Jaunsari: A Sociolinguistic Survey

Matthews John

SIL International 2008

SIL Electronic Survey Report 2008-013, June 2008 Copyright © 2008 Matthews John and SIL International. All rights reserved

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Contents Abstract Preface Maps 1 Introduction

1.1 Geography 1.2 History 1.3 People 1.4 Languages 1.5 Previous research 1.6 Purpose and goals

2 Dialect Areas 2.1 Lexical similarity

2.1.1 Procedures 2.1.2 Site selection 2.1.3 Results and analysis

2.2 Dialect intelligibility 2.2.1 Procedures 2.2.2 Site selection 2.2.3 Results and analysis

2.3 Dialect perceptions 3 Language Vitality

3.1 Introduction 3.2 Procedures 3.3 Language use, attitudes, and vitality (LUAV) results

3.3.1 Language use 3.3.2 Language attitudes 3.3.3 Language vitality 3.3.4 Observations and researchers’ comments

4 Bilingualism 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Tested levels of bilingualism in Hindi

4.2.1 Sentence Repetition Test (SRT) procedures 4.2.2 Variables and sampling for SRT 4.2.3 Results and analysis

4.3 Self-reported Hindi bilingualism 5 Summary of Findings

5.1 Dialect areas 5.2 Language vitality 5.3 Bilingualism

6 Recommendations 6.1 Language and literature development 6.2 Literacy programmes

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Appendix A - 1 International Phonetic Alphabet

Consonants Consonant Diacritics Vowels

Appendix A - 2 Wordlists Lexical Similarity Counting Procedures

Appendix B Home Town Test & Recorded Text Test

Recorded Text Testing Procedures, Scores and Responses Subject Background Information, RTT Scoring Chart Key and Post-HTT/RTT

Questions RTT scoring chart key:

Home Town Testing in Korwa Subject Biodata Home Town Test Scores Post Home Town Test Responses

Recorded Text Testing in Maindrath Subject Biodata Recorded Text Test Scores Post Recorded Text Test Responses

Appendix C Questionnaires

Sociolinguistic Questionnaire (SLQ) Jaunsari Questionnaire

Chapnu Khanaad

Subject Biodata Korwa

Subject Biodata Maindrath (Bawar)

Subject Biodata Questionnaire responses in Maindrath Questionnaire responses in Maindrath (Cont..) Questionnaire responses in Maindrath (Cont..)

Appendix D Sentence Repetition Testing

Hindi SRT Scoring Sheet General comments: Specific comments:

References

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Abstract A survey of the Jaunsari language community was undertaken to investigate the need for mother-tongue language development and literacy programmes. The goals of the survey were as follows:

1. Appraise the extent of dialect variation within the Jaunsari speech community, and to determine the similarity to Sirmauri and Garhwali. Intelligibility measurements would also be made if necessary.

2. Assess the vitality of the Jaunsari language including language use in domains of daily life, attitudes and bilingual proficiency in Hindi.

3. Identify the geographical areas inhabited by the Jaunsari people.

Preface India is often known as a linguistic giant in terms of the number of languages and the

number of people speaking each language. Language plays a vital role in effective communication. Identifying various language varieties and determining their classification is a mammoth task. The survey team hopes that the survey and this report will ultimately benefit the cause of Jaunsaris.

This language survey among the Jaunsari people of Uttaranchal was started in February 2004, and the fieldwork was finished in March 2004. There are many people who facilitated the completion of this project with their sacrificial help. Even though it is difficult to name them all, it is appropriate to name a few and their contributions. A special thank you goes to Mr. Ruben Furtado, Director of the Society for Motivational Training and Action (SMTA), for his hospitality and for allowing the researchers to stay at the premises of Samta Niketan. Mr. Sultan Singh of SMTA and his family were kind to us with their hospitality. Mr. Belam Das of SMTA helped the surveyors in moving from one village to another and gave timely encouragement. The effort of SMTA in uplifting the Jaunsari community is commendable and worthy of all encouragement. Without the help of Mr. Loren Maggard, the writing of this report would not have been a success. Most of all, special thanks go to the Jaunsari people who shared about their society and language, answered questions patiently, participated in intelligibility testing, and provided all the materials to enhance the work. Otherwise, this research would not have met its goals. Heartfelt thanks and best wishes to all the Jaunsari people.

A dream that started taking shape during the survey is for the Jaunsari people to be using materials developed in their mother tongue. It is believed this will lead to overall development and ultimately to the people’s making great strides toward a bright future. This survey project is only an attempt to gain some insights into the prospects in sociological and linguistic areas. The conclusions in this report are derived from prior library study and field research and observations. Even so, this report should prove to be helpful to those who plan to work among the Jaunsaris. This study may have many shortcomings; all suggestions and corrections in this regard are welcome. It is an honour to be part of this survey, and it is our heartfelt desire that this study will benefit the Jaunsari community.

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1 Introduction 1.1 Geography

The mountainous Jaunsar-Bawar region of Dehradun district in Uttaranchal state is the abode of the Jaunsari people (see map 1). They are particularly concentrated throughout Chakrata tahsil1 with smaller numbers in surrounding tahsils (see map 2). Their villages are generally located near rivers or springs. There are a number of towering peaks in the region with an elevation of more than 1,500 meters. Kharamba is the highest peak standing at 3,084 meters. The boundary of Jaunsar-Bawar region is generally determined by the river Yamuna on the east and by the river Tons in the west. There are few roads and few buses or other motor vehicles in this mountainous area. Horse and mule trains are the usual form of transport, carrying everything from human ‘passengers’ to sacks of potatoes and tins of ghee, which the Jaunsaris produce in fairly large quantities. It can be said of the area that it is devoid of artificiality, and one can move in perfect calm and in a pollution-free atmosphere.

1.2 History

The Jaunsari community traces its origin to the Pandavas of Mahabharat fame. The five Pandava brothers had one wife. Traditionally, the Jaunsari have followed the custom of brothers sharing wives. The Jaunsaris have practised polyandry, where one woman will have more than one husband. Some anthropologists assert that the Jaunsaris are the last surviving ‘pure’ descendants of the Aryans. Polyandry and polygamy are not the only facets of the colourful lifestyle of the Jaunsaris—their dances, ways of worship, and marriage costumes all add meaning to their way of living.2

1.3 People

According to the 1991 Census of India, the population of Jaunsari people is 96,995. Among the Jaunsari people, there are various castes, such as the Brahmin, Rajput, and Khass, who enjoy a high social status. The indigenous Kolta caste occupies the lowest position in the local socio-religious hierarchy. The Koltas are the main service caste, and “Khasa” Brahmins and Rajputs are the main cultivators. The Jaunsari live in extended families in villages that consist of loosely grouped homes surrounded by farmlands. In 1967 the Government of India recognised the Jaunsari as a Scheduled Tribe.

The main occupation of the Jaunsari is agriculture, which they supplement by raising buffaloes, cows, goats, and sheep. Their principal crops are potatoes and rice, and a variety of other vegetables are also grown. Fertiliser is used, as well as a system of plot rotation in which the ground is allowed to lie fallow. Wet rice cultivation is done during the monsoon season. Dry rice, maize, millet, and wheat are raised on the drier land. The villagers live on a simple diet of milk, lentils, a few vegetables, some fruit, and occasionally meat.

1A tahsil is a subdivision of a district. 2www.Indiaprofile.com/lifestyle/jaunsar,bawar/htm

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The Jaunsaris make their houses out of wood, bricks, and stones, with slate, wood, and thatch roofing. Doors, windows, and doorframes are often ornately carved and painted. The houses are rectangular in shape and many have two stories, with the people living on the upper floor and the animals roaming freely on the ground floor. Their farms are located somewhat away from the villages.

The object of the Jaunsaris’ worship is the goddess Mahasu, as well as the Pandavas and their mother Kunti. Their pilgrimage centre is a place called Lakhamandal. Following the Hindu calendar, on the fourteenth of the first month of the new year, each family slaughters a goat and sprinkles its blood on the doorposts. They believe that if they do this evil spirits will not trouble them.

Unlike in most other parts of India, the birth of a baby girl is greeted with joy in Jaunsar. When she has grown up and is deemed fit by the village elders to marry—usually at fifteen or sixteen—there will be no burdensome dowry that has to be given to the bridegroom or his family. Instead, it is the boy’s family which will pay an agreed, furiously negotiated bride price to the girl’s family before the wedding ceremony takes place. The bride is carried to her new village on the shoulders of the bridegroom or one of his relatives.3

In olden days most transactions in Jaunsar villages were conducted through barter—the tailor, for instance, was paid two baskets of rice and a small basket of apples (in season) for stitching the long, flowing, knee-length shirt and tight pyjamas that most Jaunsaris wear. Jaunsari society is said to be free of violent incidents like murder and thievery (Chakraborty 1994).

1.4 Languages

The linguistic affiliation of Jaunsari is classified as Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northern zone, Western Pahari (Grimes 2000:442). Grierson, in his studies, also classified Jaunsari as a separate language in the western Pahari branch. Jaunsari is bordered by Garhwali, Sirmauri, and Jaunpuri (Grimes 2000:442). Hindi is spoken mainly in the district headquarters and other towns. The literacy rate for the Dehradun district (which contains the state capital) according to the 2001 census is 79 percent, but the literacy rate for Chakrata tahsil is only 26 percent (according to the 1991 census; the 2001 census figures for Chakrata were not available). Literacy is defined by the government as having finished the fifth standard.

1.5 Previous research

A sociolinguistic survey similar in scope to this project was carried out in the neighbouring Garhwali language in 2000. The Garhwali researchers also collected a few Jaunsari wordlists in their survey, so data from that research was utilised in this survey. Several other books that describe the Jaunsari people to some extent are as follows:

1. An Analysis of the Determinants Influencing Child Mortality in a Typical Tribal Setting: A Case Study of Jaunsari Tribe of the Central Himalayas, by Indian Journal of Economics (July 1995) 3 www.Indiaprofile.com/lifestyle/jaunsar,bawar/htm

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2. An Explorative Study of Selected Socio-Economic and Demographic Indicators in Tribal Society: A Case Study of Jaunsari Tribe, by Eastern Anthropologists (October 1993)

3. Family Structure and Child Survival among Tribals: A Study of Jaunsari Tribe of U.P. Hills, by Social Changes (June–September 1993)

4. A Linguistic Study of Jaunsari, by U.S. Satish (1990)

5. Jaunsari Dictionary and Texts, by U.S. Satish.4

1.6 Purpose and goals

The purpose of the sociolinguistic research of Jaunsari was to investigate the need for mother-tongue language development and literacy programmes. The goals of the survey were as follows:

Goal 1: Appraise the extent of dialect variation among Jaunsari, Sirmauri, and Garhwali

Research actions:

• Determine the lexical similarity among Jaunsari varieties and among Jaunsari, Sirmauri, and Garhwali (including the Jaunpuri variety)

• If necessary, determine the intelligibility among Jaunsari varieties and among Jaunsari, Sirmauri, and Garhwali

Tools: Wordlists and Recorded Text Testing

Goal 2: Assess the vitality of the Jaunsari language

Research actions:

• Assess the language use patterns of Jaunsari in important domains of daily life

• Assess attitudes of Jaunsari people towards their own variety and other varieties

• Evaluate the extent of Jaunsari speakers’ bilingual proficiency in Hindi

Tools: Questionnaires, interviews, observation, and Hindi Sentence Repetition Test (SRT)

Goal 3: Clearly identify the geographical areas inhabited by the Jaunsari people

Tools: Informal interviews and publications

2 Dialect Areas 2.1 Lexical similarity

One method developed for measuring the relationship among speech varieties is comparing the phonetic similarity of their vocabularies. This is referred to as lexical similarity. Lexical similarity research, based on comparing wordlists, can be useful in making decisions about language development and was the main tool used to distinguish

4Since the book was not available to the researchers the year is not given

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the relationship of Jaunsari to related languages or varieties. Informal interviews with different people also contributed to making conclusions about Jaunsari dialects.

2.1.1 Procedures

A 210-item wordlist5 was used in this survey. It consisted of items of basic vocabulary which have been standardised and contextualised for use in sociolinguistic surveys of this type in India. The wordlists were elicited in Hindi and were transcribed using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Each wordlist item was compared with the corresponding item on every other wordlist to determine whether they were phonetically similar. Those words that were judged similar were grouped together. Once the entire wordlist was evaluated, the total number of word pair similarities was tallied. This was divided by the total number of items compared and then multiplied by 100, giving what is called the lexical similarity percentage.6

This process of evaluation was carried out according to standards set forth in Blair (1990) and facilitated through the use of a computer program called WordSurv (Wimbish 1989). This program is designed to quickly perform the counting of word pair similarities and to calculate the lexical similarity percentage between each pair of wordlist sites. The wordlist counting procedures used in determining lexical similarity can be seen in Appendix A-2.

2.1.2 Site selection

A total of twelve wordlists were compared in this lexical similarity study. Six were collected in this survey—three from the area where pure Jaunsari is reported to be spoken, two from the northern side of the Jaunsar-Bawar region (known as Bawar), and one from a place on the Jaunsari-Garhwal border where the variety was claimed to be the mixture of Jaunsari and Garhwali (refer to map 3).7 Four wordlists came from a previous survey among Garhwali varieties (Waugh 2000), which is the language spoken to the east. One wordlist was taken from a sociolinguistic survey in Sirmauri, spoken in Himachal Pradesh to the west (Brightbill 2004). Finally, a standard wordlist in Hindi, the official language of Uttaranchal, was added to the lexical similarity comparison. The lexical similarity percentages for the twelve wordlists are shown in figure 2.1. Although some wordlists were taken from previous surveys, the analysis of all wordlists was done by the researchers of this project.

5The total number of vocabulary items compared is sometimes less than 210 for some wordlists, usually

because a certain item is not familiar to the informants, the proper word cannot be obtained, or a particular item is deemed inappropriate to elicit at a certain site.

6For example, if, between two wordlists, a total of 207 items were compared, and 151 of these word pairs were deemed phonetically similar, then the lexical similarity percentage would be 151 divided by 207 and multiplied by 100. In this example, the lexical similarity percentage would be 73 percent.

7The wordlists sites from other surveys are not included on the maps because those came from outside of the Jaunsari area.

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2.1.3 Results and analysis

Jaunsari-Korwa

88 Jaunsari-Khanaad

88 84 Jaunsari-Chapnu

80 78 77 Jaunsari Bawari-Bhandroli

77 73 70 77 Jaunsari Bawari-Maindrath

75 77 71 70 70 Jaunsari-Garhwali mix-Lakhamandal

75 77 76 67 66 74 Jaunsari-Chakrata (previous survey)

65 62 62 53 57 62 56 Hindi

63 57 62 61 67 59 60 57 Bangani (previous survey)

63 62 60 53 54 61 58 70 56 Jaunpuri (previous survey)

58 57 56 49 53 60 54 65 56 74 Nagpuriya (previous survey)

61 61 64 60 62 58 59 58 59 55 51 Sirmauri (previous survey)

Figure 2.1. Lexical similarity percentage matrix.

The lexical similarity percentages among the Jaunsari wordlists collected on this survey range from 70–88 percent. The lexical similarity percentages of the three wordlists (Korwa, Khanaad, and Chapnu) from the “pure” Jaunsari area may be considered as one cluster, with their lexical similarity ranging between 84 percent and 88 percent.

Some of the Jaunsari people say that Bawar is a separate region, and most people say that when one goes towards the Tiuni or Bawar side, the language “gets corrupted.” According to the people, this variety is called Jaunsari-Bawari and is considered a dialect of Jaunsari. The wordlists from this area, Bhandroli and Maindrath, show a lexical similarity of 77 percent with each other and may be considered as another cluster. The lexical similarity of this cluster with the previous cluster ranges from 70 percent to 80 percent.

The Bhandroli people claim that they are speaking Jaunsari and that their speech has also been influenced by Bawari words and their way of speaking. They explained the irony of being in neither the pure Jaunsari area nor the pure Bawar area. Maindrath, on the other hand, lies in the proper Bawar region. The lexical similarity of the Maindrath wordlist with the Jaunsari varieties is 70–77 percent, lower than the Bhandroli percentages with Jaunsari. Intelligibility testing shows that the people from Maindrath can understand Jaunsari from Korwa well enough, which will be described in section 2.2.

The lexical similarity percentages of the Lakhamandal variety with all other Jaunsari varieties are 70–77 percent. Lakhamandal village is located in the Jaunsari-Garhwal border area, so this variety is mixed with Garhwali.

The Jaunsari Chakrata wordlist from the Garhwali survey has a lexical similarity percentage of 66–77 percent with all the Jaunsari wordlists collected on this survey.

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These percentages are comparatively lower than the percentages among these Jaunsari wordlists (70–88 percent). A possible reason for these lower percentages is that the wordlist subjects had lived in Chakrata and had moved outside the area (to Barkot, Uttarkashi district, Uttaranchal) two years previously.

The Jaunsari varieties are comparatively less similar to Hindi, with lexical similarity percentages of 53–65 percent. The Bangani, Jaunpuri, and Nagpuriya wordlists collected on the Garhwali survey and the Sirmauri wordlist collected on the Sirmauri survey show 49–67 percent lexical similarity with all Jaunsari varieties. With Hindi, these languages have a similarity range of 57–70 percent.

2.2 Dialect intelligibility

2.2.1 Procedures

A recorded text test (RTT) is one tool to help assess the degree to which related linguistic varieties are inherently intelligible to one another. A three to five minute natural, personal-experience narrative is recorded on cassette from a mother tongue speaker of the speech variety in question. It first is evaluated with a group of mother tongue speakers from the same region by using what is called a hometown test (HTT). Mother tongue speakers from differing speech varieties then listen to the recorded story and are asked questions (in their mother tongue), interspersed in the story, to test their comprehension. Subjects’ responses to the questions in the story are noted down and scored. A person’s score is considered a reflection of his comprehension of the text, and the average score of all subjects at a test site is indicative of the community’s intelligibility of the speech variety of the story’s origin. The standard deviation, or variation, of the subjects’ scores is also calculated, which helps in interpreting how representative those scores are.

After answering comprehension questions about each story, the subjects are then asked further questions, such as how much they could understand and their opinion of how good the language was. These post-RTT responses give insight into the subjects’ perceptions, which can then be compared with their performance in the test.

2.2.2 Site selection

Since there were reported differences between the speech varieties spoken in different parts of the Jaunsar-Bawar region, and since there was insufficient clarity from wordlists to answer our research questions,8 intelligibility testing of “pure” Jaunsari was carried out among people living in the Bawar area.

The Jaunsaris believe that their people living in Chakrata and in the region just below Chakrata speak the purest variety of Jaunsari. A story was therefore collected from a village, Korwa, which is eleven kilometres down from Chakrata town and is situated along the Chakrata-Vikasnagar main road. Korwa has the highest lexical similarity with other Jaunsari varieties.

8According to Blair (1990), any speech varieties having above 60 percent lexical similarity indicate the

possibility of adequate comprehension, but intelligibility testing is necessary to confirm this.

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Maindrath village lies five kilometres away from Tiuni, the main town in the Bawar region. The ‘Fear Story’ collected in Korwa was tested among people living in Maindrath.

2.2.3 Results and analysis

The results of testing the Korwa ‘Fear Story’ in Maindrath are shown in figure 2.2.

Korwa (HTT) Maindrath (RTT) Average 100 97

Standardization 0 4.8 No. of subjects 15 15

Figure 2.2. HTT and RTT results.

The ‘Fear Story’ was tested first in Korwa village as an HTT and got an average of 100 percent. This indicates that the story is representative of the speech variety in that area and is suitable to be used for testing at other sites.

The ‘Fear Story’ was tested in Maindrath among fifteen subjects and averaged 97 percent.9 Not only did the test average indicate good understanding, but many subjects also commented both during and after the testing that they could understand the story well. In response to post-RTT questions, many subjects said this story is from the Jaunsari area and it was understandable to them. The majority of the people said this story’s speech form is a little different from their own speech form, in words and the way of speaking. The majority of the people said that the language is good and pure, and some people said this variety was slightly mixed with Hindi. The researchers feel that, though the Bawar variety is a little different from Jaunsari, the Bawari spoken in Maindrath could be considered a similar variety of Jaunsari.

2.3 Dialect perceptions

Questionnaires were also used to help assess the differences in speech varieties. In order to understand the language variety perceptions of the Jaunsari people themselves, five questions were included in a Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality (LUAV) questionnaire. Out of the fifty-five Jaunsari subjects, 71 percent think their language is very different from the neighbouring Pahari languages such as Garhwali, Sirmauri, and Jaunpuri, as well as Hindi. Around 70 percent of the subjects said they could not understand these languages, and only 12 percent reported they could understand any of the languages fully. Others said they could understand a little of these languages. These responses show the separate identity of the Jaunsari language from neighbouring languages.

Around 80 percent of the subjects opined that pure Jaunsari language is spoken in their own villages. The intention of asking about this was to find out the most well-accepted speech variety in Jaunsari. When it was asked whether there are any Jaunsari 9 In this site, a separate hometown (or control) test was not developed. Since this test was similar to an

RTT, post-RTT questions were asked.

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speakers who speak differently than they, among those who answered yes, 43 percent of them said there are little differences based on the area. Some people said speakers in the Bawar area have some differences in their way of speaking. For the questions “Is there any difference between Jaunsari and Bawari?” and “How much?” all people said there is a difference between Jaunsari and Bawari varieties. Almost three-fourths of the Jaunsari people said the two varieties have quite a bit of difference with each other. Eight of the sixteen subjects from the Bawar area said the difference is only little. Five were of the opinion that the two are very different.

Similar responses were found in a survey among Sirmauri speakers in the Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh. Of the questionnaire subjects in the Sirmauri survey who had met Jaunsari speakers, over 80 percent claimed to understand nothing or only a little. Also, nearly 80 percent of subjects said that Jaunsari is “very different” from their own speech.

3 Language Vitality 3.1 Introduction

An oral questionnaire was used to learn about patterns of language use, attitudes, and resulting vitality among the Jaunsari people. A questionnaire is a series of written questions administered verbally to a sample of the population. Since it is a series of written questions, the same questions are used no matter how many times they are asked. Questionnaires can help gather information about such topics as:

• how people feel about their own language;

• what languages they use and when and where;

• if subjects feel their language will continue to be spoken in the future; and

• issues about the use of written materials.

Language use is the study of what people do with the language, and how, when, where, and why they do it. A study of language use seeks to describe the choices that people make about what speech varieties to use in particular situations (Blair 1990).

Language attitudes are the ways in which a person or community perceives the relevance and status of their language, often reflecting their attitudes about themselves relative to other groups. Language attitudes play a key role in language maintenance, shift, and death (Fasold 1984). A study of language attitudes is an attempt to find out about the diversity and intensity of attitudes that members of a language group share concerning their own language and other languages (Grimes 1995). Ultimately these views, whether explicit or unexpressed, will influence the results of efforts towards literacy and the acceptability of literature development.

“Languages do not live or die at all....The fortunes of languages are bound up with those of its users, and if languages decline or ‘die’ it is simply because the circumstances of their speakers have altered” (Edwards 1985:49). Language vitality refers to the prospects for a language to continue to be spoken and passed on to succeeding generations. It is a reflection of the overall strength of a language, its perceived usefulness in a wide variety of situations, and its likelihood of enduring through the

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coming generations. This is directly influenced by language use and attitudes and is difficult to predict.

3.2 Procedures

A total of fifty-five subjects from four different villages (shown on map 4) responded to the LUAV questionnaire. Among these, sixteen were from the Bawar region. Three sites from the Jaunsari area and one site from the Bawari area were selected. These sites were selected to represent the geographic and population division of the Jaunsar region. Since the population in the Bawari area is less compared with other Jaunsari areas, only one site was selected.

The overall sample obtained for the LUAV questionnaire is shown in Figure 3.1, divided according to the demographic categories of sex, age, and education. The sample has roughly equal percentages of male and female, young and old, and educated and uneducated.10 It was deemed impractical to use random sampling; thus quota sampling was chosen. At each of the four villages, the researchers attempted to administer the questionnaire to at least one subject representing each of the eight possible demographic categories. This was possible for every category except old, educated females. Many times researchers were assisted by males in the villages to get the questions translated into Jaunsari to enable the ladies in the respective villages to understand them.

Sex Age Uneducated (0–4) Educated (5+) Total

Male Young (17–35)

7 8 15 27%

29 Old (35+)

8 6 14 25%

Female Young (17–35)

9 7 16 29%

26 Old (35+)

7 3 10 18%

Total 31 (56%) 24 (44%) 55

Figure 3.1. Sample distribution of LUAV questionnaire subjects.

3.3 Language use, attitudes, and vitality (LUAV) results

3.3.1 Language use

Questions on language use were asked as part of the LUAV questionnaire. The domains (areas) of language use reported by the Jaunsari subjects are summarised in figure 3.2.

10“Young” refers to those subjects ages 15–35, while “older” refers to those 36 years and above.

“Uneducated” refers to those subjects who have had fewer than five years of formal education, while “educated” refers to those who have completed fifth standard or higher.

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Qn Domains Jaunsari/Bawari* Hindi Both** 1a. In the home 55 (100%) 0 0

1b With village friends 54 (98%) 0 1 (2%)

1c. At the market 19 (35%) 27 (49%) 9 (16%)

1d. With government officials 18 (33%) 34 (62%) 3 (5%)

1e.1 With outsiders, (Jaunsari) (Visiting the village)

41 (75%) 7 (13%) 7 (13%)

1e.2 With outsiders, (Non-Jaunsari) (Visiting the village)

41 (75%) 4 (7%) 10 (18%)

1f In private prayer 53 (96%) 2 (4%) 0

1g At festival time 54 (98%) 1 (2%) 0

1h During work time 53 (96%) 0 2 (4%) *Most of the Bawari people responded with the name Bawari for questions in the LUAV questionnaire. **Jaunsari/Bawari and Hindi

Figure 3.2. Domains of language use.

Almost all of the subjects said that they use the Jaunsari/Bawari language in the home, with friends in their village, in private prayer, at festival times, and with workers. It is interesting to note that with outsiders who visit their villages, whether Jaunsari or non-Jaunsari, 75 percent of the respondents chose to speak in their mother tongue with these people. The choice is in favour of Hindi in the domains where Jaunsaris need to go out of their villages and communicate with other people. Forty-nine percent said they speak Hindi at the market, and 62 percent said they speak Hindi with government officials. Even in these two domains, about one-third of the subjects said they speak Jaunsari, with a small percentage of people saying they use both Jaunsari and Hindi. The usage of the mother tongue is visible in most of the domains questioned, which indicates that use of the Jaunsari language is high.

Two additional questions were asked on the topic of language use. In response to “What language do your children use when talking to their friends?” most of the people (80 percent) stated that their children are using Jaunsari.

For the question, “What language do you use when you speak with a Sirmauri/Pahari person?” almost a quarter of the subjects said they use Jaunsari, and half of the people said they speak in Hindi. The subjects commented that since they and other Pahari people cannot understand each other’s language, Hindi (or for some, a mixture of Hindi and Jaunsari) is the last resort for communication with one another.

3.3.2 Language attitudes

Questions were included on the LUAV questionnaire to help in the assessment of language attitudes among Jaunsari speakers. The results in this section are summarised for the fifty-five subjects who belong to the Jaunsari-Bawari group.

Every questionnaire subject believed that young people speak Jaunsari/Bawari as well as old people do. They further added there is little possibility of their own youths

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speaking something else than their own mother tongue; even the young people who responded to the questionnaire confirmed it. The objective of this question was to find out people’s perception of speech change between the younger and older generations.

In order to assess the attitude of old people towards the use of Hindi among their youths it was asked whether old people would be happy if their children spoke only Hindi.11 Half of the respondents said old people would be sad and the other half said old people would be happy if only Hindi was spoken by the younger generation.

Since Hindi is prestigious and the medium of education in Uttaranchal, it was asked which language subjects like best for speaking, education, and social development. For speaking 87 percent answered they like their mother tongue best, and the other 13 percent said they like Hindi. For education 72 percent of the people chose Hindi. For social development, people from Bawar and Jaunsar had somewhat different views; while 84 percent of the Jaunsari people supported their mother tongue, only 56 percent of the Bawari people chose their mother tongue. For the others, the choice was Hindi.

3.3.3 Language vitality

To help in assessing language vitality, a few more questions were included in the LUAV questionnaire. Responses to these questions give some insights.

The response to the question, “When the children of your community grow up and have their own children, do you think those children will speak your Jaunsari/Bawari?”, was a big “yes” from almost all subjects. For them that question does not usually arise since Jaunsari is their identity. Only three people thought that Jaunsari would not continue to be spoken. When it was further asked, “Suppose those children do not speak Jaunsari/Bawari, is it good?” 65 percent said it would not be good.12

Marriage patterns and attitudes may affect language maintenance, so two questions were asked on this topic. The first was whether subjects would allow their son or daughter to marry someone who does not speak Jaunsari. (If the person was single, it was asked, “Will you marry someone who does not speak Jaunsari?”) Three-fourths of the subjects did not have any problem in giving their children to someone who does not speak Jaunsari. For the second question, “Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone outside of the Jaunsari tribe?” only half of the people said they would allow it; the other half had disagreement with that option. Though at least half of the subjects said they would allow their children to marry non-Jaunsari people, when researchers went to different villages, they noticed that those who had married outside the tribe were few.

11For unmarried people, it was generally asked, “Would your parents be happy if you spoke only Hindi?” 12For some subjects who did not understand the question, it was asked in the clarification whether it was

good that Hindi might replace Jaunsari and that only Hindi would be spoken. It could be that hearing the term Hindi caused some subjects to think of the possibility of both Hindi and Jaunsari being used in the future. This would explain the contrast in “pro-Hindi” responses between the two questions (5 percent versus 35 percent).

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3.3.4 Observations and researchers’ comments

Apart from the questionnaire, interviews and observations also helped give understanding about the usage of Jaunsari in daily life. In each Jaunsari village visited, the researchers talked informally with the villagers, asking their perspective and views of their language and attempting to determine whether their responses were consistent with responses to the questionnaire.

Since the Jaunsari area is restricted, and outsiders cannot buy land in the Jaunsar region, there is relatively little ethnic mix in the villages. This enables the Jaunsari people to continue their traditions and customs with minimal outside influence of other systems. Even though people have a positive attitude towards Hindi, the researchers observed that the maintenance of the local language is comparatively strong. For instance, bus conductors speak in Jaunsari with others. In addition, in almost all of the village schools, most of the students use Jaunsari when they talk with each other.

4 Bilingualism 4.1 Introduction

Bilingualism “refers to the knowledge and skills acquired by individuals which enable them to use a language other than their mother tongue” (Blair 1990:52). A second language may be acquired either formally (as in a school setting) or informally through other types of contact with speakers of the second language.

Blair (1990:51) further points out, The goal of a study of community bilingualism is to find out how bilingual the population of a community is. Bilingualism is not a characteristic that is uniformly distributed. In any community, different individuals or sections of the community are bilingual to different degrees. It is important to avoid characterizing an entire community as though such ability were uniformly distributed. It is more accurate to describe how bilingualism is distributed throughout the community. (1990:51)

Motivation and opportunity are two of the most important factors that produce bilingualism (Blair 1990). Different individuals and sections of a community are proficient to varying degrees, depending on their motivation and on the nature and extent of their contact with the second language. Insights into a community’s motivation to learn a second language can often be gained by identifying the domains in which the second language is used and the underlying attitudes promoting people to do so. Language use and attitude studies can reveal such insights. The motivation may be economic, religious, altruistic, or for self-preservation. The community will become as bilingual as it deems necessary in order to satisfy its self-interest. However, people cannot become bilingual unless they have contact with the second language in some context. This contact is related to certain demographic factors such as education, age, and sex. In reality, these are not totally independent variables but are often interrelated.

Hindi is one of the official languages of India and a lingua franca throughout North India. Hindi is the official state language and medium for instruction in schools in Uttaranchal. Hindi can be heard almost around the clock through radio broadcasting and television channels. Hindi has a great influence in India except in some of the southern-

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most parts and portions of the northeast. Since Hindi has a great influence in this area, it was important to assess the bilingual proficiency of the Jaunsari-speaking people in Hindi before considering a language development programme in Jaunsari. The main tool used to gauge bilingualism in Hindi in this study was the Hindi Sentence Repetition Test (SRT) (Varenkamp 1991). A few questions regarding people’s self-reported abilities in Hindi were also included as part of post-SRT questionnaires (shown in appendix C).

4.2 Tested levels of bilingualism in Hindi

4.2.1 Sentence Repetition Test (SRT) procedures

One of the methods for testing bilingual proficiency is the use of an SRT. The SRT is a screening tool for a community-wide bilingual profile, not a diagnostic tool to assess an individual’s strengths and weaknesses in a second language.

The SRT was developed based on the theory that a person can repeat only what his control of the syntax, morphology, and vocabulary of a language enables him to understand. The maximum number of units (be it numbers or words) an adult can remember is seven, plus or minus two. When this concept is applied to a sentence, the number of words can be far more than seven because of the phenomenon of chunking, the non-conscious loading of meaning. Thus a unit could be a phrase consisting of several words. A sentence as long as five times seven words can be remembered and repeated because of this phenomenon of chunking meaning along syntactic lines (Radloff 1991).

An SRT consists of a set of fifteen carefully selected, recorded sentences. Each sentence is played once for each subject, and the subject is asked to repeat the sentence exactly the same way. Each sentence is scored according to a four-point scale (0–3) for a maximum of 45 points for fifteen sentences. Each subject is evaluated on his ability to mimic or repeat each sentence accurately. Any deviation from the recorded sentences is counted as an error. A subject’s ability to accurately repeat the sentences of increasing difficulty is directly correlated with the ability to speak and understand the language: the higher the score, the higher the bilingual proficiency.

The SRT results are expressed as a point total out of the maximum 45 points. They are also expressed as an equivalent bilingual proficiency level called Reported Proficiency Evaluation (RPE) level. The RPE levels range from 0+ (very minimal proficiency) to 4+ (approaching the proficiency level of a native speaker). The Hindi SRT was not constructed in this survey but was already developed by Varenkamp. Figure 4.1 shows the Hindi SRT score ranges with corresponding RPE levels (Varenkamp 1991:9; Radloff 1991:152).

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Hindi SRT score

(Out of 45) RPE level Proficiency description

44–45 4+ Near native speaker 38–43 4 Excellent proficiency 32–37 3+ Very good, general proficiency 26–31 3 Good, general proficiency 20–25 2+ Good, basic proficiency 14–19 2 Adequate, basic proficiency 08–13 1+ Limited, basic proficiency 04–07 1 Minimal, limited proficiency 00–03 0+ Very minimal proficiency

Figure 4.1. Hindi SRT score ranges with corresponding RPE levels.

Initial construction of an SRT is time-consuming, but once it was developed, it was relatively quick and easy to administer once test administrators were trained. It was possible to test a large sample in a relatively short time. Since it is important to have exact and consistent scoring of the SRT, we recorded the responses of the subject and checked the scoring again after completion of the field-testing.

4.2.2 Variables and sampling for SRT

Since bilingual proficiency frequently correlates with independent variables such as education, age, sex, and degree of travel, it is important to test subjects who fit these characteristics.13 These demographic categories were divided as follows:

1) Education: Uneducated (0 up to 4th standard) and Educated (5th standard and above)

2) Age: Younger (age 17–35) and Older (age 36 and above)

3) Gender: Male and Female

Descriptions of the SRT sites

The Hindi SRT was administered in two Jaunsari villages, Korwa and Khanaad (shown on map 4). Short descriptions of these villages are given below.

As mentioned in section 2.2.2, Korwa is eleven kilometres down from Chakrata town on the Chakrata-Vikasnagar main road. Since Korwa is located along the main road, this village has fairly good transportation facilities compared with most of the other villages of the region. Korwa has a school, a Red Cross clinic, a small telecom office, and a bank.

13Travel patterns of subjects was a variable taken into account only during the analysis of the SRT results.

It was not a factor in choosing the sample.

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Demographic information for this village and for Khanaad was gathered from the 1991 Census of India data and is in figures 4.2 and 4.3.

Total population

Below 6 years old

Above 6 years old

Number of literates

% of literates

Male 233 35 198 111 56%

Female 242 56 186 53 28%

Total 475 91 384 164 43%

Figure 4.2. Demographic information for Korwa based on 1991 census.

Khanaad is situated around 20 km from Chakrata and 2 km away from the Chakrata-Lakhamandal road. This village is one of the Brahmin villages, among Jaunsari people. Anybody who needs to go to this village has to climb the hills to reach it.

Total

population Below 6

years old Above 6 years old

Number of literates

% of the literates

Male 141 36 105 48 46%

Female 120 17 103 15 15%

Total 261 53 208 63 30% In census data the name Khanaad was not found. A similar name Kandar was in the same Panchayat (similar to county)

where Khanaad belongs. Since data for Kandar was similar to what researchers observed in the Khanaad village, we are making the assumption that Khanaad is spelled as Kandar in census data.

Figure 4.3. Demographic information for Khanaad based on 1991 census.

As with the questionnaire, it was deemed impractical to use random sampling for selecting SRT subjects, and quota sampling was utilised. A total of eighty-seven subjects were tested for the bilingualism study using the SRT. In some cases, there were almost no older educated females in the village. Also, some of the women and some of the older and uneducated people were afraid of taking the test. The sample of subjects according to demographic categories of age, gender, and education are summarised in figure 4.4.

Male (52) 60%

Female (35) 40%

Younger Older Younger Older Total

Uneducated 14 8 14 11 47 (54%)

Educated 18 12 8 2 40 (46%)

Total 32 (37%)

20 (23%)

22 (25%)

13 (15%) 87

Figure 4.4. Total sample of SRT subjects.

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4.2.3 Results and analysis

In this section the analysis of each village is given separately, and then an overall analysis of SRT results in both villages is given. In the tables ‘Avg’ is the average of the individual SRT scores for the relevant demographic category, ‘RPE’ is the RPE level that is equivalent to the SRT average, ‘Sd’ is standard deviation, and ‘N’ is the number of subjects tested.

Korwa

In this site the SRT was administrated to a total of forty-six subjects. It is generally believed that a minimum RPE level of 3+ (“very good, general proficiency”) or above is necessary for people to effectively understand deeper concepts as well as to utilise complex materials in a language other than their mother tongue (Radloff 1991). The SRT results in Korwa are summarised in figure 4.5.

Uneducated Educated Total

Younger Older Younger Older

Male Avg RPE Sd N

28 3 9 5

26 3 4 5

40 4 3 7

38 4 6 8

34 3+ 8

25

Female Avg RPE Sd N

25 2+ 5 8

16 2

10 8

34 3+ 8 4

36 3+ 0 1

24 2+ 10 21

Total

Avg RPE Sd N

23 2+ 9

26

38 4 6

20

29 3

10.5 46

Figure 4.5. SRT results in Korwa.

The overall SRT average for Korwa subjects was twenty-nine, which is equal to an RPE level of 3, a good, general proficiency. Just over half of the subjects (57 percent) tested at RPE level 3 or below, which means these people would have difficulties understanding deeper concepts in Hindi and using complex written materials in the language. The rest of the subjects would likely not have difficulty.

Of the three variables considered (age, sex, and education), there were some notable differences in the education and sex categories. Males had an average SRT score of 34 and females averaged 24. A greater number of males than females travel outside the home and village and thus have opportunity to speak Hindi more often and more extensively, leading to higher averages on the Hindi SRT. In addition, the sample of subjects in Korwa includes a greater percentage of males who are educated than of

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females who are educated, which is reflective of the 1991 demographic information for Korwa. Educated subjects, whether male or female, averaged substantially higher than uneducated subjects. The five educated ladies in Korwa who took the SRT averaged almost as high as the educated males and higher than the uneducated males.

Khanaad

In Khanaad a total of forty-one people were tested with the Hindi SRT. It was comparatively difficult to get old people to take the SRT; only eleven were tested. Figure 4.6 summarises the SRT results in Khanaad.

Uneducated Educated Total

Younger Older Younger Older

Male Avg RPE Sd N

27 3 9 9

20 2+ 12 3

34 3+ 8

11

32 3+ 5 4

30 3 9

27

Female Avg RPE Sd N

18 2 7 6

24 2+ 8.5 3

27 3

14 4

38 4 0 1

23 2+ 10 14

Total

Avg RPE Sd N

23 2+ 9

21

32 3+ 9

20

28 3

10 41

Figure 4.6. SRT results in Khanaad.

The average for Khanaad subjects was 28, which correlates with an RPE level 3, a good, general proficiency. When comparted with Korwa, Khanaad has the same kind of trends of the SRT results’ varying according to demographic categories. Educated subjects averaged higher than the uneducated, and males averaged higher than females.

Among the subjects tested in Khanaad, about half tested at RPE level 3 or below. These Khanaad subjects probably would have difficulty in understanding and utilising certain kinds of materials in Hindi, whereas the other half of the subjects would likely not have difficulty.

Overall analysis

From Korwa and Khanaad a total of eighty-seven subjects were tested: forty-six subjects from Korwa and forty-one subjects from Khanaad. The SRT analyses of the two sites are given above separately. The average for all the subjects was 28.5, which is equivalent to RPE level 3 (good, general proficiency), with a standard deviation of 10. Figure 4.7 shows the percentage of subjects who scored in different broad groupings of RPE levels.

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RPE 3 and below RPE 3+ RPE 4 and 4+54% (47) 26% (23) 20% (17)

Figure 4.7. Percentage of scores in broad groupings of RPE levels.

Figure 4.8 shows the distribution of RPE levels for uneducated and educated Jaunsari SRT subjects.

N Sd RPE 3 and below

RPE 3+ RPE 4 and 4+

Uneducated Avg 23, RPE 2+

47 9 37 (79%) 9 (19%) 1 (2%)

Educated Avg 35, RPE 3+

40

8

8 (20%)

16 (40%) 16 (40%)

Figure 4.8. SRT results according to education.

Among the uneducated subjects, around 80 percent are at RPE level of 3 or below. Among educated subjects (those who completed 5th standard and above), only 20 percent are at RPE level 3 or below. All subjects who completed 10th standard or above consistently scored at an RPE level of 3+ or above. It can be clearly seen that education has a considerable influence on subjects’ SRT performance and bilingual proficiency.

N Sd RPE 3 and below RPE 3+ RPE 4 and 4+

Younger Avg 29, RPE 3

54 9 27 (50%)) 16 (30%) 11 (20%)

Older Avg 27, RPE 3

33 11 19 (58%) 8 (24%) 6 (18%)

Figure 4.9. SRT results according to age.

It is clear from Figure 4.9 that there is minimal difference in the distribution of RPE levels for the younger and older subjects. Both young and old had similar SRT averages (29 and 27, respectively) and nearly equal percentages at different RPE levels.

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N Sd RPE 3 and below RPE 3+ RPE 4 and 4+

Male Avg 32, RPE 3+

52 9 20 (38%) 17 (33%) 15 (29%)

Female Avg 23, RPE 2+

35 10 26 (74%) 7 (20%) 2 (6%)

Figure 4.10. SRT results according to sex.

Jaunsari male subjects averaged 32, and female subjects averaged 23. A higher percentage of males (62 percent) than females (26 percent) scored at RPE levels 3+, 4, or 4+. As mentioned when describing the SRT results in Korwa, these scores reflect the fact that a greater percentage of male SRT subjects are educated. This suggests that the level of education is a more consistent measurable factor influencing Hindi bilingualism levels among the Jaunsari SRT subjects.

Travelled N Sd RPE 3 and below RPE 3+ RPE 4 and 4+

Yes Avg: 32, RPE 3+

47

9 16 (34%) 18 (38%) 13 (28%)

No Avg: 25, RPE 2+

40

10.5 29 (73%) 7 (17%) 4 (10%)

Figure 4.11. SRT results according to travel.

Figure 4.11 reveals that the subjects who have travelled and those who have not travelled have some differences in their scores.14 Two-thirds of the subjects who said they had travelled scored at an RPE level of 3+ or above, compared to one-quarter of the un-travelled subjects. Travel patterns have, to some extent, influenced the SRT scores of the subjects. This is reasonable since Jaunsari people need to use Hindi when they travel outside their area. Those who have travelled more extensively have had greater opportunity to learn Hindi better.

However, in looking at the subjects who had travelled and who scored RPE 3+ and above, twenty-four of the thirty-one are educated, suggesting that the subjects’ level of education could be a more consistent factor that influences the level of Hindi proficiency demonstrated in the SRT.

14 There were two questions asked of subjects to determine whether they had travelled or not: (1) Had the

subject lived in any other place for studies or work? If so, for how long? (2) What are the farthest places the subject visited? If subjects said they had travelled, but only within their local area or to places such as Dehradun or Vikasnagar, then this response was counted as, “No, have not travelled.”

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Male (52)

Avg 32, Sd 9, RPE 3+ Female (35)

Avg 23, Sd 10, RPE 2+ Age Education N Sd Avg RPE RPE Avg Sd N Education Age

Educated 18 7 36 3+ 3 30 8 8 Educated Y

Uneducated 14 9 27 3 2+ 22 14 14 Uneducated

Y

Educated 12 9 36 3+ 3+ 37 2 2 Educated O Uneducated 8 10 24 2+

2 18 11 11 Uneducated

O

Figure 4.12. SRT results according to combined demographic categories.

Figure 4.12 shows combined SRT testing in Korwa and Khanaad. From the overall analysis it can be seen that demographic factors such as gender and particularly education made a difference in subjects’ scores in the Hindi SRT.

4.3 Self-reported Hindi bilingualism

Five questions were included on the LUAV questionnaire to get a picture of people’s self-assessed ability in Hindi. These bilingualism questions were asked of all fifty-five subjects who took part in the LUAV procedures.

When subjects were asked, “When a person is talking with you in Hindi, how much do you understand?” all sixteen people from Bawar region said they could understand fully. However, only 43 percent of the Jaunsari people said they would understand fully; others said they would understand half, a little bit, or nothing. When subjects were asked about the understanding of radio/TV programmes in Hindi, two-thirds of all subjects reported they could understand them fully. With regard to reading books in Hindi, 32 percent said they have difficulty in understanding, and the other 68 percent reported they could understand the Hindi in books they read.

Most of the people (87 percent) had opined that when their children start studying at school, they face difficulty in understanding Hindi. Since they speak Jaunsari at home and in the villages, they are having a hard time in understanding the school materials in Hindi. Many of the schoolteachers told the researchers that even though the materials are in Hindi, they use Jaunsari to make the children understand the lessons. They further said only after the primary level are children able to substantially pick up Hindi.

For the question, “Is there anyone in your village who speaks only Jaunsari? And if so, who?” around 80 percent of the people said there are people in their respective villages who cannot speak or understand any language other than their mother tongue. They further said these people are generally those who are old or uneducated or ladies. Usually, people from these segments of society have difficulty in speaking Hindi.

5 Summary of Findings 5.1 Dialect areas

The lexical similarity study from wordlists shows that there were two main clusters among the Jaunsari language varieties. One cluster is from what is considered to

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be pure Jaunsari, and the other cluster is from wordlists taken from the Bawar region. The relatively lower lexical similarity of Jaunsari with Garhwali varieties, Sirmauri, and Hindi suggests that Jaunsari is distinct from these languages. This is also supported by questionnaire responses, in which most subjects felt their language is very different in words, meaning, and way of speaking from the neighbouring Pahari languages and Hindi.

The relationship between "pure" Jaunsari and the variety spoken in the Bawar region was assessed using Recorded Text Testing (RTT). A Jaunsari story from the Chakrata area was tested in Maindrath, located in the Bawar region. The high RTT scores with low standard deviation shows that people from Maindrath could understand the Jaunsari story well. In the post-RTT responses, subjects said that though some of the words are different, the language is essentially the same way they speak. A majority of the people said that the language in the story is good and pure, and some people said it was a little mixed with Hindi. Almost all people responded that they could understand the Jaunsari story to its full extent. Responses from questionnaires and informal interviews also indicate that there is no notable difference between these two varieties and that, though there are some differences in words and the way of speaking, there is no problem in understanding and communicating with each other. These findings suggest that Jaunsari people from throughout the Jaunsar-Bawar region should be able to adequately comprehend materials based on the Chakrata variety.

5.2 Language vitality

Questionnaires, supplemented by informal interviews and observations, were the main tool used in this survey to find out patterns of language use, attitudes, and vitality among the Jaunsari people. Questionnaire responses on the topic of language use disclose that Jaunsari people, to a great extent, use their mother tongue in situations such as in the home, with friends in their village, in private prayer, at festival times, and with workers. For in-group communication and also in most interaction with outsiders almost all prefer their mother tongue. When Jaunsari people go out of their village and communicate with non-Jaunsari speaking people, Hindi is used. But when outsiders, including non-Jaunsaris, come to their villages, the majority said they prefer to speak in their own language.

Jaunsari people have generally positive attitudes towards their language. As for dialect perceptions, no central or prestige variety was identified. Attitudes towards Hindi are positive. For educational purposes, many questionnaire subjects prefer Hindi. This is not surprising since education in Uttaranchal is already in Hindi, which provides opportunities for economic and social advancement.

The questionnaire responses from the people and observations of the researchers indicate that the life of Jaunsari is strong. Jaunsari is spoken throughout the region, and the Jaunsari community is relatively unchanged by outside influences. Most people said they believe their mother tongue will continue to be spoken for many years to come.

5.3 Bilingualism

Sentence Repetition Testing in two villages in Jaunsar showed that demographic factors such as gender and particularly education played a notable role in subjects’ scores on the Hindi SRT. The variable ‘age’ played a comparatively weaker role in the findings.

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Travel patterns emerged as another factor that influenced SRT results, though education may have been a more important factor. Observations also make it evident that education and contacts with outsiders significantly affect the bilingual ability of the Jaunsari people. With a notable percentage of Jaunsari people who are less educated and who have minimal contact with Hindi speakers, there are segments of the population whose ability in understanding Hindi and utilising materials in the language is limited.

According to the self-reported questionnaire responses, only half of the people had some level of confidence in effectively using Hindi. Even in the educated segments of the population, one-third of the people reported having difficulty in understanding when they read materials in Hindi. Up to primary levels, the Jaunsari children are seemingly having difficulty in understanding Hindi. In many cases the teachers use the Jaunsari language to make the children understand.

6 Recommendations 6.1 Language and literature development

The results of this sociolinguistic survey suggest that a language development programme be carried out in the Jaunsari language. Many factors have contributed to this recommendation. From the lexical similarity study and people’s opinions it is clear that Jaunsari is distinct from all the neighbouring languages. The vitality study shows that Jaunsari is continuing to be used in the important domains of the home and village and for in-group communication. Jaunsari will likely remain the mother tongue for future generations of Jaunsari people. The attitude of the Jaunsari toward their language appears to be quite positive among all portions of the community. Bilingualism in Hindi, while increasing through education and more frequent contact with outsiders, does not appear to be at a sufficiently high level among certain segments of the population for them to understand and utilise materials in Hindi. It appears that the Jaunsari community will be receptive towards Jaunsari language development.

The variety spoken near to and around the villages of Chakrata is probably the most suitable for a language and literature development programme. The comprehension test of the Chakrata variety in the Bawar area indicated an adequate understanding. There were no negative attitudes expressed by people in the Bawar area toward the variety from Chakrata. Furthermore, Chakrata is situated geographically in the centre of the whole Jaunsar area. All of these factors indicate that any literary materials developed in the Chakrata area should be adequately understood and accepted by the whole Jaunsari population.

6.2 Literacy programmes

In order that the Jaunsari community can more easily acquire needed literacy skills, it is recommended that programmes for teaching reading and writing be implemented in the vernacular using the Devanagari script. Responses to questionnaires during the survey indicate a favourable attitude toward literacy. Questionnaire responses and interviews also reveal that most of the children struggle to understand Hindi in their primary levels of education. The literacy rate of Chakrata tahsil is low, particularly compared with the overall literacy in the Dehradun district. The lack of quality educational facilities, low

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motivation, and challenges in understanding a second language might be reasons for this low literacy rate. Though many of the educated Jaunsari people can speak Hindi, several expressed problems in reading materials in Hindi. Overall, people with less education and those who have travelled less (which tend to be females rather than males) would potentially benefit from a vernacular literacy programme.

Because all education is currently in Hindi, literacy materials can be used as a ‘bridge’ from Jaunsari into Hindi and would likely be well received. Diglot materials using Jaunsari along with Hindi may be effective in such a programme. Since Jaunsari is not generally perceived as a language for use in the educational domain, promotion of vernacular literacy will play an important role in the total literacy programme.

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Appendix A - 1 International Phonetic Alphabet

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar

Alveopalatal Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal

Plosive p b

t d

t d

c

k

q

Nasal m

n

n

Fricative

f v

s

z

x

h

Affricate p

b

ts dz

ts

dz

t

d

t

d

Lateral l Lateral fric.

Flap Trill r

Approximant w j

Consonant Diacritics

Aspirated h th Labialised w bw Ejective ’ p’ Voiced k Velar/

Pharyngealised l Palatalised j nj Unreleased Voiceless d

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Vowels15

Front Central Back

Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded

Close i y u Near-close Close-mid e ø o

Mid Open-mid œ Near-open æ

Open a

Vowel Diacritics Nasalisation e

Long i Centralised o

15 Wordlists and recorded text tests were transcribed using different phonetic systems, particularly in regard

to vowels. For the purposes of the data in this report and its appendices, the symbols //, //, and // are interchangeable and no phonemic distinction is assumed.

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Appendix A - 2 Wordlists Lexical Similarity Counting Procedures16

A standardised list of 210 vocabulary items was collected from speakers at key locations for each of the language varieties studied in this survey. In standard procedure, the 210 words are elicited from a person who has grown up in the target locality. Ideally, the list is then collected a second time from another speaker at the same site. Any differences in responses are examined in order to identify (1) inaccurate responses due to misunderstanding of the elicitation cue, (2) loan words offered in response to the language of elicitation when indigenous terms are actually still in use, and (3) terms which are at different places along the generic-specific lexical scale. Normally, a single term is recorded for each item of the wordlist. However, more than one term is recorded for a single item when more than one specific term occupies the semantic area of a more generic item on the wordlist.

The wordlists are compared to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically similar if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1), and of the remaining segments at least half are rather similar (category 2). For example, if two items of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar if at least four segments are virtually the same and at least two more are rather similar. The criteria applied are as follows:

Category 1 a. Contoid (consonant-like) segments which match exactly b. Vocoid (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one

articulatory feature c. Phonetically similar segments (of the sort which frequently are found as

allophones) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words

Category 2 a. All other phonetically similar non-vocalic pairs of segments which are not

supported by at least three pairs of words b. Vowels which differ by two or more articulatory features

Category 3 a. Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar b. A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item and

position

16 This description of lexical similarity counting procedures is partially adapted from that found in

Appendix A of O’Leary (ed. 1992).

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Blair (1990:32) writes, “In contextualizing these rules to specific surveys in South Asia, the following differences between two items are ignored: (a) interconsonantal [], (b) word initial, word final, or intervocalic [h, ], (c) any deletion which is shown to be the result of a regularly occurring process in a specific environment.”

The following table summarises lower threshold limits for considering words as phonetically similar with a specified length (number of segments or phones):

Word Length

Category One

Category Two

Category Three

2 2 0 0 3 2 1 0 4 2 1 1 5 3 1 1 6 3 2 1 7 4 2 1 8 4 2 2 9 5 2 2 10 5 3 2 11 6 3 2 12 6 3 3

Some modifications to the lexical similarity grouping procedures summarised in Blair were also applied to the wordlists compared in this study. The need for this came about for several reasons. First, the wordlists were often not checked with a second mother tongue speaker of each speech variety. Second, the wordlists could not always be consistently elicited. In addition, the field workers’ phonetic transcription ability varied with skill, experience and their own language background. Since the Hindi standard wordlists are not perfect some words were selected from the dictionary also

1. Root-based groupings: Wordlists were not always consistently elicited. In some cases, generic terms appear to have been given, while in other cases, more specific terms have been given. Also, verb forms were not elicited consistently with regard to person or tense. Because of these factors, it was often necessary to group words based on what appears to be a common root morpheme, rather than based on words as a whole. This applied to the following glosses: # 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 37, 42, 43, 47, 49, 63, 65, 69, 71, 74, 79, 88, 89, 93, 99, 101, 106, 107, 115, 116, 120, 121, 129, 132, 135, 136, 138, 142, 146, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 178, 182-194, 196, 197, 205, 207-210

2. Loose consonantal groupings: The field workers eliciting the words may hear and transcribe the sounds slightly differently, and probably with increasing ability to distinguish similar sounds as they gain experience. Thus, some consonant correspondences have been liberally grouped as similar. Those considered category 1 include:

36

[, ] found in glosses 19, 29, 33, 35, 63, 115, 142, 194, 196

[d, d] found in gloss 37, 147

[, ] found in gloss 18, 73, 92

[ph, ] found in glosses 65, 66, 74

Word ending [, ] found in gloss 127

Word initial [s, , ] found in glosses 30, 92, 133, 137, 138, 164, 200

3. Other exceptional rules

a. Nasalised and un-nasalised vowels are considered as category one. (Eg: - 2, 5, 92, etc.)

b. Lengthened and non-lengthened consonants are considered as category one (Eg:- 34, 53 etc.)

After pairs of items on two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar or dissimilar according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar was calculated. This procedure was repeated for all linguistic varieties under consideration in the survey. The pair by pair counting procedure was greatly facilitated by use of the Wordsurv computer program. It should noted that the wordlist data as well as transcribed texts included in subsequent appendices are field transcriptions and have not undergone through phonological and grammatical analysis.

Note:- Three glosses (No-11 breast, No-23 urine and No-24 feces) were disqualified and removed from the wordlists that follow. These words were considered inappropriate in most of the elicitation situations.

37

Wordlist Information and Informant Biodata

Jaunsari - Chakrata

Symbol in Wordsurv database: A Date: NR Name: NR Sex: Female Age: 24 Education: BA Birthplace: Chakrata Place brought up: Chakrata Current residence: NR How long: NR Mother tongue: Jaunsari Language now spoken in home: NR Father's mother tongue: NR Mother's mother tongue: NR Spouse's mother tongue: NR Lived or stayed in another place: Barkot -how long: 2 Yrs

Travelled-how far: NR

Jaunsari Bawari - Bhandroli

Symbol in Wordsurv database: B Date: 20-3-2004 Name: SN Sex: M Age: 21 Education: 10 Birthplace: Bhandroli Place brought up: Bhandroli Current residence: Bhandroli How long: NA Mother tongue: Jaunsari Language now spoken in home: Jaunsari Father's mother tongue: Jaunsari Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari Spouse's mother tongue: NA Lived or stayed in another place: Vikasnagar, -how long: 3 Yr Travelled-how far: Delhi

Jaunsari - Chapnu

Symbol in Wordsurv database: C Date: 10-3-2004 Name: D Sex: M Age: 21 Education: 9 Birthplace: Chapnu Place brought up: Chapnu Current residence: Chapnu How long: NA Mother tongue: Jaunsari Language now spoken in home: Jaunsari Father's mother tongue: Jaunsari Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari Spouse's mother tongue: Jaunsari Lived or stayed in another place: Najibabad -how long: 3 Yrs Travelled-how far: Almora, Haridwar

Jaunsari - Khanaad

Symbol in Wordsurv database: D Date: 6-3-2004 Name: KB Sex: M Age: 52 Education: 0 Birthplace: Khanaad Place brought up: Khanaad Current residence: Khanaad How long: NA Mother tongue: Jaunsari Language now spoken in home: Jaunsari Father's mother tongue: Jaunsri Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari Spouse's mother tongue: Jaunsari Lived or stayed in another place: No -how long: NR Travelled-how far: Delhi

38

Sirmauri

Symbol in Wordsurv database: G Date: NR Name: T Sex: Female Age: 25 Education: NA Birth place:Andheri Current residence: Nahan How long:5 years Mother tongue: Sirmouri Language now spoken in home: Fathers mother tongue: Sirmouri

Jaunpuri

Symbol in Wordsurv database: J Date: 5-2000 Name: NR Sex: M Age: 52 Education: 9 Birthplace: Khera Talla Place brought up: Khera Talla Current residence: Khera Talla How long: NA Mother tongue: Jaunpuri Language now spoken in home: Jaunpuri Father's mother tongue: Jaunpuri Mother's mother tongue: Jaunpuri Spouse's mother tongue: Jaunpuri Lived or stayed in another place: NR -how long: NR Travelled-how far: NR

Jaunsari - Korwa

Symbol in Wordsurv database: K Date: 9-3-2004 Name: BA Sex: M Age: 37 Education: 12 Birthplace: Korwa Place brought up: Korwa Current residence: Korwa How long: NA Mother tongue: Jaunsari Language now spoken in home: Jaunsari Father's mother tongue: Jaunsari Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari Spouse's mother tongue: Jaunsari Lived or stayed in another place: Delhi -how long: 1 Month Travelled-how far: Agra, Ajmeer, Delhi

Jaunsari Garhwalimix - Lakhamandal

Symbol in Wordsurv database: L Date: 4-3-2004 Name: PB Sex: M Age: 41 Education: 7 Birthplace: Lakhamandal Moda Place brought up: Lakhamandal Moda Current residence: Lakhamandal Moda How long: NA Mother tongue: Jaunsari Language now spoken in home: Jaunsari Father's mother tongue: Jaunsari Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari Spouse's mother tongue: Garhwali Lived or stayed in another place: Vikasnagar -how long: 7 Yrs Travelled-how far: Delhi, Illahabad

39

Jaunsari Bawari - Maindrath

Symbol in Wordsurv database: M Date: 21-3-2004 Name: SA Sex: M Age: 24 Education: MA Birthplace: Maindrath Place brought up: Maindrath Current residence: Mahindrath How long: NA Mother tongue: Bawar-Jaunsari Language now spoken in home: Bawar-Jaunsari Father's mother tongue: Jaunsari-Bawari Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari-Bawari Spouse's mother tongue: Jaunsari-Bawari Lived or stayed in another place: Bombay -how long: 3 month Travelled-how far: Bombay

Nagpuriya

Symbol in Wordsurv database: N Date: 4-2000 Name: NR Sex: F Age: 18 Education: 12 Birthplace: Mandal Place brought up: Mandal Current residence: Mandal How long: NA Mother tongue: Garhwali Language now spoken in home: NR Father's mother tongue: NR Mother's mother tongue: NR Spouse's mother tongue: NR Lived or stayed in another place: NR -how long: NR Travelled-how far: NR

Bangani

Symbol in Wordsurv database: S Date: 2-2000 Name: NR Sex: M Age: 18 Education: 10 Birthplace: Sandra Place brought up: Sandra Current residence: Sandra How long: NA Mother tongue: Bangani Language now spoken in home: NR Father's mother tongue: NR Mother's mother tongue: NR Spouse's mother tongue: NR Lived or stayed in another place: NR -how long: NR Travelled-how far: NR

Hindi

Symbol in Wordsurv database: h Date: Name: Sex: NA Age: NA Education: NA Birthplace: NA Place brought up: NA Current residence: NA How long: NA Mother tongue: NA Language now spoken in home: NA Father's mother tongue: NA Mother's mother tongue: NA Spouse's mother tongue: NA Lived or stayed in another place: NA -how long: NA Travelled-how far: NA

40

Wordlist transcriptions

1. body

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 i Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 i Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 i Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 i MixedJB-Maindrath 1 i Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 i Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ei Hindi 1 ei 1 i Bangani 1 rir Jaunpuri 1 si Nagpuriya 1 si Sirmauri 1 i 2. head

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 mun Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 mun Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 muni Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 mun MixedJB-Maindrath 2 mun Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 mun Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 muni Hindi 1 s Bangani 3 mtka Jaunpuri 2 mu Nagpuriya 2 mu Sirmauri 2 mu 3. hair

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 bal Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bal Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 baw Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 munou MixedJB-Maindrath 1 bal Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bal Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 mu Hindi 1 bal Bangani 1 bal Jaunpuri 1 bal

Nagpuriya 1 bal Sirmauri 1 bal 4. face

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 mu Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 teh Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 mu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 mu MixedJB-Maindrath 1 mu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 mukh Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 muh Hindi 1 muh 3 teh Bangani 1 muh Jaunpuri 2 mkh Nagpuriya 2 mkh Sirmauri 4 kl 5. eye

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 akh Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 akh Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 akh Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 akh MixedJB-Maindrath 1 akh Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 akh Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 akh Hindi 1 akh Bangani 1 akh Jaunpuri 1 akhu Nagpuriya 1 akh Sirmauri 1 akh 6. ear

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 kan Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 kan Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 kan Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 kan MixedJB-Maindrath 1 kan Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 kan Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 kan Hindi 1 kan

41

Bangani 1 kan Jaunpuri 1 kanu Nagpuriya 1 kano Sirmauri 1 kan 7. nose

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 nak Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 nak Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 nak Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 nak MixedJB-Maindrath 1 nak Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 nak Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 nak Hindi 1 nak Bangani 1 nak Jaunpuri 1 nak Nagpuriya 1 nak Sirmauri 1 nak 8. mouth

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 kha Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 muh 2 khab Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 mu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 khab MixedJB-Maindrath 2 khab Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 khab Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 muh Hindi 1 muh Bangani 1 muh Jaunpuri 3 tu Nagpuriya 3 it Sirmauri 4 dat 9. tooth

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 dant Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 dant Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 dant Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 dant MixedJB-Maindrath 1 dant Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 dant Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 dand Hindi 1 dt Bangani 1 dat Jaunpuri 1 dat

Nagpuriya 1 dat Sirmauri 1 dand 10. tongue

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 dib Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 dib Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 dib Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 dib MixedJB-Maindrath 1 dib Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 dib Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 dib Hindi 1 dib Bangani 1 dib Jaunpuri 1 dib Nagpuriya 1 dib 1 dzibi Sirmauri 1 dib 12. belly

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 e Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 e Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 e Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 pend MixedJB-Maindrath 1 pe Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 pe 2 e Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 Hindi 1 pe Bangani 1 pe Jaunpuri 2 Nagpuriya 1 pe Sirmauri 1 pe 13. arm

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bah Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 hat 2 bah Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 baw Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bah MixedJB-Maindrath 1 hat Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 hat 2 bah Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 bai Hindi 1 hth 2 bah Bangani 2 bah

42

Jaunpuri 3 phaku Nagpuriya 4 bola Sirmauri 2 bah 14. elbow

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 kuni Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 khui Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 kui Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 kuni MixedJB-Maindrath 1 kuji Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 khui Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 kuni Hindi 1 kohni Bangani 1 kohni Jaunpuri 2 kunahi Nagpuriya 1 kohni Sirmauri 1 koini 15. palm

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 htni 2 htni Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 htni 2 htni Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 hat Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 teli MixedJB-Maindrath 1 hteli 2 hteli 2 htanli Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 hteli 2 hteli Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 hat Hindi 1 htheli 2 htheli Bangani 2 hath Jaunpuri 2 hathkl Nagpuriya 2 hath Sirmauri 2 hathli 16. finger

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 uhi Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 uhi Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 uhi Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 uhi MixedJB-Maindrath 2 uhi Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 uhi

Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 uija Hindi 1 li Bangani 2 auhi 3 auhi Jaunpuri 1 auli 3 auli Nagpuriya 2 auhi 3 auhi Sirmauri 2 uhi 17. fingernail

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 nkh 2 nkh Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 n Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 n Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 n MixedJB-Maindrath 1 n Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 nkh 2 nkh Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 n Hindi 2 nkhun 2 nkhun Bangani 1 n Jaunpuri 1 n Nagpuriya 1 n Sirmauri 3 no 18. leg

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 a Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 a Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 a Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 a MixedJB-Maindrath 3 b Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 a Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 a Hindi 1 pæ 2 a Bangani 3 banea Jaunpuri 4 khuu Nagpuriya 2 a Sirmauri 3 baoi

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19. skin

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 hal Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 hal 2 tm 3 tm Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 tm 3 tm Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 thoi MixedJB-Maindrath 1 hal 2 tmai Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 hal Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 hal Hindi 1 khal 2 tma 3 tma Bangani 1 hal Jaunpuri 2 tma 3 tma Nagpuriya 2 tmi 3 tmi Sirmauri 2 tmi 3 tmi 20. bone

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 hi Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 hi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 hw 2 hw Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 hak 3 hak MixedJB-Maindrath 1 hak 3 hak Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 hi Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ave Hindi 1 hi Bangani 3 hak Jaunpuri 1 hi Nagpuriya 1 hi Sirmauri 3 haoki 21. heart

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 diw Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 dil Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 diw Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 di

MixedJB-Maindrath 2 diw Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 diw Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 dikui Hindi 1 dl Bangani 4 thatti Jaunpuri 3 duku Nagpuriya 1 dil Sirmauri 1 dl 22. blood

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 lj 4 lj Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 lj 4 lj Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 lj 4 lj Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 lj 4 lj MixedJB-Maindrath 3 lo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 lji 3 lji 4 lji Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 lui 4 lui Hindi 1 khun 2 lhu Bangani 1 khun Jaunpuri 1 khun Nagpuriya 1 khun Sirmauri 1 kun 25. village

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 av Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 av Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 aw Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 av MixedJB-Maindrath 1 aw Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 av Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 au Hindi 1 au Bangani 1 au Jaunpuri 1 Nagpuriya 1 au Sirmauri 1 au

44

26. house

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 MixedJB-Maindrath 1 Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 o Hindi 1 Bangani 1 Jaunpuri 2 ea Nagpuriya 1 o Sirmauri 1 o 27. roof

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 tshpp Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 tshpp Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 tshpp Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 thapo MixedJB-Maindrath 1 tshpp Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 tshpp 3 thea Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 thp Hindi 2 tht Bangani 2 tht Jaunpuri 2 tht Nagpuriya 2 tht Sirmauri 1 thpr 28. door

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 da Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 da Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 da Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 da MixedJB-Maindrath 2 da 2 da Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 da Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 da Hindi 1 dz 2 da Bangani 1 daza Jaunpuri 2 da Nagpuriya 2 da Sirmauri 2 da

29. firewood

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 lkd Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 lki Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 lki Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 lk MixedJB-Maindrath 1 lkd Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 lki 1 lk Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 lke Hindi 1 lki Bangani 1 lki Jaunpuri 1 lakhe Nagpuriya 1 lakha Sirmauri 1 lke 30. broom

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 uj Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 suj Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 uj Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 uj MixedJB-Maindrath 5 suj Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 suji Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 sui Hindi 1 du Bangani 1 du 3 ui Jaunpuri 4 banu Nagpuriya 4 bau Sirmauri 3 ina 31. mortar

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 utu Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 utu Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 utu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 5 ukhjad MixedJB-Maindrath 3 okhlu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 utu Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ttu Hindi 1 khl Bangani 3 ukhli Jaunpuri 4 ulkhjau Nagpuriya 3 khlu Sirmauri 5 ukhel

45

32. pestle

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 mus Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 mus Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 mus Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 mus MixedJB-Maindrath 1 mus Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 mu Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 mus Hindi 1 musi Bangani 1 musl Jaunpuri 2 ndalu Nagpuriya 2 njau Sirmauri 1 musl 33. hammer

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ht Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 htli Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 hti Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ht MixedJB-Maindrath 1 hti Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 htu Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 htha Hindi 1 hthoi Bangani 1 hathoi Jaunpuri 1 hthou Nagpuriya 1 hthou Sirmauri 1 hthoi 34. knife

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 tku Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 taku Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 thui Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 thu MixedJB-Maindrath 1 thkku Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 thkku Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 taku Hindi 1 taku Bangani 3 onti Jaunpuri 1 tokku Nagpuriya 1 tkku Sirmauri 1 tku

35. axe

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 kai Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 kai Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 kulai Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 kua MixedJB-Maindrath 1 kai Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 kai Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 kuali Hindi 1 klhai Bangani 1 kuati Jaunpuri 1 kulau Nagpuriya 1 kuli Sirmauri 1 klhai 36. rope

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 pj Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 paj Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 paj Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 paj MixedJB-Maindrath 2 peji 3 loi Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 poji Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 pai Hindi 1 ss Bangani 3 lolti Jaunpuri 4 duu Nagpuriya 5 sau Sirmauri 2 poe 37. thread

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 d Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 d Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 d Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 da MixedJB-Maindrath 2 do Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 dalu Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 daa Hindi 2 daa Bangani 2 daa Jaunpuri 2 dau Nagpuriya 2 dau Sirmauri 2 daa

46

38. needle Jaunsari-Korwa 3 s Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 sæu Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 seu 4 seu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 sæ MixedJB-Maindrath 4 seuj Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 iu Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 sija Hindi 1 sui Bangani 2 sun Jaunpuri 2 u Nagpuriya 4 sjuu Sirmauri 5 si 39. cloth

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 kp Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 kp Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 kp Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 kp MixedJB-Maindrath 2 lak Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 kp Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 kant Hindi 1 kpa Bangani 4 dulk Jaunpuri 1 kpa Nagpuriya 1 kpa Sirmauri 5 kuijo 40. ring

Jaunsari-Korwa 4 tshap Jaunsari-Khanaad 4 tshap Jaunsari-Chapnu 4 tshap Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 kai MixedJB-Maindrath 2 kai Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 uhi Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 tshap Hindi 1 uhi Bangani 2 kani Jaunpuri 3 mudl Nagpuriya 1 auhi Sirmauri 4 tshap

41. sun

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 dus Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 dus Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dus Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dus MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dus Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 am Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 du Hindi 1 sud Bangani 2 dus Jaunpuri 1 sud Nagpuriya 1 suia Sirmauri 1 sud 42. moon

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 du Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 du 3 ikan Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 ikai Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 du MixedJB-Maindrath 2 du Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 tand 2 dun Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dun Hindi 1 tnd 2 dunhijj Bangani 2 dun Jaunpuri 2 dun Nagpuriya 2 dun Sirmauri 1 tad 43. sky

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 e Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 j Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 j MixedJB-Maindrath 2 j Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 e Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 i Hindi 1 k 3 asman Bangani 1 aka Jaunpuri 2 Nagpuriya 3 asman Sirmauri 2 oen

47

44. star

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ta Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 ta Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ta Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ta MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ta Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 ta Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 taa Hindi 1 taa Bangani 1 tare Jaunpuri 1 taa Nagpuriya 2 Sirmauri 1 tara 45. rain

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 pai Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 pai Jaunsari-Chapnu 4 sando Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 pai MixedJB-Maindrath 1 bi 3 pai Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 pai Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 pai Hindi 1 bi Bangani 5 do Jaunpuri 2 bkha Nagpuriya 2 bkha Sirmauri 3 pai

46. water

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 pai Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 pai Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 pai Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 pai MixedJB-Maindrath 1 pai Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 pni Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 pai Hindi 1 pni Bangani 1 pai Jaunpuri 1 pai Nagpuriya 1 pai Sirmauri 1 pai

47. river

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 a Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 a Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 a Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 n MixedJB-Maindrath 2 n Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 ndi Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 a Hindi 1 ndi Bangani 1 ni 2 ni Jaunpuri 3 a Nagpuriya 4 du Sirmauri 1 nodi 48. cloud

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 bado Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bado Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 bado Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 badl MixedJB-Maindrath 1 badl Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bdl Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bad Hindi 1 bdl Bangani 1 badl Jaunpuri 1 bdl Nagpuriya 1 badl Sirmauri 1 badol 49. lightning

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 tlkaa Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 thlka Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 thlka Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 tlkaj MixedJB-Maindrath 1 bid Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bdli Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bdli Hindi 1 bdli Bangani 1 bdli Jaunpuri 1 bdli Nagpuriya 3 tal Sirmauri 1 bdli

48

50. rainbow

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 inddhu Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 inddhu Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 inddnu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dun MixedJB-Maindrath 3 n dhnu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 inddnu Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 inddnu Hindi 1 inddnu Bangani 1 inddnu Jaunpuri 1 inddnu Nagpuriya 1 inddnu Sirmauri 4 punejare 51. wind

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 bau Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bat Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 bau Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 bau MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bau Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 bat Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 bat Hindi 1 hw Bangani 3 bau Jaunpuri 1 ha 2 bat Nagpuriya 2 bth Sirmauri 3 bau 52. stone

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 uu Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 uu Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 uu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 uu MixedJB-Maindrath 4 uo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ak 3 uu Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 uu Hindi 1 ptth Bangani 2 ak Jaunpuri 3 dua Nagpuriya 3 uu Sirmauri 1 pathor

53. path

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 ba Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ba Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ba Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ba MixedJB-Maindrath 2 ba Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 asta 2 ba Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ba Hindi 1 asta Bangani 2 ba Jaunpuri 2 bau Nagpuriya 2 bu Sirmauri 2 ba 54. sand

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 et Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 ik Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 et Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 et MixedJB-Maindrath 1 blu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 et Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 duu Hindi 1 blu 2 et Bangani 1 balu Jaunpuri 2 et Nagpuriya 1 balo Sirmauri 2 et 55. fire

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 a Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 a Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 a Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 a MixedJB-Maindrath 1 a Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 a Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 a Hindi 1 Bangani 1 a Jaunpuri 1 a Nagpuriya 1 a Sirmauri 1 a

49

56. smoke

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 du Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 du Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 du Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 dua MixedJB-Maindrath 1 du Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 du Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 dua Hindi 1 du Bangani 1 dua Jaunpuri 1 dua Nagpuriya 1 dua Sirmauri 1 da 57. ash

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 ta Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ta Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ta Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 khe MixedJB-Maindrath 2 tha Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 tau 4 tau Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ta Hindi 1 kh Bangani 2 tha Jaunpuri 4 khau Nagpuriya 2 tau 4 tau Sirmauri 3 khe 58. mud

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ta Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 hil Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 kit 3 kit Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 a MixedJB-Maindrath 4 a Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 hil Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 kt Hindi 1 kit 3 kit Bangani 1 kit 3 kit Jaunpuri 2 hilu

Nagpuriya 3 kt Sirmauri 4 a 59. dust

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 dul Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 khe Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 duli Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 du 3 du MixedJB-Maindrath 3 duau Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 dul Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ke Hindi 1 dul Bangani 1 dul Jaunpuri 1 dul Nagpuriya 1 dulu Sirmauri 1 dul 60. gold

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 son Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 son Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 sunu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 suno MixedJB-Maindrath 1 sun Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 son Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 sunu Hindi 1 son Bangani 1 sona Jaunpuri 1 sonu Nagpuriya 1 sou Sirmauri 1 sunu 61. tree

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 bu Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 bu Jaunsari-Chapnu 4 a Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 bu MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bu Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 bu Hindi 1 pe Bangani 1 pe Jaunpuri 2 al Nagpuriya 2 ala Sirmauri 5 pde

50

62. leaf

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 labui Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 labu Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 labu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 labu MixedJB-Maindrath 2 labu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 labo Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 labu Hindi 1 ptt Bangani 1 ptt Jaunpuri 1 path Nagpuriya 3 pthl Sirmauri 4 pati 63. root

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 d Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 d Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 d Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 doj MixedJB-Maindrath 1 d Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 d Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 d Hindi 1 d Bangani 1 d Jaunpuri 1 d Nagpuriya 1 dou Sirmauri 1 do 64. thorn

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 kan 2 kan Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 kan 2 kan Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ka 2 ka Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 kan 2 kan MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ka 2 ka Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 kai Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 kaa 2 kaa Hindi 1 k 2 k Bangani 1 kaa 2 kaa

Jaunpuri 1 kau Nagpuriya 1 kau Sirmauri 1 kaa 2 kaa 65. flower

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 phul Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 phul Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 phul Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 l MixedJB-Maindrath 1 phul Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 phul Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 l Hindi 1 phul Bangani 1 phul Jaunpuri 1 ul Nagpuriya 1 phul Sirmauri 1 phulu 66. fruit

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 phal Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 phl Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 phal Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 phl MixedJB-Maindrath 1 phl Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 phl Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 l Hindi 1 phl Bangani 1 phl Jaunpuri 1 l Nagpuriya 1 phl Sirmauri 1 ph 67. mango

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 am Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 am Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 am Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 am MixedJB-Maindrath 1 am Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 am Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 m Hindi 1 am Bangani 1 am Jaunpuri 1 am

51

Nagpuriya 1 am Sirmauri 1 am 68. banana

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ke 2 ke Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 kela Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ke 2 ke Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ke 2 ke MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ke 2 ke Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 kela 2 keao Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 keo Hindi 1 kela Bangani 1 kela Jaunpuri 1 kela Nagpuriya 3 kjolu Sirmauri 1 kela 69. wheat

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 eu Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 eu Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 heu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 eu MixedJB-Maindrath 1 u Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 heu Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ju Hindi 1 hu Bangani 1 ju Jaunpuri 1 ehu Nagpuriya 1 j Sirmauri 1 ju 70. millet

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 d Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 d Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 d Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 d MixedJB-Maindrath 1 d Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 d Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 kodo Hindi 1 d

Bangani 2 kuda Jaunpuri 2 kodu Nagpuriya 2 kodu Sirmauri 1 d 71. rice

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 t Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 t Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 tu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 tu MixedJB-Maindrath 1 tul Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 sai Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 tu Hindi 1 tal Bangani 1 taul Jaunpuri 1 tl Nagpuriya 1 tl Sirmauri 1 tao 72. potato

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 alu Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 alu Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 alu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 alu MixedJB-Maindrath 1 alu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 alu Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 alu Hindi 1 alu Bangani 1 alu Jaunpuri 1 alu Nagpuriya 1 alu Sirmauri 1 alu 73. eggplant

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bda Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bda Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 be Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bda MixedJB-Maindrath 1 be 2 bda Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bta 4 bta Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 bts 3 bts Hindi 1 bæn

52

Bangani 3 btasu 4 btasu Jaunpuri 3 btasa 4 btasa Nagpuriya 1 bn Sirmauri 4 butija 74. groundnut

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 muphli Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 muphli 2 iphi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 muphli Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 mumphli MixedJB-Maindrath 1 mumphli Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 muphli Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 mui Hindi 1 muphli Bangani 1 muli Jaunpuri 1 muphli Nagpuriya 1 muphli Sirmauri 1 mumphli 75. chili

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 mtj Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 mt Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 mtj Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 mot MixedJB-Maindrath 1 mt Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 mt Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 mta Hindi 1 mt Bangani 1 mt Jaunpuri 1 mat Nagpuriya 1 mat Sirmauri 2 pipi 76. turmeric

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 hldi Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ba Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ba Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bewa MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bid Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 bsa Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 bea Hindi 1 hldi

Bangani 1 hldi Jaunpuri 1 hldi Nagpuriya 1 hldu Sirmauri 4 holid 77. garlic

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 li Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 li Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 lsi Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ls MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ls Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 lu Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 li Hindi 1 lhsun Bangani 1 lsu Jaunpuri 1 lasun Nagpuriya 1 ls Sirmauri 2 ohija 78. onion

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 pjad Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 piad Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 piad Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 pjad MixedJB-Maindrath 1 pjad Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 pjad Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 pjadz Hindi 1 pjad Bangani 1 pjadz Jaunpuri 1 pjad Nagpuriya 1 pjad Sirmauri 1 piad 79. cauliflower

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 hulobi Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 hulobi Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 hulobi MixedJB-Maindrath 1 hulobi Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 hulobi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 phulobi Hindi 1 phulobi 1 phulobi Bangani 1 phulobi Jaunpuri 1 ulobi

53

Nagpuriya 1 phulobi Sirmauri 1 phulobi 80. tomato

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 tmat Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 tmat Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 tmat Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 tmao MixedJB-Maindrath 1 tmat Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 tmat Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 temat Hindi 1 m Bangani 1 m Jaunpuri 1 m Nagpuriya 1 temat Sirmauri 1 temat 81. cabbage

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 bndobi Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bndobi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 bndobi Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 bndobi MixedJB-Maindrath 1 bndobi Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bndobi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bndobi Hindi 1 bndobi 1 bndobi Bangani 1 bndobi Jaunpuri 1 bndobi Nagpuriya 1 bndobi Sirmauri 1 bndobi 82. oil

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 tel Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 tel Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 tel Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 tel MixedJB-Maindrath 1 tel Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 tel Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 tel Hindi 1 tel Bangani 1 tel Jaunpuri 1 tel Nagpuriya 1 tjl Sirmauri 1 tel

83. salt

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 nu 2 nu Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 nu 2 nu Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 nu 2 nu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 nu 2 nu MixedJB-Maindrath 1 nu 2 nu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 nun Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 nun Hindi 3 namak Bangani 1 nu 2 nu Jaunpuri 2 l Nagpuriya 2 l Sirmauri 4 kharo 84. meat

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 moso Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 ms Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 moso 2 ikai Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ika MixedJB-Maindrath 2 ika Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ika Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 maso Hindi 1 ms Bangani 2 ikar Jaunpuri 1 mas 2 sika Nagpuriya 2 sika Sirmauri 3 i 85. fat

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 tbi Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 tbi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 tbi Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bo MixedJB-Maindrath 2 bo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 tbi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 tbi Hindi 1 tbi

54

Bangani 1 tbi Jaunpuri 1 tbi Nagpuriya 1 tbi Sirmauri 1 tsrb 86. fish

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 mati Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 mthi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 mati Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 math MixedJB-Maindrath 1 mthi Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 mthli Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 matha Hindi 1 mthli Bangani 1 mthli Jaunpuri 1 math Nagpuriya 1 mathu Sirmauri 1 mthi 87. chicken

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 kki Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 kki Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 kki Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 kki MixedJB-Maindrath 2 kki Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 kki Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 kukhi Hindi 1 mi Bangani 2 kukhi Jaunpuri 1 mi 2 kuka Nagpuriya 2 kuka Sirmauri 1 mi 88. egg

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bati Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bati Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bati Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 batij MixedJB-Maindrath 3 peni Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 bati Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 bati Hindi 1 a Bangani 1 a Jaunpuri 1 a

Nagpuriya 1 a Sirmauri 1 a 89. cow

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 a Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 a Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ai Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 aw MixedJB-Maindrath 1 au Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 awu 2 awu Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 au Hindi 1 aj Bangani 1 ai Jaunpuri 2 ou Nagpuriya 2 ou Sirmauri 1 aj 90. buffalo

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 me Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bes Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 m Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 mj MixedJB-Maindrath 2 mi Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bs Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 moi Hindi 1 bæs Bangani 2 moi Jaunpuri 1 bæsu Nagpuriya 1 bæsu Sirmauri 2 mohi 91. milk

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 dud Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 dud Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 dud Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 dud MixedJB-Maindrath 1 dud Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 dud Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 dud Hindi 1 dud Bangani 1 dudh Jaunpuri 1 dudh Nagpuriya 1 dudh Sirmauri 1 dudh

55

92. horns

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 si Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 si Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 i Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 si MixedJB-Maindrath 1 si Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 si Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 i Hindi 1 s Bangani 1 si Jaunpuri 1 si Nagpuriya 1 si Sirmauri 1 i 93. tail

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 pthu Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 pthu Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 puth Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 di MixedJB-Maindrath 1 puth Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 puti Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 puthu Hindi 1 puth Bangani 3 pundui Jaunpuri 1 ptu Nagpuriya 1 ptu Sirmauri 1 potsh 94. goat

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 bkei Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bkei Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 bkei Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 bkei MixedJB-Maindrath 1 bkei 2 u Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bkei Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 baki Hindi 1 bkei Bangani 1 baki Jaunpuri 1 bkh Nagpuriya 1 bakhu Sirmauri 1 bakori

95. dog

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 kku Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 kku Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 kku Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 kku MixedJB-Maindrath 2 kku Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 kku Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 kku Hindi 1 ktta Bangani 2 kku Jaunpuri 1 ktta 2 kku Nagpuriya 2 kku Sirmauri 2 kku 96. snake

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 ijat Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 ijat Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 sijah Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 o MixedJB-Maindrath 1 sap Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 sp Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 sp Hindi 1 sap Bangani 1 sap Jaunpuri 5 kiu Nagpuriya 5 kiu Sirmauri 6 dano 97. monkey

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 band Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 band Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 band Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 bando MixedJB-Maindrath 1 band Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 band Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bnd Hindi 1 bnd Bangani 1 band Jaunpuri 1 band Nagpuriya 1 bando Sirmauri 1 bandor

56

98. mosquito

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 kba Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 mth Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 mth Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 kba MixedJB-Maindrath 3 kba Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 mth Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 mtth Hindi 1 mth Bangani 2 ule Jaunpuri 1 mtt Nagpuriya 1 mtt Sirmauri 1 mthor 99. ant

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 kmi Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 kmi Jaunsari-Chapnu 6 tini Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 kimlu MixedJB-Maindrath 3 kimlo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 tini 2 tki 6 tini Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 kilmoija Hindi 1 tii Bangani 3 kmli 5 kmli Jaunpuri 3 kimlu Nagpuriya 5 kirmulu Sirmauri 7 joi 100. spider

Jaunsari-Korwa 4 tshnawt Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 mk Jaunsari-Chapnu 4 tna Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 tindow MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dindawl 3 dindawl Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 mki Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 mka Hindi 1 mki Bangani 3 dindal Jaunpuri 1 mka Nagpuriya 1 mka Sirmauri 5 tundiala

101. name

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 nav Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 nav Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 nav Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 nav MixedJB-Maindrath 2 naw Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 nam Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 nau Hindi 1 nam Bangani 1 nam 2 nau Jaunpuri 2 n Nagpuriya 2 n Sirmauri 2 nau 102. man

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 admi Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 admi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 admi Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 admi MixedJB-Maindrath 1 adm 3 mau Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 admi Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 mod Hindi 1 admi Bangani 2 med Jaunpuri 1 admi Nagpuriya 4 mnkhi Sirmauri 1 admi 103. woman

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bekui Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bekui Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bekui Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bekui MixedJB-Maindrath 2 bekui Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 bikui Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 betkui Hindi 1 t Bangani 3 tho Jaunpuri 4 bban Nagpuriya 5 dnanu 6 li Sirmauri 7 tioe

57

104. child

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 lako Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 lako Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 lako Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 theu MixedJB-Maindrath 4 nonaul Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 to Jaunsari-Chakratha 5 laik Hindi 1 btha Bangani 6 nana 7 peta Jaunpuri 8 njal Nagpuriya 5 lu Sirmauri 3 tshou 105. father

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bab 3 bab Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 bav Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bab 3 bab Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 baba 3 baba MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ba 2 baba 3 baba Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 baw Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 baba 3 baba Hindi 2 bap Bangani 2 baba 3 baba Jaunpuri 4 babaji Nagpuriya 2 bb 3 bb Sirmauri 2 baba 106. mother

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 idi 3 idi Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 idi 3 idi Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 idi 3 idi

Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 idi 3 idi MixedJB-Maindrath 3 idil Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 bu Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 idi 3 idi Hindi 1 m Bangani 2 d 3 d Jaunpuri 1 madi 2 madi Nagpuriya 1 ma 4 bu Sirmauri 1 ma

107. older brother

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 dd 2 dd Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 dd 2 dd Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 dd 2 dd Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bodad MixedJB-Maindrath 1 dd 2 dd Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 dd 2 dd Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 badi Hindi 1 dd 2 dd 3 babi Bangani 1 dada 2 dada Jaunpuri 3 baidi Nagpuriya 1 dida Sirmauri 4 bja 108. younger brother

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 baj Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 baj Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 baj Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 baj MixedJB-Maindrath 2 bj Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 bj Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 nnda baj

58

Hindi 1 thobi Bangani 1 thoubaju Jaunpuri 2 baidi Nagpuriya 4 bula Sirmauri 2 bhaju 109. older sister

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 dadi Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 dadi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 dadi Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 dadi MixedJB-Maindrath 1 dadi Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 dadi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 dadi Hindi 1 didi Bangani 1 dadi Jaunpuri 1 didi Nagpuriya 1 didi Sirmauri 2 didi 110. younger sister

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bji Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bji Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bji Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bji MixedJB-Maindrath 2 bji Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bj Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 bai Hindi 1 toibhin Bangani 3 baj Jaunpuri 4 buli Nagpuriya 4 buli Sirmauri 2 baje 111. son

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 bea 3 tsh Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bea Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 bea Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 be MixedJB-Maindrath 1 be Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 beai 3 toa Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bea Hindi 1 bea

2 lka Bangani 1 bea Jaunpuri 1 bea Nagpuriya 4 lu Sirmauri 1 bea 112. daughter

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 bei 3 tshui Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bei Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 bei Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 bei MixedJB-Maindrath 1 bei Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 toi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bei Hindi 1 bei 2 lki Bangani 1 bei Jaunpuri 1 bei Nagpuriya 4 li Sirmauri 1 bei 113. husband

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 khnd Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 khnd Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 khnd Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 khnd MixedJB-Maindrath 2 khuand Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 khawan Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 ka Hindi 1 pti Bangani 5 malik Jaunpuri 5 malik Nagpuriya 5 malik Sirmauri 6 hala 114. wife

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 dou Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 dou Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dou Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dou MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dou Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 duu Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dou Hindi 1 ptni

59

Bangani 3 tho Jaunpuri 4 ali Nagpuriya 4 ali Sirmauri 4 ali 115. boy

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 lka Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 lakou Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bea Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 kus MixedJB-Maindrath 1 lka Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 to Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 thoa Hindi 1 lka Bangani 1 laka 2 bea Jaunpuri 5 njal Nagpuriya 6 lu Sirmauri 1 laka 116. girl

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 lki Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 lki Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bei Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 jaui MixedJB-Maindrath 1 lki Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 thoi 6 thoi Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 thoi Hindi 1 lki Bangani 1 laki 2 bei 7 laki Jaunpuri 5 njali Nagpuriya 6 li 7 li Sirmauri 1 laki 7 laki 117. day

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 dn 2 dus Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 dus Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dus Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dus MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dus

Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 dn Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dus Hindi 1 dn Bangani 2 duse Jaunpuri 1 dn Nagpuriya 1 dn Sirmauri 2 ds 118. night

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 at Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 at Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 at Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ati MixedJB-Maindrath 1 at Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 at Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 at Hindi 1 at Bangani 1 at Jaunpuri 1 at Nagpuriya 1 at Sirmauri 1 rat 119. morning

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 di Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 di Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 di Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 di MixedJB-Maindrath 1 di Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 tke be Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 atija Hindi 4 subh Bangani 3 atti Jaunpuri 4 suber Nagpuriya 4 subi Sirmauri 1 di 120. noon

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 dusv 3 omo Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 omo Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dusv Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dus 3 omo MixedJB-Maindrath 1 dpa Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 m

60

Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dusa Hindi 1 doph Bangani 2 duse Jaunpuri 1 dophu Nagpuriya 1 dophu Sirmauri 1 duphija 121. evening/afternoon

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 beuk Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 beuk Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 beuk Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 phii MixedJB-Maindrath 4 phii Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bek be Jaunsari-Chakratha 5 path Hindi 1 sda Bangani 2 bjaik 6 bjaik Jaunpuri 6 bjkhnu Nagpuriya 6 bjakuni Sirmauri 6 bjaqukha 122. yesterday

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bej Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bij Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bej Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bej MixedJB-Maindrath 4 bjau Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 bejadu Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 po Hindi 1 kl Bangani 4 bjala Jaunpuri 4 bjali Nagpuriya 5 psi Sirmauri 6 hido 123. today

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 el Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 el Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 el Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 et MixedJB-Maindrath 3 t Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 ts Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ala

Hindi 1 ad Bangani 3 ta Jaunpuri 1 ad Nagpuriya 1 ad Sirmauri 1 ad 124. tomorrow

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 dtij Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 dtij Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dtij Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dtij MixedJB-Maindrath 2 doti Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 b Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dotija Hindi 1 kl Bangani 2 doti Jaunpuri 4 bol Nagpuriya 4 bol Sirmauri 2 dti 125. week

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 hpt 1 spt Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 hpt Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 hpt Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 hpt MixedJB-Maindrath 1 hpt Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 hpt Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 hta Hindi 1 hphta Bangani 1 hta Jaunpuri 1 hphta Nagpuriya 1 hphta Sirmauri 1 hapta 126. month

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 min Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 min Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 min Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 min MixedJB-Maindrath 1 min Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 mhin Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 min Hindi 1 mhina Bangani 1 mhu

61

Jaunpuri 1 mn Nagpuriya 1 mu Sirmauri 1 moina 127. year

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 sal Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bi 3 bi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 sal Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 boi MixedJB-Maindrath 1 sal Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 sal 2 bi 3 bi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 al Hindi 1 sal 2 Bangani 1 sal Jaunpuri 1 sal Nagpuriya 1 sal Sirmauri 1 sal 128. old

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 pua Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 pua Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 pao Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 pao MixedJB-Maindrath 1 pao Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 pua Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 baa Hindi 1 pun Bangani 1 pura Jaunpuri 1 purau Nagpuriya 1 purau Sirmauri 1 pun 129. new

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 nj 2 nj Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 nj Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 nw Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 n MixedJB-Maindrath 2 nwo 3 no Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 nv

Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 n Hindi 1 nja 2 nja Bangani 3 n Jaunpuri 1 nju 2 nju Nagpuriya 1 njo 2 njo Sirmauri 3 noa 130. good

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 th Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 th Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 th Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ath MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ath Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 th Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ath Hindi 1 ttha Bangani 3 bija Jaunpuri 1 atthu Nagpuriya 2 blu Sirmauri 1 tha 131. bad

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 khab Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 khab Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 khab 2 bekar Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bekar MixedJB-Maindrath 4 di Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 kat Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 ktlo Hindi 1 khb Bangani 4 di Jaunpuri 1 khb Nagpuriya 5 ndu Sirmauri 6 bura 132. wet

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 il 2 bidi 3 bidi Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 il Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ilo

62

Jaunsari-Bhandroli 5 sin MixedJB-Maindrath 3 udi 4 udi Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 udi 4 udi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ilo Hindi 1 ila Bangani 4 udio Jaunpuri 1 ilu Nagpuriya 2 bidu Sirmauri 2 bidi 3 bidi 133. dry

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 suk Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 skha Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 suko Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 uko MixedJB-Maindrath 1 uk Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 sukj 3 sukj Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ukhije 3 ukhije Hindi 1 skha Bangani 2 uknd Jaunpuri 1 suku Nagpuriya 3 sukhju Sirmauri 1 uka 134. long

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 lmb Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 lmi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 lamo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 lambo MixedJB-Maindrath 1 lamo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 lm Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 lamba Hindi 1 lmbo Bangani 1 lamb Jaunpuri 1 lmbu Nagpuriya 1 lmbu Sirmauri 1 lmb

135. short

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 tholo Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 toi 2 nndi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 too Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 too MixedJB-Maindrath 1 thoo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ndo Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 nna Hindi 1 thoa Bangani 3 odu Jaunpuri 1 thou Nagpuriya 1 thou Sirmauri 4 hotsa 136. hot

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 tatol Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 tato Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 tato Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 tato MixedJB-Maindrath 2 tato Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 tato Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 tato Hindi 1 m Bangani 2 tato Jaunpuri 2 tatu Nagpuriya 2 tatu Sirmauri 2 tata 137. cold

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 thno 2 eu Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 eu Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 eu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 jau MixedJB-Maindrath 2 ejo 3 ejo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 thno Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ho Hindi 1 h Bangani 3 il Jaunpuri 1 ho Nagpuriya 1 hu Sirmauri 3 a

63

138. right

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 dahn 1 dajn 2 daw 3 dajn 3 dajno Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 dajno 3 dajn 3 dajno Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 dej Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 ow MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dawo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 dn Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 dna Hindi 1 dahn Bangani 5 sult Jaunpuri 1 du Nagpuriya 1 du Sirmauri 4 soa 139. left

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 baj Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 baw Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 baj Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 baw MixedJB-Maindrath 1 bawo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bawo Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 baa Hindi 1 bj Bangani 2 bulta Jaunpuri 1 baju Nagpuriya 3 bo Sirmauri 4 era 140. near

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 neo Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 neo Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 neo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 neo MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ndik Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 ndik Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 nu Hindi 1 nzdik Bangani 1 nzdik Jaunpuri 1 nzdik

Nagpuriya 2 semi Sirmauri 3 nie 141. far

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 du Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 duo 2 duo Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 du Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 du 2 du MixedJB-Maindrath 1 duo 2 duo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 du Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 due 2 due Hindi 1 du Bangani 1 due 2 due Jaunpuri 1 du Nagpuriya 1 du Sirmauri 2 durki 142. big

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 blo Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 b Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 bao Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 bo MixedJB-Maindrath 1 b Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bao Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 boo Hindi 1 b Bangani 1 b Jaunpuri 1 bu Nagpuriya 1 b Sirmauri 1 ba 143. small

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 thoa 2 nndo Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 nndo Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 thoo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 thoo MixedJB-Maindrath 2 ndo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ndo Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 nndo

64

Hindi 1 thoa Bangani 3 ou Jaunpuri 1 thou Nagpuriya 1 thou Sirmauri 4 haia 144. heavy

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 uo Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ou Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ouo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 oeko MixedJB-Maindrath 2 oeko Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ou Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 u Hindi 1 bai Bangani 2 oke Jaunpuri 2 u Nagpuriya 2 a Sirmauri 2 ukha 145. light

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 hko Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 hko Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 hko Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 hoko MixedJB-Maindrath 1 hko Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 hka Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 hlko Hindi 1 hlk Bangani 1 helk Jaunpuri 1 hlku Nagpuriya 1 hlku Sirmauri 1 hoko 146. above

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 uplo Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ulo Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 upo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 uelu MixedJB-Maindrath 2 utl Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ul Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 ubo Hindi 1 up Bangani 4 mal Jaunpuri 5 æt

Nagpuriya 6 mthi Sirmauri 7 a 147. below

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 nilo Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 nilo Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ni 3 tj Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 nilo 4 dojni MixedJB-Maindrath 4 dni Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 5 ahu Jaunsari-Chakratha 5 atho Hindi 1 nite Bangani 6 tole Jaunpuri 1 ns Nagpuriya 7 mui Sirmauri 6 to 148. white

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 tio Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 uku Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 tio Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 tiu MixedJB-Maindrath 4 ejnto Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 etu Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 ukla Hindi 1 sfed Bangani 2 it Jaunpuri 1 saphed Nagpuriya 1 saphed Sirmauri 5 oa 149. black

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 kalo Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 kau Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 kao Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 kawo MixedJB-Maindrath 1 kao Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 kau Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 kao Hindi 1 kl Bangani 1 ka Jaunpuri 1 kalu Nagpuriya 1 kalu

65

Sirmauri 1 ka 150. red

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 lal Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 lal Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 lal Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 lal MixedJB-Maindrath 2 ato Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 lal Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 lal Hindi 1 lal Bangani 1 lal Jaunpuri 1 lal Nagpuriya 1 lal Sirmauri 1 lal 151. one

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ek Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 ek Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ek Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ek MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ek Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 ek Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ek Hindi 1 ek Bangani 1 ek Jaunpuri 1 ek Nagpuriya 1 ek Sirmauri 1 ek 152. two

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 do Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 do Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 duj Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 duj MixedJB-Maindrath 1 do Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 duj Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 do Hindi 1 do Bangani 1 do Jaunpuri 1 do Nagpuriya 1 dui Sirmauri 1 do

153. three

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 tin Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 tin Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 tin Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 tin MixedJB-Maindrath 1 tin Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 tin Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 tin Hindi 1 tin Bangani 1 tin Jaunpuri 1 tin Nagpuriya 1 tin Sirmauri 1 tin

154. four

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 t Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 t Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 t Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 t MixedJB-Maindrath 1 t Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 t Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 t Hindi 1 t Bangani 1 t Jaunpuri 1 t Nagpuriya 1 t Sirmauri 1 t

155. five

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 path Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 path Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 path Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 path MixedJB-Maindrath 1 pnt Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 pat Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 pat Hindi 1 pnt Bangani 1 pat Jaunpuri 1 pat Nagpuriya 1 pat Sirmauri 1 pat

156. six Jaunsari-Korwa 1 tho Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 the

66

Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 tho Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 the MixedJB-Maindrath 1 tho Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 thi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 the Hindi 1 the Bangani 1 the Jaunpuri 1 the Nagpuriya 1 th Sirmauri 1 tho 157. seven

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 st Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 st Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 st Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 st MixedJB-Maindrath 1 st Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 st Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 st Hindi 1 st Bangani 1 st Jaunpuri 1 st Nagpuriya 1 st Sirmauri 1 sat 158. eight

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 h Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 h Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 h Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 h MixedJB-Maindrath 1 h Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 h Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 h Hindi 1 h Bangani 1 h Jaunpuri 1 h Nagpuriya 1 h Sirmauri 1 h 159. nine

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 n Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 n Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 n Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 n MixedJB-Maindrath 1 n

Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 n Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 n Hindi 1 n Bangani 1 n Jaunpuri 1 n Nagpuriya 1 n Sirmauri 1 n 160. ten

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ds Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 ds Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ds Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 do MixedJB-Maindrath 1 d Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 ds Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ds Hindi 1 ds Bangani 1 d Jaunpuri 1 ds Nagpuriya 1 ds Sirmauri 1 d 161. eleven

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ja Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 ja Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ja Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ja MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ja Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 ja Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 jah Hindi 1 jah Bangani 1 ja Jaunpuri 1 jah Nagpuriya 1 jah Sirmauri 1 jao 162. twelve

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ba Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 ba Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 bo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 bo MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ba Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 ba Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bh Hindi 1 bh

67

Bangani 1 bh Jaunpuri 1 bh Nagpuriya 1 bh Sirmauri 1 bo 163. twenty

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 bi Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bis Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 bis Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 bi MixedJB-Maindrath 1 bi Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bis Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bis Hindi 1 bis Bangani 1 bi Jaunpuri 1 bis Nagpuriya 1 bis Sirmauri 1 bi 164. one hundred

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 s Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 s Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 s Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 s MixedJB-Maindrath 1 o Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 pat bis Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 s Hindi 1 s 1 su Bangani 1 Jaunpuri 1 s Nagpuriya 1 s Sirmauri 1 165. who?

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ku Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 ku Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ku Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ku MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ku Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 ku Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ku Hindi 1 kn Bangani 1 kue Jaunpuri 2 ko

Nagpuriya 2 k Sirmauri 1 ku 166. what?

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ka Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 ka Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ka Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ka MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ka Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 k Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ka Hindi 2 kj Bangani 1 ka Jaunpuri 2 kja Nagpuriya 2 kja Sirmauri 1 ka 167. where?

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 kok 2 kok 3 kok 4 kok Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 kok 2 kok 3 kok 4 kok Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 kok 2 kok 3 kok 4 kok Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 kojk MixedJB-Maindrath 3 kojk Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 kok 2 kok 3 kok 4 kok Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 kok 2 kok 3 kok 4 kok Hindi 1 kh Bangani 3 ktke Jaunpuri 2 kkh Nagpuriya 2 kkh Sirmauri 4 kthe

68

168. when?

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 kol Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 kol Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 kol Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 kot MixedJB-Maindrath 2 kt Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 kdi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 kola Hindi 3 kb Bangani 2 keta Jaunpuri 3 kbi Nagpuriya 3 kb Sirmauri 3 kbe 169. how many?

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 kotho 2 kotho Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 kth Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 kutoo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 koto MixedJB-Maindrath 2 kotho 2 kotho Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 kt Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 kota Hindi 1 ktne Bangani 3 ti Jaunpuri 1 ktnak Nagpuriya 3 kti 4 kti Sirmauri 4 kte 170. what kind?

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ko Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 ku 4 ku Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 koo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 kae MixedJB-Maindrath 5 koo 6 koo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 ku 5 ku Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 konoi Hindi 1 kæs 2 kæs

Bangani 1 k 2 k 5 k Jaunpuri 7 knihoju Nagpuriya 7 knke Sirmauri 2 ka 6 ka 171. this

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ju Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 j Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 j do 3 j do Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 jo MixedJB-Maindrath 1 j 5 j Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 j Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 edu Hindi 1 jh Bangani 2 jo Jaunpuri 4 jkh Nagpuriya 2 ju Sirmauri 5 e 172. that

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 seu Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 u Jaunsari-Chapnu 4 sedo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 o MixedJB-Maindrath 2 seu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 s Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 sedu Hindi 1 wo Bangani 4 edo Jaunpuri 5 tkh Nagpuriya 2 s Sirmauri 4 idi 173. these

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 je Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 j 3 ai Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 j Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 je MixedJB-Maindrath 1 je

69

Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 je du Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 edu Hindi 1 je Bangani 2 jo Jaunpuri 1 je Nagpuriya 2 jo Sirmauri 1 je 174. those

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 se Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 se Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 se Jaunsari-Bhandroli 5 j MixedJB-Maindrath 2 s Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 s du Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 sedu 3 sedu Hindi 1 e Bangani 4 jo Jaunpuri 1 e Nagpuriya 1 Sirmauri 2 se 175. same

Jaunsari-Korwa 4 bab Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 ekta Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 ekia Jaunsari-Bhandroli 5 eknan MixedJB-Maindrath 4 bab Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 bab Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ekse Hindi 1 sman Bangani 2 ekse Jaunpuri 2 ekse Nagpuriya 2 ekse Sirmauri 6 ekda 176. different

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 thedu 4 thedu Jaunsari-Khanaad 5 d bat Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 theud Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 phk MixedJB-Maindrath 3 tho 4 tho

Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 thu Jaunsari-Chakratha 6 okbante Hindi 1 fk Bangani 7 l Jaunpuri 7 l Nagpuriya 7 l Sirmauri 1 fk 177. whole

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 sjdu Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 pua 2 saa Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 pua Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 nepu MixedJB-Maindrath 4 badij Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 puu Jaunsari-Chakratha 5 sabut Hindi 2 pu 5 sabut Bangani 4 badij Jaunpuri 1 sædu Nagpuriya 2 puu Sirmauri 5 sabt 178. broken

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 tutij Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 tui 3 tui Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 uo 3 uo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 uo MixedJB-Maindrath 1 u 3 u Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 ui 3 ui Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 uij Hindi 1 3 Bangani 2 tod Jaunpuri 1 uiju Nagpuriya 1 uijo Sirmauri 3 tua

70

179. few

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 an 2 ano Jaunsari-Khanaad 7 tt Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 koio Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 eki MixedJB-Maindrath 4 j Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 kik Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 kik Hindi 1 thoa Bangani 5 ija Jaunpuri 1 thoi Nagpuriya 6 de Sirmauri 1 thoa 180. many

Jaunsari-Korwa 6 skou Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 bi Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 buto 2 buto Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 boi MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bi Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bi Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 mkko Hindi 1 bht Bangani 7 bikja Jaunpuri 4 mktu Nagpuriya 5 bida Sirmauri 2 buita 181. all

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 sb 2 sao Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 sb Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 sb Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 badd MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bd Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 sb 2 sb Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 mukke Hindi 1 sb Bangani 2 sae Jaunpuri 1 sbi Nagpuriya 1 sbi Sirmauri 1 sbe

182. eat!, he ate

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 khav Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 kha Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 khao Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 kha MixedJB-Maindrath 1 khao Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 kha Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 kho Hindi 1 kho Bangani 1 khao Jaunpuri 1 khaile Nagpuriya 1 khava Sirmauri 1 khao 183. bite!, he bit

Jaunsari-Korwa 3 ukol Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 uki Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 kaa Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 ukp MixedJB-Maindrath 1 khau Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 uki Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ka Hindi 2 ka Bangani 2 ka Jaunpuri 2 kai Nagpuriya 2 kai Sirmauri 2 kaa 184. he is, he was hungry

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 buk lai Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 buk lai Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 buk lai Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 buki lai MixedJB-Maindrath 1 buk la Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 buk lai Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bukhlai Hindi 1 bukh Bangani 1 bukhlai Jaunpuri 1 bukhli Nagpuriya 1 bukhli Sirmauri 1 buk lar

71

185. drink!, he drank

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 pio Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 pio Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 pi Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 pi MixedJB-Maindrath 1 pilau Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 pi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 pinda laj Hindi 1 pijo Bangani 1 pintalai Jaunpuri 1 pia lju Nagpuriya 1 pjoiu Sirmauri 1 pitho 186. he is, he was thirsty

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 ti lai 3 ti lai Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ti lai 3 ti lai Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ti lai 3 ti lai Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ti lai 3 ti lai MixedJB-Maindrath 2 tisilai Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 tis lail 3 tis lail Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 tislai Hindi 1 pjs Bangani 2 ti lai 3 ti lai Jaunpuri 2 tis la Nagpuriya 2 tis li Sirmauri 3 ti la 187. sleep!, he slept

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 suti a Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 sti Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 soti d Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 suti l MixedJB-Maindrath 2 suti Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 suti Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 sutia Hindi 1 so Bangani 2 sutlai Jaunpuri 3 jnlju

Nagpuriya 4 sju Sirmauri 2 sut a 188. lie down!, he lay down

Jaunsari-Korwa 6 patp Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 suti Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 sti d Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 suti la MixedJB-Maindrath 2 suti o Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 suti j Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 suti Hindi 1 le Bangani 3 pltijado Jaunpuri 4 pejo Nagpuriya 5 pi Sirmauri 2 suta 189. sit down!, he sat down

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 buho Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bh Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 bhi d Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 b MixedJB-Maindrath 2 buo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bhi d Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bhidao Hindi 1 bæho Bangani 2 bo Jaunpuri 1 bthodi Nagpuriya 1 bha Sirmauri 3 boida 190. give!, he gave

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 deunu Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 de Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ded Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 de MixedJB-Maindrath 1 dejdo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 dedi Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 de Hindi 1 de Bangani 1 de Jaunpuri 1 de Nagpuriya 1 de Sirmauri 1 oa de

72

191. it burns, it burned

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 dj l Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 a lai Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 a lai Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 dj l MixedJB-Maindrath 4 odi lao Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 phukila Jaunsari-Chakratha 5 tiuia Hindi 6 dlt Bangani 6 dldilai Jaunpuri 3 phukjou lju Nagpuriya 7 phkeu Sirmauri 6 dl a 192. don't die!, he died

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 min Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 mi jlw Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 mi o Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 mori MixedJB-Maindrath 1 mi o Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 mi j Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 moina Hindi 1 mj Bangani 1 maii Jaunpuri 1 mjo Nagpuriya 1 mi Sirmauri 1 mia 193. he killed

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 ma Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 ma Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 ma pa Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 daip MixedJB-Maindrath 2 kuo 2 pio 3 pio Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 mai Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ma Hindi 1 maa Bangani 3 iipio Jaunpuri 1 marju Nagpuriya 1 mai Sirmauri 1 maa

194. fly!, it flew

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 uaj lan Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 uaj o Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 uaj o Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 udla MixedJB-Maindrath 1 uj lao Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 ujalai Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 uaua laije Hindi 1 uji Bangani 1 uijandii lai Jaunpuri 1 ua leju Nagpuriya 2 uu Sirmauri 1 ua 195. walk!, he walked

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 talo Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 talo Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 talo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 tl MixedJB-Maindrath 1 talo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 tl Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 tlo Hindi 1 tlo Bangani 1 talo Jaunpuri 1 tlo Nagpuriya 1 tl Sirmauri 1 tl 196. run!, he ran

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 do Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 du Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 dauo Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 d MixedJB-Maindrath 2 du Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 do Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 do Hindi 1 do Bangani 1 duku Jaunpuri 1 do Nagpuriya 1 da Sirmauri 1 d

73

197. go!, he went

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 d Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 d Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 daj Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 d MixedJB-Maindrath 3 noo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 d Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 dao Hindi 1 do Bangani 2 dejue Jaunpuri 1 dao Nagpuriya 1 daa Sirmauri 1 d 198. come!, he came

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 au Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 au Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 au Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 au MixedJB-Maindrath 1 ao Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 au Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ao Hindi 1 o Bangani 3 aua Jaunpuri 4 audi Nagpuriya 5 aa Sirmauri 2 a 199. speak!, he spoke

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 bl Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 bl Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 bl Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 bl MixedJB-Maindrath 1 bolo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 bl Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 bolo Hindi 1 bolo Bangani 1 bolo Jaunpuri 1 bolo Nagpuriya 1 bl Sirmauri 1 bl

200. listen!, he heard

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 u Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 su Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 u Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 ui MixedJB-Maindrath 1 suo Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 su Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 suno Hindi 1 suno Bangani 2 undalai Jaunpuri 3 sua lju Nagpuriya 4 su Sirmauri 3 uliu 201. look!, he saw

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 dekh 2 he Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 dekh Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 dekh Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 dekh MixedJB-Maindrath 1 dekho Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 he Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 dekho Hindi 1 dekho Bangani 1 dekho Jaunpuri 1 dekhi Nagpuriya 1 dekhi Sirmauri 1 dkha 202. I (1st sg)

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 m 3 au Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 au Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 au Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 au MixedJB-Maindrath 4 bu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 mj Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 au Hindi 1 mæ Bangani 3 au Jaunpuri 5 mn Nagpuriya 1 m Sirmauri 2 mo

74

203. you (2nd sg, informal)

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 tu Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 tu Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 tu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 tu MixedJB-Maindrath 2 tu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 tu Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 tu Hindi 1 tm Bangani 2 tu Jaunpuri 1 tm Nagpuriya 1 tm Sirmauri 2 tu 204. you (2nd sg, formal)

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 tu Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 tum Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 tu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 tu MixedJB-Maindrath 3 tum Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 tum Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 tum Hindi 1 p Bangani 2 tu Jaunpuri 1 p Nagpuriya 1 p Sirmauri 2 tue 205. he (3rd sg, masculine)

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 e Jaunsari-Khanaad 4 a Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 e Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 je 3 je MixedJB-Maindrath 2 eu Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 5 s Jaunsari-Chakratha 6 sa Hindi 1 o 1 h Bangani 3 jo Jaunpuri 1 o Nagpuriya 1 Sirmauri 6 se

206. she (3rd sg, feminine)

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 ej Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 j Jaunsari-Chapnu 5 i Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 jei MixedJB-Maindrath 2 ej Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 s Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 se Hindi 1 h Bangani 3 jo Jaunpuri 1 o Nagpuriya 1 Sirmauri 4 se 207. we (1st pl, inclusive)

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 hm Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 m Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 hm 2 hm Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 hm MixedJB-Maindrath 1 am 2 am Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 m Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 am 2 am Hindi 1 hm Bangani 1 ame 2 ame Jaunpuri 1 hm Nagpuriya 1 hm Sirmauri 2 ome 208. we (1st pl, exclusive)

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 hm duj Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 m 2 m Jaunsari-Chapnu 1 hm 2 hm Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 hm MixedJB-Maindrath 1 am duj 2 am duj Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 m duji Jaunsari-Chakratha 1 ame duja 2 ame duja

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Hindi 1 hm Bangani 1 am duja 2 am duja Jaunpuri 1 hm Nagpuriya 1 hm dui Sirmauri 2 ome duine 209. you (2nd pl)

Jaunsari-Korwa 1 tum Jaunsari-Khanaad 1 tum Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 tu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 1 tum MixedJB-Maindrath 1 tum Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 1 tum Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 tu Hindi 1 tumlo Bangani 2 tu Jaunpuri 2 tu Nagpuriya 1 tum Sirmauri 2 tue

210. they (3rd pl)

Jaunsari-Korwa 2 je Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 j Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 seu Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 j MixedJB-Maindrath 2 j d 4 j d Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 s Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 sde Hindi 1 e Bangani 2 j Jaunpuri 1 e Nagpuriya 1 Sirmauri 4 si di

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Appendix B Home Town Test & Recorded Text Test

Recorded Text Testing Procedures, Scores and Responses

Recorded Text Test Procedures17

The extent to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another can be studied by means of tape-recorded texts. Such studies investigate whether speakers of one variety understand a narrative text of another variety and are able to answer questions about the content of that text. The accuracy with which subjects answer these questions is taken as an index of their comprehension of that speech form. From the percentage of correct answers, the amount of intelligibility between speech forms is inferred. The recorded text testing used in this survey is based on the procedures described in Casad (1974) and Blair (1990).

Short, personal experience narratives are deemed to be most suitable for recorded text testing in that the content must be relatively unpredictable and the speech form should be natural. Folklore or other material thought to be widely known is avoided. A three to five minute story is recorded from a speaker of the regional vernacular, and then checked with a group of speakers from the same region to ensure that the spoken forms are truly representative of that area. The story is then transcribed and a set of comprehension questions is constructed based on various semantic domains covered in the text. Normally, a set of fifteen or more questions is initially prepared. Some of the questions will prove unsuitable – perhaps because the answer is not in focus in the text, or because the question is confusing to native speakers of the test variety. Unsuitable questions are then deleted from the preliminary set, leaving a minimum of ten final questions for each RTT. To ensure that measures of comprehension are based on subjects’ understanding of the text itself and not on a misunderstanding of the test questions, these questions must be recorded in the regional variety of the test subjects. This requires an appropriate dialect version of the questions for each RTT at each test location.

In the RTTs used in this study, test subjects heard the complete story text once, after which the story was repeated with test questions and the opportunities for responses interspersed with necessary pauses in the recorded text. Appropriate and correct responses are directly extractable from the segment of speech immediately preceding the question, such that memory limitations exert a negligible effect and indirect inference based on the content is not required. Thus the RTT aims to be a close reflection of a subject’s comprehension of the language itself, not of his or her memory, intelligence, or reasoning. The average or mean of the scores obtained from subjects at one test location is taken as a numerical indicator of the intelligibility between speakers of the dialects represented.

In order to ensure that the RTT is a fair test of the intelligibility of the test variety to speakers from the regions tested, the text is first tested with subjects from the region where the text was recorded. This initial testing is referred to as the hometown test. The hometown test serves to introduce subjects to the testing procedure in a context where intelligibility of the dialect is assumed to be complete since it is the native variety of test subjects. In addition,

17 This description of recorded text test procedures is adapted from that found in Appendix A of O’Leary (ed. 1992).

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hometown testing insures that native speakers of the text dialect could accurately answer the comprehension questions used to assess understanding of the text in non-native dialect areas. Once a text has been hometown tested with a minimum of ten subjects who have been able to correctly answer the selected comprehension questions, with an average score of 90% or above, the test is considered validated.

It is possible that a subject may be unable to answer the test questions correctly simply because he or she does not understand what is expected. This is especially true with unsophisticated subjects or those unacquainted with test-taking. Therefore a very short pre-test story with four questions is recorded in the local variety before beginning the actual testing. The purpose of this pre-test is to teach the subject what is expected according to the RTT procedures. If the subject is able to answer the pre-test questions, it is assumed that he or she would serve as a suitable subject. Each subject then participates in the hometown test in his or her native variety before participating in RTTs in non-native varieties. Occasionally, even after the pre-test, a subject fails to perform adequately on an already validated hometown test. Performances of such subjects are eliminated from the final evaluation, the assumption being that uncontrollable factors unrelated to the intelligibility of speech forms are skewing such test results. In this study, subjects performing at levels of less than 80% on their hometown test were eliminated from further testing.

When speakers of one linguistic variety have had no previous contact with that represented by the recorded text, test scores of the subjects from the test point tend to be more similar – especially when the scores are in the higher ranges. Such consistent scores are often interpreted to be closer reflections of the inherent intelligibility between speech forms. If the sample of subjects (a minimum of ten) accurately represents the speech community being tested in terms of the variables affecting intelligibility, and the RTT scores show such consistency, increasing the number of subjects should not significantly increase the range of variation of the scores.

However, when some subjects have had significant previous contact with the speech form recorded on the RTT, while others have not, the scores usually vary considerably, reflecting the degree of learning that has gone on through contact. For this reason, it is important to include a measure of dispersion which reflects the extent to which the range of scores varies from the mean the standard deviation. On an RTT with 100 possible points (that is, 100 percent), a standard deviation of more than 12 to 15 is considered high. If the standard deviation is relatively low, say 10 and below, and the mean score for subjects from the selected test point is high, the implication is that the community as a whole probably understands the test variety rather well, either because the variety in the RTT is inherently intelligible or because the variety has been acquired rather consistently and uniformly throughout the speech community. If the standard deviation is low and the mean RTT score is also low, the implication is that the community as a whole understands the test variety rather poorly and that regular contact has not facilitated learning of the test variety to any significant extent. If the standard deviation is high, regardless of the mean score, one implication is that some subjects have learned to comprehend the test variety better than others. In this last case, inherent intelligibility between the related varieties may be mixed with acquired proficiency which results from learning through contact.

The relationship between RTT scores and their standard deviation can be seen in the following chart:

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Standard Deviation

HIGH LOW

Average

HIGH

Situation 1

Many people understand the story well, but some have difficulty.

Situation 2

Most people understand the story.

Score

LOW

Situation 3

Many people cannot under-stand the story, but a few are able to answer correctly.

Situation 4

Few people are able to understand the story.

High standard deviations can result from other causes such as inconsistencies in the circumstances of test administration and scoring, or differences in attentiveness or intelligence of subjects. Researchers involved in recorded text testing need to be aware of the potential for skewed results due to such factors, and to control for them as much as possible through careful test development and administration.

Questionnaires administered at the time of testing can help researchers discover which factors are significant in promoting contact, which facilitates acquired intelligibility. Travel to or extended stays in other dialect regions, intermarriage between dialect groups, or contacts with schoolmates from other dialect regions are examples of the types of contact that can occur.

In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of their relative difficulty and complexity, or of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.

In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of their relative difficulty and complexity, or of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in light of other indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording. Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.

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FEAR STORY

This story was given by an educated man and mother-tongue speaker of Jaunsari, born and brought up in Korwa village of Chakrata Tahsil of Dehradun district in Uttaranchal state. It was collected on 9 March 2004.

\n 1 \p HC LÌç˜ê kü §ú øC ¢ü´ê HL ¢ç¯ ÌçE ¢−›˜ §ño y¯ê ˜tç ˆç| \g This story cm I cm tell one time me childhood to-me fear got was \f This story is about a scaring incident in my childhood days.

QUESTION 1 \q What happened in his childhood? \a Got Scared

\n 2 \p ƒ: Ìý Lç èL ̧ç ø Uç¹ Šç HL AçŠ§ê §¯ç| \g cm is of happened what our village one person died \f What happened is ,one person from our village got dead

QUESTION 2

\q Who died there? \a One person

\n 3 \pƒ:Aç§ ƒÈSø Lü×ê ŠøŠø ´çUø ø ˜wê ƒ: k´ç ènƒ¯ê´çÈ Uçyê ¥ªçyê ƒ´ç §øƒÈLù §ñÌ §ç¯ü ŠøSê|\g Cm we his wood bring did people of fearedwheninsidedead-bodycarrieroutsidewhenI his face dead saw \f When I went for his cremation, that time they took out the dead body from inside and I saw the face of the dead

person. QUESTION 3

\q What did he see there? \a Dead body/face

\n 4 \p ƒ: ƒ´ç ƒ: ÌçE y¯ç ˜ç LçC èL ƒ´ç ¥ç¯ê¿ú: JŠ§ê ˆø| \g when when cm I fear no why of there pm lot people was \f That time I did not get scared because lot of people were there

QUESTION 4 \q Why he was not scared? \a Many people were there

\n 5 \pAú ¢çŠ §ìoLç Ìü èL k¢ê ÌçF A犊ø¢çtçoç¢Uçªç,\g and next me what of happened when I half waytill went, \pEÈLù ¢çŠ §ø ç ŠçŠç Aç ƒ¢ê ƒøCLë §ìSø:� ì ¥økç ƒ¢ê|\g after that my big-brotherpm when him return sendwhen\f And what happened after that is, when I went up to half way, my brother came and we returned from there

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\n 6 \p´çLyê ŠøŠç §ø ç ŠçŠç ˜wç| \g wood bring my elder-brotherwent \f My elder brother went for fire wood

\n 7 \pÌçF ƒ¢ê ƒø CLë Y¯tü Lù ˜wç, ƒ: Y¯tüLù AçUøø §ø ê¥ç¥ê ˆê ˜wêªø|\g I when rhyme theregrasscm went when grasscmbeforemy sister- in-lawwaswent \f When I was in there, I went for grass, but my sister-in-law reached there first

QUESTION 5 \q Where did he go? \a Grass place

\n 8 \p ƒ¢ê Y¯çtyê 蘃¯ü ƒøŠìÈ-¢êȃø:| \g when Grass-sm finished late \f That day our work finished very late

\n 9 \p§ø ç ¥çè¥ªç ¥ø E¢øSø: ¢úE Lù YçÈì Lü¥ç¯ü ø J¯§ìÌì:¥ø øY¯tçyêLç Ltç,\g my sister-in- law has there evening cm grassforweightwasand I-has small hadbag, \pƒ:Açøø ¥ê Uç¹ Lù Èççˆ:S| \g when others village ofwith- us \f When we were going with village people, that time my sister- in law was carrying grass and I was having a small bag.

QUESTION 6

\q What was in my sister-in-laws hand? \a Grass

\n 10 \p Açø ƒ: Açøjü`ê Lù ¢çtç wø k¢ê E¢ø Açªø Ä`çLç›ì˜`øƒ:Aç§ø Aç›� øŠç øLüƒüC Lù ¢çtçAçªø| \g and then way pm road went when upper cameroad on when-weour home downpmwaycame \f When we reached the upper road the village people also went through that way.

\n 11 \p kCLë §ìŠŠ øJ E˜Šø ƒ:ƒˆìLë E˜yüyü HL kçUç ›ç�ê Aç:| \g when there dead body take-go down little place water cm \f When they were going to down side, there was little water on the way

QUESTION 7 \q What was there on the way? \a Water

\n 12 \p ƒˆì Açøjü`ꪘ`ç HL žù ì Lç ¢ìt: Aâ:ƒø ì èL jçªç ›ü`ü ˆê ¿`Lç ›ì˜`ê \g it upper one phedu of tree that pm shade was fall road down \p ƒ¢ê k¢ê ƒøCL ¿ ƒˆì ˜kèŠL ›Ìì−: ƒ¢ê HL AçŠ§ê ˆç| \g when then to-him that there near reached when one person was \f When I reached there, one man was sleeping on the road where shadow of a tree was there.

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QUESTION 8 \q Which tree is that? \a Phedu (Name of the tree)

\n 13 \pk¢ê HL-Š§ ƒøCLù ¿ø ›Ìì− ƒÈLù Uçøyyê ›çyø ´çUø, \g when very-much therecm reach his leg touchhappen \pƒ¢ê §øøøoç�ü oç�ê ¢´ç:,kü JŠ§ê§¯ç ƒø çoç�ê ¢´çÈøECÈì胪ø| \g then I think thought tell-that man dead his personpm deadsleeping\f When I reached there I touched on his leg, that time I thought this is that persons dead body.

QUESTION 9 \q Where did his body touch? \a Legs

\n 14 \pJø ÌçE Lçžë wç y¯ê,Jøø §ìÌ Šç k¿ç¿øø¹ª ›ç�ê LçYyç›ú ç|\g and I more gone fear- andme cm like cold waterof pot pour\f I was so scared like somebody poured cold water on me

QUESTION 10 \q What did he feel because of fear? \a Like somebody poured cold water

\n 15

\pAçú §ø¯ø ¿ç¿êªø ƒ¢ê §ìSü Aç›ì ›j:gü¯ç|\g and my sister-in-law then me her back-hide\f And my sister-in-law hid me on her back side

QUESTION 11 \q Where did his sister-in-law hid him? \a Her back side

\n 16 \p Aú¯ ƒ¢ê Aç§ø Lçžë Açªø Šúçyê E˜yø,Aú¯ Açªø Šç¯Lù| \g and when we more come run here-and come home \pAú Šø Aç§ø çC Šç¯Lù ¢çƒç:Lë Aç§ø H¿úç-Hú¿çy¯ê ˜wø,L Aç§ìS›ì˜yçªøH¿úç-Hú¿çÌü| \g and pass we bring home tell-of we like-that fearlike-pmof told like-that happened\f When we reached home by running, we explained them how we got scared.

\n 17 \pƒ:§ø ø ŠçŠç Lù ƒøŠìÈ Šç² ¥ê 蛪ø: ƒ¢ê ƒê�ü¢ü´üLëÌçELí çèyªç øC ›ì˜yçU-kçE| \g when-my elder-brothercm that-daywine too drinkwhenhis tell of I axe takethereing-go \f Then my elder brother, who was drunk, said I will take axe and go there.

QUESTION 12 \q What did he say? \a I will take axe and go there.

\n 18 \p ƒ:Açø²C wøLç Lë kçªç˜ì| \g then-others said pm go-no \f Then other people said don’t go there

QUESTION 13 \q What did other people say? \a Don’t go

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\n 19 \p ƒ: kú¿ú kúCLù Yt˜ç Yt: ƒøCLù È襪çC Sç�ü S犊ø kçAü| \g then like there incident was there-

cm all-came food eat go

\f After the incident all people went there for food QUESTION 14

\q Why did the people go there? \a They went for food

\n 20 \p kú¿ú ƒ¿ç: ƒ¢ê ˜wç éÈ Açø ¥ê ¢øELùƒ: k¢ê Açøø² ¥ø¯ê ›ƒç −§ç Lë \g like this when went of cm happened evening when other people could understand of \p ÈøAç ƒ: Açø Lù Uç¹ Lç ˆç ƒê�ü ŠìÈÈç Šç² ¯çSê ˆê| \g them then pm of village pm was him day wine drunk was \f Then all came to know in the evening that the person was from another village and got drunk at the day and was

lying there in the way. QUESTION 15

\q When did he drink? \a Day time

\n 21 \p Açú¯: ÈøAçøA: ƒ¢ê ƒê� ø ¢ü´ü Lë Aç¯ø Agjê ¢çƒ ÌçC kü ˜wç ˜ç, ékE˜Šç AçŠ§ê Šç ˆç §ç¯ê| \g And they when his talk pm and Good thing ha that got no, life person here was died \f Then he said it is a good thing, that was not a dead person but a living man.

QUESTION 16 \q What he told? \a Good thing

\n 22 \p ƒ: Hˆì ›Lç¯ Èø ÌçE ék˜ŠçUê §ìo Lçžë ˜wç ˆç y¯ê ƒ´´ç| \g then this like of I life me more got was feared em \f Like this many time in my life I got scared.

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Subject Background Information, RTT Scoring Chart Key and Post-HTT/RTT Questions The following background information was obtained for each test subject (designated with a subject ID number):

1. Date 2. Name 3. Sex 4. Age 5. Education 6a. Birthplace 6b. Brought up 6c. Current residence / how long 6d. If moved, how long 7a. Mother tongue 7b. Language now spoken in home 8. Father’s mother tongue 9. Mother’s mother tongue 10. Spouse’s mother tongue 11. Lived or stayed in another place / how long 12. Travelled to another place 13. Remarks

RTT scoring chart key: Q1, Q2,…: Score for each question of the story 10 = fully correct 5 = partially correct 0 = incorrect TTL: Total score for each subject PCT: Percentage for each subject Average score: Average score of all subjects Standard deviation: Statistical measurement for range of scores Above 12 Is high Below 10 Low No: Number of subjects who took the test

Codes Used in the Transcription of Texts (Code and its Meaning) \n :Sentence number \p :Transcription of text in Devanagiri script \g :Word-by-word English gloss of transcribed text \f :Free (natural) English translation of text QUESTION :Question number \q :English translation of question \a :Expected answer for question [rhyme] :Rhyming word with the previous word PM Prefix marker CM Crase marker RHYM :Rhyme of the language

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Post-HTT Questions: 1. Where do you think the person who told this story is from? 2. a. Is the speech good? b. [if not good] What is not good about it? 3. Is this the way people talk in your village? 4. Did you hear any mixing with another language? Post-RTT Questions: 1. a. In what language do you think the story was told? b. Where do you think the storyteller is from? c. What helps you know the storyteller is from that place? 2. a. Is the speech good? b. [if not good] What is not good about it? 3. a. Is the speech pure? b. [if not pure] In what way is the speech not pure? 4. a. Is the storyteller's speech a little different or very different from your speech? b. [if different] In what way is it different (pronunciation, words, style)? 5. How much of the story did you understand? (If subject did not name a place for the story, the following questions are ignored) 6. How many times have you gone to the area where you said the storyteller is from? 7. How often do people from that area come to your village?

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Home Town Testing in Korwa

Subject Biodata

No. Sex Age Edu Born in

Brought up Now How

long MT Lg at home Father & mother's mt Spouse's mt Lived in

other place Travel outside

area

1 M 62 6 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Delhi, Calcutta

2 M 18 0 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun No

3 F 15 5 Chottu Chottu Korwa 1-month Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No No

4 F 55 0 Sainch Sainch Korwa 40-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun

5 M 25 0 Dekangi Dekangi Korwa 15-Year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun No

6 M 24 8 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun Dehradun, Haridwar

7 M 63 6 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun No

8 M 48 5 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Saran H.P, Delhi

9 M 30 5 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Delhi, Dehradun

10 M 45 5 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Delhi, Dehradun No

11 F 35 0 Konu Konu Korwa 20-years Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun Dehradun

12 F 30 0 Miram Miram Korwa 15-Year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Agra No

13 F 25 8 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Sheinapure Dehradun

14 M 32 12 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun Haridwar, Delhi

15 M 33 8 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Haridwar

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Home Town Test Scores

No. Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 TTL PCT 1 M 62 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

2 M 18 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

3 F 15 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

4 F 55 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

5 M 25 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

6 M 24 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

7 M 63 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

8 M 48 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

9 M 30 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

10 M 45 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

11 F 35 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

12 F 30 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

13 F 25 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

14 M 32 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

15 M 33 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100 Average: 100

Standard Deviation: 0 Number: 15

87 Post Home Town Test Responses

No. Sex Age Edu Story Type Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

1 M 62 6 Fear story HTT Next village {2km} Good Yes Pure

2 M 18 0 Fear story HTT Our elder brother Good Yes Pure

3 F 15 5 Fear story HTT Here Good Yes Pure

4 F 55 0 Fear story HTT I don’t know Good Yes Pure

5 M 25 0 Fear story HTT Korwa Good Yes Pure

6 M 24 8 Fear story HTT Korwa Very good Yes Pure

7 M 63 6 Fear story HTT Korwa Good Yes Pure

8 M 48 5 Fear story HTT Korwa Good Yes Not pure

9 M 30 5 Fear story HTT I know Good Yes Pure

10 M 45 5 Fear story HTT Here Good Yes Not pure

11 F 35 0 Fear story HTT Here Good Yes No

12 F 30 0 Fear story HTT Here Good Yes Not pure

13 F 25 8 Fear story HTT Belum Good Yes Not pure

14 M 32 12 Fear story HTT Here Good Yes Pure

15 M 33 8 Fear story HTT He knows Good Yes Pure, little bit hindi

88 Recorded Text Testing in Maindrath

Subject Biodata

No. Sex Age Edu Birthplace Brought up Now How

long MT Lg at home Father's mt Mother's mt Spouse's mt

Lived in other place

Travel outside

area 1 F 32 0 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No

2 F 40 5 Denad Maindrath Maindrath 25 -Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Dehradun Bangalore, Shimla

3 F 23 12 Arakott Maindrath Maindrath 2 -Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Rishikesh

4 F 23 8 Silaund Maindrath Maindrath 4 -Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Jammu-2Yrs

Jammu

5 M 57 2 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun

6 M 40 12 Near Maindrath Maindrath 15 -Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun

7 F 18 9 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No HP

8 F 20 0 HP border Maindrath Maindrath 5 - Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun

9 M 24 1 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun

10 F 35 0 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath 14 - Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun

11 F 45 0 Hinoud Maindrath Maindrath 30 - Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun

12 M 22 0 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari HP-2month Dehradun

13 M 40 2 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari HP-2month Dehradun

14 M 35 10 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun, Haridwar

15 M 24 MA Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Delhi Dehradun, Delhi, Jammu

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Recorded Text Test Scores

No. Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 TTL PCT 1 F 32 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

2 F 40 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 5 10 10 115 88

3 F 23 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 120 92

4 F 23 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 120 92

5 M 57 2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 0 115 88

6 M 40 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

7 F 18 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 125 96

8 F 20 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 125 96

9 M 24 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

10 F 35 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

11 F 45 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

12 M 22 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

13 M 40 2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 120 92

14 M 35 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100

15 M 24 MA 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100 Average: 97

Standard Deviation: 4.8

90 Post Recorded Text Test Responses

No. Sex Age Edu Q1a Q 1b Q 1c Q2 Q3 Q4 a Q4b Q5 Q6 Q7

1 F 32 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure Not different NA Almost Two times Many time

2 F 40 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Little Hindi mixing

Not different NA Full Many time Many time

3 F 23 12 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Little Hindi mixing

Little Words different Half None Not coming

4 F 23 8 Jaunsari Below Chakrata

Lg Good Pure Little Ours is little mix with Hindi

Full Sometime Sometime

5 M 57 2 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Little Hindi mixing

Little Speaking 75% Two times Sometime

6 M 40 12 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure Little Speaking Full Many time Sometime

7 F 18 9 Garhwali Garhwali Lg NA NA Little NR 80% None Sometime

8 F 20 0 Bawari Bawari Lg Good Pure Little NR NR NR NR

9 M 24 1 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure Little Some words 80% None Sometime

10 F 35 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure Little Some words Half NR Sometime

11 F 45 0 Jaunsari Don't know Lg Jaunsari/Bawari mix

NA More Some words Full NA Sometime

12 M 22 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure More Some words Below half

NR Sometime

13 M 40 2 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure Little Words, Speaking Half Sometime Many time

14 M 35 10 Jaunsari-Bawari

Jaunsari Lg Good Pure More Words different Full Sometimes Sometime

15 M 24 MA Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure NR NA Full Sometimes Sometime

91

Appendix C Questionnaires

Sociolinguistic Questionnaire (SLQ)

A. Interview Information 1. Date: 2. Name: 3. Age: 4. Gender: 5. Education: 6. a. Birthplace: b. Brought up: c. Current residence: d. (If moved from a distance) How long in current place: 7. a. Mother tongue: b. Language in home: 8. Spouses MT: 9. Mother’s MT: 10. Father’s MT: 11. Lived or stayed in another place: 12. Travel outside area; how often: 13. Researchers observation:

B. Sociolinguistic Questionnaire (SLQ)

A. Language use

1. What language do you use- a. In the home? b. With your village friends c. In the market d. With Govt. officials e. With outsiders

* Jaunsari *Non-Jaunsari

f. In your private prayers/Puja g. In festivals times h. During your work time

Objective: Find out the reported language use in different domains.

2. What language do your children use when talking to their friends?

3. What language do you use when you speak with a Sirmauri/Pahari person?

92

B. Language attitudes

4. Do young people in your community speak Jaunsari as well as old do? Objective: Find out their perception of speech change between the younger and older generations. 5. Would you be happy if your children speak only Hindi?

Objective: Find out the attitude of old people towards the use of state language. 9.a. Which language do you like best-For speaking (Jaunsari or Hindi)? b. Which language do you like best-For education (Jaunsari or Hindi)? c. Which language do you like best-For your community growth/social development

(Jaunsari or Hindi)? Objective: Attitude towards mother tongue/LWC (in social domains) 18. If there were a literacy class in your village to read and write in Jaunsari, would you

participate/involve? If yes, how?

Objective: Attitude towards mother tongue literacy.

C. Language variety perceptions

6. Where do you think the most pure Jaunsari is spoken? Why? Objective: Find out the well-accepted speech variety.

Objective: Language attitudes towards the well-accepted speech variety 7. Are there any Jaunsari people who speak Jaunsari language different from yours, If yes/where? Objective: Find out the difference in language use

8. Is there any difference between Jaunsari and bawari? How much? 12. How different is your language from other languages [Hindi, Sirmauri, Garhwali, Jaunpuri, etc,]? 13. How much do you understand the other Pahari languages [Sirmauri, Garhwali, Jaunpuri, etc,.]?

D. Bilingualism

14. When a person is talking with you in Hindi, how much do you understand?

15. When you hear Radio/TV programme in Hindi how much do you understand?

16. When you read Hindi materials from books how much do you understand?

Objective: To find out the reported levels of bilingualism in Hindi

E. Literature

17. When your children start the study in school, do they face any difficulty in understanding the things in Hindi? What kind of problem?

21. If you receive any books in Jaunsari language, would you read? How much do you understand?18

18 This question was only asked in Bawar region (Maindrath).

93

F. Language Vitality

10. Is there any one in your village who speaks only Jaunsari? 11. When the children of your community grow up and have their own children (after 100

years), do you think those children will speak your Jaunsari?

a. If those children don't speak Jaunsari, is it good?

Objective: To have an idea about the future of the language 19. Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who does not speak Jaunsari?

(If the person is single--will you marry someone who does not speak Jaunsari?) 20. Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone other than Jaunsari tribe?

Objective: To assess the marriage patterns/attitudes, which will affect the language maintenance.

Abbreviations NA Not Applicable NR No Response Edu Education Mt Mother tongue Lg Language G Garhwali S Sirmauri H Hindi HP Himachal Pradesh Sub ID Subject ID MAH Maindrath KOR Korwa KND Khanaad CHP Chapnu

94 Jaunsari Questionnaire

Chapnu

Subject Biodata

Sub ID Sex Age Edu Brought

up Now

How long

MT Lg at home

Father's mt

Mother's mt

Spouse's mt

Lived in

other place Travel outside

area

CHP01 M 21 9 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Almoura, Nagvibar Bageshwar, Haridwar

CHP02 M 27 0 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Himachel HP, Mussoorie

CHP03 M 48 5 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Mussoorie Chamoli

CHP04 F 26 0 Kurvali Chapnu 8 - year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA

CHP05 F 28 0 Kathra Chapnu 20-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun

CHP06 M 55 0 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA

CHP07 F 44 0 Barad Chapnu 25-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Haridwar

CHP08 M 26 5 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Garhwal Dehradun

CHP09 F 45 0 Bokeli Chapnu 30-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA

CHP010 F 19 8 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Haridwar

CHP011 F 60 0 Kothad Chapnu 40-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA

95

Questionnaire responses in Chapnu

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e1 1e2 1f 1g 1h 2 3 CHP01 M 21 9 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi CHP02 M 27 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi CHP03 M 48 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi CHP04 F 26 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari CHP05 F 28 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari CHP06 M 55 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi CHP07 F 44 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi CHP08 M 26 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi CHP09 F 45 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari CHP010 F 19 8 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi CHP011 F 60 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari

96

Questionnaire responses in Chapnu (Cont..) Sub ID Sex Age Edu 4 5 6 7 8 8-a 9-a 9-b 9-c 10 10-a 11 11-a

CHP01 M 21 9 Yes No Chakrata-Tiuni Bawar Yes More different Hindi Hindi Hindi Yes More ladies Yes Good

CHP02 M 27 0 Yes Good Here Chakrata Yes Little different Hindi Hindi Hindi No NA No Hindi

CHP03 M 48 5 Yes Good Here Little different Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Hindi No NA Yes Bad

CHP04 F 26 0 Yes Good Here Don’t know Yes Bawar different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Don’t know Yes Good

CHP05 F 28 0 Yes Good Here Don’t know Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Don’t know Yes No

CHP06 M 55 0 Yes Good Don't know NA Yes More different NA Don't know NA NA NA Yes Good

CHP07 F 44 0 Yes Good Here NA Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Good

CHP08 M 26 5 Yes Good Here After this hills Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Yes Old people Yes Good

CHP09 F 45 0 Yes Good Here NA Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes NA Yes No

CHP010 F 19 8 Yes Not good Here NA Yes More different Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Yes All knows Yes Good

CHP011 F 60 0 Yes Not good Here NA Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes NA Yes Very bad

97

Questionnaire responses in Chapnu (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 12 13 14 15 16 17 17-a 18 18-a 19 20 CHP01 M 21 9 More different More different Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes I can help Yes Yes CHP02 M 27 0 More different More different Full Full NA Yes Lg problem Yes I will go Yes Depends children CHP03 M 48 5 Different I don’t know Full Full Full Yes Understanding Yes I can give No No CHP04 F 26 0 Little bit Hindi NA Little bit Full NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Depends on children CHP05 F 28 0 NA NA Little bit NA NA Yes Lg problem Yes I will go Depends No CHP06 M 55 0 Little different No Little bit Little bit NA Yes NA Yes I will go Yes Yes CHP07 F 44 0 Little different I can understand Half Full NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Yes CHP08 M 26 5 More different Little bit NA NA NA Yes Understanding Yes NA No No CHP09 F 45 0 NA Different NA NA NA Yes Understanding Yes Uneducated No No CHP010 F 19 8 Little different Different NA Full Full No NA Yes NA Yes Yes CHP011 F 60 0 Very different No NA NA NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go No No

98

Khanaad

Subject Biodata

Sub ID Sex Age Edu Brought up Now How long MT Lg at home Father's mt Mother's mt Spouse's mt

Lived in

other place Travel outside

area

KND01 M 52 0 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Delhi KND02 F 55 5 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Mussoorie-

1month Dehradun

KND03 F 26 0 Kanumad Khanaad 11-Yrs Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA KNDO4 M 61 0 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA KNDO5 M 35 0 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun KNDO6 F 32 0 Gudala Khanaad 18-Yrs Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun-4

month NA

KNDO7 F 55 0 Ashtad Khanaad 25-Yrs Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Haridwar NA KND08 M 18 11 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA KND09 F 18 8 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Mussoorie KND10 M 40 5 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Chamoli KND11 M 34 5 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Uttarkashi, Delhi KND12 M 19 8 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA KND13 F 20 5 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Saharanpur KND14 M 57 7 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA

99

Questionnaire responses in Khanaad

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e1 1e2 1f 1g 1h 2 3 KND01 M 52 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi KND02 F 55 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi KND03 F 26 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari KNDO4 M 61 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari KNDO5 M 35 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi

KNDO6 F 32 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi

KNDO7 F 55 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari KND08 M 18 11 Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi KND09 F 18 8 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi KND10 M 40 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi KND11 M 34 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi KND12 M 19 8 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi KND13 F 20 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari KND14 M 57 7 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi

100

Questionnaire responses in Khanaad (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 4 5 6 7 8 8-a 9-a 9-b 9-c 10 10-a 11 11-a 12

KND01 M 52 0 Yes No In villages Bawar Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Not good We can't understand

KND02 F 55 5 Yes No Here Little different Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Not good Very different

KND03 F 26 0 Yes No Here Bawar Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Don’t know Yes No NA

KNDO4 M 61 0 Yes No Here No Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Not good Very different

KNDO5 M 35 0 Yes Good Here Little different Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Not good Very different

KNDO6 F 32 0 Yes No Here No Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Very bad Very different

KNDO7 F 55 0 Yes Good Here No Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari NA NA Yes Not good Very different

KND08 M 18 11 Yes Not good Chakrata Area [little bit] Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari NR NA No Good Complete different

KND09 F 18 8 Yes No Here No Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Not good Very different

KND10 M 40 5 Yes Good Here No Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari No NA No Good Very different

KND11 M 34 5 Yes Not good Here Very different Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Bad Very different

KND12 M 19 8 Yes Not good Chakrata Bawar Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes No Not understand

KND13 F 20 5 Yes Good Here Area [little bit] Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA Yes Bad Very different

KND14 M 57 7 Yes Not good Here Different area Yes NA Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Yes NA Yes Bad Very different

101

Questionnaire responses in Khanaad (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 13 14 15 16 17 17-a 18 18-a 19 20

KND01 M 52 0 NA 75% Full NA Yes Understanding Yes I can help Yes No, should be same caste

KND02 F 55 5 No Little bit Full Half Yes Understanding Yes I can help Yes No

KND03 F 26 0 NA Nothing Nothing NA Yes Understanding Yes Why not? Yes No

KNDO4 M 61 0 No Nothing NA NA Yes Understanding Yes Iam old Yes Yes

KNDO5 M 35 0 No Little bit Little bit NA Yes Lg problem Yes Why not? No No

KNDO6 F 32 0 No Little bit Little bit NA Yes Till 1-year Yes I can help Depends No

KNDO7 F 55 0 No Little bit Little bit NA Yes Lg problem Yes I can help No No

KND08 M 18 11 No Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes All facilitiy Yes No

KND09 F 18 8 No Full Full Full Yes Understanding Yes I will come Yes Yes

KND10 M 40 5 No Full Full Half Yes First time Yes I can help Yes No

KND11 M 34 5 NA Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes All facilitiy Yes Yes

KND12 M 19 8 No 75% Half Full Yes up to 4th Yes I will come Yes Yes

KND13 F 20 5 No Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes I will come Yes Yes

KND14 M 57 7 Little bit Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes full co operation Yes No

102

Korwa

Subject Biodata

Sub ID Sex Age Edu Brought up Now How long MT Lg at home Father's mt Mother's mt Spouse's mt Lived in

other placeTravel outside area

KOR01 F 45 0 Kodi Korwa 35-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Delhi Delhi

KOR02 F 30 5 Korwa Korwa 13-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun Dehradun

KOR03 M 40 5 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA

KOR04 M 36 10 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA

KOR05 M 31 0 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA

KOR06 M 28 4 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No HP, Delhi

KOR07 F 28 2 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun

KOR08 F 55 0 Likhad Korwa 40-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun Dehradun, Haridwar

KOR09 M 21 0 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA

KOR10 F 20 0 Sench Korwa 11-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun

KOR11 M 40 0 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun

KOR12 M 55 0 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun, Haridwar

KOR13 M 30 8 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Saharan pur Lucknow

KOR14 F 45 5 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Haridwar, Dehradun

103

Questionnaire responses in Korwa Sub ID Sex Age Edu 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e1 1e2 1f 1g 1h 2 3 KOR01 F 45 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari KOR02 F 30 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi KOR03 M 40 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi KOR04 M 36 10 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi KOR05 M 31 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi KOR06 M 28 4 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Hindi KOR07 F 28 2 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari KOR08 F 55 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Garhwali little KOR09 M 21 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi KOR10 F 20 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari KOR11 M 40 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Nobody is coming

KOR12 M 55 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi KOR13 M 30 8 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi KOR14 F 45 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi

104

Questionnaire responses in Korwa (Cont..) Sub ID Sex Age Edu 4 5 6 7 8 8-a 9-a 9-b 9-c 10 10-a 11 11-a

KOR01 F 45 0 Yes Good Here Lakhamandal Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari I am

NA Yes Bad

KOR02 F 30 5 Yes No Here Kosy side Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Very bad

KOR03 M 40 5 Yes No Here Very different Yes Bawar different

Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Bad

KOR04 M 36 10 Yes No All are saying good

Different area Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Little bit all knows Yes Bad

KOR05 M 31 0 Yes No Here No Yes Bawar different

Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Little bit all knows Yes Bad

KOR06 M 28 4 Yes No Here No Yes Little different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes All I can understand Yes Bad

KOR07 F 28 2 Yes No Don't know NA Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Some people Yes Not good

KOR08 F 55 0 Yes Good Here Bawar Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Hindi No NA Yes Bad

KOR09 M 21 0 Yes No Here No Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes NA Yes Good

KOR10 F 20 0 Yes Good Here Don’t know Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people, Uneducated

Yes No

KOR11 M 40 0 Yes Good Here Don’t know Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes All knows Yes Good

KOR12 M 55 0 Yes Good Here Different area Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people, Ladies Yes Good

KOR13 M 30 8 Not all

No Here Bawar Yes Little different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Bad

KOR14 F 45 5 Yes No Here Those who gone outside

Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Bad

105

Questionnaire responses in Korwa (Cont..) Sub ID Sex Age Edu 12 13 14 15 16 17 17-a 18 18-a 19 20 KOR01 F 45 0 Very different No Little Full NA NA NA Yes I am old No No KOR02 F 30 5 Very different No Half Little NA Yes Lg problem Yes I will go Yes No KOR03 M 40 5 No difference Very different Full Full Full No NA Yes I will go Yes Yes KOR04 M 36 10 Very different Different Full Full Full Yes Till class 3 Yes All support Yes Yes KOR05 M 31 0 Depends I can understand Half Full Little Yes Difficult Yes I can help Yes Yes KOR06 M 28 4 Don’t know I don’t know Full Full Little Yes They cannot speak Yes All facilities Yes Yes KOR07 F 28 2 Very different Very different Little Little NA Yes Difficulty No NA Yes Yes KOR08 F 55 0 Very different Different Little Little NA Yes Little difficulties Yes I will go No No KOR09 M 21 0 Little different Little bit Full Almost NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Yes KOR10 F 20 0 No No Little Little NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Depends on children KOR11 M 40 0 Very different Different Little NA NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Yes KOR12 M 55 0 Little different No Half Full NA No NA Yes Why not? I will go Yes Yes KOR13 M 30 8 H-more, G-little G- I can understand Full Full Little Yes Understanding Yes I will go No No KOR14 F 45 5 NA G- I can understand Full Full NA Yes Understanding Yes I am old Yes Yes

106

Maindrath (Bawar)

Subject Biodata

Sub ID Sex Age Edu Brought up Now How long MT Lg at home Father's mt Mother's mt Spouse's mtLived in

other placeTravel outside area

MAH01 M 24 17 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No

MAH02 F 32 0 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No

MAH03 F 40 5 Daned Maindrath 25-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Dehradun No

MAH04 F 23 12 Arakkote Maindrath 2-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Rishikesh

MAH05 F 23 8 Siluond Maindrath 4-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Jammu Jammu

MAH06 M 57 2 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No

MAH07 M 40 12 Maindrath Maindrath 15-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Dehradun Haridwar, Delhi

MAH08 F 18 9 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari HP No

MAH09 F 20 0 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No

MAH10 M 24 1 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No

MAH11 F 35 0 Kutikanes Maindrath 14-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No

MAH12 F 45 0 Aannoud Maindrath 30-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun

MAH13 M 22 0 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari HP Dehradun

MAH14 M 40 2 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari HP HP, Delhi

MAH15 M 69 0 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun, Delhi

MAH16 M 35 10 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Haridwar, Dehradun

107

Questionnaire responses in Maindrath

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e1 1e2 1f 1g 1h 2 3 4 5 MAH01 M 24 17 Bawari Bawari Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes Good MAH02 F 32 0 Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Depends Hindi Yes Good MAH03 F 40 5 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes Good MAH04 F 23 12 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Mixed Hindi Yes Not good

MAH05 F 23 8 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Yes Yes MAH06 M 57 2 Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Yes Yes MAH07 M 40 12 Bawari Bawari Depends Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Depends Bawari Hindi Yes Yes MAH08 F 18 9 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Not good

MAH09 F 20 0 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari/Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Yes Good MAH10 M 24 1 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Good MAH11 F 35 0 Bawari Bawari Bawari/Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes Not good

MAH12 F 45 0 Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari B/H Mixed Yes Good MAH13 M 22 0 Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Depends Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Mixed Bawari Yes Very bad

MAH14 M 40 2 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari/Hindi Yes Not good

MAH15 M 69 0 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes Yes MAH16 M 35 10 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Depends Mixed Yes Very bad

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Questionnaire responses in Maindrath (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 6 6-a 7 8 8-a 9-a 9-b 9-c 10 10-a 11 11-a 12 MAH01 M 24 17 Here NA No Yes Little Hindi Hindi Bawari No NA Yes Very bad Garhwali,

Sirmauri-50% MAH02 F 32 0 Here NA Little different NR NA Bawari Hindi Bawari Yes Ladies, Uneducated Yes Bad More different MAH03 F 40 5 Here NA No Yes More Hindi Hindi Hindi No NA Yes Good More different MAH04 F 23 12 Here NA Don’t know Yes Little Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Old people Yes Good More different MAH05 F 23 8 Kunnad NA No Yes More Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Old people Yes Very bad More different MAH06 M 57 2 Here NA Depends on hills Yes Little Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes All knows Yes Not good Different MAH07 M 40 12 Bawari NA Little different Yes Little Bawari Hindi Hindi No NA Yes Very bad Garhwali,

Sirmauri-35% MAH08 F 18 9 Bawari NA Little different Yes Little Hindi Hindi Bawari Yes Old people Yes Bad Different MAH09 F 20 0 Here NA Yes Yes Little Hindi Hindi Hindi Yes NA Yes Good More different MAH10 M 24 1 Here NA Yes Same No Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Old people Yes Good Little bit MAH11 F 35 0 Here NA Little different Yes Little Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes Ladies, Uneducated Yes Good More different MAH12 F 45 0 Bawar NA No Yes More Bawari Hindi Bawari Yes Old people Yes Good NA MAH13 M 22 0 Bawar NA Villagewise little different Yes More Bawari Bawari Bawari May be NA Yes Good Little MAH14 M 40 2 This area NA Little different Yes 30% Bawari Hindi Bawari Yes Old people Yes Not good More different MAH15 M 69 0 NA NA Little different Yes Little Bawari Hindi Bawari No NA Yes Not good More different MAH16 M 35 10 Bawar NA No Yes More Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Old people Yes Not good More different

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Questionnaire responses in Maindrath (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 13 14 15 16 17 17-a 18 18-a 19 20 21

MAH01 M 24 17 Little bit Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes I was doing No No Yes MAH02 F 32 0 Sirmauri-understand Full Full NA Yes NA Yes NA Yes Yes They can understand MAH03 F 40 5 No Full Full NA Yes Lg problem Yes I will go Yes Yes Yes MAH04 F 23 12 No Full Full Little bit Yes Understanding Yes I will help Yes No I can not understand MAH05 F 23 8 No Full Little Little bit Yes NA Yes I can't say Yes Yes Little bit I can understand MAH06 M 57 2 Little bit Full Full Full No Understanding Yes All prefer Hindi Yes Yes Why not? MAH07 M 40 12 NA Full Full Full No Understanding Yes I can help Yes No Yes MAH08 F 18 9 G-Little Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes I can help Yes Yes Little bit MAH09 F 20 0 No Full Half NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Yes I will read MAH10 M 24 1 Little bit Full Full NA No NA Yes I will go Yes Yes I can understand MAH11 F 35 0 No Full NA NA Yes Understanding Yes NA Yes No Yes MAH12 F 45 0 More different Full Half NA Yes Speak ,write Yes I will go Yes Yes Why not MAH13 M 22 0 No Full Half NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Depends on children All can read MAH14 M 40 2 Little bit Full Half NA Yes Understanding Yes NA Yes No We can understand MAH15 M 69 0 I can understand Full Full NA No Understanding Yes NA Yes No Yes MAH16 M 35 10 No Full NA NA Yes Understanding Yes I can help No No Yes

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Appendix D Sentence Repetition Testing

Hindi SRT Scoring Sheet

Sub ID: Mother tongue: Name: Language at home: Sex: Lived or stayed in other places: Age: How long? Education: Travel out side area:

Practice sentences

P1. L´ §úà ¢¨¢D kçFÞUç|

P2. §ìoLü kàU´ ›ÈàŠ Ìú|

P3. ̧øà èÌÈç¢ gìLç˜ç Ìú|

SRT Scoring key

o A word omitted w A wrong word s Word substituted for another

>or< Any change of word order ~ ~ A word distorted + A word or phrase added R Word or phrase repeated

1. ´øèL˜ §úà Sç´ê Ìçˆ Açªç| 2. ›âLç¿ ˜ø Èügç §úà Mªç L³Þ? 3. ¹Ì ´yÛLç ¢Ììƒ gàg´ Ìú| 4. ̧˜ø k´ç ÌìAç §Lç˜ ŠøSç| 5. EȘø LÌç èL ¢hgø Lü §ƒ jì! 6. Èç¯ê ƒúªç诪çÞ L´ ƒL Lë kçHÞ| 7. I¿ L¯ƒø-L¯ƒø ¹Ì Aç´Èê Ìü kçHUç| 8. ¹ÌçÞ ´üU ¥êyÛÛ ´UçH SyÛø ˆø|

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9. ªŠê wày ´U ¯Ìê Ìü ƒü èSyÛLê ¢™Š L¯ ´êèkH! 10. 芘 ¥¯ ALù´ø ¯Ì˜ø Èø ¹Ì F¢˜ø ´Uç| 11. L´ ¯çƒ §hj¯ ¢Ììƒ lÛªçŠç ˆø, CÈ Lç¯� §úà Èü ˜Ìêà ÈLç| 12. kúÈç èL §úà ø Èì˜ç ˆç, LD ´üU è¿L窃 L¯ ¯Ìø ˆø| 13. E˜ jütø AQ¯üà Lü ›€Ûƒø-›€Ûƒø §ø¯ê AçÞSøà ŠìS˜ø ´Uê| 14. ƒ¢ EȘø LÌç èL kê ÌçÞ §úà CÈ èLƒç¢ Èø ¢Ììƒ ›â¥ç蹃 ÌñÞ| 15. AU¯ Èॹ Ìü ƒü Aç› ¢ç´-¢hgüà Lü ¥ê Šê¹ç´ê §˜ç˜ø Lù è´H Èçˆ ´çHÞ|

SRT SCORING KEY

General comments:

1) Gender, number and tense is clearly marked in Hindi on the verb; thus, any variation of vowels, nasalisation and often consonant combination will change the meaning.

2) There are Urdu/Hindi words, which are interchangeable. Where they do not change the meaning, one for the other is not counted wrong. These are noted in the elaborated transcription of the final SRT form.

Specific comments:

The following chart summarises the scoring system and suggests ways to mark the

different type of errors. Such markings are used on the training sheets.

3 points Perfect, no error in the sentence 2 points One error in the sentence 1 points Two errors in the sentence 0 points Three or more errors in the sentence o A word omitted from the sentence w A wrong word or word ending (grammatical error), including s word substituted for another > or < Any change of word order (counts as one error) ~ ~ A word distorted so as to alter meaning + A word or phrase added to sentence R A word or phrase repeated (counts as one error)

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For repeated words, if it was just a tripup (they corrected it and went on), the researchers tended not to count this as a mistake. If they intentionally repeated the word, or if they repeated the word elsewhere in the sentence, the researchers counted it as a mistake.

When a phrase was misplaced either forward (<) or backward (>), the researchers counted it only as one mistake for the sentence, not one mistake per word.

Sometimes, if the sentence was full of errors, the researchers just drew a squiggly line under it, not noting each error. If the subject simply “died” on the sentence (stopped trying or never said anything), the researchers simply drew a straight line under it.

The rest of the specific comments can be found detailed for each sentence in the elaborated transcription of the final SRT form.

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SRT BIODATA AND SCORE FOR KORWA & KHANAAD

Sub ID Sex Age Edu. S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 TTL LevelKOR01 M 37 12 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 40 4 KOR02 F 45 0 2 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1KOR03 F 30 5 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 27 3 KOR04 M 40 5 0 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 24 2+ KOR05 M 32 10 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 41 4 KOR06 M 32 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 39 4 KOR07 M 28 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 0 2 1 3 0 0 29 3 KOR08 F 28 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 0 0 0 29 3 KOR09 F 55 0 3 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 23 2+ KOR10 M 21 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 3 0 33 3+ KOR11 F 20 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 25 2+ KOR12 M 41 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 38 4 KOR13 M 50 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 42 4 KOR14 M 40 5 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 35 3+ KOR15 M 38 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 44 4+ KOR16 M 33 8 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 41 4 KOR17 M 30 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 43 4 KOR18 M 20 0 3 3 1 3 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 2 KOR19 F 50 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0+ KOR20 F 18 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 44 4+ KOR21 F 20 0 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 27 3 KOR22 F 25 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 0 36 3+ KOR23 M 40 0 2 1 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 0 29 3 KOR24 M 25 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 1 41 4 KOR25 M 55 0 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 0 0 2 1 2 0 26 3 KOR26 F 40 0 3 0 2 3 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 19 2 KOR27 F 25 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 2 KOR28 M 25 0 3 3 3 3 2 3 0 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 24 2+ KOR29 M 40 0 3 2 2 3 2 3 0 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 28 3 KOR30 M 38 1 3 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 19 2 KOR31 F 33 0 3 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 2 KOR32 F 26 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 34 3+ KOR33 F 17 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 1 0 2 3 3 0 2 0 29 3 KOR34 F 24 0 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 24 2+ KOR35 M 50 0 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 0 0 27 3 KOR36 F 40 0 3 2 2 3 2 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 2

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KOR37 M 30 10 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 o o 34 3+ KOR38 M 27 10 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 0 38 4 KOR39 M 21 BA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 0 39 4 KOR40 M 40 10 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 41 4 KOR41 M 60 5 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 0 37 3+ KOR42 F 32 0 3 0 1 3 2 1 2 3 0 0 2 2 3 1 0 23 2+ KOR43 F 60 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1KOR44 F 36 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 0 0 29 3 KOR45 F 36 0 3 2 2 3 2 3 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 24 2+ SRT bio data and scores (Cont..) KOR46 F 45 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 0 36 3+ KHD01 M 52 0 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 0 3 2 3 2 2 1 34 3+ KHD02 F 55 5 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 38 4 KHD03 M 61 0 1 1 2 3 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 13 1+ KHD04 F 26 0 0 2 2 3 3 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 17 2 KHD05 M 35 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 18 2 KHD06 F 35 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1KHD07 F 59 0 2 1 2 2 3 0 1 2 0 1 1 o o o o 15 2 KHD08 F 22 0 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 0 2 3 1 0 0 26 3 KHD09 F 32 0 3 3 3 3 2 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 19 2 KHD10 F 35 0 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 24 2+ KHD11 F 50 0 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 24 2+ KHD12 F 28 0 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 2 KHD13 F 60 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 0 3 2 3 2 0 0 32 3+ KHD14 M 18 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 44 4+ KHD15 F 18 8 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 2 0 0 32 3+ KHD16 M 34 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 1 0 0 31 3 KHD17 M 41 5 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 2 25 2+ KHD18 F 22 10 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 0 1 35 3+ KHD19 M 19 8 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 o 35 3+ KHD20 M 34 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 0 35 3+ KHD21 F 20 8 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1KHD22 M 26 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 0 37 3+ KHD23 M 34 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 0 32 3+ KHD24 M 22 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 39 4 KHD25 M 32 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 44 4+ KHD26 M 23 4 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 0 31 3

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KHD27 M 24 5 2 3 2 3 3 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 2 KHD28 M 23 0 3 3 3 3 2 3 0 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 37 3+ KHD29 M 45 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 37 3+ KHD30 M 22 BSC 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 0 2 1 35 3+ KHD31 F 33 5 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 0 35 3+ KHD32 M 17 5 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 36 3+ KHD33 M 26 0 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 1 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 22 2+ KHD34 M 22 10 3 0 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 0 2 34 3+ KHD35 M 15 9 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 23 2+ KHD36 M 15 4 3 3 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 15 2 KHD37 M 22 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 0 36 3+ KHD38 M 32 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 2 KHD39 M 65 7 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 34 3+ KHD40 M 60 0 2 2 2 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 14 2 KHD41 M 40 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 0 33 3+ Abbreviations

KHD Khanaad KOR Korwa Sub Id Subject Identity TTL Total Edu Education

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