Jeremy BirdMarrakech, 29 September 2016

Adapt and Mitigate: Examples from IWMI’s work on water related climate challenges in Africa

Ø 62%ofpopulationinSSAisreliantonagriculturefortheirlivelihoods

Ø ~ 80%aresmallholdersandalargeproportionwomenduetourbanmalemigration

Ø Productioniscurrentlylow,dependentonvariablerainfallleadingtohighlevelsofvulnerability(e.g.80%inWestAfrica)

Ø Landdegradationissignificantcompromisingfutureproductivecapacityandecosystemservices

Ø InvestmentinagriculturecanaddressmultipleSDGs(food,nutrition,poverty,etc.)

Agriculturallivelihoodsandclimatechange

Ø Adaptationwillbringimmediatebenefitsandreducetheimpactsofclimatechange

Ø Adaptationisfundamentallyaboutriskmanagement

Ø Adaptationexperience inAfricaisgrowing

Ø Africastandstobenefitfromintegrated climateadaptation,mitigationanddevelopmentapproaches

Ø Internationalcooperationisvital

AdaptationfocusofIPCC

Source:IPCCAR5

Towardsclimateandwatersmartagriculture

Ø Encourage productivity increases and multiple cropping

Ø Redress land degradation and lost fertility

Ø Requires a landscape (watershed) approach

Movingalongthepathwayfromrainfed toirrigated

Source:McCartney&Smakhtin2010

Considerallformsofstoragetoincreaseresilience

Smallreservoirscanincreaseresilience–havemultipleuses

ØGroundwaterreservesinAfricaare20timesstorageinlakes

Ø Pumpscouldbenefit185millionpeoplewithUSD22bnvalue

ØButknowledgebaseandmeansofaccesslacking

ØHowsustainable?

SignificantgroundwaterpotentialexistsinAfrica

Tanzania– frombuckettopump– facilitatingentryintotheirrigationmarket

Scopefornewtechnology

WettingFrontDetector(productivityandefficiency)

SolarPumps(accessandmitigationpotential)

Photocredit:PetraSchmitter/IWMI.

Improvedlivelihoods– morethanjustwater

§ Insub-SaharanAfricamorethan60%ofallfemaleemploymentisinagriculture.

§ yetwomenlackaccesstofinance,inputs,extensionservicesandinformation

§ lessthan5%ofmotorpumpownersarefemale

§ Urbanmalemigrationandageingpopulationisleadingtothefeminizationofsmallholderagriculture

ImportanceoftargetingwomeninAWMsolutions

Nutritionbenefitsofsmallscaleirrigation

Ethiopia Tanzania

Non-irrigatorsn=185

Irrigatorsn=284

Non-irrigatorsn=224

Irrigatorsn=227

Mean Mean Mean MeanHouseholdfoodinsecurityaccessscale,0-27[highermeansworse]

5.78 4.04 3.92 2.58

Femaledietarydiversityscore:numberofcategoriesconsumed

3.69 3.58 3.71 4.20

Householddietarydiversity:numberoffoodcategoriesconsumed

5.69 6.06 4.88 5.63

Source: IFPRI, statisticallysignificantchangesinred )

1. GroundwaterandFoodSecurity

2. GroundwaterforSustainableDevelopment

3. Groundwater,WaterSecurityandClimateChangeAdaptation

4. GroundwaterandEnergy

5. TransboundaryAquifers

6. GroundwaterGovernance

GroundwaterSolutionsInitiativeforPolicyandPractice(GRIPP)

Picturecredit:FraserSugden

Themes

Picturecredit:Petterik Wiggers

Whatarethegovernanceoptionsavailablefor

differentcontexts,andhowcanwemakethemwork?

Outputs:• Regionaldialogueongroundwatergovernance

• Aparticipatoryapproachtotheco-constructionofsolutions

• Knowledge productsongroundwater governance

Partners:IWMI,ICBA

LRBA(Lebanon)INRGREF(Tunisia)

UniversityofJordanLISODE(France)

Consultants

PromotingdialogueongroundwatergovernanceintheMENAregion

Theopportunity• Carbonmitigation– replacing130,000

GWofelectricanddieseltubewells• Watersavings– incentivizethrough

feed-intarifftosellexcesselectricitytogrid

Triplewins:• Reductioningreenhousegas

emissions• Sustainableuseofgroundwater• Higherincometofarmers

Solarirrigation– willaquiferlevelskeepdeclining?…oristhereanopportunitytorecover?

Feedexcesselectricityintogrid

Engagementinregionalinitiativesandnewapproachestoirrigatedagriculture

20

TowardstheSDGagenda– needforintegration

NexusofFoodsecurity,Irrigatedagriculture,Waterresources

Pilot study in Uganda –how will the framework of SDG indicators and linkages between them actually deliver on sustainability?

2003 2009 2014

Rapidurbanizationandindustrialization: areourconventionaldevelopmentmodelscoping?

Wasteandpoorwaterqualityrisksmarginalizingdevelopmentgains– health,nutrition,emissions,

Peri-urbanagriculture– asignificantcontribution

HeatherPurshouse,GrattanMaslin;IWMI,unpublishedKathmandu Valley

Needtolookatwastedifferently

WASTE:Exploringbusinessmodelstorecovernutrients-thecirculareconomy

FecalSludgeManagementandAgriculturalReuse

Anapproachtodevelopthetechnical,policyandinvestmentconditionstoachievesustainableagriculturaldevelopmentforfoodsecurityunderclimatechange.

Ø Sustainablyincreasingagriculturalproductivityandincomes

Ø Adaptingandbuildingresiliencetoclimatechange

Ø Reducingand/orremovinggreenhousegasemission,wherepossible.

DimensionsofClimateSmartAgriculture

FAO, 2013

Ø ContinentwideinitiativeonAfricaSoilInformationService (ICRAF)

Ø Oneacrefundtoprovideservicesto180,000farmersinEasternAfrica;Indiaplanningtosupport3Msoilanalysesover3years

Ø 4per1000initiativesignedatCOP21toincreaseglobalsoilcarbonstocks (CIAT)

Ø Potentialfor265milliontCO2peryearupto2030tobeharnessed(throughcroplandmanagement,grazinglandmanagementandtherestorationofdegradedlands).(FAO,2012:23).

Improvingproductivityofsoilsandquantifyingcarboncapture

Pilotingspatialdatabasedinformationsystemsforsmallholders

Uniting agriculture and nature for poverty reduction

§ Based on remote sensing and global hydrological models to better understand state of water resources, issues and challenges/opportunities

§ Contextualizes water accounting by including sustainability and ecosystem services dimensions

§ Allows users to understand impacts and trade-offs of different interventions

www.wateraccounting.org

Water accounting plus – understanding the status of water resources

Uniting agriculture and nature for poverty reduction

Index-based flood insurance – partnership with the insurance industry

Ø SmallscaleirrigationcontinuestogrowinSSAbutslowlyØ SSIhaspotentialforwiderbenefitsbeyondyieldsandincomeif

climateresilience,health,nutrition,andgenderconsiderationsareactivelypromoted,

Ø Needssupportforinputandoutputmarkets,credit,insurance,timelyinformation,institutionalandregulatoryreform

Ø Needtoassessthebasin/aquiferscaleconsequencesofexpandingCSAsolutions

Ø Reinforcefarmersownadaptationstrategieswithinnovationsinscienceandtechnology(cropvarietiesandlivestockbreeds,efficientwaterstorageandmanagement,ecosystembasedapproaches,etc.)

Somereflections

Source:IPCCAR5

Ø Identifyinstitutionalhometosupportsmallscaleandsupplementaryirrigationtechnologiesandsupportservices(oftenfallsbetweenagricultureandirrigation/wateragencies)

Ø Clarifyingthebusinessmodelandincentivestructures(smallholder,PPP,…)

Ø Removegenderdisparitiesinregulatoryandadministrativeprocesses

Ø Improvingaccesstocredit

Ø Raiseawarenessandbuildcapacityoffarmers(particularlywomen)andagencystaff

Overcomingbarriers

Sustainable solutions for people and societies

CGIARWater,LandandEcosystemsResearchProgram

www.iwmi.orghttps://wle.cgiar.org/