CONTENT

INTRODUCTION HISTORY

CULTURE OF JAMMU (DOGRA CULTURE) RELIGIONS IN JAMMU

MUSIC AND DANCE OF JAMMU PHOTO GALLERY

FOOD AND CUISINE OF JAMMU LANGUAGES OF JAMMU PHOTO GALLERY

FESTIVALS OF JAMMU PHOTO GALLERY

RELIGIOUS PLACES OF JAMMU PHOTO GALLERY

BIBLOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTIONJammu also known as Duggardesh, is one of the three administrative divisions within Jammu and Kashmir, the northernmost state in India. Jammu city is the largest city in Jammu and the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu City is also known as "City of Temples" as it has many temples and shrines, with glittering shikhars soaring into the sky, which dot the citys skyline, creating the ambiance of a holy and peaceful Hindu city.Home to some of the most popular Hindu shrines, such as Vaishno Devi, Jammu is a pilgrimage tourism destination in India. The majority of Jammu's 5.9 million population practices Hinduism, while Islam and Sikhism enjoy a strong cultural heritage in the region. Due to relatively better infrastructure, Jammu has emerged as the main economic center of the state. The Jammu region, is bounded on the north by the Pir Panjal Range of the middle Himalayas, in the south by Punjab, to the east by Ladakh and close to the west in Pakistan. The lower Himalayan ranges begin behind the town of Jammu, which rests on a slope of over 1300 feet above sea level, overlooking and commanding the plain watered by the Chenab, Ravi, Tawi and Ujh rivers. The Jammu region consists of ten districts: Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur, Doda, Poonch, Kishtwar, Reasi, Samba , Ramban Rajouri. The city of Jammu is the winter capital of the state of J&K.

The Jammu Dogras traditionally more inhabited the area between the slopes of Shivalik range of mountains, the sacred lakes of Saroien sar and Mannsar but they spread over whole of Jammu region. They generally speak the Dogri and other dialects too have similarity with Dogri. Majority are followers of Hinduism but a good number in J&K of Dogra believes in other religions also. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, some Dogras embraced Sikhism and some embraced Islam; these factors, together with the effects of immigration into the region, have resulted in the J&K Dogra population including members of all three religions. The Duggar Raj emerged as a Regional domain, more particularly with Maharaja Gulab Singh emerging as a warrior and the subjects of in his domain getting special martial recognision by the British Government/ Empire. The rule of Gulab Singh extended over whole of Jammu Region and large part of Ladakh region even by March 1846 and was more known as Dogra Raj (although a large part of Punjab (now Himachal Pardesh) too was traditionally known as Dogra clan / race irrespective of the religious faith one held); and it was in March 1846 that the Kashmir Valley was also handed over to Gulab Singh by British Government (being part of the territories ceded to the British Government by the Lahore State according to the provisions of Article IV of the treaty of Lahore, dated 9 March 1846) under Treaty of Amritsar , the Dogra king of Jammu and the State was thereafter known as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir State (Raj), also referred as Kashmir State thereafter. The term Dogra hence is more akin to the subjects of Himachal Pradesh, some areas of Punjab and whole region of Jammu of J&K State that was ruled by Raja Gulab Singh as part of Dogra Raj irrespective of the religion one practised

HISTORYMany historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jambu Lochan in the 14th century BC. During one of his hunting campaigns, he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. Having satisfied their thirst, the animals went their own ways. The Raja was amazed, abandoned the idea of hunting and returned to his companions. Recounting what he had seen, he exclaimed that this place, where a lion and a lamb could drink water side by side, was a place of peace and tranquility. The Raja commanded that a palace be built at this place and a city was founded around it. This city became known as Jambu-Nagar, which then later changed into Jammu. Jambu Lochan was the brother of Raja Bahu Lochan who constructed a fort on the bank of river Tawi. Bahu Fort is a historical place in Jammu.Remains from the Maurya, Kushan, Kushanshahs and Gupta periods have also been found in Jammu. After 480AD the area was dominated by the Hephthalites and ruled from Kapisa and Kabul. They were succeeded by the Kushano-Hephthalite dynasty from 565 to 670AD, then by the Shahi from 670 to the early 11th century, when the Shahi were destroyed by the Ghaznavids.Once a seat of the Dogra Rajput dynasty, Jammu came under the control of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji in the 19 century and became a part of the Sikh Empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh soon appointed Gulab Singh Ji the ruler of Jammu. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Punjab, The Sikh Empire was defeated by the British after Maharaja Duleep Singh was taken by the British to England under the orders of The Company. Not having the resources to occupy the hills immediately after annexing parts of Punjab, the British recognized Maharaja Gulab Singh, the strongest ruler north of the Sutlej River, as ruler of Jammu and Kashmir. But for this he had to pay a sum of Rs. 75 Lakhs in cashthis payment being legal as the Maharaja was a former vassal of the Sikh Empire and was partly responsible for its treaty obligations. Maharaja Gulab Singh is thus credited as the founder of Jammu and Kashmir.During the partition of India the ruler was Maharaja Hari Singh and he along with all the other princes was given the choice according to the instruments of partition of India in 1947, to freely accede to either India or Pakistan, or to remain independent.

Culture of JammuCulture plays an important role in understanding the local inhabitants of Jammu. Their festivals and lifestyle tell you a lot about them. During your visit to Jammu you will meet residents belonging to various tribes, religion and castes. These people's lifestyle has been influenced by the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas.The Dogras are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia. Being a diversified group, the Dogras include both Savarnas such as Brahmins, Rajputs and Non-savarnas. The Dogras also incluide merchant castes (Vaishyas) such as Mahajans. Rajput Dogras are believed to be Suryavanshi along with chandravanshi Rajputs of Chattari origin, migrating many centuries ago from Rajputana (now called Rajasthan) to the hilly areas ofJammu and lower altitude areas of Himachal Pradesh (Una, Kangra, Mandi, Bilaspur and Hamirpur). Dogras- belong to the Aryan tribe who came to India in ancient times. They later branched out into higher castes of Brahmins and Rajputs, as well as, merchant classes of Mahajans and others. Some embraced Sikhism and Islam when these religions influenced this region of India. They speak Dogri, which is one of the India's national languages. Like Punjabis, Dogras are known to be brave people. The Dogra Regiment in the Indian Army is proof of this fact. Heren and Kud are Dogra styles of theatre and dance that are performed during festivals in Jammu.

Gujjars - Muslim Gujjars form a major section of Jammu inhabitants. They are basically from Gujarat and Rajasthan and speak Gujari. They are unlike hilly people; they are tall and have handsome features. Their lifestyle is semi-nomadic to nomadic. Herding sheep and mountain cattle is their primary occupation.Chibali - Chibalis are a small race in Jammu. They are usually followers of Islam. Though, some are also Buddhists. They speak the language, Dogri, and are of Punjabi descent.

MUSIC AND DANCE OF JAMMU

Dances express the innermost joy and happiness of a man. These are the real pictures of the life of the people and their folk culture. Dances are always connected with some fairs, festivals or worship of God or Goddess. Main dances of Jammu Province are Dogri Bhangra, Gogri Dance, Letri Naach, Chowki Naach, Jattar, Jagarana, Keekli and Rouf etc.In actions, costumes and songs, Dogri Bhangra is totally different from Punjabi Bhangra. These dances performed on the fairs and festivals, every action depicts the harvesting process. Performers with sticks and handkerchiefs dance in a circle on the drumbeat. The Bhangra details the joys and sorrows of lover's meetings and partings.Letri: This dance is performed while cutting the grass hence known as labor dance. The person who wants to get the grass cut from his land invites the professional grass cutters and a drum player is also invited. The grass cutters, which can be 10 to 50 in number, start dancing, cutting grass on rhythm. The Hindus serve them with lunch and ghee, while the Muslims serve rice, sugar and ghee. Sopahiya: Sopahiya is a song in the praise of a lover who has gone to fight war. Armed Forces Personnels leave their wives at their native places and leave for services and the song is sung by the lovely wives remembering their Sepahies,Chann and Dholan: Chann & Dholan are pahari romantic songs & are full of praise of beloved, who is compared with, Chann, (Moon). Dholan word is also used for lover. Every line of the song ends with the word, Dholan.Chowki Naach: The dance in Rajouri and the popular Dogri folk dance "Fummaniyan" are very similar. People from all communities perform this dance jointly, which shows a nice picture of communal harmony and natural integration. This dance is purely a religious dance in the honor of the Gram-Devta or Kul-Devta. People assemble in the temple or place or worship on a particular date and perform Jaatar with iron chains (Saunglan) in their hands and devotional songs are also accompanied with it.Kenchi: Kenchi is a love song of a pahari belle, in other words is a true love story of a pahari girl with "Munshi" of a forest contractor. Kenchi expresses the broken heart of the heroine and still brings tears in the eyes of the villagers.Bakhan: This folk song is a widely prevalent form of mass entertainment in our region. The haunting Melody of Pahari songs add to the beauty and joy of daily life. There are certain songs which are independent of instruments. "Bakhan" is such a best example. "Bakhan" are in verse. The metre is irregular and is determined by modulation in tone. The movemtn of hand indicates the variations in the note. This is the only form of lyric in Dogri, which resembles the Western harmony of sounds without loosing its individual note and rhythm.

Keekli: It is a simple but entertaining dance. No instrument is used. The girls perform this dance. They catch hold of each other's opposite hand and rotate themselves fastly but in a balanced way. The main instruments played with these folk songs and folk dances are algoza, Dokra, Sarnai, Glass, Thumbak Nari, Sargi, flute, Dholak and Dhol etc.Kud It is basically a ritual dance performed in honour of Lok Devatas. This dance style is performed mostly during nights. It is spontaneous dance and people of all ages and sexes participate in this folk dance form. Instruments used during this dance are Narshingha, chhaina, flute, drums etc. It is the rhythm of music which controls the movement of participants. This dance continues for the whole night. Number of participants ranges from 20 to 30 members.Heren It is a traditional theatre form performed during Lohri festival by 1015 members. This style is mostly performed in hilly regions of Jammu.Fumenie and Jagarana This dance style is performed by the ladies on the eve of groom's departure to in-laws house. Both the songs are sung by a group of females consisting of 1520 members. This traditional dance form depicts the feelings and emotions of women folk.Gwatri A singingdance combined tradition in which the singers narrate some text which is enacted by the Gwatari dancers.Karak A tale ballet singing form sung by a community called 'Jogies'. They narrate a popular folk tale in their dance style, performed by three members with accompaniment of a typical folk instrument called 'Rabab'. PHOTO GALLERY

FOOD AND CUISINS OF JAMMUJammu offers Great, Delicious and Healthy Dogri Food/ cuisine like Ambal, Khatta Meat, Dal Patt, Madra, Rajma, Auriya.Jammu is famous for its exotic local food and Rajma is known as staple and favourite dish of Jammu. Pahalwan Di Hatti is the most famous Sweet Shop of Jammu and Tourists like to go their and taste its various foods.Dogra Cuisine is simply Laa-Jawab, so says Veenu who is currently writing a treatise on choicest dogri food- DOGRI CUISINE- a treat beyond Compare. The editor wishes her all the very best for success in her launch of the first book on dogri food.Expert cooks are called siyan, and community meals are called dhaam and are served on large lotus leaves, or stitched leaves (pattals) and cups (doona). A Dogra verse has it that a man can never fail in his missions if he takes a radish on Tuesdays, sweets on Wednesdays, curd on Thursdays, rai on Fridays, uses oil on Saturdays, chews betel on Sundays, and looks into a mirror on Mondays. A:: Madra of various kinds:: Dogri Cuisine which is simply Laa-Jawab Mitha Madra Gucchiyein da Madra Maayein da Madra Rajmein da Madra Rongi da Madra Chitte Chholein da MadraB :: Khatte Niyode with anardana Ambal Aloo Ambal Kachaloo Ambal Danthal Ambal kaddoo Khatta Meat Khatte Rajma Kachaaloo rongi Khatte Kachaaloo Aaloo da AuriyaC :: Achaar aur Moorabbe Aaloo da Aachhar Aur aala Zimikand da Aachaar Kasrod da Aachaar Tyaoo da Aachaar Seyoo da MurabbaD :: Rice Dishes Daal Putt Maani Chichi Putt Mitha Putt Rajma Chol Kulthein di Khichdi Gucchiyein aale CholE :: Specialities Suttoo Puttoo Rott Babbroo Kayoor Aate da Choorma Sund Pathouru Kalaadi Kalaadiein da niyodaF:: Aur Bhi Specialities Kulche Rajma Mithi Saiyyan Kulthein di Daal Dabwan Aaloo Peeth aale Khameere Chrolian Kasrod da saag Tingriyan Kalaadiein da niyoda

LANGUAGES OF JAMMU

Dogri is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about five million people in India and Pakistan, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, but also in northern Punjab, other parts of Jammu and Kashmir, and elsewhere. Dogri speakers are called Dogras, and the Dogri-speaking region is called Duggar. Dogri is a member of the Western Pahari Group of languages. The language is referred to as Pahari in Pakistan. Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal, a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi.Dogri was originally written using the Takri script, which is closely related to the Sharada script employed by Kashmiri and the Gurmukh script used to write Punjabi. It is now more commonly written in Devangar in India, and the Nasta'liq form of Perso-Arabic in Pakistan and Pakistani-administered KashmirThe Dogri-Kangri languages, traditionally known as Western Pahari, are a range of languages and dialects spoken across the Himalayan range, from Pakistan to Nepal.The Dogri-Kangri languages are tonal, like their close relative Panjabi but unlike most other Indic languages. Although traditionally called Western Pahari, they are not as close to the other Pahari languages as they are to Panjabi. Varieties considered distinct languages include, Dogri (official in India since 2003) Kangri (closer to Dogri than either are to the other languages) Kullu Pahari Bhattiyali Mandeali Bhadrawahi Bilaspuri Chambeali Churahi Gaddi Harijan Kinnauri Hinduri Jaunsari Mahasu Pahari Pangwali SirmauriUrdu is a register of the Hindustani language that is identified with Muslims in South Asia. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European family. Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is also widely spoken in some regions of India, where it is one of the 22 scheduled languages and an official language of five states. Based on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi, Urdu is derived from Sanskrit and developed under the influence of Persian, Arabic, and Turkic over the course of almost 900 years.[4] It began to take shape in what is now Uttar Pradesh, India during the Delhi Sultanate (12061527), and continued to develop under the Mughal Empire (15261858). Urdu is mutually intelligible with Standard Hindi (or Hindi-Urdu) spoken in India. Both languages share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language. The combined population of Hindi and Urdu speakers is the fourth largest in the world. The Pahari languages are a geographic group of Indic languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal in the east to the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir in the west.Though traditionally considered Pahari, and often Hindi or Panjabi, they are more closely related to each other than to other Indic languages. In Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, and other surrounding areas, it is the same as Dogri. Both words, Pahari and Dogri, are used alternatively as well.The origin of Pahari language and its main region where it was bred and spread to other portion of region can be traced back to the ancient time when Jammu and Kashmir was a Pure Hindu state.Potwari is a rich dialect spoken in the Pothohar Plateau around Kahuta, Gujar Khan, Jehlum, Hazara in the north, Azad Kashmir (Pahari) in the east and also by Sikhs from the Pothohar region now living in India. It is considered a transitional dialect between Lahnda and Pahari, Hindko as well as Dogri. It is often referred to as Pahari-Potwari. Semi Dialects include, Chibhali, Mirpuri, Jhelumi, Pindiwali and Punchhi (Poonchi). Pahari is translated as 'mountain' in the Potwari language and its use is prevalent in Azad Jammu and Kashmir

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FESTIVALS OF JAMMULohri (13 January)This festival heralds the onset of spring and is also known as Makar Sankranti. The whole region wears a festive look on this day.Thousands take a dip in the holy river, called Havan Yagnas, and candles light up nearly every house and temple in Jammu. In the rural areas, it is customary for young boys to go around asking for gifts from newly-weds and parents of new-borns.A special dance called the Chajja is held on the occasion of Lohri. It makes a striking picture to see boys along with their 'Chajjas' elaborately decorated with coloured paper and flowers dance on the street in a procession. The whole atmosphere of Jammu comes alive with pulsating drumbeats.Baisakhi (April 13 or 14)The name Baisakhi is taken from the first month of the Vikram calendar. Every year, on the first day of Vaisakh, the people of Jammu, celebrate Baisakhi. Also known as the "harvest festival" it is considered auspicious especially for marriages. Devotees who take a ritual dip every year, throng the rivers, canals and ponds. Many people go to the Nagbani temple to witness the grand New Year celebration.The occasion is marked by numerous fairs and people come in thousands to celebrate the beginning of the New Year and watch the Bhangra dance of Punjab. For the Sikhs of Jammu, Baisakhi is the day their tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh, formed the Khalsa sect in 1699. The Gurdwaras are full of people who come to listen to kirtans, offer prayers and feast on the prasad from the common kitchen ('langar').Bahu Mela (MarchApril and SeptemberOctober)A major festival is held at the Kali Temple in Bahu Fort twice a year.Chaitre Chaudash (MarchApril)Chaitre Chaudash is celebrated at Uttar Behni and Purmandal, about 25km and 28 from Jammu respectively. Uttar Behni gets its name from the fact that the Devak river (locally also known as Gupt Ganga) flows here in the northerly direction.

Purmandal Mela (FebruaryMarch)Purmandal is 39km from Jammu city. On Shivratri the town wears a festive look for three days as people celebrate the marriage of Lord Shiva to Goddess Parvati. The people of Jammu also come out in their colourful best to celebrate Shivratri at Peer Khoh Cave Temple, the Ranbireshwar Temple and the Panjbhaktar Temple. In fact, if one visits Jammu during Shivratri, one finds a celebration going on almost everywhere.Jhiri Mela (OctoberNovember)An annual fair is held in the name of Baba Jitu, a simple and honest farmer who preferred to kill himself rather than submit to the unjust demands of the local landlord to part with his crop. He killed himself in the village of Jhiri, 14km from Jammu. A legend has grown around the Baba and his followers congregate at Jhiri on the appointed day from every corner of North India; they revere him for his compassion, courage and honesty.Navratri Festival (Sept-Oct)Though the yatra to the shrine of Mata Vaishno Devi is a round-the-year event, a pilgrimage undertaken during the Navratras is considered the most auspicious. In order to showcase and highlight the regional culture, heritage and traditions of the area during this period, the State Tourism Department has instituted the Navratri Festival as an annual event to be held during September/October for the nine auspicious days of the Navratras. A large number of tourists pay their obeisance to the deity during this period. This festival showcases the religious traditions as well as the popular culture of the region among the millions of pilgrims who visit the Vaishnodeviji Shrine during this period.Diwali, Asvina 29 (October/November) -Diwali occurs fourteen days after the full moon of Asvina. That is, it falls near a new moon in October or November. It is a celebration commemorating Ram's return from exile, and in some parts of India it marks the beginning of the Hindu New Year [on the following day, Vikram Samvat/Goverdhan Puja]. It's alternate name, Festival of Lights, comes from the tradition of lighting thousands of oil lamps and electric lights throughout India. On this night the goddess of prosperity, Lakshmi, is honored, Also known as Deepavali.PHOTO GALLERY

RELIGIOUS PALACES OF JAMMU Shri Mata Vaishno Devi shrine: 13 kms away from Katra town, is located at a height of 5300 feet on holy Trikuta Hills and is the most popular shrine in India. Goddess Vaishno Devi's dham is in a 100 feet long cave and holy Ganga's cold and crystal clear water washes the lotus feet of the mata's' Pindian'. There are three natural pindies of Maha Saraswati, Maha Lakshmi and Mahakaliwhich represent creative, preservative and destructive aspects of the divine energy. It is an ancient shrine whose reference is found in the Vedas and other ancient scriptures.: Goddess Vaishno Devi is the incarnation or amsha or power of the Three Devis, Goddess Saraswathi, Goddess Lakshmi and Goddess Parvathi, in order to eliminate the evil Bhairovnath, a wicked person and some other asuras. The Shiv Khori Shrine: one the natural wonders of the region, is considered second only to The Holy Shrine of Mata Vaishno Devi. This supernatural cave is situated in a hillock in Runsoo, a small village in Reasi District at a distance of about 112 Kms from Udhampur. The Holy Cave of Shiv Khori was discovered about 100 years ago by the local shepherds known as 'Gaddies'. The cave of the Shiv Khori is about half Kilometer long with very narrow, low entrance, but about 250 feet of the narrow, zigzag passage leads to the very large, high hall inside the cave with the capacity of 500 people at a time. On the ceiling of the cave there are the impressions of Sheshnag, carved by His Majestic Architectures. There are stalactites, stalagmites and milky water dripping from the ceiling. The cave has hollow Shivling in the middle of the cave giving an impression of the Lord Shiva's "Jatta", (long hair of a saint). Naturally / Self made "Sale grams", (small black stones) also encircle the Shivling. Sukrala devi shrine:The Most famous shrine dedicated to mother goddess is Sukrala Devi Shrine at a distance of 9.60 Kms from Billawar and about 75 Kms from Kathua. The Shrine is located at a height of 3500 ft on a hillock amidst sylevan surroundings.. The holy shirne is the abode of goddess Mal Devi, the re-incarnation of Sharda Devi. The white line coated imposing edifice of the temple stands erect majestically. The pilgrims have to scale flights of many steps to reach venerated temple. The holy shrine is the abode of goddess Mal Devi, the re-incarnation of Sharda Devi. The goddess has manifested herselfhere in the shape of a Shilla (Stone Slab) seated on a Brass Lion with a silver mounted head. Behind it is also an image of Mahishasur Murdini (re-incarnation of Maha-Luxmi) standing on the body of Mahishasur, the Demon King. Buda Amarnath:In the north east of Poonch Town is situated an ancient temple of Lord Shiva on the left bank of Pulsata stream. The area is known as Rajpura Mandi, two kms above Mandi village. This is a unique Shiva Temple which is located on the foot hill and not on the hill top andsecondly the Shivling of white stone is not self-made. The stream which flows near it, is the Loran stream but it is believed by the locals that Ravan's grandfather Pulasta Rishi performed his tapasya and thus is known as Pulsatastream. This shrine is older than of Amarnathji of Kashmir. Thousands of people visit on Raksha Bandhan Shri Chandi Devi Mata Mandir, Machhail, Padder, Kishtwar:Machhail Yatra to the famous shrine of Chandi Mata Is a two-day journey from Atholi via Gulabgarh with a night halt at Chashoti. The famous Machhail Yatra starts Bhaderwah and ends at Machhail where the famous shrine of Chandi Mata is located. This temple is situated at Padder. The fame of this temple has spread much for some years. Machhail is about 8500 feet above the sea level. This place is surrounded by snow peaked mountains. Sudh Mahadev :The 2800 years old, Historic Temples Sudh Mahadev is situated in the Chenaini Tehsil of District Udhampur. The Temple of Sudh Mahadev is about 50Kms away from District Headquarter ofUdhampur. The temple is one the oldest Shiva Temples of Jammu &Kashmir State. The historic Sudhmahadev temple is said to be 2800years old. A popular legend is associated with this shrine is as::Once, when Goddess Parvati was in deep in prayer, a demon called Sudheet came to pay his respectful obeisance. But his demonic looks frightened the Goddess and She made a loud shriek. Her cry revered acted across the mountains surrounding the valley. Lord Shiva was disturbed by the sound. When He opened His eyes, He saw the demon, at whom he hurled His invincible Trident (Holy Trishul).

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BIBLOGRAPHY

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