j.b. hastings- science with the lcls
TRANSCRIPT
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Jerry Hastings APS April 23, 2006
Science with the LCLS
Science with the LCLS
J. B. Hastings
SLAC/SSRL/LUSI
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Palo Alto 1878Palo Alto 1878--18791879
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1878: E. Muybridge at Stanford1878: E. Muybridge at Stanford
E.E. MuybridgeMuybridge,, AnimalsAnimals in Motionin Motion, ed., ed. byby L. S. Brown (Dover Pub. Co., New York 1957).L. S. Brown (Dover Pub. Co., New York 1957).
Tracing motion of animals by spark photographyTracing motion of animals by spark photography
Muybridge and Stanford disagree whether all feet leave the grounMuybridge and Stanford disagree whether all feet leave the ground at oned at one
time during the galloptime during the gallop
E. MuybridgeE. Muybridge
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Ultrafastlasers
Synchrotrons
Laser plasmasXFELs
Current lasers:
X-ray sources:
Science:
Acoustic phonons
Vibrations (Optical phonons)Chemistry and BiochemStrings,
CosmologyParticle Collisions
Electron dynamics
Ultrafast Sources and ScienceUltrafast Sources and Science
harpo10-27
yocto10-24
milli10-3
micro10-6
nano10-9
pico10-12
femto10-15
atto10-18
Pulse duration (seconds)
zepto10-21
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z
1/3
coherent power
incoherent power
NN 66101099
Powe
r
Wavelength
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GENESIS- simulation for TTF parametersCourtesy - Sven Reiche (UCLA)
undulatorentrance
undulatorentrance
half-waysaturation
half-waysaturation
fullsaturation
fullsaturation
Microbunching through SASE ProcessMicrobunching through SASE Process
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LCLSLCLSLCLS
1.5-15 1.5-15
2 compressors2 compressors
one undulatorone undulator
X-FEL based on last 1-km of existingSLAC linac
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Peak Brilliance of FELsPeak Brilliance of FELs
courtesy T. Shintake
X-Ray
~109 103 by e quality,
long undulators
106 by FEL gainphotonsper
phase-
space
volume
per band-
width
1
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Temporal Characteristics
E(t)=j E0(t-tj), tj is the random arrival time of jth e-
E0: wave packet of a single e-
Nu
uc
Ncl
2
bunch length
Sum of all packets E(t) lc ~ 100-1000 < bunch length
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Atomic, molecular and
optical science
Nano-particle and singlemolecule (non-periodic)imaging
Diffraction studies of
stimulated dynamics(pump-probe)
High energy density science
Coherent-scattering studiesof nanoscale fluctuations
SLAC Report 611
Absorption
ResonanceRaman
t0
t1
t2
t3
t4t5
Aluminum plasma
10-4 10-21
102 10 4
classical plasma
dense plasma
high densitymatter
G =1
Density (g/cm-3)
G =10
G =100
Program developed by
international team of
scientists working withaccelerator and laser
physics communities
t=0
t=
the beginning.... not the end
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Focused beam (100nm):
Formation of Hollow Atoms:
Multiphoton Ionization:
L-edge
Kr photoabsorption
h =900eV2h
h
h
K-edge
Ne Photoionization
h =900eVAll atoms havemultiple core holesper pulse (105 atoms)Auger
=2.5fs
Note effect ~ I2
All atoms experience
multiphoton ionizationper pulse (105 atoms)
Giant Coulomb explosions of Xe clustersAuger rate 1000 times faster thanionization rate
Valence shell is missing - only cores left
Understanding is central to the
imaging of biomolecules
109 atoms
h =950eVAuger
=0.1fs 3p (M3)
Xe
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Structural Studies on Single Particles and Biomolecules
Conventional method: x-ray diffraction from crystal
Proposed method: diffuse x-ray scattering from single protein moleculeNeutze, Wouts, van der Spoel, Weckert, Hajdu Nature406, 752-757 (2000)
Implementation limited by radiation damage:
In crystals limit to damage tolerance is about 200 x-ray photons/2
For single protein molecules need about 1010 x-ray photons/2 (for 2 resolution)
LysozymeCalculated scattering patternfrom lysozyme molecule
LCLS
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Nanocrystal of lysozyme
1 LYSOZYME5x5x5
LYSOZYMES
LCLS
Nanocrystal of lysozyme
562kD
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100 fs
3 x 101150 fs
8 x 101110 fs5 x 1012
5 fs1 x 1013
1 fs5 x 1013
562kDa
2 resolution
Predicted scattering from a single RUBISCO molecule (Relectronic = 15%)
Ultrafast Coherent Single Shot X ray Diffraction
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multilayermirror
CCD
15o
-15o
To beamdump
Incident VUV-FEL pulse:30 fs, 32 nm,3 x 1 013 Wcm-2 1x3 SiN membranewith 200 nm pattern
Pulse #1: Diffraction reveals structurebeforeradiation damage occurs
Pulse #2: Structure was completelydestroyed by pulse #1
Ultrafast Coherent Single Shot X-ray Diffraction
The First Demonstration at the VUV-FEL at DESY
VUV FEL P b E i t M th FEL
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VUV-FEL Pump-probe Experiments Measure the FEL-
induced explosion with 30 fs Time Resolution
zDetector
MultilayerMirror
30 fs pulse(9 m long)
PromptdiffractionDelayed diffraction
Latexparticles
Single shot ultrafast time-delay X-rayhologram, with 300 fs delay
Time delay = 2z/c
The pattern is the interference ofthe waves scattered from theunexploded particle (reference
wave) and the same particleduring explosion. Manyparticles generate speckle also.
Chapman, Hajdu and collaborators
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Scattering experiments
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EOS and PumpEOS and Pump--ProbeProbe
s
ystemresponse
0S 2S3S4S 6S7S 5S8S9S1S time
impulse
Electro-Optic Sampling (EOS) delivers arrival time to users
Pump-Probe experiments now possible at XFELs
Machine jitter exploited to sample time-dependent phenomena
Typical time resolved experiment utilizes intrinsic
synchronization between pump excitation and probe
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~ 200fs
(Typical)Single-Shot EOS Data at SPPS (100m ZnTe)
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Dynamics of high amplitude coherent optical phonons
Bi structure
a a
a
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X-rays diffraction direct probe of atomic motion
111 forbidden in simple cubic 222 perfect in simple cubic
467 fs
Sokolowski-Tinten et al., Nature, 422 (2003)
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Using the jitter @ SPPS for Random Sampling
D. M. Fritz et al. unpublished
U i th jitt @ SPPS f R d S li
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Using the jitter @ SPPS for Random Sampling
N=12463
1.74 mJ/cm2 (absorbed), ~1% f =2.5 THz* A = 0.92 pm = 5pm
Arrival time distribution Sorted normalized data
D. M. Fritz et al. unpublished *precise time calibration still in progress
Measured (Mean) Equilibrium Position
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Measured (Mean) Equilibrium Position
D. M. Fritz et al. unpublished
E i i i i h h b li LCLS
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Exciting science with the baseline LCLS
Atomic physics in a new regime
Potential to collect and invert diffraction patternsfrom single molecules providing atomicresolution
Study directly the atomic scale motions on the timescales of interest to chemistry and materials
science
And MUCH more
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Looking to the future:
Can we get attosecond pulses ??
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Undulator RegimeUndulator Regime
Exponential Gain RegimeExponential Gain Regime
SaturationSaturation
0.2 fs
0.9 fs
1 % of X-Ray Pulse1 % of X-Ray Pulse
Electron BunchMicro-Bunching
Electron Bunch
Micro-Bunching
Select a single spike
~ 300 attoseconds
2.5 fs
Transverse Emittance is Critical for X-ray FEL
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Transverse Emittance is Critical for X ray FEL
< 1< 1m at 1m at 1 , 15 GeV, 15 GeV
courtesy S. Reiche
P = P0NN = 1.2= 1.2 mm
PP == PP00/100/100NN = 2.0= 2.0 mm
Can we spoil most ofthe e bunch andleave 1-fs to lase?
i l b h 1 C 120 H
singlebunch 1 nC 120 Hz
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single bunch, 1-nC, 120-Hzsingle bunch, 1-nC, 120-Hz
SLAC linac tunnelSLAC linac tunnel
LinacLinac--00LL =6 m=6 m
LinacLinac--11LL =9 m=9 mrfrf== 3838
LinacLinac--22LL =330 m=330 mrfrf== 4343
LinacLinac--33LL =550 m=550 mrfrf== 1010
BCBC--11LL =6 m=6 m
RR5656== 36 mm36 mm
BCBC--22LL =22 m=22 m
RR5656== 22 mm22 mm DLDL--22LL =66 m=66 m
RR5656 = 0= 0
DLDL--11LL =12 m=12 mRR5656 00
undulatorundulatorLL =120 m=120 m
7 MeV7 MeVzz 0.83 mm0.83 mm 0.2 %0.2 %
150 MeV150 MeVzz 0.83 mm0.83 mm 0.10 %0.10 %
250 MeV250 MeVzz 0.19 mm0.19 mm 1.8 %1.8 %
4.54 GeV4.54 GeVzz 0.022 mm0.022 mm 0.76 %0.76 %
14.35 GeV14.35 GeVzz 0.022 mm0.022 mm 0.02 %0.02 %
...existing linac...existing linac
new
new
rfrf
gungun
2525--1a1a3030--8c8c
2121--1b1b2121--1d1d XX
LinacLinac--XXLL =0.6 m=0.6 mrfrf==180180
2121--3b3b2424--6d6d
MagneticBunch Compression
MagneticBunch Compression
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Magnetic Bunch CompressionMagnetic Bunch Compression
z0z0
//
zz
zz
under-
compression
under-
compression
V= V0sin()V= V0sin()
RF AcceleratingVoltage
RF AcceleratingRF AcceleratingVoltageVoltage
z =R56/z =R56/
Path Length-EnergyDependent BeamlinePath LengthPath Length--EnergyEnergyDependent BeamlineDependent Beamline
or over-
compression
or over-
compression
//
zz
E/EE/E
//
zz
chirpchirp
2.6mmrm
s
0.1 mm (300 fs) rms
x,ho
rizontalpos
.(mm)
50 m
z, longitudinal position (mm)
Add thin slotted foil in center of chicane
Add thin slotted foil in center of chicaneAdd thin slotted foil in center of chicane
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x DE/E txx DDEE//EE tt2D2Dxx
yy
Add thin slotted foil in center of chicaneAdd thin slotted foil in center of chicaneAdd thin slotted foil in center of chicane
coulombcoulomb
scatteredscatteredee--
unspoiledunspoiled ee--
coulombcoulombscatteredscatteredee--
ee--
1515--mmm thick Be foilm thick Be foilPRLPRL 9292, 074801 (2004, 074801 (2004).P. Emma, M. Cornacchia, K. Bane, Z. Huang, H. Schlarb, G. StupakP. Emma, M. Cornacchia, K. Bane, Z. Huang, H. Schlarb, G. Stupakov, D. Walz (SLAC)ov, D. Walz (SLAC)
zz 60 m60 m
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2 fsec fwhm2 fsec fwhm
xx--rayrayPowerPower
(GW
)
S
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Summary
The fun begins in 2008 -2009and the unexpected is the
most exciting !