg0f{o g+=

$&#@, k[i7 @@* g]sfk @)%^, lg0f{o g+=

^^(^, k[i7 @$%;Da4 sfg"gM dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf]

bkmf @$, @$-@_ dfnkf]t P]g -kfFrf} ;

+zf]wg_ @)#$ sf] bkmf @$, @( / #!

c=j+= @)@

km};nfGof=bfdf]b/k|;fb

zdf{M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnn] u/]sf] km};nfdf dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLsf] lrQ ga'emL Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M

lhNnf gjnk/f;L ;fljs sfjf;f]tL uf=lj=;=a8f g+= # xfn lzjdlGb/ uf=lj=;= a8f g+= ( cGtu{t kg]{ l5kl5k] df}hfsf] hUuf xfd|f lktf lnnf aNne 8'd|] / /ljnfn a:ofnn] @)!(.&.!( df e/tk'/ lrtf}g

1312


dfnaf6 kfl/t u/L lnPsf] hUuf btf{ ug{ 5'6 ePsfn] 5'6 hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm elg 7fs'/k|;fb zdf{, So" k|;fb a:ofnsf] ;d]tsf] lgj]bg kq .

dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 ljkIfLx? ;lxtsf !^! hgfsf] gfddf 5'6 hUuf btf{ ug]{ u/L ldlt @)%&.!.!( / ldlt @)%&.@.!* df ePsf] lg0f{o krf{ .

o;df /Lt gk'u]sf] / k|df0fsf] cefjdf o; sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%&.!.!( / )%&.@.!* df plNnlvt !^) hgfsf gfpFdf l5kl5k]sf] hUuf ljufxf (#–!$–!$ 5'6 hUuf btf{df btf{ ug]{ u/L bfjLsf] hUuf jg If]q leq gkg]{ egL :ki6 osLg gu/L ePsf] lg0f{o dfnkf]t P]g @)$# sf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ab/ u/L JolQm ljz]ifsf gfddf sfod u/]sf] btf{ nut s§f u/L lbg] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLsf] ldlt @)%*.%.!! sf] lg0f{o .

dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tL gjnk/f;Ln] xfd|f gfp+df 5'6 btf{ ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL pQm P]g s} lvnfkm /x]sf] 5 . dfnkf]t P]g @)#$ sf] kl/R5]b & bkmf @$ n] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf btf{ ug{ jf cfjfb ug{ dfq lgif]w ug]

{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . !(&* ;fnsf] gfkLdf JolQm ljz]ifsf gfpFdf btf{ e} btf{jfnfaf6 xs x:tfGt/0f x'b} :j= lnnf aNne / :j= /ljnfnn] @)!(.&.!( df lrtjg dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 /fhLgfdf /lhi6«]zg u/fO{ xsef]u btf{ rng ul/ cfPsf] tYo ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft e} ;j]{gfkLsf avt gfk gS;f btf{ 5"6 ePsf] ;Gbe{df xfdLaf6 sfo{jfxL rnfO{ :jo+ ljkIfL dfnkf]t sfof{non] jgIf]q leq gkg]{ ;/sf/L hUuf kg]{ ;fj{hlgs hUuf ;d]t gkg]{ eGg] ljifodf 5fgaLg / kqfrf/ u/L hjfkm ;d]t k|fKt ul/ :yflgo ;h{ldg ;d]t a'emL cfPsf] cj:yfdf xfd|f gfp+ btf{df /x]sf] hUuf dfnkf]t P]g @)#$ sf] bkmf @$ sf] kl/lwleq gkg]{ tYo k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf @ cfslif{t x'g ;Qm}g . bkmf & cGtu{t btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tL :jo+nfO{ ;f] btf{ ab/ ug{ ;Sg] If]qflwsf/ ljkIf dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ 5}g . t;y{ dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ctM ldl;n k|df0fsf] Goflos d"Nof+Íg u/L dfnkf]t

1313


sfof{noaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)%*.%.!! sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L xfd|f gfp+df btf{ ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{oaf6 ePsf btf{ ;b/ sfod /flvkfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] So"k|;fb a:ofn ;d]t hgf #! sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;dIf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg .

o;df dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] ldlt )%#.!!.@) sf] lg0f{o >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%$.!!.!@ sf] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ePcg'¿k @)!( ;fnsf] kfl/t /fhLgfdfsf] $ lsNnf leqsf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/ lnO{ )$(.!.#! sf] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltsf l;kmfl/zcg';f/ @)%&.!.@( Pj+ @)%&.@.* df ljjflbt hUuf btf{ ug]{ egL lg0f{o u/]sf]df ;f]xL cw{Goflos lgsfo dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLn] btf{ ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] ldlt @)%*.%.!! sf] lg0f{o k'gM k|df0fsf d"NofÍg / cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf] lg0f{o cfkm} ab/ ug]{ If]qflwsf/ u|x0f u/L ab/ u/]sf] l:yltdf g]sfk @)%^ cÍ $ lg=g+= ^^(^ sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ghL/ ;d]tsf kl/k|]Iodf km/s kg{ ;Sg] x'+bf c=a+= @)@ tyf

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod $& adf]lhd k|ToyL{ dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;LnfO{ lemsfO{ 5nkmn ug'{ kg]{ x'+bf lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).^.@& sf] cfb]z .

o;df dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 jg sfo{nosf] k|ltlglw ;d]t /fvL ;h{ldg, gS;f ;d]t u/L lkmN8a's tof/ eO{ lsQfaf6 ;d]t u/]sf] ;f]hUuf btf{ ug'{cl3 ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ;d]t k|sflzt ubf{ sf]xL s;}sf] ph"/ gk/]sf] bfjL ul/Psf hUufx? jgIf]q leq gk/]sf] eGg] ;d]t cfwf/df 5'6 ePsf] ;f] hUuf btf{ ug]{ egL 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltn] @)%%.(.@! df lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 hUuf btf{ ul/Psf hUufx? ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs 5g\ egL sxL+ pNn]v gePsf] ;fljs b]lv xs ef]u k|df0fsf cfwf/df dfnkf]t sfof{no cfkm}n] btf{ ug]{ ul/ u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cfTdlgi6 9+un] ab/ ug]{ clwsf/ dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ gePsf] To:t} JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfddf ePsf] btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ab/tkm{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfon]

1314


sfg"gadf]lhd ph"/L ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5+bf5Fb} ldlt @)%&.!.!( / @)%&.@.!* sf] lg0f{o ab/ tkm{ s'g} JolQm jf lgsfosf] ph"/L gk/L dfnkf]t sfof{non] klxnf cfkm}n] u/]sf] lg0f{o tYoo'Qm cfwf/ / sf/0f Pj+ sfg"gL cfwf/ u|x0f gu/L u/]sf] ldlt @)%*.%.!! sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;+ut gePsf]n] So"k|;fb a:ofn ;d]tsf k'g/fj]bsx?sf] xsdf ab/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] ldlt @)^).!@.!!.$ sf] km};nf .

dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 ldlt d @)%&.!.!( / @)%&.@.!* df hUuf btf{ ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{o ubf{ lnOg' kg]{ cfwf/ lt/f], ef]u / xs h:tf k|df0fx?sf] d"NofÍg gul/ ;/sf/L k|s[ltsf] hUuf btf{ ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] x'+bf pQm hUuf dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-@_ cfslif{t x'g} g} eO{ dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 d'Qm ldlt @)%&.!.!( / @)%&.@.!* df btf{ ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 @)%*.%.!! df btf{ ab/ ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{o ;b/ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6 ldlt @)^).!@.!! df ul/Psf]

q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/efuL x'+bf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] o; cbfnt ;dIf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

o;df dfnkf]t P]g @)#$ sf] bkmf@$-@_ sf] JofVofTds ljZn]if0f gu/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6 ePsf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf c=a+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd 5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .

o;df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6 ldlt @)%).!.!( df cfb]z ePsf] lgif]wf1f d'2fsf] /]s8{ ldl;n g} pQm cbfntaf6 / ldlt )%^.@.!# df sfjf;f]tL Onfsf jg sfof{non] jg / gDa/L 5'6\ofO dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;Ldf k7fPsf] kq dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;Laf6 dufO{ ;fd]n u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .

lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n sfuhft ;d]t cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L z/bs'df/ v8\sfn] dfnkf]t sfof{non] dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-@_

1315


adf]lhd u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] d'2f lsgf/f ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . o; ljifodf l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-@_ adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bgsf] dfu{sf] Joj:yf gePsf]n] k|ToyL{x? l/6 If]qdf k|j]z ug'{ kg]{df k'g/fj]bs unt dfu{ k|j]z u/L ;f] k'g/fj]bg ;['g]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] km};nf ab/ x'g kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .

k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx? uf]s0f{ l;+x yfkf / u0f]z lg/f}nfn] ljjfbsf] hUuf dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$ cGtu{tsf] eGg] slx+st} ljjfb 5}g, ljjfb ug]{n] klg cfkm\gf] ef]usf] eg]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs eGg ;s]sf 5}gg . ljjflbt hUuf k/fk"j{b]lv xfd|f] kIfsf] xs ef]u lt/f] e/f]sf] hUuf ePsf] ;f] hUuf k"j{ ef]usf gftfn] dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf &-@_ adf]lhd btf{ ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg lbPsf]df ;f] pk/ sf/jfxL x'+bf ;DalGwt jg sfof{no ;d]tdf jgIf]q leq k5{ kb}{g < egL kqfrf/ sf/jfxL ;d]t x'Fbf jgIf]q leq

gkg]{ pNn]v eO{ cfPsf] gftfaf6 hUuf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . dfnkf]t sfof{no cfkm}n] ;a'b k|df0f a'emL btf{ u/L ;s]sf] ljifonfO{ cfkm}n] ab/ ug{ sfg"gtM Gofo ;+ut geO{ o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf] l;4fGtx? ;d]t cg'?k gx'[+bf dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;+ut ge} k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6 ePsf] km};nf sfg"g;+ut x'+bf ;b/ xf]; eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{ eof] .

kIf ljkIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ ;'gL, k'g/fj]bgkq ;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft cWoog u/L, x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fdf b]xfosf k|Zgx?df s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 .

!= 5'6 btf{sf] k|lqmofaf6 dfnkf]t sfof{no cfkm}n] Ps k6s JolQm ljz]ifsf gfpFdf btf{ u/]sf hUufx?sf] k'gM ;f]xL sfof{nonfO{ btf{ ab/ ug{ kfpg] If]qflwsf/ /xG5, /xb}Gf <

@= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < / k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg

1316


lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] xf]Og <

@= klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf larf/ ubf{, ldlt @)!(.&.* sf] kfl/t lnvtaf6 xs eO{ ;f]xL avtb]lv ef]urng ub}{ cfPsf] ljjfbsf hUufx? ;e]{ gfkLsf] qmddf btf{ u/fpg 5'6 ePsf]n] 5'6 btf{ ul/kfpFm egL k|ToyL{x?af6 @)#( ;fn b]lvg} dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;Ldf lgj]bg lbO{ ;f] ;dob]lv lg/Gt/ hUuf btf{sf] sf/jfxLdf nfuL /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL sf/jfxLsf] qmddf pQm hUuf jg ;Ldf (Demarcation) eGbf aflx/ kg]{ egL n'lDagL jg l8lehg sfof{non] @)$@.!.( sf] kqaf6 hfgsf/L u/fPsf] / jg a;f]jf; clwsf/ ;DkGg cfof]uaf6 klg lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L jg sfof{non] jg ;Ldf eGbf aflx/ kg]{ eGg] hfgsf/L lbPkl5 dfnkf]t sfof{non] dfnkf]t ljefusf] ;xdlt lnO{ @)$( ;fndf afp08«L gfkgS;f u/fPsf] / ;f] gS;fcg';f/ ;fljs xsef]usf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df btf{ u/L lbg' egL tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 @)$(.!.#! df lg0f{o ePsf] cfwf/df sf/jfxL cl3 a9]sf]df dfnkf]t ljefu x'b} dGqfno;Dd k'uL

ldlt @)%#.&.!$ df 5'6 btf{ ;ldltdf /fvL gfkhfFr u/fO{ btf{ ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .

#= o; k|lqmofaf6 ;ldlt;dIf k]z ePsf]df ljjflbt hUuf 5'6 btf{ ug{ gldNg] egL 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)%#.!!.!@ df l;kmfl/z e} ;f]xLadf]lhd dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;Laf6 @)%#.!!.@) df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] pQm lg0f{opk/ k|ToyL{ So"k|;fb a:ofn ;d]tsf] o; cbfntdf pTk|]if0f tyf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpg lgj]bg k/L ;Djt\ @)%# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@&&! sf] lgj]bgjf6 dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] pQm )%#.!!.@) sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ e} lgj]bsx?n] k]z u/]sf /flhgfdf ;d]tsf ;fljs xs ef]usf k|df0fx?sf] d"Nofs+g u/L sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{ egL k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/L ldlt @)%$.!!.!@ df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvof] .

$= o; cbfntaf6 k/dfb]z hf/L ePkl5 k'gM z'? ePsf] 5'6 hUuf btf{sf] sf/jfxLsf] qmddf ;DAflGwt uf=lj=;=sf] l;kmfl/z lnO{, gfkL zfvf / jg sfof{no ;d]t

1317


a'emL, :ynut ;h{ldg / gfk gS;f u/fpg] ;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/L 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldlt ;dIf k]z ePsf]df ;f] ;ldltaf6 5'6 btf{ dfu ul/Psf hUufx? jg ;Ldfleq gkg]{ tyf cGo ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs hUuf ;d]t geO{ lgj]bsx?sf] /flhgfdf / ;fljs, xsef]u leqsf] b]lvPsf] eGg] 7x/ lgisif{;lxt 5'6 hUuf btf{sf] nflu ldlt @)%%.(.@! df l;kmfl/z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;ldltsf] pQm l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 ldlt @)%&.!.!( / @)%&.@.!* df ljjfbsf hUufx? 5'6 btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvof] . 5'6 btf{adf]lhd k|ToyL{ So"k|;fb a:ofn ;d]tn] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] eGg] klg b]lvG5 .

%= o;/L k'g/fj]bs dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLn] o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] k/dfb]z cg';f/ k|rlnt dfnkf]t P]g / lgodadf]lhdsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/L k|ToyL{x?n] 5'6 btf{sf] nflu dfu u/]sf ljjfbsf hUuf lghx?sf] kfl/t /flhgfdf ;d]tsf ;fljs xs ef]usf k|Dff0fx?;+u ldNg le8\g cfPsf], Pj+ ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs tyf jgIf]q leqsf] hUuf gePsf] egL 5'6 hUuf btf{ u/]sf]

b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t sfof{non] u/]sf] pQm 5'6 hUuf btf{sf] lg0f{opk/ sfg"gadf]lhd ;Ifd lgsfodf sf]xL s;}sf] ph"/ jfh"/ k/L ;f] lg0f{o ab/ jfltn eP u/fPsf] ;d]t b]lvg cfpFb}g . cyf{t pQm 5'6 btf{sf] lg0f{o clGtd e} a;]sf] b]lvG5 .

^= ldlt @)%&.!.!( / @)%&.@.!* sf] lg0f{o clGtd eP/ a;]sf] cj:yfdf pQm lg0f{ox? clgoldt ePsf] egL k/]sf] ph"/Ldf ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ePsf 5fgaLgcg';f/ eGb} ldlt @)%&.!).!! df btf{ ab/ tkm{sf] sf/jfxL k|f/De u/L dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-@_ nfO{ l;/fg xfnL ldlt @)%*.%.!! df dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 cfkm\gf] k"j{ lg0f{ox? ab/ u/L k|ToyL{x?sf gfpFsf] btf{ nut s§f u/L lrQ ga'em] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ hfg' egL ;'gfPsf] b]lvG5 .

&= ljjflbt hUuf 5'6 btf{ ug]{ u/L cl3af6 ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 ePsf lg0f{ox? ab/ ubf{ d'VotM jgIf]q leq kg]{ xf] xf]Og egL osLg gul/Psf], eGg] ;d]tsf] cfwf/x? u|x0f ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

1318


*= ljjfbsf hUufx? jgIf]q leq kg]{ xf]Og egL osLg u/L gfkgS;f tof/ kf/]sf] b]lvPg eGg] lg0f{ofwf/ :jo+df ck"0f{ b]lvG5 . sf/jfxLsf] qmddf dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 )%%.!!.^ df jg sfof{nosf] k|ltlglw;d]t /fvL ;h{ldg ePsf] Pj+ gfkLn] ef]u a;f]af;sf cfwf/df tof/ kf/]sf] gfkgS;f / lkmN8a's ;d]tsf cfwf/ b]vfO{ 5'6 btf{sf] lg0f{o ePsf]df ;f] lg0f{o ab/ ubf{ k"j{ lg0f{odf cfwf/ lnOPsf s'/fnfO{ v08g ug{ ;s]sf] kfO{b}g . To;} u/L of] o; cfwf/ k|df0faf6 ljjflbt hUuf jg;Ldf leq kg]{ xf] eGg] :ki6 / j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ ;d]t lg0f{odf v'nfpg g;s]sf] dfq xf]Og, ljjfbsf] hUuf jg ;Ldfleq kg]{ / ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs xf] egL lg0f{ofwf/ af]Ng ;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvPg .

(= ljjflbt hUufdf k|ToyL{ lgj]bsx?sf] ef]u /x]sf] eGg] tYonfO{ lg0f{odf g} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] lgj]bsn] kfl/t /flhgfdf adf]lhd bfjL u/]sf] hUuf ljjfbsf] hUuf geO{ of] o; 7fpFsf] hUuf xf] / ;f] hUuf btf{ u/fO{ ;s]sf] 5 eGg] cfwf/ ;d]t k|:t't ug{ g;s]af6 5'6 hUuf

btf{sf] lg0f{o ab/ ul/Psf] kl5Nnf] lg0f{onfO{ tYo / k|Dff0fdf cfwfl/t sfg"g;Ddt lg0f{o eGg ;lsg] s'g} cfwf/ b]lvPsf] 5}g . ;"rgfadf]lhd bfjL lj/f]w ug]{ lgj]bsx?af6 7f]; k|Dff0f k]z x'g gcfPsf] eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] lg0f{ofwf/ ;d]t tYoo'Qm b]lvb}g . lgj]bsx?n] cfkm\gf] xs ef]usf k|df0f /fvL ;f]xL cfwf/df ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 Ps k6s 5'6 hUuf btf{sf] lg0f{o u/L ;s]sf] cj:yfdf pQm k"j{ lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] egL To;nfO{ ab/ ug{ cu|;/tf lng] kIfn] g} To; s'/fsf] k'i6\ofO{ lbg' kb{5 .

!)= o;sf cltl/Qm dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 ePsf] pQm lg0f{o ab/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ cfkm\gf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL clwsf/ gePsf] eGg] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ cjnDag u/]sf] kfOG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 u|x0f ul/Psf] ;f] lg0f{ofwf/ v08g x'g] s'g} :ki6 cfwf/ k'g/fj]bsn] o; cbfnt ;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kqdf k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}Gf . k'g/fj]bgsf] k|s/0f -h_ df jf:tljs ?kdf hf]tef]u ug]{ JolQmx?n] of] lg0f{osf]

1319


rf}tkmL{ lj/f]w u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOPaf6 hUuf cfjfb ePsf]df ljjfb gePsf] / ljjfb hf]t ef]u ug]{x? aLrsf] ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfpFb5 .

!!= ;fdfGotM Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ cbfnt jf Goflos Pj+ cw{ Goflos lgsfonfO{ cfkm\gf] lg0f{o cfkm} ab/ ug{ kfpg] If]qflwsf/ x'Fb}g . lg0f{o clGtdtf (Finality of Decision)

sf] l;4fGTfn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o k6s k6s km]g{ gx'g] dfGotfsf] k[i7kf]if0f u/]sf] x'G5 . olb o; k|sf/sf] aGb]h jf /f]s gx'g] xf] eg] Goflos k|lqmof slxNo} cGtM geO{ cgGtsfn;Dd rln/xg] x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ ljjfbsf] slxNo} ;dfwfg geO{ Goflos k|lqmof g} clglZRft / cGtxLg aGg k'Ub5 . t/ Goflos k|lqmofdf s]xL ckjfbfTds cj:yfx? klg /x]sf, b'O{ kIf ldnL d'2f u/L hLtxf/, ldnfkq jf l8;ld; u/fPsf] sf/0faf6 s'g} t];|f] kIfsf] xs uPsf] cj:yfdf c=j+= *^ g+= adf]lhd pxL cbfntdf km};nf ab/df gfn]z ug{ kfOG5 . To;} u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Ps k6s u/]sf] km};nf lglZrt cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf]

bkmf !! df ul/Psf] 5 . k'g/fj]bg k/L pN6g]b]lv afx]s Ps} txsf] cbfnt jf cw{ Goflos lgsfon] Ps k6s cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf km};nf sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf / k|lqmofafx]s cfkm} ab/ ug{ ;Sb}g . ;DalGwt kIfx?nfO{ aGwgsf/L x'G5 . of] sfg"gsf] ;jf]{k/L l;4fGt xf] / of] xfd|f] Gofo k|0ffnLn] klg cg'z/0f u/L cfPsf] ljifo xf] .

!@= dfnkf]t sfof{no Goflos lgsfo ge} cw{ Goflos lgsfo xf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . cw{ Goflos lgsfon] klg s;}sf] xs lxtdf c;/ kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ubf{ Goflos k|lqmof g} cjnDAfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . of] sfof{non] klg sfg"Gfadf]lhd k|bQ If]qflwsf/ g} k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . cbfntx?nfO{ lglZrt cfwf/ / cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] km};nf cfkm}n] ab/ ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gn] clwsf/ lbP h:tf] dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ hUuf btf{ ug]{ ;DaGwdf ul7t 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"n] u/]sf] cfkm\gf] k"j{ lg0f{o ab/ ug{ kfpg] clVtof/L s'g} klg sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . Ps k6s cfkm}n] ;Dk"0f{ k|df0f

1320


a'emL To;sf] d"Nofs+gaf6 5'6 hUuf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/L ;s]kl5 k'gM To;nfO{ ab/ ug{ ;Sg] If]qflwsf/ dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ n] dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ glbPsf]n] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o cfkm}n] ab/ ug{ gkfpg] egL o; cbfntaf6 g]sfk , @)%), cÍ $, k[i7 @@*, lg=g+=$&#@ / g]sfk @)%^, cÍ $, k[i7 @$% lg=g+= ^^(^ df l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm l;4fGt;+u c;xdt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf / sf/0f oxfF b]lvb}g .

!#= dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$ n] dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ To; k|sf/sf] clwsf/ lbPsf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvP klg pQm bkmfsf] k|of]u uf]Zjf/f cfwf/df ge} j:t'lgi6 ?kdf k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf] ljifodf dfq ug'{ kb{5 . pQm bkmfsf] cf8df dfnkf]t sfof{non] ;a'b k|df0fsf] cfwf/df sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"n] u/]sf k"j{ lg0f{ox? kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg kfpF5 egL JofVof ug]{ xf] eg] hUuf btf{ ;DAfGwdf dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 x'g] s'g} lg0f{osf] :yfloTj sfod /xg ;Sg] b]lvb}g . To;}n] bkmf @$ sf] k|of]u j:t'ut

cfwf/df To:tf] ljifoj:t' b]lv+Pdf dfq x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5, h'g oxfF ePsf] kfOb}g .

!$= dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ljZn]if0f ePadf]lhd k'g/fj]bs dfnkf]t sfof{non] cfkm\gf] k"j{ lg0f{o ab/ u/L bkmf @$ cGt{ut egL ul/Psf] lg0f{odf ;d]t ljjfbsf] hUuf lgj]bsx?sf] xsef]usf] geO{ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs xf] eGg] 7f];, :ki6 / j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g / jiff}{b]lv pQm hUuf cfjfb u/L ef]u rng e} cfPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]df bkmf @( adf]lhd cfjfb aFem\ofO{ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf cfjfb ug]{ k|ToyL{x?nfO{ ;hfo ul/Psf] eGg] ;d]t pQm lg0f{oaf6 gb]lvPaf6 dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$ sf] k"jf{j:yf k|dfl0ft ePsf] b]lvPGf .

!%= k'g/fj]bg kqdf d'VotM dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-@_ sf] ljifo p7fOPsf] / o; cbfntaf6 c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd k|ToyL{ lemsfpFbf ;d]t ;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] JofVofsf] k|Zg /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmfn] o;

1321


cbfntaf6 g]sfk @)^!, k[i7 ^(( df k|ltkflbt l;4fGTfsf cfwf/df dfnkf]t sfof{non] bkmf @$ cGt{ut u/]sf] lg0f{odf k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t ax; lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOPsf]n] To;tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o; cbfntaf6 lg0f{o e} g]sfk @)^!, cÍ 5, k[i7 ^((, lg=g+=&#(! df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ df kfFrf} ;+zf]wg x'g' k"j{sf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] P]gdf ePsf] kfFrf} ;+zf]wgaf6 bkmf, @$, @( / #! ;d]tdf kl/jt{g x'g'sf ;fy} bkmf @$ ;+zf]wg eO{ ;f] bkmfdf tLg j6f pkbkmf dfq sfod /x]sf] b]lvG5 . b[i6fGt lbOPsf] d'2fsf] tYout ljifoj:t' / JofVof ePsf] sfg"gL k|Zg / k|:t't d'2fsf] tYout / sfg"gL cj:yf klg ;dfg g/xL leGg leGg /x]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yf / l:yltdf pQm d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt k|:t't d'2fdf cfs{lift x'g ;Sg] gb]lvPsf]n] k'g/fj]bs tkm{sf pkGofoflwjQmfsf] ax; lhsL/;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

!^= To;} u/L bkmf @$ n] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf btf{ / cfjfb ug{df lgif]w

u/]sf] / s;}n] To:tf] hUuf btf{ u/] u/fPdf btf{ ab/ ug]{ ;Ddsf] Joj:yf ;d]6L bkmf @( df To;/L cfjfb u/]sf] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf aFem\ofO{ cfjfb ug]{nfO{ ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L x]bf{ bkmf @$ df lgif]wfTds / bkmf @( df b08fTds Joj:yf e} b'j} bkmfx? k/:k/ ;DalGwt / kl/k"/ssf ?kdf /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bsx?n] k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv ljjfbsf] hUuf ef]u cfjfb u/L a;f]af; ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] eGg] tYo dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] kl5Nnf] lg0f{odf ;d]t :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . olb ljjfbsf] hUuf ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs xf] eGg] lgisif{df k'uL btf{ ab/ ug]{ xf] eg] dfnkf]t sfof{non] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf osLg lg0f{o u/L ;f] hUUffdf /x]sf] cfjfbnfO{ aem\FofO{ sfg"Gfn] lgif]w u/]sf] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf cfjfb ug]{ lgj]bsx?nfO{ bkmf @( adf]lhd ;hfo ;d]t x'g'kg]{ cj:yf /xG5 . bkmf @( pk/sf] sf/jfxLdf P]gsf] bkmf #! adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg nfUg] eGg] ;+zf]lwt P]gsf] :ki6 Joj:yf /x]af6 bkmf @$ nfO{ dfq Psf+sL ?kdf x]/L

1322


k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg .

!&= k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < / k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf], xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ clGtd k|Zgsf ;DjGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ul/Psf] tYo, sfg"g / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cfwf/ sf/0fjf6 dfnkf]t sfof{nojf6 Ps k6s 5'6 hUuf btf{ ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o k'gM ;f]xL sfof{nonfO{ ab/ ug]{ :ki6 sfg"gL cfwf/ gb]lvPsf] / ljjflbt hUufx? k|ToyL{x?n] kfl/t /flhgfdfjf6 xs k|fKt u/]sf] ;fljs xs ef]u k|df0fleqsf] ePsf] egL 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]df jg ;Ldfleq gkg]{ egL :ki6 osLg gu/L ePsf] eGg] ;d]tsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ lghx?sf gfddf 5'6 hUuf btf{ ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfkm\gf] klxn]sf] lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLjf6 ldlt @)%*.%.!! df ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g ;+ut gePsf]n] ljkIfL So"k|;fb a:ofn ;d]tsf] xsdf ab/ x'g] 7x5{ egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6 ldlt @)^).!@.!!.$ df ePsf] km};nf dgfl;j b]lvbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .

k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .

pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5" .

Gof= s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo

Olt ;+jt\ @)^% ;fn df3 @! ut] /f]h # z'ed\ Ohnf; clws[t M v8\u/fh clwsf/L

lg0f{o g+= *!(* sflQs, @)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f

>]i7dfggLo GofofwLz >L

/0faxfb'/ ad2064 – WO - 0870/2419/2800/3537cfb]z ldltM @)^^.#.@#

d'2fM pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .

lgj]bsM sf=lh= OrË'gf/fo0f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * a:g] dgf]x/ a~hf/f ;d]t

lj?4ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, ef}lts

of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno ;d]t

1323


cfkm"x¿nfO{ k/]sf] kL/ dsf{sf] sfg"gL ;+/If0ffy{ lg/Gt/ k|of;/t /x]sf] cj:yfdf vfnL ;do tTj -Time Factor_ g} lg0f{fos dfGg sfg"g tyf Gofosf] /f]xdf gldNg] .

7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf Pp6f If]qsf afl;Gbfsf] 3/ a;f]af; / ;DklQdf c;/ kg{;Sg] ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ?kdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] d'2f ljnDjsf] cfwf/df vf/]h ug{ pko'Qm geO{ d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ g} Gofosf] /f]xdf pko'Qm x'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=@_ ljsf;

cfof]hgfdf ;fdfGotof ;xdltaf6 ul/g] sfo{x¿ ubf{ ;xdltsf] ;sf/fTds pkl:ylt cfjZos ePsfn] k|zf;lgs :t/df lj/f]w geP ;xdlt ePsf] a'em\g] sfo{z}nL ljsf; of]hgfsf nflu :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] ;lqmo ;xof]u Pj+ ;fy{s ;xeflutf cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfdf pko'Qm gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=(_ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogkl5

ljsl;t / ;'ljwfhgs cj:yfdf 38]/L lkmtf{ x'g] eO{ ;f]sf] k|ltkmndf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu o;sf] Jooef/ ljt/0f ug]{ lx;fjn] hUufwgLx¿;Fu To;afktsf] of]ubfg dflug] x'Fbf sfg"g / :jLs[t dfkb08cGtu{t ul/g] o:tf] k|lqmofdf JolQmut c;xdltsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs xs ;/f]sf/sf] cfof]hgfnfO{ k|efljt ug{ gldNg] .

cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog kl5 ljsl;t 38]/Lx¿ ;dfg'kflts cfwf/df hUufwgLx¿nfO{ g} lkmtf{ ul/g] x'gfn] lgj]bsx¿nfO{ dfq ljz]if e]befj, dsf{ kf/]sf] eGg] cj:yf geO{ cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] ;a}sf xsdf ;f]xL dfkb08 nfu" x'g] x'Fbf cGoyf eGg gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_ cfwf/e"t ?kdf

sfg"gadf]lhd ;xdlt gePsf] eGg] :ki6 ePdf

1324


afx]s ;xdlt x'g] jf gx'g] aLrsf] åGåsf] k|s[ltdf cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=!@_

lgj]bs tkm{af6Mljåfg clwjQmfx¿åo /d0fs'df/ >]i7 / O{Zj/Lk|;fb e§/fO

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf 7f]sk|;fb l;jfsf]6L Pj+ ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfåo xl/x/ bfxfn / >L Zofdk|;fb v/]n, tyf ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ d'lQm k|wfg, /fdx/L Gof}kfg], afns[i0f Gof}kfg] / ab|Lgfy zdf{

cjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM d'n'sL P]g c=j+= (@ gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf]

bkmf # hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$

cfb]zGof=sNof0f >]i7M

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& adf]lhd o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/sf] eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M–

lgj]bsx¿ sf=lh=Or+u'gf/fo0f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & / * cGtu{tsf laleGg ls=g+= sf hUufwgLx¿ xf}+ . plNnlvt hUufx¿sf] xs :jfldTj xfdLdf /x]sf] 5 . k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL plNnlvt hUufx¿sf] ef]urng ug{ kfpg] lgj]bsx¿sf] k"0f{ xs /x]sf] 5 . xfdL sltko lgj]bsx¿ 3/jf;s} ?kdf / sltko lgj]bsx¿ cGo k|sf/n] cf–cfkm\gf] 3/ hUufsf] lgjf{w pkef]u ug{ kfpg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .

lgj]bsx¿sf] 3/jf; 38]/L nufotdf pkef]u u/L /x]sf] Or+u'gf/fo0f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & / * cGtu{tsf] k"j{ ;fljs jfnfh' j8f g+= ^= klZrd ;fljs afnfh', ( g+= pQ/ gfufh'{g h+un / blIf0f ;fljs afnfh' % / ^ leq kg]{ hUufx¿sf] PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu ldlt @)^).*.@# sf] uf]/vf kqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] /x]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf oyfy{ a'em\bf :yfgLo hUuf pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;xdlt lagf s]xL ;Lldt JolQmx¿sf] ;xof]u lnO{ ;fljsb]lvsf :yfgLo jfl;Gbf g} lj:yflkt x'g] u/L rsf]{ k|ltztdf hUuf PsLs/0f ug{ laleGg k|lqmofx¿ cl3

1325


a9fPsf] hfgsf/L kfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfsf] Dofb} leq lgj]bsx¿ nufotsf :yfgLo 3/ hUufwgLx¿n] pQm kl/of]hgf ;~rfngk|lt c;xdlt k|s6 ub}{ k|ToyL{ sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt ;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf lyof} . lgj]bs nufot :yfgLo jfl;Gbf / clwsf+z hUufwgLx¿sf] c;xdlt /x]sf] Joxf]/fsf] k6s–k6ssf] ph"/Lsf] jfjh"b klg ;Lldt JolQmx¿sf] lglxt :jfy{ cg'¿k u'kr'kdf slyt pkef]Qmf ;ldlt agfO{ To;}sf] ;xof]udf cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ k|lqmofut sfo{x¿ cufl8 a9fpFb} /x]sf] hfgsf/L kfO{ ldlt @)^@.@.!@ df tTsfn pknAw /x]sf @%^ hgf hUufwgLx¿n] k|ToyL{ dGqfnosf ;lrj;dIf cfof]hgf /2 ug{ lgj]bg lbPsf lyof}+ . :yfgLo Or+u'gf/fo0f ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.%.@& sf] ufpF kl/ifb\sf] a}7saf6 ;d]t pQm cfof]hgf /4 ug{ ;j{;Ddt lg0f{o u/L k|ToyL{ pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltdf kqfrf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k6s–k6s :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿af6 cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fdf c;xdlt hgfpFbf hgfpFb} klg gu/ ljsf; P]g tyf

cGo k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L cfof]hgf :jLs[t ePsf] ;"rgf g]kfn /fhkqdf ldlt @)^#.^.#) df k|sflzt eP5 . tTkZrft\ lgj]bsx¿ nufotsf JolQmx¿sf] hUuf lsQf sfod ug{ n]vL k7fpg] nufotsf sfdx¿ ;d]t cl3 al9/x]sf] / hUufx¿df ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿;d]t eTsfpg] ljufg]{ nufot sfo{x¿ x'Fb}5 eGg] xNnf ;'gL k|ToyL{ gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt ;dIf ;f] cfof]hgf;DaGwL cfjZos sfuhft dfu ubf{ pknAw gu/fPsf]n] k|ToyL{ dGqfnoaf6 pknAw u/fOP;Ddsf l6Kk0fL cfb]z tyf lg0f{o nufotsf sfuhsf] ldlt @)^$.!!.!% ;d]tdf gSsn lnO{ Joxf]/f yfxf hfgsf/L x'g cfof] .

gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@=!=@ df ægu/ of]hgf If]q leqsf] s'g} efudf sDtLdf &% k|ltzt hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt h'6fO{ ;f] 7fpFdf x/]s hUufsf lsQfx¿nfO{ PsLs/0f u/L ;f] hUufdf gu/of]hgf cg'¿k ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / To:tf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ ljsl;t 38]/Lx¿ ;fljss} hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿nfO{ ;dfg'kflts cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbg] Joj:yf

1326


u/L hUuf PsLs/0f -Nof08 k'lnË_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{Æ clwsf/ k|ToyL{ gu/ ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L hUufsf] PsLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ sDtLdf &% k|ltzt hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt lng] sfo{ k|ToyL{x¿af6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . plNnlvt If]qdf cfof]hgfsf] kIfdf lgj]bg lbg] hUufjfnf tyf df]xLx¿sf] ;+Vof !) k|ltzt eGbf a9L /x]s} 5}g . sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lglZrt dfkb08 ljk/Lt eP u/]sf] k|ToyL{x¿sf] sfd sf/jfxLn] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] lglZrt 5 . plNnlvt hUufx¿df ;of}+ lsQf hUuf s]an 38]/L tyf 3/jf; k|of]hgsf] lglDt dfq pkef]u eO/x]sf] 5, h'g lsQfx¿af6 Psftkm{ hUuf s6fO{ lsQf ;fgf] kfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g eg] To;df yk cfly{s of]ubfg u/L 38]/L lng ;Sg] x}l;ot plNnlvt lsQf hUufsf hUufwgLx¿;Fu 5}g . o;/L k/fk"j{ b]lv a;f]af; u/L cfPsf :yfgLo hg;d'bfosf] 7"nf] ;+Vof cfkm\gf] jf;:yfgaf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

ljB't, 6]lnkmf]g / ;8s ;'ljwf k|ofKt

dfqdf /x]sf] vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf :yfgLo hgtfx¿sf] kxndf ;DkGg x'Fb} u/]sf] / 9n lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;d]t kxn eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf gu/ ljsf; of]hgf nfu' ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g ubf{ :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L g} glbO{ :yfgLo hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj g} x'g g;Sg] u/L u'r'kdf u7g ul/Psf] 5 . slyt pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ JolQmx¿n] oyfoy{df :yfgLo hUufwgL / df]xLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . u'kr'k ?kdf ;Lldt JolQmx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf u7g u/]sf] pkef]Qmf ;ldlt Gofok"0f{ 5}g . jx';+Vos :yfgLo hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] ;dy{glagf g} cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf] k|lqmof cufl8 al9/x]sf] / cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ljifodf kIf ljkIfaLr ljjfb cfO{ c;xh kl/l:ylt pTkGg x'Fbf ;xdlt h'6fP/ cfof]hgfsf] sfd ug]{ egL k|ToyL{ dGqfno cGtu{tsf] zx/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f laefuaf6 ;'emfj ;lxtsf] l6Kk0fL k]z ePsf]df ;f] ;'emf

1327


adf]lhd klg s'g} sf/jfxL ePsf] 5}g . k|ToyL{x¿n] cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ elgPsf] If]q g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfp6/ l/Ë/f]8 lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu /]vfÍg ul/Psf] If]q kb{5 eGg] s'/f a'lemg cfPsf] 5 . pQm l/Ë/f]8 lgdf{0f x'Fbf ;f];Fu @)) ld6/;Ddsf] hUufx¿ ;f]xL qmddf Knl6Ë ul/ 5'6\ofpg] x'gfn] xfnsf] k|ToyL{ gu/ ljsf; ;ldltn] ;~rfng ug]{ eg]sf] cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ cf}lrTolxg 5 . cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ ;xdlt / c;xdlt h'6fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu egL k|ToyL{x¿af6 s]an #% lbgsf] ;"rgf klqsfdf k|sflzt ePs} cfwf/df ;f] ;"rgf ;a}n] yfxf kfp5g\ eGg ldNb}g . kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ yfxf eof] xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg u/L JolQmsf] ;DklQ cltqmd0f ug]{ xs To;}af6 k|fKt x'G5 eGg Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g .

t;y{ lgj]bsx¿sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@, !(, / @& ;d]tåf/f k|bQ ;+j}wflgs Pj+ df}lns xs Pj+ gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@ ;d]tåf/f k|bQ sfg"gL xs clwsf/df ;d]t cf3ft k'u]sfn]

cGo k|efjsf/L a}slNks pkrf/sf] cefjdf of] l/6 k]z u/]sf 5f}+ . lgj]bsx¿ nufot :yfgLo hUufwgL / df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt glnO{ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf ckf/bzL{ 9+un] Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{ pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltaf6 k|f/De ul/Psf] k|lqmof, k|sflzt laleGg ldltsf ;"rgfx¿ tyf ;f] cfof]hgf :jLs[ltsf] nflu k|ToyL{ dGqfnodf k|:t't ePsf] l6Kk0fL cfb]z Pj+ ldlt @)^#.^.! sf] cfof]hgf :jLs[lt;DaGwL lg0f{o cfb]z / hUuf clwu|x0f;DaGwL ;"rgf nufot ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o cfb]z ;"rgf Pj+ ;f]sf cfwf/df eP u/]sf k|ToyL{x¿sf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLx¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L pQm lg0f{osf] cfwf/df k|ToyL{x¿åf/f x'g nfu]sf] Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;DaGwL s'g}klg sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' tyf ;f] cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf lgj]bsx¿sf] 3/jf; tyf hUufx¿df s'g}klg k|sf/n] k|

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j]z ug]{ 8f]h/ Pj+ plNnlvt hUufx¿sf] lgjf{w pkef]u Pj+ xs x:tfGt/0f nufotsf] sfg"gadf]lhd pkef]u ug{ kfpg] xsaf6 lgj]bsx¿nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/n] jl~rt gug'{ /f]s gnufpg' egL k|ToyL{x¿sf] gfp+df k|ltz]wsf] cfb]z nufot cGo hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{ hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd lgj]bsx¿ nufotsf hUufx¿df k|j]z u/L 8f]h/ nufO{ eTsfpg] ljufg]{ cltqmd0f ug]{ ef}lts ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ug]{ u/L s'g} klg sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL k|ToyL{x¿sf] gfp+df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]<lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno nufotsf ljkIfLx¿sf xsdf dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ / Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;d]tsf ljkIfLx¿sf xsdf cfkm}+ jf

cfkm\gf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL of] cfb]z / l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;d]t ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fOlbg' . lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 ;'g'jfO{sf] lgldQ lgj]bs x]ddfof yfkf;d]t lj?4 ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= &(@ sf] l/6 lgj]bg;d]t ;fy} /fvL lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .

/fli6«o :t/sf] b}lgs klqsfdf #% lbg] Dofb lbO{ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf tf]lsPsf] rf/ lsNnf leq s'g} df]xL tyf hUufwgLsf] s'g} c;xdlt eP tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq lnlvt lgj]bg gu/ ljsf; ;ldltdf lbg'xf]nf egL ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L laleGg cfof]hgf ;~rfng ePsf / ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd sxL+ st}af6 s'g} k|Zg lrGx gp7]sf] x'Fbf OrË'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf –bf]>f]_ ;~rfng ug]

1329


{ qmddf klg o; OhË'gf/fo0f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & / * sf s]xL hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] dfuadf]lhd sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ldlt @)%(.#.@$ ut] a;]sf] a}7sn] cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . lg0f{ofg';f/ cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf :yfgLo ;xof]u -pkef]Qmf_ ;ldlt u7g u/L gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@=!=@ adf]lhd rf/ lsNnf vf]nL ldlt @)^).*.@# df hUufwgLx¿sf] ;xdlt, c;xdlt, /fo ;'emfj JolQmut ?kdf k|fKt ug{ Jojxfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] ;Dej gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf o;} ;"rgfåf/f o; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fdf rf/ lsNnf leq cfkm\gf] hUuf kg]{ hUufwgL jf df]xLsf] c;xdlt eP ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq lbg' x'g hfgsf/L u/fOG5 . ;f] cjlwleq s'g} c;xdlt k|fKt gx'g] hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] o; sfo{qmd k|lt ;xdlt /x]sf] 7flgg] 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fli6«o :t/sf] klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] / ;f] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePkl5 pQm ;"rgfsf] Dofb leq

ldlt @)^).(.@* df ^* hgf hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿n] cfof]hgf l56f] ;DkGg xf];\ / of]ubfg k|ltzt sd ul/of];\ eGg] h:tf dfu /fvL lgj]bg;Dd k/]sf] t/ cfof]hgfdf c;xdltsf] lgj]bg s;}sf] klg gk/]sf]n] ;f] cfof]hgfnfO{ ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOPsf] xf] .

lgj]bsx¿sf] hUufx¿ cltqmd0f ug]{ 8f]h/ nuL 3/hUuf eTsfpg] cfz+sf ljBdfg /x]sf] egL eGg] egfO{ lg/fwf/ 5 . lgdf{0f ePsf 3/x¿ s'g} klg gelTsg], sf]xL lj:yflkt gx'g] cfof]hgfsf] gLlt g} /x]sf] x'G5 . ;f] s'/fsf] k'li6 lj:t[t of]hgf th'{df ubf{ :ynut ;e]{ u/L lgdf{0f e};s]sf 3/x¿ b]lvg] u/L gS;f tof/ ePsf] / s'g} klg 3/ geTsg] u/L af6f]x¿ k|:tfj ePsf] 5 . s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^$ n] gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@=!=@ df ;+zf]wg u/L sDtLdf PsfpGg k|ltzt hUufwgL / df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt /x]df cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] ;+zf]wg ePkZrft\ ldlt @)^$.%.!* sf] uf]/vfkqdf dfq hUuf k|flKtsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Paf6 klg sl/a ^!$ pkef]Qmf /x]sf]

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cfof]hgfsf] ljifodf (^ hgf l/6 lgj]bsx¿, To;df klg sltko l/6 lgj]bsx¿n] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfkm\gf] d~h"/L g/x]sf] s'/fsf] lnlvt hfgsf/L u/fO/x]sf x'Fbf k|:t't lgj]bsx¿nfO{ l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of /x]sf] 5}g . o; l:yltdf &% k|ltzt hUufwgL Pj+ df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt kfpg'kg]{ eGg] ljifodf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ;fGble{s 5}g . sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^!.%.@! sf] j}7sn] P]gsf] bkmf !@=!=@u tyf * adf]lhd To; If]qsf] hUufdf @ aif{;Dd lsQfsf6 / ef}lts kl/jt{g ug{ gkfpg] u/L /f]s nufO{ u/]sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd ldlt @)^!.&.!# df /fli6«o:t/sf] klqsfdf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L lsQfsf6 / ef}lts kl/jt{g ug{;Dd gkfpg] u/L /f]s nufOPsf] xf] . nfdf] ;do;Dd lsQfsf6 tyf ef}lts kl/jt{gdf /f]s nufpFbf ;DalGwt hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg{ hfg] x'Fbf oyfzL3| cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf pTk|]if0f nufotsf cfb]z vf/]h x'g'k5{ .

cfof]hgf :jLs[t x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf Jojl:yt 38]/L lgdf{0f

u/L ;dfg'kflts lx;fjn] ;DalGwt hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿nfO{ g} lkmtf{ ug]{u/L hUuf clwu|x0fsf] lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]xL cg';f/ g} sfof{Gjog x'g] x'Fbf cfkm\gf] hUuf ef]urng ug{ kfpg] lgj]bsx¿sf] clwsf/ ;j{bf ;'/lIft g} 5 . pk/f]Qm u7g ug]{ ;DaGwdf /fli6«o:t/sf] b}lgs klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L uf=lj=;= / gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df k'gu{7g ePsf] pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ u'kr'k / c1ft :yfgdf u7g ul/Psf] egL slyt pkef]Qmf ;ldlt eGg' cfkm}df skf]nslNkt 5 . hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgfdf ljsl;t 38]/Lsf] Go"gtd Kn6 ;fOh )–@–@–) eGbf sd x'g] cj:yf / 3/ lgdf{0f ePsf] hUufdf cfof]hgfsf] of]ubfg s§f ubf{ k|fljlws sf/0fn] hUuf yk ug'{kg]{ ePdf pkef]Qmfsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf ;xof]u ;ldlt pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf rng rNtLsf] d"No eGbf lgs} sd d"No lnO{ ljsl;t 38]/L lbg] tyf To:tf] /sd ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg ;lsg] / s'g} klg k|sf/n] /sd ltg{ g;lsg] egL 7x/ ePsf] cj:yfdf cfof]hgf ;xof]u ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L x'g];Dd /fxt lbg]

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gLlt /x]sf] x'Fbf o; cfof]hgfdf klg ;f]xL gLltnfO{ cg'z/0f ul/g] ePsf] x'Fbf cfof]hgfaf6 sf]xL klg lj:yflkt gx'g] x'G5 / xfn;Dd ;DkGg eO;s]sf / ;DkGg x'g] cj:yfsf s'g} klg cfof]hgfaf6 sf]xL st} lj:yflkt gePsf] oyfy{ cj:yf 5 .

;ft a'+b] ;xdlt sfof{Gjog ug]{tkm{ s'g} kxn gul/Psf] eGg] ;Gbe{df sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltaf6 ;xdlt÷c;xdlt kIf #÷# hgf k|ltlglw k7fO{ lbg] u/L ldlt @)^#.^.@# df uf=lj=;= nfO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] / uf=lj=;= n] ldlt @)^#.^.@( df c;xdtdWo]sf >L u0f]zaxfb'/ nfdf xfn gjul7t ;xof]u ;ldltsf] cWoIf k|ltlglwTj ug'{x'G5 cGo JolQmx¿ klg laleGg k|sf/n] ;xdt eO cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^@.@.!@ df ;"rgfsf] Dofb eGbf sl/a @ aif{kl5 c;xdt kIfsf @%^ hgfdWo]sf clwsf+z hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿ ;xdlt hgfpFb} sf]xL Joj:yfkg pk;ldltdf / sf]xL k'gu{l7t ;xof]u ;ldltdf /xL cfof]hgf zL3| ;DkGg ug{ nflu k/]sf 5g\ . s'g} klg

sf/0faf6 cfof]hgf cjlw nlDjg' eg]sf] ;DalGwt hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿df g} cfly{s ef/ a9\g hfg] x'Fbf cGtl/d cfb]z vf/]h x'g clwsf+z hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] lxtdf x'G5 . xfn} @)^$.!!.@( df pQm cfof]hgfsf sl/a $)% hgf hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿n] cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ t'?Gt lg/Gt/tf lbOof];\ egL ;xof]u ;ldltdfkm{t\ ;Ddflgt cbfnt;dIf k]z ug{ lgj]bg k|fKt x'g cfPsf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bsx¿n] ldlt @)^).*.@# df cfof]hgfn] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfdfkm{t\ tf]s]sf] ;doleq s'g} c;xdlt k|s6 gu/L gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf ;a} sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f u/L cfof]hgfsf] af6f]sf] /]vf+sg u/L af6f] vf]Ng] sfo{ eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf l/6 If]qdf cg'lrt ljnDj u/L k|j]z ug'{ ljnDjsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df l/6 vf/]h x'g'k5{ . ljsl;t 38]/L lkmtf{ lbg] u/L gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !^ adf]lhd hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ sf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L cfof]hgfsf] gfddf hUuf clwu|x0f eO{ cfof]hgfsf] xs :jfldTjdf cfO{ ;a} hUuf PsLs/0f u/L sfo{ k|f/De eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf clwu|

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x0fsf ;"rgfsf] % dlxgfkZrft\ k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg ljnDjsf] l;4fGtn] klg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]] sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf ;b:o ;lrj czf]sgfy pk|]tL, Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf -bf];|f]_, P]hg cfof]hgfsf] Joj:yfkg pk;ldltsf] tkm{af6 Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'§f5'§} k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf #% lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ePkZrft\ tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq c;xdltsf] lgj]bg gk/]sf] x'gfn] ;xh / kf/bzL{ 9+un] cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg ;j{k|yd hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] k|ltlglw d"ns ;+:yf cfjZos kg]{ x'Fbf cfof]hgfsf] ;xof]u -pkef]Qmf_ ;ldlt u7g u/L $ hgf k|ltlglw Joj:yfkg pk;ldltdf k7fO{ lbg gu/ ljsf; ;ldltaf6 ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= nfO{ @)^!.$.!% df kqfrf/ ePsf]df uf=lj=;= n] hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] e]nf u/fO{ >L /fdjfj' nfdfsf] cWoIftfdf ;xof]u -pkef]Qmf_ ;ldlt u7g ug'{sf] ;fy} Joj:yfkg pk;ldltdf $ hgf k|ltlglw l;kmfl/z u/L ldlt @)^!.$.@* sf] kqaf6 gu/

ljsf; ;ldltdf n]vL k7fPsf] lyof] . ldlt @)^#.@.@! df ePsf] & a'+b] ;Demf}tfcg'¿k cfof]hgfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg laleGg r/0fdf cfof]hgfsf kIf / ljkIfsf] ;xeflutfdf 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ePsf] / cGt/\lqmofaf6 & a'Fb] ;xdltnfO{ cg'z/0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfof]hgf ;xof]u -pkef]Qmf_ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z ;d]t cfjZos x'g] / c;xdt kIfsf] k|d'v dfu klg ;fljs ;xof]u -pkef]Qmf_ ;ldlt eË x'g'kg]{ eGg] ePsf] x'Fbf cfof]hgf cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf @)^$.%.@$ ut] a;]sf] Joj:yfkg pk;ldltn] ;f] ;ldlt eË u/]sf] x'Fbf ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;xof]u ;ldlt -pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_ k'gu{7g ug{ clgjfo{ ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu ldlt @)^$.^.@( / @)^$.*.% df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L cfof]hgf If]qdf ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] pkl:yltdf hUufwgL tyf df]xLsf] e]nfn] ;j{;Ddt 9+uaf6 ldlt @)^$.*.* df ;xof]u ;ldlt k'gu{7g ePsf] ljifonfO{ u'kr'kdf sf]7] j}7s u/L u7g ePsf] eGg] lg/fwf/ xf] / ;f] gjul7t ;ldltsf]

1333


l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df ;xdltsf & a'Fbfx¿ sfof{Gjog x'g'sf] ;fy} pQm & a'FbfdWo] a'Fbf g+= @ df sfg"gL /Lt k'¥ofO{Psf] s'/fdf c;xdt kIf klg ;xdt 5g\ .

ljsl;t 38]/L lkmtf{ lbg] u/L gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !^ adf]lhd hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ sf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L cfof]hgfsf] gfddf hUuf clwu|x0f eO{ cfof]hgfsf] xs :jfldTjdf cfO{ ;a} hUuf PsLs/0f u/L sfo{ k|f/De eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf clwu|x0fsf] ;"rgfsf] % dlxgf kZrft\ k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg ljnDjsf] l;4fGtn] klg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf -bf];|f]_ pkef]Qmf -;xof]u_ ;ldltsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ldlt @)^^.^.! gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% adf]lhd Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . pQm lg0f{ocg';f/ ;f] cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{ ldlt @)^$.%.!* df Pp6} lsQf agfO{ ljlwjt\ gofF lsQf sfod u/L :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿nfO{ ljsl;t 38]/Lsf] hUuf lkmtf{ lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu hUuf k|fKt ug]{ lg0f{o

eO{ uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgfaf6 gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% df Jojl:yt ljBdfg sfg"gL cfwf/ adf]lhd g} cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/g] / u/fpg] x'Fbf To;nfO{ cGoyf eof] eGg ;Sg] s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/;d]t g/x]sf]n] l/6 lgj]sbn] lnPsf] bfjL sfg"g;Ddt gx'Fbf vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno tyf ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqLsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'§f5'§} lnlvt hjfkm .

sf=lh= ;fljs jfnfh' &, *-s_ tyf afnfh' *-v_ e} xfn Or+u'gf/fo0f uf=lj=;= leq kg]{ s]xL lsQf hUufx¿df hUuf PsLs/0f sfo{qmd -Nof08 k'lnª_ ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljjflbt k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL lgj]bsx¿n] o; sfof{no;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' ePsf] /x]5 . hUuf PsLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{;DaGwL sfo{ gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltdf ;DalGwt gu/ ljsf; cfof]hgfaf6 g} x'g] / pQm sfo{df o; sfof{nosf] s'g} k|ToIf ;+nUgtf gx'g]

1334


ePsf]n] gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)$% adf]lhd ;DalGwt hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgfaf6 ePsf] sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL lgj]bsx¿n] o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ /xg' kg]{ g} xf]Og . j];/f]sf/sf] lgj]bgaf6 km';{b kfpFm eGg] ;d]t dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] @)^%.!.@& sf] lnlvt hjfkm .

lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf r9L o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bssftkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿åo /d0fs'df/ >]i7 / O{Zj/Lk|;fb e§/fO{n] gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@=!=@ adf]lhd hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ &% k|ltzt :yfgLo hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt cfjZos k5{ . ljkIfL cfof]hgfaf6 ;DalGwt hUufwgL tyf df]xLaf6 ;xdlt k|fKt ug]{ s'g} k|of; g} ePsf] 5}g . c;xdt x'g]x¿n] ph"/ ug'{egL klqsfdf k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g lnOPsf] egL cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf] nflu pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] u7g tyf cfof]hgfsf] ;~rfng kf/bzL{ 5}g . :yfgLo

JolQmaf6 :jLs[lt glnOPsf] tyf pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos gk/]sf] slyt hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf lgj]bsx¿sf] lxt ljk/Lt ;d]t 5 . lgj]bsx¿af6 pgLx¿sf] xs :jfldTjsf] hUuf clwu|x0f ul/g] / cfkm\g} hUuf lkmtf{ k|fKt ug{ klg cfof]hgfsf] vr{sf] nflu of]ubfg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{lt/ cfof]hgfn] hUufsf] Go"gtd If]qkmn tf]s]sf] x'Fbf sltko hUufwgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] xs ef]usf] hUufaf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . lgj]bsx¿sf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;fDklQs clwsf/ Pj+ gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt, P]gn] lgj]bsx¿nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] sfg"gL xs ljk/Lt x'Fbf ljjflbt cfof]hgf u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] lgj]bsx¿sf] dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .

k|ToyL{ ef}lts tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno ;d]t tkm{af6 ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf 7f]sk|;fb l;jfsf]6L, Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgftkm{af6 ljåfg al/i7 clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfn tyf clwjQmf d'lQm k|wfg, P]hgsf] pkef]Qmf ;ldlttkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf /fdx/L Gof}kfg]

1335


pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf Zofdk|;fb v/]n, ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ afns[i0f Gof}kfg] tyf ab|L gfy zdf{n] Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] dfu cg';f/ pgLx¿sf] lxtdf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t ;/sf/af6 lg0f{o eO{ ;~rflnt ePsf] cfof]hgf xf] . gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)$% sf] bkmf !@ cg';f/ :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] ;xdlt k|fKt ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu cfof]hgfsf] tkm{af6 @)^).*.@# df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . xfn;Dd ;~rflnt ;Dk"0f{ cfof]hgfx¿ oxL k|lqmof cGtu{t g} ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . k|To]s JolQm;Fu ;Dks{ u/L 5'§f5'§} ;xdlt lng c;Dej x'g] x'Fbf To;f] ul/Psf] eGg] cfof]hgfsf] egfO{ 5 . cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] ;Dk"0f{ hUufsf] If]qkmn Pj+ hUufwgLx¿sf] ;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf cfof]hgfdf c;xdlt hgfO{ l/6 bfo/ ug{ cfpg] lgj]bsx¿sf] ;+Vof c;fWo Go"g 5 . l/6 bfo/ ug]{ lgj]bsx¿dWo] klg sltkon] d'2f lkmtf{sf] nflu lgj]bg lbO{ ;Sg' ePsf] cj:yf 5 . x/]s

cfof]hgfdf ;Dk"0f{ JolQm ;xdt x'g'k5{ eGg ;lsb}g . s]xL JolQm c;xdt ePs} sf/0fn] jx';+Vossf] lxtsf] nflu ;/sf/n] sfg"g;Ddt 9+un] :jLs[t u/L ;~rfng ug{ nfu]sf] ljsf; of]hgfnfO{ cbfntaf6 /2 ug{ ldNb}g . s'g} klg hUufwgLx¿n] cfof]hgfaf6 lj:yflkt x'g gkg]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 :ki6 5 . ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= sf] ;lqmotfdf / pkef]Qmfsf] Jofks ;xeflutfdf sfg"gadf]lhd ul7t pkef]Qmf ;ldlt sfg"g;Ddt 5 . hgtfsf] ljsf;;DaGwL cfjZostf / sfg"gsf] cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df ;d]t l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g . cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[lt Pj+ ;~rfng sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg hf/L x'g'sf] cf}lrTo 5}g, vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] .

OG;fkmtkm{ larf/ ubf{, xfdL lgj]bsx¿ ;d]tsf] 3/ a;f]af; ePsf] Or+u'gf/fo0f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & / * cGtu{tsf] If]qdf gu/ ljsf; P]g @)$% adf]lhd &% k|ltzt :yfgLo hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] :jLs[ltdf hUuf PsLs/0f of]hgf :jLs[t x'g ;Sg]df sfg"gL k|fjwfg ljk/Lt lgj]bs;d]tsf :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] ;xdlt

1336


glnO{ Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f of]hgf :jLs[t u/L nfu' ug]{ qmddf /x]sf] 5 . 38]/L / 3/jf;sf] pkef]usf] nflu k|of]u eO/x]sf] 38]/L s6fO{ cfO{ ;fgf] agfpg;Sg] ;Defjgf 5}g eGg] yk cfly{s of]ubfg u/L 38]/L lng ;Sg] cj:yf gx'Fbf lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] u7g / cfof]hgfsf] ;~rfngsf] k|lqmofdf sfg"g;Ddt / kf/blz{tf gePsf] Pj+ :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;fy{s ;xeflutf;d]t gePsf] x'Fbf ljjflbt of]hgf ;~rfngaf6 gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k|bQ ;fDklts xsdf cltqmd0f ePsf]n] u}/sfg"gL 9+un] :jLs[t ePsf] pQm hUuf PsLs/0f of]hgf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L eO{ vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] lgj]bsx¿sf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[lt tyf ;~rfng sfg"g;Ddt 5 . pQm cfof]hgf clwsfz+ :yfgLo hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt tyf pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo hUufwgL s;}n] klg cfof]hgfsf] sf/0faf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . l/6

lgj]bg lg/fwf/ x'Fbf vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] kfOof] .

cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v tf]lsPsf]df b'a} kIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; ;'gL k]z ePsf] lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhftx¿sf] cWoog ul/of] .

;j{k|yd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsx¿ dWo]sf s]xL lgj]bsx¿n] d'n'sL P]g c=j+= (@ adf]lhd cfkm\gf] xsdf d'2f lkmtf{ kfpFm egL k]z ePsf lgj]bgx¿ x]bf{, lgj]bsx¿ dWo]sf pld{nf clwsf/L / wg/fh dxh{g hgf @ sf] @)^%.!).* df o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] ;+o'Qm lgj]bg – !, lgj]bsdWo]s} clDjsf ;'g'jf/, cgLtf lwtfn / zlzsnf ;'g'jf/ hgf # sf] @)^%.(.!# df o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] ;+o'Qm lgj]bg–!, ;d]t % hgfsf] @ j6f lgj]bgaf6 d'n'sL P]g cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] (@ g+= adf]lhd cfkm\gf] xsdf d'2f lkmtf{ lnO{ tfd]nLdf /flvkfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bg sfg"gadf]lhd ;gfvt eO{ /Ltk"j{s k]z ePsf] b]lvFbf lghx¿sf] xsdf s]xL larf/ u/L /xg' k/]g . lgj]bsx¿ dWo]sf d]3axfb'/ l3ªun, dgf]x/ aGh/f, k|ltdf 8+uf]n / s[i0f b]jL

1337


8+uf]n ;d]t hgf $ sf] ldlt @)^%.!!.@^ df cfkm\gf] xsdf d'2f lkmtf{ kfpFm egL k]z u/]sf] ;+o'Qm lgj]bgsf] xsdf ;gfvt eO{ /Ltk"j{s k]z ePsf] gb]lvFbf lghx¿sf] xsdf / cGo lgj]bsx¿sf] xsdf larf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d'Votof b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|Zgx¿df lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .

-!_ k|:t't lgj]bg ljnDj u/L kg{ cfPsf] xf] xf]Og <

-@_ ljjflbt Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf sfg"g;Ddt ?kdf :jLs[lt / ;~rfng ePsf] 5 5}g<

-#_ lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L eO{ ljjflbt cfof]hgf vf/]h ul/g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og< cGo pko'Qm cfb]z jf k"lh{ hf/L x'G5 x'Fb}g <

@= k|:t't d'2fdf ljnDj u/L lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf]n] vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ljkIfLx¿n] lnlvt hjfkmdf lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvFbf ;f];DaGwdf g} ;j{k|yd lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] . k|:t't cfof]hgfsf] ;DaGwdf pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;xdlt c;xdltsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ldlt @)^).*.@# df k|sfzg

ul/Psf], @)^#.^.#) df cfof]hgf :jLs[lt;DaGwL ;"rgf g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ul/Psf] / of]hgf sfof{Gjog s} l;nl;nfdf ldlt @)^$.%.!% df cfof]hgfIf]q leqsf] hUuf clwu|x0fsf] nflu ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL k|of]hgsf] nflu ldlt @)^$.%.@# df lgj]bsx¿sf] hUuf;d]t cfof]hgfsf] hUufx¿ lsga]r xs x:tfGt/0f ug{nfO{ /f]Ssf ug{ dfnkf]t sfof{nodf kqfrf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 lgj]bsx¿sf] xsdf ;f]xL ;dodf c;/ kl/;s]sf]df lgj]bsx¿ ldlt @)^$.!!.@ df dfq o; cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsx¿ cfkm\gf] clwsf/df c;/ k/]sf] dx;"; ugf{;fy ;f]sf] pkrf/sf] nflu tTsfn o; cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . cfkm"x¿nfO{ k/]sf] kL/ dsf{sf] sfg"gL ;+/If0ffy{ lg/Gt/ k|of;/t /x]sf] cj:yfdf vfnL ;do tTj -Time Factor_ g} lg0f{fos dfGg sfg"g tyf Gofosf] /f]xdf ldNb}g . t/ lgj]bsx¿ To;/L pko'Qm sfg"gL dfu{df lg/Gt/ k|of;/t /x]sf] kfOb}g . tyflk 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf Pp6f If]qsf jfl;Gbfsf] 3/ a;f]af; / ;DklQdf c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]

1338


d'2fsf] ?kdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] o:tf] k|Zgdf ljnDjsf] cfwf/df lgj]bg vf/]h ug{ pko'Qm geO{ d'2fsf] tYo leq k|j]z u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ g} Gofosf] /f]xdf pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

#= cj bf];|f] k|Zg ljjflbt Or+u'gf/fo0f hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf sfg"g;Ddt ?kdf :jLs[t / ;~rfng ePsf] 5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ ljjflbt Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf] sfg"gL cfwf/ gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% /x]sf] b]lvG5 . a9\bf] hg;+Vof tyf zx/Ls/0fsf] kl/k|]Iodf eO{/x]sf] gu/x¿sf] k'gM lgdf{0f, lj:tf/ / ljsf; ;fy} gofF gu/x¿sf] lgdf{0f u/L gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿ k'¥ofpg tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jf:Yo, ;'ljwf Pj+ cfly{s lxt sfod /fVg] eGg] k|:t't P]gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] eGg] s'/f ;f] P]gsf] k|:tfjgfaf6 b]lvG5 . k|:t't cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[lt / ;~rfngsf] j}Btfsf] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bsx¿n] d'Vo k|Zg p7fPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf pQm gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf # x]bf{ b]xfo cg';f/ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 ,

bkmf # gu/of]hgf th'{df / :jLs[ltM#=! b]xfosf] s'g} jf ;a} p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;ldltn] gu/of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;Sg]5M

#=!=! g]kfn clw/fHosf] s'g} efudf PsLs[t ?kdf gu/]sf] ef}lts ljsf; ug]{,

#=!=@ eO{/x]sf] gu/sf] k'gM lgdf{0f, lj:tf/ / ljsf; ug]{ tyf gofF gu/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{,

#=!=# gu/ ljsf;sf] nflu e"–pkof]uIf]q lgwf{/0f ug]{, To:tf] If]qdf ug{ kfOg] ef}lts ljsf;sf] dfkb08 tf]Sg] tyf To:tf] If]qsf] hg3gTjsf] cfwf/df ;8s, oftfoft, lah'nL, 9n lgsf;, ;/;kmfO, v'Nnf If]q nufotsf] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg],

#=!=$ pko'{Qm sfo{x¿;Fu ;Da4 cGo sfo{x¿ ug]{,

#=@ pkbkmf #=! adf]lhd ;ldltn] agfPsf] gu/of]hgf >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt x'g'kg]{5 .

1339


#=# >L % sf] ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf] gu/ of]hgf lj:t[t ljt/0f;lxtsf] ;"rgf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ug'{kg]{5 .

$= pQm ljjflbt cfof]hgf :jLs[t ubf{ gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@=!=@ cg';f/ hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt k|fKt gul/Psf] x'Fbf cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[lt / ;~rfng sfg"gljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bsx¿sf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf] bkmf !@=!=@ sf] k"0f{kf7 b]xfocg';f/ b]lvG5M–

%= !@=!=@ gu/ of]hgf If]qleqsf] s'g} efudf slDtdf &% k|ltzt hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt h'6fO{ jf ;f] 7fpFdf /x]sf hUufsf laleGg lsQfx¿nfO{ PsLs/0f u/L ;f] hUufdf gu/of]hgf cg'¿k ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / To:tf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ ljsl;t 38]/Lx¿ a]rL c;"n ug]{ / afFsL ljsl;t 38]/Lx¿ ;fljss} hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿nfO{ ;dfg'kflts cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbg] Joj:yf

u/L hUuf PsLs/0f -Nof08 k'lnË_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .

^= s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{, P]g @)^$ åf/f pQm k|fjwfgdf s]xL ;+zf]wg eO{ slDtdf &% k|ltzt hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt h'6fO{ eGg] k|fjwfgsf] ;§fdf slDtdf PsfpGg k|ltzt hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt /x]df eGg] jfSof+z /fv]sf] kfOG5 . ljkIfLx¿n] tTsfn sfod /x]sf] slDtdf &% k|ltzt hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt h'6fpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g egL lgj]bsx¿n] bfjL lnPsf] / hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdltcg';f/ cfof]hgf :jLs[ltsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] kfOG5 .

&= k|:t't Or+u'gf/fo0f hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgfsf] cjwf/0f ldlt @)^#.^.! df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oaf6 :jLs[t ePsf] / k|:t't gu/ ljsf; P]g @)$% n] u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd ldlt @)^#.^.#) df cfof]hgf :jLs[lt;DaGwL ;"rgf g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ePsf] eGg] ljifodf ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvFb}g .

1340


*= ldlt @)%(.#.@$ df cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf] a}7sn] cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o u/]kZrft\ ldlt @)^).*.@# df PsLs/0f ug]{ cfof]hgf If]qsf] rf/ lsNnf vf]nL hUufwgLx¿sf] ;xdlt, c;xdlt, /fo ;'emfj JolQmut ?kdf k|fKt ug{ Jojxfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] ;Dea gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf o;} ;"rgfåf/f o; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fdf plNnlvt rf/ lsNnf leq cfkm\gf] hUuf kg]{ hUufwgL jf df]xLsf] c;xdlt eP ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq lbg' x'g hfgsf/L u/fOG5 . ;f] cjlw leq c;xdlt k|fKt gx'g] df]xL tyf hUufwgLx¿sf] o; sfo{qmdk|lt ;xdlt /x]sf] 7flgg]5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] Dofbleq ^* hgf hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿n] cfof]hgf l56f] ;DkGg xf];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfu /fvL lgj]bg u/]sf] t/ c;xdltsf] hfgsf/L s;}n] glbPsf]n] pQm cfof]hgfdf :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] ;xdlt /x]sf] eGg]

ljkIfLx¿sf] lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljutdf ;~rfng ePsf cfof]hgfx¿ klg ;f]xL k|lqmofaf6 ;xdlt k|fKt u/]sf] x'Fbf o;k|sf/sf] ;xdlt k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf] eGg];d]t cfof]hgfsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOof] .

(= ljsf; cfof]hgfdf ;fdfGotof ;xdltaf6 ul/g] sfo{x¿ ubf{ ;xdltsf] ;sf/fTds pkl:ylt cfjZos x'G5 . k|zf;lgs :t/df lj/f]w geP ;xdlt ePsf] a'em\g] sfo{z}nL ljsf; of]hgfsf nflu :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] ;lqmo ;xof]u Pj+ ;fy{s ;xeflutf cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfdf pko'Qm x'g] b]lvFb}g . cfof]hgf :jLs[t x'Fbf nfu" /x]sf] k|:t't P]gsf] pQm bkmf !@=!=@ df æ&% k|ltzt hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿sf] ;xdlt h'6fO{Æ eGg] jfSof+z /x]sf] b]lvFbf o;df c;xdltsf] cefjnfO{ dfq ;xdlt dfGg'kg]{ eGg] cfzo b]lvFb}g, ;sf/fTds ;xdltsf] cfjZostfnfO{ O+lut u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:t} k|Zg ;d]t pkl:yt ePsf] rdtL hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgfdf klg o:t} k|lqmofaf6 ;xdlt k|fKt ul/Psf] eGg] ljkIfLtkm{af6

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pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿n] ax;df lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 . o; cbfntaf6 k|:t't rdtL hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;DaGwdf k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf -l/6 g+= *!*, /fds'df/L dfgGw/ ;d]t lgj]bs lj= ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno ;d]t d'2f pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z_ o:t} k|lqmofaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] ;xdlt;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fOPsf]df ldlt @)^%.!).@@ df km};nf x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ePsf] b]lvG5 . tyflk o;/L c;xdltsf] k|s6 ;"rgf gkfPdf ;xdlt k|fKt ePsf] cy{ ug{ k|lqmofTds lx;fjn] oyfy{k/s / :jR5 k/Dk/f xf] jf xf]Og eGg] csf]{ k|Zg xf] .

!)= o;/L k|lqmofTds lx;fjn] ;sf/fTds ;xdlt k|fKt ul/Psf] geP klg oyfy{df k|:t't cfof]hgfdf :yfgLo hUufwgL jf df]xLx¿sf] ;f/e"t ;xdlt ljBdfg 5 jf 5}g eGg] d"n k|Zgtkm{ larf/ ubf{ ljkIfL cfof]hgfsf] lnlvt hjfkm tyf ;+nUg sfuhftx¿af6 k|:t't cfof]hgfn] cf]u6]sf] If]qleq ^!$ hgf hUufwgL / df]xL tyf ^!* /f]kgL hUuf If]qkmn /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] s"n hg;+Vofsf] sfg"gn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf]

cfof]hgf :jLs[t x'Fbf sfod /x]sf P]g cg';f/ sDtLdf @% k|ltzt / ;+zf]lwt P]gsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ $( k|ltzt :yfgLo hUufwgLx¿sf] ;lqmo lj/f]w /x]sf] b]lvG5 b]lvGg eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ cfof]hgfsf] ;xdlt c;xdltsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu egL cfof]hgfn] ldlt @)^).*.@# df cfof]hgfsf] rf/ lsNnf vf]nL k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgfdf ^% hgfsf] ;xdltsf] lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf]df s;}af6 c;xdlt k|s/0f gePsf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmdf lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ldlt @)^@.@.!@ df cfof]hgf;Fu c;xdt /x]sf @%^ hgfn] :yfgLo hUufwgLx¿n] c;xdlt hgfO{ lgj]bg lbPsf]df lgj]bg lbg] @%^ hgfdWo] @* hgf of]hgf jflx/sf, #$ hgfsf] lgj]bgdf ;xL gePsf], ^! hgfn] ;xdlt hgfO{ lgj]bg lbPsf], * hgf k'g{ul7t Joj:yfkg pk;ldlt / ;xof]u ;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj u/]sf, sLt]{ egL lgj]bg k/]sf # hgf eO{ !@@ hgf afFsL /x]sf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmdf lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . c;xdtx¿ dWo]s} o; cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg]x¿ o; lgj]bgdf lgj]bsx¿ !^ hgf / nufpsf] &(@ g+= sf] d'2fdf (^ hgf u/L !!@ hgfsf] lgj]bg b]lvG5

1342


. o; lgj]bgdf % hgf tyf nufpsf] &(@ g+= sf] d'2fdf %& hgf u/L ^@ hgf lgj]bsx¿n] cfkm\gf] xsdf d'2f lkmtf{sf] lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 cfof]hgfsf] ;xof]u ;ldlt -pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_ u7g ubf{sf] qmddf pkef]Qmfsf] ;lqmo pkl:yt tyf ;xeflutf /x]sf], tTsfn hUufwgL / df]xLx¿ dWo] $)% hgfn] cfof]hgfsf] sfo{nfO{ t'?Gt lg/Gt/tf lbOof];\ egL ;xof]u ;ldltdfkm{t\ lgj]bg u/]sf] egfO{ ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] ;lqmo lj/f]wdf Go"g JolQmx¿ /x]sf / lgj]bsx¿ dWo] sltko cfof]hgfsf] ;dy{gdf /x]sf] eGg' kg]{ b]lvg cfpF5 .

!!= k|:t'tM cfof]hgf s'g} lgj]bsx¿nfO{ JolQmut gf]S;fgL ug]{ p2]Zon] ;~rfng ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/ lgj]bsx¿n] lgj]bgdf b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf] b]lvFb}g . cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] ;DklQ ckx/0f ug]{, JolQmut xs xgg\ ug]{ eGg] geP/ a9bf] zx/Ls/0fnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] p2]Zoaf6 :jLs[lt Pj+ ;~rfng ul/Psf] eGg]

b]lvG5 . cfof]hgfaf6 lgj]bsx¿nfO{ JolQmut ?kdf u}/sfg"gL ?kdf lghx¿sf] hLjg, :jtGqtf tyf ;DklQdf x:tIf]k u/]sf], e]befj u/]sf] eGg] h:tf] k|Zg gp7fO{ cfof]hgf k|lt cfkm\gf] clgR5f jf c;dy{gsf] l:ylt dfq phfu/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu cfkm"n] klg of]ubfg ug'{kg]{ tyf cfof]hgfsf] sf/0faf6 ljsl;t 38]/Lsf nflu cfkm\gf] of]ubfgsf] sf/0fn] ;fgf] 6'qmf hUuf x'g]x¿sf] xsdf hUufsf] Go"gtd Ifqkmn lgwf{/0f x'Fbf 3/ a;f]af; ;d]taf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ xf] ls eGg] cfz+sfsf] sf/0fn] klg lgj]bsx¿n] cfof]hgfsf] lj/f]w u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsl;t 38]/Lsf] Go"gtd Kn6 ;fOhsf] x'g'kg]{ eGg] Joj:yfsf] sf/0faf6 sltko hUufwgLx¿n] cfof]hgfaf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ eGg] lgj]bsx¿sf] cfz+sfsf] ;DaGwdf To;/L ljsl;t 38]/Lsf] Go"gtd Kn6 ;fOh )–@–@–) eGbf sd x'g] cj:yfdf pkef]Qmfsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf ;xof]u ;ldlt -pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_ sf] l;kmfl/zdf rng rNtLsf] d"No eGbf lgs} sd d"No lnO{ ljsl;t 38]/L lbg] tyf

1343


To:tf] /sd ls:tfjGbLdf a'emfpg ;lsg] / s'g} klg k|sf/n] /sd ltg{ g;lsg] egL 7x/ ePsf] cj:yfdf cfof]hgf ;xof]u ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L x'g];Dd /fxt lbg] gLlt /x]sf] eGg] ljkIfL cfof]hgfsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 . o;af6 cfof]hgfsf] sf/0fn] jl;cfPsf hUufwgLx¿n] lj:yflkt} x'g'kg]{ ;Ddsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . oyfy{df cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog kl5 ljsl;t / ;'ljwfhgs cj:yfdf 38]/L lkmtf{ x'g] eO{ ;f]sf] k|ltkmndf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu o;sf] Jooef/ ljt/0f ug]{ lx;fjn] hUufwgLx¿;Fu To;afktsf] of]ubfg dflug] xf] . sfg"g / :jLs[t dfkb08 cGtu{t ul/g] o:tf] k|lqmofdf JolQmut c;xdltsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs xs ;/f]sf/sf] cfof]hgfnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ldNg] b]lvFb}g . cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog kl5 ljsl;t 38]/Lx¿ ;dfg'kflts cfwf/df hUufwgLx¿nfO{ g} lkmtf{ ul/g] x'gfn] lgj]bsx¿nfO{ dfq ljz]if e]befj, dsf{ kf/]sf] eGg] cj:yf geO{ cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] ;a}sf xsdf ;f]xL dfkb08 nfu" x'g] x'Fbf

cGoyf eGg ldNg] b]lvGg . o;af6 cfof]hgfn] hUuf clwu|x0f u/L lgj]bsx¿sf] ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gsf] clwsf/ ckx/0f u/]sf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf klg b]lvPg .

!@= j:t'tM ;DalGwt hUufwgL tyf df]xLx¿ dWo] sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] hlt k|ltztsf] ;xdlt cfjZos ePsf] xf] ;f] ljBdfg gePsf] eGg] lgj]bgtkm{af6 k'li6 ePsf] b]lvFb}g . cfof]hgfsf] ;xdlt jf c;xdlt eGg] k|Zg d"ntM cfof]hgfsf] ;kmntf;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zg xf] . cfwf/e"t ?kdf sfg"gadf]lhd ;xdlt gePsf] eGg] :ki6 ePdf afx]s ;xdlt x'g] jf gx'g] aLrsf] åGåsf] k|s[ltdf cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{ s'/f cfpFb}g . k|:t't k|lqmofut lx;fjn] h] h:tf] k|lqmof cjnDjg ul/Psf] ePklg cfof]hgfdf ;xdltsf] ;j{yf cefj /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bsx¿n] b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf] b]lvb}g . s]xL JolQmsf] c;xdlt ePs} sf/0fn] cfof]hgf /2 ug]{ dfu o'lQm;+ut eGg ldNb}g . ;xdt ePsf] ax';+Vos :yfgLo jfl;Gbfsf] xs lj?4 lgj]bsx¿sf] dfu k"/f ug{ Gofo Pj+ sfg"gsf] lx;fjn] ldNg cfpFb}g . cfof]hgfn] k"/f ug'{kg]{ zt{ adf]lhdsf] ;xdlt g/x]sf] eGg]

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k|dfl0ft gePsf] cj:yfdf sfof{Gjog k"0f{t /f]Ssf dfu ug]{ clwsf/ lgj]bs;Fu /xg] b]lvGg . s'g} klg cfof]hgfdf zt k|ltzt ;xdlt x'G5 eGg ;lsGg . sf]xL ;xdt gx'Fb}df ax';+Vos hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{'kg]{ cfjZostfsf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] cfof]hgf k"0f{t /f]lsg'k5{ eGg ldNb}g . Go"g ;+Vofdf /x]sf] c;xdt kIfn] sfg"gadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ jf cGo pkrf/ dfu ug{;Dd ;Sg] x'G5 . lgj]bssf] xs k|dfl0ft x'g] ePdf klg cfof]hgfaf6 hUuf jf Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug{ ;Sg] x'G5 . hUuf k|flKt P]g cGtu{t Ifltk"lt{sf] k|Zg ePsf]n] To; ;DaGwdf o; lgj]bgdf s'g} dfu ePsf] b]lvGg . lgj]bsx¿sf] hUuf g} ljsl;t u/L dfkb08 cg';f/ lkmtf{ ul/g] of]hgf /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . o;/L clwu|x0f u/L ;Dk"0f{ hUufnfO{ Pp6} lsQfdf ljsl;t u/]kZrft\ ;DalGwt hUufx¿nfO{ g} lkmtf{ ug]{ Joj:yfsf] cf}lrTosf] ;DaGwdf klg lgj]bsx¿af6 k|Zg p7]sf] jf To;sf] cf}lrTo vl08t x'g cfPsf] b]lvPg .

!#= pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ckf/bzL{ ?kdf u7g ul/Psf]

eGg] klg lgj]bg bfjL lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] u7g ;DaGwdf c;xdt kIfx¿;Fu ePsf] 5nkmnaf6 ePsf] ;ft a'Fb] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd ;fljssf] pkef]Qmf ;ldlt eË u/L @)^$.^.@( / @)^$.*.% df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cfof]hgf If]qdf ;DalGwt ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt / sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] pkl:yltdf hUufwgL tyf df]xLsf] e]nfn] ;j{;Ddt 9+uaf6 ldlt @)^$.*.* df cfof]hgf ;xof]u -pkef]Qmf_ ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf] / ;f];DaGwL e]nfsf] pkl:yltsf] dfOGo"6 nufot sfuhftx¿sf] 5fFofk|ltx¿ ldl;n ;fd]n b]lvFbf lgj]bsx¿n] lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/] h:t} u'kr'k a}7s u/L pkef]Qmf -;xof]u_ ;ldlt u7g ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL klg k|tLtnfos b]lvFb}g / olx cfwf/df cfof]hgf g} vf/]h x'g'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g .

!$= gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^#.^.! sf] lg0f{oaf6 cfof]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff :jLs[t ePsf] / ldlt @)^#.^.#) df cfof]hgf :jLs[lt;DaGwL ;"rgf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu k|sflzt ePsf] eGg] ljifodf ljjfb

1345


b]lvFb}g . ldlt @)^$.%.!* df hUuf clwu|x0fsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L xfn cfof]hgf leqsf] ;Dk"0f{ hUufnfO{ Ps} lsQf sfod ul/Psf] / pQm hUufnfO{ /f]Ssf /flvPsf] eGg] ljifodf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . o;af6 cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ lgs} cufl8 al9;s]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL cfof]hgfn] ug'{kg]{ clwsf+z k|ult xfl;n u/L;s]sf] / o;sf nflu 7"nf] wgvr{ eO;s]sf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmdf lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Jooef/ / nfu]sf] ;do Pj+ cfof]hgfsf] jx';+Vos hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf cg';f/ a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ p2]Zosf] cf}lrTon] k|:t't cfof]hgf u}/sfg"gL 9+un] ;~rflnt ePsf] eGg] ;lsg] :ki6 cfwf/x¿ b]lvPg .

!%= gu/ of]hgfsf] ;DaGwL P]g, @)$% / hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd k|lqmof cg';f/ of]hgf 5gf}6, lg0f{o / sfof{Gjog ePsf] cj:yf 5 eGg] ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm / ;DalGwt sfuhftx¿sf] cWoogaf6 b]lvG5 . P]gadf]lhd jx';+Vosn] lj/f]w gu/]sf] / lgj]bsx¿ cNk;+Vosn] dfq} lj/f]w u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvPsf]df

Tolts} sf/0fn] P]gn] lglb{i6 u/] cg';f/ ;xdltlagf g} sfg"g ljk/Lt ha/h:tL cfof]hgf ;~rfng u/]sf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf gePsf] Pj+ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog eO{ w]/} cufl8 a9]sf] cj:yf /x]sf], o; l:yltdf cfof]hgfnfO{ k"/} /f]lskfpg] lgj]bsx¿sf] dfu bfjL sfg"gdf cfwfl/t ePsf] b]lvPg . o:tf] dfu hgtfsf] ;fj{hlgs lxt, ljsf; ;DaGwL cfjZostf / sfg"gL cf}lrTosf] cg's"n gb]lvPsf]n] lgj]bsx¿sf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .

!^= cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogaf6 hUuf ljsl;t u/L ;DalGwt hUufwgL, df]xLnfO{ hUuf lkmtf{ tf]lsPsf] dfkb08cGtu{t Go"gtd kl/0ffd eGbf sd x'g cfpg] ePdf To:tf hUufwgL jf df]xLnfO{ lj:yflkt x'g glbO{ oyf:yfgdf a;f]af; ug{ kfpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu hUuf k'¥ofpg] / cfjZos /sd lglZrt cfwf/df e/fpg] nufotsf pko'Qm gLlt clVtof/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5, cGoyf cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo k/flht x'G5 . To;tkm{ Wofg k'¥ofpg h?/L 5 . pQm s'/f / cfof]hgfsf]

1346


tkm{af6 cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo cg'¿k l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ k"jf{wf/ v8f u/L ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf] Gofof]lrt / sfg"g;Ddt ljt/0f ug'{ / cfof]hgfsf] sf/0faf6 s;}nfO{ lj:yflkt x'g] l:ylt v8f x'g glbg cfjZos Joj:yfksLo Pj+ pkrf/fTds sbd rfNg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L lgodfg';f/ ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbg' . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" .

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof= /0faxfb'/ ad

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\ ––

Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n

lg0f{o g+= *!(( sflQs, @)^^

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f

>]i7

dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]z s'df/ ofbj

;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= --

!@@!cfb]z ldltM @)^^.#.@!.!

laifo M– pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .

lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @( 7d]n 3/ eO{ g]kfn jfo';]jf lguddf sfo{/t ;'jf; a:Goft

lj?4ljkIfLM g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud k|

wfg sfof{no ;d]t

;]jfdf k|j]z u/]kl5 pQm ;]jf ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt k|fjwfg dfGg ;j} sd{rf/L jfWosf/L x'g] .

ljdfg kl/rfns kbnfO{ sfod} /fvL tTsfnLg kl/l:ylt / cfjZostf cg';f/ s]xL ;dosf] nflu cGoq sfd ub}{df lnog kbsf] xs jf bfloTjaf6 d'Qm x'g g;Sg] .

lnog kbdf /x];Dd ;f]xL kbsf] x}l;otn] kfpg] xs bfloTj Pj+ ;'ljwf pkef]u ug'{kg]{ .

1347


s'g} vf; JolQmsf] xsdf u/]sf] tYout ljj]rgf ;lxtsf] lg0f{o ghL/ ge} b[i6fGt dfq x'G5 . vf; sfg"gsf] k|rngsf] nflu sfg"gsf] Joj:yfdf ul/Psf] AofVofdfk{mt\ k|ltkflbt x'g] l;4fGt ghL/ x'g] .

lagf sfg"gL l;4fGt, s'g} s'/fsf] b[i6fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ghL/ dfgL pkrf/ lbg gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=#_ g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud

sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{;DaGwL ljlgodfjnL, @)%* sf] ljlgod ^# sf] k|fjwfg Crew ;d"xdf cfj4 ;j} sd{rf/Lx¿ aLr cfs[i6 x'g] ePaf6 sfg"gsf] k|of]udf e]befj eof] jf cfkm"nfO{ c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/of] eGg gldNg] .

;dfgx¿sf aLrdf ePsf] ;dfg Jojxf/n] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt pNn+3g x'g g;Sg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfn Pj+ ljåfg clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb pk|]tL

ljkIfL tkm{af6Mljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L k"0f{dfg zfSo, /d]z sfsL{ Pj+ uf]ljGb jGbL

cjnlDjt ghL/M;Da4 sfg"gM sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL

ljlgodfjnL, @)%* sf] kl/R5]b &, ljlgod ^#

cfb]zGof=sNof0f >]i7M

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfnt;dIf bfo/ eO{ k]z ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5M–

d lgj]bs @)#$.!@.$ df lgudsf] cl;:6]G6 kbdf k|j]z u/L ldlt @)#^.!).@@ b]lv Operation Department cGtu{t Cabin

Crew Section df Steward kbdf ;?jf eO{ sfd sfh u/L cfPsf]df @)$$.!!.@@ df Sr. Cabin Attendant df a9'jf eO{ ;f] kbsf cltl/Qm Cabin Crew division sf] ljleGg Section

df sfo{ ug]{ yk lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ;DxfNg lbOPsf] cfb]zadf]lhd sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] lyP . @)%%.@.@( df Personnel Department

1348


sf] kq;+Vof Pd/10/41763/ 2207 sf] kqåf/f cfO{= Pkm= P;= kb ck/];G; l8kf6{d]G6df lnog x'g] u/L csf]{ ljefu Sjfln6L P;'/]G; tyf ˆnfO6 ;]ˆ6L l8kf6{d]G6df ;'k/efOh/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg lbPsf] cfb]zadf]lhd xfn;Dd ;f] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ;DxfNb} cfPsf] 5' .

o;/L lgudsf] ;]jfdf sfo{/t /x]sf] jvt @)^$.$.% df pd]/sf] xbsf] sf/0fn] ;]jf cjlw k'/f x'g] ePsf]n] ldlt @)^$.$.^ b]lv lgudsf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz x'g] egL ljkIfLaf6 dnfO{ kq lbOof] . lgudsf] ;]jfdf d k|j]z ubf{ q'm sd{rf/Lsf] %% aif{ / cGo sd{rf/Lsf] ^) aif{ cjsfzsf] xb lyof] . d]/f] ;]jf ;d"x pk;d"x kl/jt{g ePsf] gx'Fbf / lgo'lQm ePsf] kbdf g} sfo{/t /x]sf]n] q'm ;d"xsf] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf nfu" x'g] pd]/sf] xb d]/f] xsdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . To;dfly klg dnfO{ @)%%.@.@( sf] kqaf6 Quality Assurance And Flight

Safety Department cGtu{t Flight

Safety Devision sf] Supervisor kbdf lgo'lQm ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;f] lgo'lQm kqadf]lhd gu/L Cabin

Crew df ePsf] lgo'lQm kq sfod x'g] egL ljkIfLx¿n] u/]sf]

AofVof :j}R5frf/L 5 . tTsfnLg g]kfn jfo" ;]jf lgudsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodfjnL @)#! jxfn /x]sf jvt d]/f] ;?jf Assistant kbaf6 Steward kbdf ePsf] / ;f] Steward kbdf jxfn /xg kfpg] pd]/sf] xb %% aif{ tf]lsPsf] eP tfklg d Steward kbdf ;]jf k|j]z gu/L Assistant kbdf ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf] x'gfn] d]/f] xsdf Steward kbsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] pd]/sf] xb nfu" x'Fb}g . Cabin Crew s} kbdf gofF lgo'lQm eO{ cfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ / cGo kbdf lgo'lQm eO{ ;]jf kl/jt{g u/L Cabin Crew df nluPsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ Pp6} x'g ;Sb}g .

%) aif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePkl5 Cabin Attendent kbdf /x]/ ;]jf ug{ gldNg] jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ u/]sf] v08df klg dnfO{ d]/f] ;fljsadf]lhd Assistant kbdf g} lkmtf{ x'g] u/L ;?jf u/L %* aif{sf] pd]/ k"/f geP;Dd sfo{/t /xg lbg'kg]{df sfd rnfpg] p2]Zon] ;?jf ul/Psf] kbs} x}l;otn] cjsfz lbg] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL 5 . To;}u/L %) aif{ pd]/ k"/f eP kl5 cjsfz lbg] Joj:yf h'g ldlt b]lv sd{rf/L ljlgodfjnLdf ;dfj]z ul/of] ;f] ldlt eGbf kl5 lgudsf] ;]jfdf k|

1349


j]z ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf dfq nfu" x'G5 . d lgj]bs @)%%%.@.@( b]lv Personnel Department

sf] cfb]z d'tfljs Sjfln6L P;'/]G; tyf ˆnfOn ;]ˆ6Ldf ;'k/efOh/sf] kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf]] %* aif{sf] pd]/ k"/f geP;Dd lgudsf] ;]jfdf /xg kfpg] x'Fbf %) aif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] sf/0fn] dnfO{ cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] ljkIfL lgudsf] ldlt @)^$.#.!! -;g\ @))&.^.@%_ sf] kq nufot dnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ u/L ljkIfLx¿af6 eP u/]sf cGo sfd, sf/jfxL, ;"rgf, kqfrf/ cflbnfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L d lgj]bsnfO{ pQm kqsf] cfwf/df cjsfz lbg] sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg', %* aif{sf] pd]/;Dd ;]jfdf sfo{/t /xg lbg' lbnfpg' jf %* aif{ pd]/ k'Ug afFsL /x]sf] * aif{sf] cjlw gf]s/L cjlwdf u0fgf u/L sfod x'g cfpg] gf]s/L cjlwsf] cfwf/df lgofdfg';f/ kfpg] ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !

% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/] jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfu ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ldlt @)^$.$.!) ut]sf] lbg tf]sL 5nkmndf pkl:yt x'g' egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' / ;f] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] 6'++uf] gnfu];Dd k|ToyL{x¿sf] ldlt @)^$.#.!! sf] kq cg';f/ lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz glbg' glbnfpg' egL ;f] cjlw;Dd cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.#.#@ sf] cfb]z .

o;df, q'm ;]jfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ k|zf;g tk{m kl/jt{g u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o geP;Dd @)^$.#.#@ sf] cfb]zadf]lhdsf] cGtl/d cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 cu|flwsf/ lbO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.$.!^ sf] cfb]z .

lgj]bs @)#$.!@.$ b]lv cl;:6]G6 kbdf :yfoL lgo'Qm eO{ sfd u/]sf]df ldlt @)#^.!).@@ b]lv Operations

Department cGtu{t Cabin Crew

Section df Steward kbdf k'gM 1350


lgo'Qm eO{ sfd u/L /x]sf lyP . Cabin Crew Section df ljdfg kl/rfns (Cabin Attendant) kbdf sfd ug]{ JolQmsf] pd]/ %) aif{ k"/f ePkl5 :jtM cjsfz x'g] eGg] lgudsf] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)%* sf] ljlgod ^# df ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ljkIfLsf] pd]/ @)^$.$.% df %) aif{ k'/f x'g] ePsf]n] @)^$.$.^ b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L lghnfO{ clgjfo{ cjsfz lbOPsf] xf] . ljkIfLn] ljlgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ :jtM cjsfz kfpg] x'Fbf o;af6 ljkIfLsf] xs xgg\ x'g ;Sb}g . To;}u/L lgj]bsn] cfk"m Cabin Crew Section df ljdfg kl/rfns kbdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L ePsf] tYo :jLsf/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL ;f] kbdf cfpFbf cfkm" sfo{/t kbTofu u/L cfPsf] tYo ;d]t ljjfb/lxt 5 . lgj]bssf] Sr Assistant af6 Cabin

Attendant df ;?jf ePsf] xf]Og . lgudnfO{ tTsfn cfjZos k/]sf] Cabin Attendant kbsf nflu cfGtl/s cfj]bg dfu ePsf]df ljkIfLn] cfj]bg u/L k/LIffdf ;fd]n eO{ plQ0f{{ ePsfn] lghnfO{ Cabin Attendant kbdf gofF lgo'lQm lbOPsf] xf], ;?jf u/L NofOPsf] xf]Og .

s'g} klg sd{rf/Ln] tTsfn nfu" /x]sf] Joj:yfadf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf kfpFb5g\ . lgudsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL ljlgodfjnL, @)%* df ;]jf kl/jt{g ug{ gldNg] ls6fgL Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf @)#! ;fnsf] ljlgodfjnLnfO{ cfwf/ jgfO{ bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf lbg ldNb}g . t;y{ lgj]bsnfO{ pd]/sf] xbsf] sf/0fn] sfg"gadf]lhd cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgjb]ssf] df}lns xsdfly cg'lrt jGb]h nufPsf] gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud, P]= sf] ;~rfns ;ldlt, P]= sf dxfk|jGws, tyf sd{rf/L k|zf;g tyf ;fwf/0f ;]jf ljefusf] tk{maf6 k/]sf] ;+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm .

lgudaf6 dnfO{ lbg nfluPsf] cjsfzsf] lj?4 d}n] bfo/ u/]sf] l/6df lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz glbg', glbnfpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] ca:yfdf lgudaf6 dnfO{ @)^$.$.!* b]lv dfq xflh/ u/fOPsf] / pQm kbdf xflh/ eO{ sfdsfh ubf{ d}n] sfg"gadf]lhd kfpg] tnj ;'ljwf

1351


kfpg' kg]{df ;f] tnj ;'ljwf glbO{ tnj ;'ljwfsf] xsdf d'2fsf] 6'Ëf] nfu]kl5 k}m;nfadf]lhd x'g] s'/f egL tnj ;'ljwf lbg OGsf/ u/]sf]n] kl5 k}m;nf adf]lhd x'g] u/L lgj]bsnfO{ pQm kbdf ldlt @)^$.$.^ b]lv xflh/ u/fO{ sfddf nufO{ kfpg] tnj eQf ;'ljwf ;d]t lbg' lbnfpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'/s lgj]bg k/]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 .

o;df, h'g laifodf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] xf], ;f] sfod /xL /x]sf] x'Fbf cGtl/d cfb]zsf] kl/lwleq afx]s cGo cfb]z tk{m ljrf/ ug'{ gkg]{ x'Fbf sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .

lgodadf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bssf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bxfn Pj+ ljåfg clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb pk|]tLn] lgj]bs lgudsf] k|zf;g tk{msf] cl;:6]G6 kbdf z'?df lgo'lQm eO{ kl5 Cabin

Crew Section df ;?jf ul/Psf] eP tfklg xfn lgj]bsn] k|zf;g tk{msf] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . k|zf;g tk{msf] sd{rf/Ldf z'? lgo'Qm kfPsf oL lgj]bsnfO{ kl5

q'm ;d"xdf ;d"lxs[t u/]s} sf/0fn] q'm ;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;/x %) aif{ pd]/sf] xb k'/f u/]sf] cfwf/df lgudsf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] ljkIfL lgudsf] lg0f{o ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt e} ab/efuL 5 . To;}u/L oL lgj]bs lgudsf] ;]jfdf lgo'lQm x'Fbf q'm ;d"xsf sd{rf/Ln] cjsfz kfpg] xb %% aif{ / k|zf;lgs ;d"xsf sd{rf/Ln] cjsfz kfpg] pd]/sf] xb ^) aif{ /x]sf]df Cabin Crew ;d"xdf ;?jf ul/Ps} sf/0fn] kl5 ;+zf]lwt ljlgodfjnL adf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ %) aif{sf] pd]/sf] xbdf cjsfz lbg ldNb}g . ljkIfL lgudsf] k|zf;lgs lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ Grounded Staff af6 Cabin Crew

;d"xdf ;?jf ul/Psf] eP tfklg lgj]bs Cabin Crew ;d"xdf k|j]z u/]sf] gx'Fbf Cabin Crew ;d"xdf z'? lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ dfq cfslif{t x'g] sfg"gL k|fjwfg lgj]bssf] xsdf cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] ;f] sfg"gL k|fjwfg nufO{ %) aif{sf] pd]/df lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] ljkIfL lgudsf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ k|zf;g tk{msf] sd{rf/L ;/x %* aif{sf] pd]/;Dd sfd ug{ lbg' egL

1352


k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] . ljkIfLx¿sf] tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L k"0f{dfg zfSo, /d]z sfsL{ Pj+ uf]ljGb jGbLn] oL lgj]bs @)#$ ;fndf Assistant

kbdf lgudsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] eP tfklg lguddf l/Qm Cabin Crew ;d"xsf] Steward kbdf ePsf] lj1fkgdf oL lgj]bsn] b/vf:t kmf/fd e/L ;f] kbdf plQ0f{{ eO{ Cabin Crew ;d"xdf gofF lgo'lQm lnPsf x'g\ . ;f] kbdf lnPsf] gofF lgo'lQm kqdf g} ^ dlxgfsf] k/LIf0f sfnsf] ;do /flvPaf6 ;d]t lgj]bssf] Cabin Crew ;d"xdf gofF lgo'lQm ePsf] eGg] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . lgj]bs h:t} Cabin Crew

;d"xdf sfo{ ug]{ cGo ljdfg kl/rfns / kl/rflnsnfO{ %) aif{sf] pd]/df cjsfz lbOPsf]n] lgj]bssf] xsdf c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 5 eGg ldNb}g . ;dfgtfsf] xs ;dfgx¿sf] aLrdf nfu" x'g] / Cabin Crew

;d"xsf ;j} ;b:ox¿sf aLrdf ;dfg Jojxf/ ePaf6 lgj]bssf] xsdf c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf] 5}g . To;sf cnfjf lgj]bsn] sfg"gåf/f g} c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf] 5 egL ljlgodfjnL ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lhsL/ lnPsf] ca:yf gx'Fbf ;f]

ljlgodfjnL adf]lhd cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{odf s'g} q'l6 gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] .

o;df, lgudsf] k|zf;g tk{m lgo'Qm ePsf]df kl5 Cabin Crew Section tk{m ;?jf ePs} sf/0fn] lgudsf] Crew ;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf nfu" x'g] u/L kl5 ;+zf]lwt ljlgodfjnL adf]lhd pd]/sf] xb %) aif{ k'u]kl5 ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] lgudsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L k|zf;g tk{msf] sd{rf/L xs ;/x %* aif{sf] pd]/;Dd ;]jfdf jxfn u/L sfdsfh ug{ lbg' eGg] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bgaf6 b]lvG5 . lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ lgudnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] Cabin Attendant kbsf nflu ePsf] lj1fkgdf lgj]bsn] b/vf:t kmf/fd e/L k/LIffdf ;fd]n eO{ ;f] k/LIff plQ0f{{ u/L Cabin Crew Section df gofF lgo'lQm ePsf]n] lgj]bssf] xsdf cjsfzsf] pd]/ ljlgodfjnLsf] lgod ^# adf]lhd cfslif{t x'g] x'Fbf ;f]xLcg';f/ cjsfz lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .

pk/f]Qm ax; a'Fbf Pj+ tYout ;Gbe{df ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿sf] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] .

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!_ lgj]bs Cabin Crew Section df ;?jf eO{ ;fd]n ePsf] xf] jf gofF lgo'lQmaf6 ;f] ;d"xdf ;fd]n ePsf] xf] .

@_ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf], xf]Og <

@= klxnf] k|Zgtk{m ljrf/ ubf{, oL lgj]bs z'?df Sr.

Assistant kbdf lgudsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . lgj]bs ;f] kbdf jxfn /x]s} ca:yfdf lgudnfO{ tTsfn cfjZos k/]sf] Cabin Attendant kbsf nflu cfGtl/d cfj]bg dfu ePadf]lhd lgj]bsn] ;d]t cfj]bg u/L ;f] kbdf oL lgj]bs plQ0f{{ ePsf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 . ;f] adf]lhd Cabin Attendant kbdf lgj]bsnfO{ lbPsf] lgo'lQm kqsf] Joxf]/f x]bf{ "with reference to your interview for the post of cabin attendant we take pleasure to inform that you have been selected for the post of Cabin Attendant .... on the following terms and conditions" egL ;f] kqsf] zt{ g+= ! df "That you will be on probation period for a period of 6 (six) months .... " eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt lgo'lQm kqsf] Joxf]/f Pj+ lnlvt hjfkm ;d]taf6 oL lgj]bs Sr.

Assistance kbaf6 Cabin Crew Section

sf] Steward kbdf ;?jf eO{ cfPsf] ge} gof lgo'lQmaf6 ;f] ;d"xdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvof] . gofF lgo'lQm / ;?jf Pp6} laifoj:t' x'g ;Sb}g . ;?jf Ps ljefuaf6 csf]{ ljefudf ;dfg kbdf x'g ;Sb5 / To:tf] ;?jfdf k/LIf0fsfn nufotsf ;]jfsf zt{x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\ . k|:t't ljjfbdf Cabin Crew ;d"xsf] l/Qm Steward kbdf ePsf] cfGtl/s lj1fkgdf lgj]bs ;fd]n eO{ ;f] k/LIff plQ0f{{ u/L gofF lgo'lQm kq adf]lhd ;f] lgo'lQm kqdf plNnlvt ;]jfsf zt{x¿ kfngf ug{ d~h"/L hgfO{ ;fd]n ePsf] ca:yfdf lgj]bg lhsL/adf]lhd Cabin Crew

Section df ;?jf ePsf] /x]5 egL dfGg ;lsb}g . klxn] lgo'lQm ePsf] Sr. Assistant kb k/LTofu u/L Attendant kbdf lgo'lQm x'g k/LIff ;d]t lbO{ ;f] kb :jLsf/ u/L ;f] kbsf] k/LIf0f sfn ;d]t Joltt u/L sfg"gL ?kdf ;f]xL kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] ;d]t b]lvbf lgj]bssf] Cabin Crew Section df ;?jf ePsf] xf] eGg] lgj]bs lhsL/ Pj+ lgj]bssf tk{msf sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;Sg] ca:yf /x]g .

#= cj bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ dfly ljj]lrt klxnf] k|Zgaf6 lgj]bs k|zf;g tk{msf] sd{rf/L ge}

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lgudsf] Crew ;d"xsf] sd{rf/L ePsf] eGg] x'Fbf o;/L q'm ;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cjsfz;DaGwL Joj:yf s] /x]5 egL ;DalGwt sfg"gL k|fjwfg x]bf{ g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL ljlgodfjnL, @)%* sf] kl/R5]b–& ljlgod ^# df clgjfo{ cjsfz egL pklgod -!_ df sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] pd]/ %* aif{ k"/f ePkl5 ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbOg] 5 t/ ljdfg kl/rfns / ljdfg kl/rflnsfsf] pd]/ %) aif{ k"/f ePkl5 :jtM cjsfz lbOg] 5 eGg] k|fjwfg pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . lgj]bs ljdfg kl/rfns ePsf]df ljjfb gePaf6 ljlgodfjnLsf] cjsfz;DaGwL pQm k|fjwfg oL lgj]bssf xsdf cfslif{t x'Fb}g eGg ldNb}g . lgudsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]kl5 pQm ;]jf ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt k|fjwfg dfGg lgj]bs nufotsf lgudsf ;j} sd{rf/L jfWosf/L x'G5g\ . oL lgj]bsn] cGo k|zf;lgs kbdf sfd u/]sf]n] lgod ^# sf] k|fjwfg cfˆgf] xsdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g eGg] lhsL/ lnP tfklg Cabin Crew ;d"x 5f8L cGo ;d"xdf lgo'Qm ePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] eP klg ;f] lhsL/nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] kfO{b}g . ljdfg kl/rfns

kbnfO{ sfod} /fvL tTsfnLg kl/l:ylt / cfjZostf cg';f/ s]xL ;dosf] nflu cGoq sfd ub}{df lnog kbsf] xs jf bfloTjaf6 d'Qm x'g ;Sg] ca:yf cfpFb}g . lnog kbdf lgj]bs /x];Dd ;f]xL kbsf] x}l;otn] kfpg] xs bfloTj Pj+ ;'ljwf pkef]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lgj]bsn] cfk"mn] u|fp08df sfd ug]{ u/]sf]n] ;f]xL kbdf ;]jf kl/jt{g ul/kfpFm egL dfu u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvFb}g . sfg"gL cfwf/lagf cd's s'g} JolQmnfO{ eP ;/x Jojxf/ ul/kfpFm egL lg/f dxh{g, /Iff dnxf]qf nufotsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xjfnf lbO{ ;f]xL ;/xsf] Jojxf/ ul/kfpFm egL dfu ub}{df tL JolQmx¿sf] x}l;ot / oL lgj]bssf] x}l;otdf b]lvPsf] tYout leGgtfnfO{ cgb]vf u/L lgj]bsn] pkrf/ kfpg ;Sg] x'b}g . s'g} vf; JolQmsf] xsdf u/]sf] tYout ljj]rgf ;lxtsf] lg0f{o ghL/ ge} b[i6fGt dfq x'G5 . vf; sfg"gsf] k|rngsf] nflu sfg"gsf] Joj:yfdf ul/Psf] AofVof dfk{mt k|ltkflbt x'g] l;4fGt ghL/ x'G5 . ;f] k|:t't ug'{sf] 5'§} cf}lrTo /xG5 . lagf sfg"gL l;4fGt, s'g} s'/fsf] b[i6fGtnfO{ cfwf/

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jgfO{ ghL/ dfgL pkrf/ lbg ldNb}g .

$= lgj]bs s'g ?kdf ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf lyP eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ ge} ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng] j]nf sxfF s'g ;]jf ;d"xdf sfo{/t 5g\ / s'g lgod cfs[i6 x'G5 eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

%= ljlgod ^# sf] k|fjwfg lgj]bssf] xsdf dfq nfu" ge} lgj]bs ;/xsf Crew ;d"xdf cfj4 ;j} sd{rf/Lx¿ aLr cfs[i6 x'g] ePaf6 sfg"gsf] k|of]udf e]befj eof] jf cfkm"nfO{ c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/of] eGg ldNb}g . ;dfgx¿sf jLrdf ePsf] ;dfg Jojxf/n] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt pNn+3g x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs xgg\ eof] eGg ;lsg] ca:yf b]lvg cfpFb}g . tyflk o; cbfntaf6 @)^$.#.#@ df hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ ljkIfL lguddf xflh/ u/fO{ sfddf nufPsf] b]lvPsf]n] xfhL/ cjlwsf] lghsf] dfuadf]lhd kfpg] tnj eQf ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf ljkIfLsf] bfloTj g/xg] eGg ldn]g . ;f] afx]s dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g] gb]lvPsf] ca:yfdf tnj eQf ;'ljwf ;d]t kfpg] lhsL/ ug{ ldNg b]lvGg .

^= lgrf]8df plNnlvt ljj]rgfaf6 oL lgj]bs ljdfg kl/rfnssf] kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] ca:yfdf ljdfg kl/rfns jf kl/rflnsfsf] xsdf %) aif{ pd]/ k"/f ePkl5 clgjfo{ cjsfz lbg] eGg] ljlgod ^# sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgcg';f/ ljkIfL g]kfn jfo";]jf lgudn] lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL q'l6k"0f{ gb]lvbf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . l/6

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lgj]bg vf/]h eO{ o; cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t lgliqmo x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg" .

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=cjw]zs'df/ ofbj

Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[tM /d]zk|;fb 1jfn

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;jf{]rr cbfnt, ljz]if ohnf; - supreme court of nepal · web view;jf{]rr cbfnt, ljz]if ohnf;;ddfgglo...

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