jacques audet radio talk 2013 ve2azx sept. 2013radio talk 2013 jacques audet ve2azx sept. 2013...
TRANSCRIPT
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VE2AZX 2
- REASONS FOR USING A BALUN
- TYPES OF BALUNS
- CHECK YOUR BALUN WITH AN SWR ANALYZER
- RESULTS
- MESURING THE IMPEDANCE OF A NUMBER OF FERRITES
- IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT RESULTS
- USING FERRITES ON A FEEDER AND HOUSE CONDUCTORS
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VE2AZX 3
REASONS FOR USING A BALUN ?
BALUN = BALanced to Unbalanced - It’s a transformer
Used to feed a balanced load, Ex: dipole
Decreases feeder radiation
The feed line becomes independent of the antenna:
We can change its length … move it around
Without causing SWR change.
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VE2AZX 4
REASONS FOR USING A BALUN ?
With a balun, radiation picked up by thefeeder from each side of the dipole cancels at the feeder. This will decrease feedline current.
BALU
N
+ -DIPOLE
The feedline’s outer shield becomes ”floating” and independent of the antenna.
The feedline should run away fromthe dipole at right angle. The dipole should be parallel to the ground.
A non symetrical antenna Ex: Windom…Will require the use of a current balun
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VE2AZX 5
BALUN TYPES
VOLTAGE
- TRANSFORMER WITH WINDINGS GIVING A BALANCED OUTPUT
- IN-OUT IMPEDANCES ARE DETERMINED BY THE TURNS RATIO.A WIDE RANGE OF RATIOS IS POSSIBLE.
- OPERATES OVER A SOMEWHAT LIMITED BANDWIDTH (100 TO 1)
CURRENT
- USES TRANSMISSION LINES WOUND ON A CORE
- MAY USE A COAXIAL CABLE OR A PARALLEL WIRE LINE WITH OR WITHOUT FERRITES.
- COMMON IMPEDANCE RATIOS: 1:1 AND 4:1
- OPERATE OVER A MUCH WIDER BAND OF FREQUENCIES
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VE2AZX 6
1:1 VOLTAGE BALUN
- 3 IDENTICAL WINDINGS
- GENERALLY 50 : 50 ohms
Measured Inductance:~13.4 uH
We should have ~ the sameinductance at the input andat the output.
MesuredInductance~13.4 uH
Identical windings
Connected in series
SO-239
1
2
3
4
BALANCEDSIDE
~29.2 µH
~3.3 µH
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VE2AZX 7
VOLTAGE BALUN 4:1
- 2 IDENTICAL WINDINGS
SO-239
200 Ώ Identical windings
connected in series
Term
inat
e to
che
ckS
WR
BALANCEDSIDE
INPUT SIDE
The measured inductance at the output is ~ 4X the input inductanceas a result of inductance coupling.
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VE2AZX 8
TESTING A BALUN WITH AN SWR ANALYZER
These tests verify:Winding inductance Winding distributed capacitanceThe quality of the insulation between conductors
BALUNSWRANALYZER
Coaxial 50 ohms 50 ohms (balun 1:1)OR:200 ohms (balun 4:1)
Load resistance:
The minimum SWR should be below 1.5 In the middle of the balun’s frequency range
Indicates low losses
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VE2AZX 9
CONNECTING THE LOAD RESISTANCE 50 Ω HERE
IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE SHORT and LARGE CONDUCTORS
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VE2AZX 101 MHz 10 MHz 50 MHz
BALUN 1:1UNADILLAW2AU
MEA
SUR
ED S
WR
WIT
H A
50
ohm
s L
OA
D
1.0:1
1.5:1
2.0:1
swr
swr
Min SWR ~ 1.1
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VE2AZX 11
IMPEDANCEvs
Frequencywith a 50 ohm load
resi
stan
cere
acta
nce
frequ
ency
BALUN 1:1UNADILLAW2AU
50 Ω
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VE2AZX 12
KENPRO KA50
1 MHz 10 MHz 50 MHz
1 :1
2 :1
3 :1
4 :1
5 :1
Min SWR ~ 1.3MEA
SUR
ED S
WR
WIT
H A
50
ohm
s L
OA
D
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VE2AZX 13
UNADILLA 4 : 1
1 :1
2 :1
3 :1
4 :1
5 :1
1 MHz 10 MHz 50 MHz
MEA
SUR
ED S
WR
WIT
H A
200
ohm
s L
OA
D
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VE2AZX 14
OPEN CIRCUIT TESTS WITH THE SWR ANALYZER
These tests verify:Winding inductance Winding distributed capacitanceQuality of the winding insulation
VOLTAGE BALUN
SWR ANALYZER
50 ohmsCoaxialtee
Coaxial 50 ohms
Opencircuit
The minimum SWR should be below 1.1 in the middle of the balun’s frequency range
Indicates low losses
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VE2AZX 15
OPEN CIRCUIT TESTS WITH THE SWR ANALYZER
MEA
SUR
ED S
WR
CH1 S11 SWR 200 m / REF 1
1 MHz 50 MHz
Cor
PRm
SCALE
200 m /div
23 Sep 2003 11:17:02
2 3
4
5
1_: 1.3601
1.8 MHz
2_: 1.1036 3.5 MHz
3_: 1.0999 7.562 MHz
4_: 1.3392 14 MHz
5_: 2.1619 30 MHz
1
50 ohms
BALUN 1:1 or 4:1UNADILLA W2AU
SWR
1.0:1
1.5:1
2.0:1
swr
swr
10 MHz5 MHz
Always 50Ωwhatever the Z ratio
CoaxTee
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VE2AZX 16
OPEN CIRCUIT TESTS WITH A VNA
resi
stan
cere
acta
nce
feéq
uenc
y
COMPLEXIMPEDANCEvs Frequency
Shows open circuit betweenaround 5 MHzWinding inductance resonateswith its distributed capacitance
Winding Inductanceat 1.8 MHz
BALUN 1:1UNADILLAW2AU
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VE2AZX 17
CURRENT BALUNS
QUESTION: How many independent conductors at RF frequencies do we have in a coaxial cable ? 1, 2, 3 or 4 conductors ?
There are 3 independent conductors: - The center conductor - The inner surface of the shield- The outer surface of the shield
Note that the RF current that flows on the outer surface of the shield is independent of the inner shield current.
This is so because at RF frequencies, the current penetrates very littleinside the conductors. This is called SKIN EFFECT.
Note also that the SWR only applies to the inner shield currents (and center cond).The SWR is basically independent of the outer shield currents.
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VE2AZX 18
SHIELDED LOAD
With a shielded load, the current stays inside the coax
There is no current on the outside of the coax, whatever the load (open, shortor terminated)
Adding ferrites on the outside of the coax has NO effect, since no current flows on the outside of the shield.
Shielded loadCurrent flow
Current flow
Coaxial Cable
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VE2AZX 19
UNSHIELDED LOAD
A dipole is an unshielded loadAn unshielded load causes current to flow on the outer surface of the coax, since it picks up radiated currents. In fact it is part of the antenna. The radiation pattern changes.
A dipole is anunshielded load
Current flow
Current flow
Coaxial Cable
External current flow Most antennastend to “spray” RFon their feeding coaxtoo.
Current flowing on the outer shield modifiy the basic dipole by adding a third conductor and will generally change its impedance
Note that the inner conductor and inner shield currents are equal.
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VE2AZX 20
UNSHIELDED LOAD
Adding a ferrite core adds resistance (at RF) only on the OUTSIDE of the coax.
The ferrite core reduces the shield currents
The ferrite core has NO effect on the internal coax currents, besides restoring the dipole impedance and normal radiation pattern.
Note that the inner conductor and inner shield currents are equal.
Current flow
Current flow
Coaxial CableFERRITECORE
A dipole is anunshielded load
Most antennastend to “spray” RFon their feeding coaxtoo.
Shield currents encounter a high impedance and are attenuated.
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VE2AZX 21
CURRENT BALUNS
How much Resistance is Required when Feeding a dipole with a coaxial cable ?
Dipole λ/2Feed point% of end
A coax cable feeds adipole at its center,or with an offset
Dipole λ/2TXEquivalent CircuitThe coax is partof the antenna
λ/4 open stubIs the WORSTlength – since itreflects a short Open circuit stub
For simulation purposes,the TX (source) is verysmall and floating.
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VE2AZX 22
CURRENT BALUNSFeeding a dipole with a coaxial cable
Dipole λ/2TX
Balun Equivalent Circuit
What is the minimum value ofImpedance that I can have …
That will have little effect on the gain and impedance of the dipole antenna ?
Balun RF impedance
R
Dipole λ/2TXTo decrease the stub current:A current balun is inserted.It adds a series impedance on the outside of the coax.
Balun(ferrites)
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VE2AZX 23
CURRENT BALUNSDipole λ/2
R
λ/4Feeding a dipole with a coaxial cable
DIPOLE IMPEDANCE VS LOAD R
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1.00E+02 1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06
50 % OFFSET Z dipole at resonance33 % OFFSET Z dipole at resonance
R in ohms
Ω
DIPOLE IMPEDANCE
CENTER FEED
33 % OFFSET
DIPOLE AVERAGE GAIN VS LOAD R
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
1.00E+02 1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06
50 % OFFSET Z dipole at resonance33 % OFFSET Z dipole at resonance
R in ohms
AVERAGE DIPOLE GAIN
dB
33 % OFFSET
CENTER FEED
If feeding at the center (50%): R > 1000 ohmsIf feeding at 33% from end: R > 10000 ohmsIt’s easier to feed at the center
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VE2AZX 24
CURRENT BALUNS1:1 CURRENT BALUN
FERRITES COAX
ANTENNA
Z - Ferrites
1 : 1Ideal TransformerEquivalent
Circuit at RF
The RF resistance caused by the ferrite impedance should be high ( > 1000 ohms)- To minimize the RF transmitted and received
by the feeder.- Minimize temperature increase in the ferrite
at high power by using Z ferrite > 5000 ohms.
Balanced Antenna
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VE2AZX 25
FERRITE IMPEDANCE
DEPENDS ON…
- MATERIAL
- LENGTH
- VOLUME OF MATERIAL
- VARIES WITH FREQUENCY
- TO CALCULATE THE IMPEDANCE Z: (approx.)
IMPEDANCE OF ONE TURN FOR ONE FERRITEmultiplied by…
NUMBER OF FERRITESmultiplied by …
(NUMBER OF TURNS) squared
- NOTE: 1 TURN = FERRITE ON A STRAIGHT WIRE
FERRITE
8X Impedance 8X Impedance
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VE2AZX 26
FERRITE IMPEDANCE
- FERRITES VS IRON POWDER … TWO DIFFERENT MATERIALS
- FERRITE: HAS A HIGH PERMEABILITY (10 to 15000)GIVING A HIGH INDUCTANCE FOR A SMALL NUMBER OF TURNS
BUT THE INDUCTANCE OBTAINED IS NOT STABLE AND Q FACTOR IS LOW
OK FOR TRANSFORMERS AND BALUNS
- IRON POWDER: LOWER PERMEABILITY … LOWER INDUCTANCE, GIVES A STABLE, HIGH Q INDUCTANCE (EX.: VFO, FILTERS, TUNERS)
EXAMPLE: AMIDON -> FERRITES and IRON POWDER
PART # - EXAMPLE: FT240-43FT: FERRITE240: External diam in inches X 100 ( here 2.4 in.)43: TYPE OF FERRITE, PERMEABILITY = 850
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VE2AZX 27
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
FREQUENCY RESPONSE MODE
- Does NOT allow measuring separately the Resistive and Inductive components
- Ease of sweeping the frequency
- Reference level = 0 dB = short in place of ferrite
RS
RL
SignalGenerator RF
Voltmeter
Zx
Ferrite UnderTest
SHIELD
RS and RL are generally 50 ohms
To calculate Zx from attenuation readings in + dB’s: Zx = (RL + RS) . (10 - 1)dB20
(assumes that Zx is resistive)
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VE2AZX 28
CHECK YOUR FERRITES WITH YOUR SWR ANALYZERFROM SWR MEASUREMENTS
Coax cable shieldAllows for many turns.
Ferrite under test
SWR ANALYZER
Insulating Sleeve
Male UHFConnector
50Ω
Conductor, Cu or Al
The ferrite is in parallel with the 50 ohms (1%) termination
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VE2AZX 29
50
500
200
20
IMPÉDANCE APPROX. DU FERRITE VS SWR MESURÉ
10
100
1000
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
SWR
FER
RIT
E I
MPE
DAN
CE
ohm
s
FERRITE IMPEDANCE PURELY INDUCTIVE
FERRITE IMPEDANCE PURELY RESISTIVE
FERRITE IMPEDANCE VS MEASURED SWR
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VE2AZX 30
MEASUREMENT OF FERRITE IMPEDANCE
USING AN SWR ANALYZER OR A VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZERAllow measuring separately the Resistive and Inductive Components
Ferrite under test
SWR ANALYZER With IMPEDANCE CAPABILITY
- OR –VECTOR NETWORK
ANALYZER
Insulating Sleeve
Connector
Conductor, Cu or Al
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VE2AZX 31
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
1 turn1 turn – 2 ferrites2 turns
1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz10 Ω
1000 Ω
100 Ω
FREQUENCY MHz
CLAMP ON FERRITE FOR RG-8
YIELDS 80 ohms at 10 MHz for 1 turn
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VE2AZX 32
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
1 10 100 1 1030
1
2
3
4
5
6
FREQUENCE MHz
FAC
TEU
R Q
1 turn
1 turn – 2 ferrites
2 turns
Q F
acto
r
0
6
3
FREQUENCY MHz
10 Ω
1000 Ω
1 MHz 100 MHz10 MHz 1000 MHz
- ABOVE 20 MHz THE Q FACTOR < 1THE IMPEDANCE BECOMES RESISTIVE
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VE2AZX 33
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
1 turn
1 turn – 2 ferrites
2 turns
1 MHz 100 MHz10 MHz 1000 MHz10 Ω
1000 Ω
1 10 100 1 1031
0
1
2
3
4
FREQUENCE MHz
IND
UC
TAN
CE
uH
Indu
ctan
ce u
H
0
4
2- THE INDUCTANCE DECREASES AS
THE FREQUENCY IS INCREASED
- THE INDUCTANCE DISAPPEARSWHEN F > 100 MHz
FREQUENCY MHz
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VE2AZX 34
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
1 turn
2 turns
1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz10 Ω
1000 Ω
100 Ω
FREQUENCY MHz
- THIS IMPEDANCE CURVE IS SIMILAR TO THE PREVIOUS CORE
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VE2AZX 35
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
1 turn
2 turns
1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz10 Ω
1000 Ω
100 Ω
FREQUENCY MHz
- THIS IMPEDANCE CURVE IS SIMILAR TO THE PREVIOUS CORE
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VE2AZX 36
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
4 turns3 turns
2 turns
1 turn
RECTANGULARCLAMP-ON FERRITE
1 MHz 1000 MHz1 Ω
1000 Ω
100 Ω
10 Ω
FREQUENCY MHz10 MHz 100 MHz
- GIVES ~ 10% IMPEDANCE OF PREVIOUS CORES (8 ohms at 10 MHz for 1 turn)
- COVERS MUCH WIDER FREQUENCY RANGE
- SHOULD USE MANY TURNS: 10 TURNS GIVE 800 ohms AT 10 MHz
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VE2AZX 37
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
4 turns3 turns
2 turns
1 turn
1 10 100 1 1035
0
5
10
15
20
FREQUENCE MHz
IND
UC
TAN
CE
uH
2 turns
1 turn
0
10
Indu
ctan
ce u
H
20
FREQUENCY MHz
FREQUENCY MHz
RECTANGULARCLAMP-ON FERRITE
- THE INDUCTANCE DISAPPEARS ABOVE 6 MHz
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VE2AZX 38
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS
1 turn
2 turns
4 FERRITES
1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz10 Ω
1000 Ω
100 Ω
FREQUENCY MHz
STACKEDRECTANGULARCLAMP-ON FERRITE
4 TURNS WILL YIELD ~ 800 ohms
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VE2AZX 39
TESTING AFERRITEBEAD FERRITE BEAD
APPROX. 0.1 PO. LONG.
ohms
1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1000 MHz
28 Ω
36 Ω
32 Ω
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VE2AZX 40
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS (Done in frequency response mode)
0
30 KHz 100 KHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 30 MHz
78
216
462
900
1678
Impé
danc
e Zx
(Ώ)
4 turns6 toroids
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VE2AZX 41
1 MHz 10 MHz 30 MHz
216
900
3162
0
Impe
danc
e (Ώ
)
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS (Done in frequency response mode)
6 toroids 6 turns
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VE2AZX 42
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS (Done in frequency response mode)
0.
0
5.9
12.2
18.8
25.9
33.4
Impe
danc
e (Ώ
)2 toroids1 turn
Impedance increasecaused by lead inductance
1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz
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VE2AZX 43
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS (Done in frequency response mode)
0
78
216
462
900
Impe
danc
e (Ώ
)
2 toroids 5 turns
10 MHz 100 MHz1 MHz
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VE2AZX 44
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS (Done in frequency response mode)
Coax with 25, #43 beads
0
78
216
462
900
Impé
danc
e (Ώ
)
10 MHz 100 MHz1 MHz
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VE2AZX 45
IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS (Done in frequency response mode)
#14 Wire with 50 beads #73
0
78
216
462
900
Impe
danc
e (Ώ
)
Excellent at HF
1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz
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VE2AZX 46
CURRENT BALUN GIVING A 4:1 IMPEDANCE RATIO
200 Ω
50 Ω
TOROID #1
TOROID #2From: W1CG
- USES 2 PARALLEL WIRES INSTEAD OF A COAX- MAKES A COMPACT TRANSMISSION LINE
NOTE: THIS 4:1 CURRENT BALUNIS SUPERIOR TO THE 4:1 VOLTAGE BALUN
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VE2AZX 47
CURRENT BALUN GIVING A 4:1 IMPEDANCE RATIO
BALANCEDSIDE 200 Ω
COAXSIDE 50 Ω
W1CG
Parallel wires make upa transmission line
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VE2AZX 48
CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
BALU
N
A
B
C
MEASURE CURRENT AT A, B, C.
CURRENTS AT B AND C SHOULD BE < 10% THE CURRENT AT POINT A
CURRENTPROBE
MFJ-206
YOU CAN MAKE YOUR OWN CURRENT METER
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VE2AZX 49
FERRITES MAY BE USED WITH A VOLTAGE BALUN
- WILL FURTHER ISOLATE THE FEEDER FROM THE ANTENNA
- MAY REDUCE THE NOISE PICK-UP BY THE FEEDER
FERRITES
BALU
N
- USE FERRITES AT EVERY QUARTER WAVELENGTH OR AT CURRENT MAXIMA
Current balun
Voltage balun- MESURE THE SHIELD CURRENT
- PUT THE FERRITES AT POINTS OF MAXIMUM CURRENT
- WILL STABILIZE THE ANTENNA IMPEDANCE
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VE2AZX 50
CURRENT BALUN MADE UP OF COAX CABLE
BALU
N
- COIL DIAMETER 6 - 12 in. / 5 - 10 TURNS
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VE2AZX 51
USING A BALUN ON A VERTICAL ANTENNA
FERRITES
RADIALS
The coax should not bepart of the antenna !
Do not connect to an earthground at this point,If only a few radials are used
Earth ground is OK here
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VE2AZX 52
USING FERRITES ON THE FEEDER OF VERTICAL YAGI
PREVENT INTERACTION BETWEEN COAX + MAST WITH YAGI
FIBERGLASS INSULATED MAST
#43 FERRITESLEEVES HELDWITH TAPE ORTIE WRAPS
~ λ/2
Ref: QEX Sept – Oct. 2006
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VE2AZX 53
NOTES
- USING A BALUN UNDER HIGH SWR:
VERIFY HEATING OF THE CORE
DECREASE THE POWER
USE MIX 73 (µ=2500) OR 31 (µ=1500) FOR HIGH POWER USE MIX 43 (µ=850) See Ref. 4
BALUN LOSSES MAY / WILL INCREASE UNDER HIGH SWR
VOLTAGE BALUN NOT RECOMMANDED IF SWR > 5:1 UNLESSDESIGNED FOR HIGH SWR
- BALUNS NORMALLY PROVIDE A VERY LOW ATTENUATION, NORMLLY < 0.3 dB … WHEN THE LOAD IS MATCHED
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VE2AZX 54
QUARTER WAVE BALUN
- A QUARTER WAVELENGTH (OR ODD MULTIPLES)SHORTED AT THE BOTTOM END WILL GENERATEA HIGH IMPEDANCE AT THE DIPOLE AND MINIMIZECOMMON MODE CURRENTS ON THE COAX OUTER SHIELD.
GROUNDING POINT(Building Entrance Common Plate, Radio ground point, etc.)
λ/4 or oddmultiples
- USE A VELOCITY FACTOR OF 95% IN CALCULATING THE COAX LENGTH
- THIS TECHNIQUE WILL NOT WORK AT FREQUENCIES WHERE THE FEEDER IS A MULTIPLE OF λ/2
Add the length of the grounding wires whencomputing the quarterlambda.
To TX
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VE2AZX 55
CANNOT LOCATE BALUN AT DIPOLE FEEDPOINT: TOO HEAVY !
- SETTING THE FERRITES A HALF WAVELENGTH (OR MULTIPLES) FROM THE DIPOLE WILL GENERATEA HIGH IMPEDANCE AT THE DIPOLE AND MINIMIZECOMMON MODE CURRENTS ON THE COAX OUTER SHIELD.
λ/2 ormultiples
- USE A VELOCITY FACTOR OF 95% IN CALCULATING THE COAX LENGTH
GROUNDING POINT(Building Entrance Common Plate, Radio ground point, etc.)
To TXThese lengths are not critical.
FERRITES- THE FERRITE IMPEDANCE SHOULD BE 500Ω
OR MORE. (CHECK FOR HEATING)
- THE LENGTH BETWEEN THE TX AND THE FERRITES IS NON CRITICAL
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VE2AZX 56
FERRITES ARE USED EVERYWHERE
Antenna
POWER SUPPLY
XCEIVER
COMPUTER CAMERA
USBCABLE
Ferrite
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VE2AZX 57
THINGS TO REMEMBER…
- VOLTAGE BALUNS COVER A VERY WIDE RANGE OF IMPEDANCES
- SET EQUAL VOLTAGES AT THE OUTPUT
- GENERALLY PROVIDE NO PROTECTION AGAINST CURRENTS FLOWINGON COAX EXTERIOR
- MAY BE COMBINED WITH A CURRENT BALUN
- CURRENT BALUNS CREATE A AN IMPEDANCE ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE COAX (OR ANY CONDUCTOR)
- ALSO CALLED COMMON MODE CHOKES
- DECREASE COAX RADIATION AND PICK-UP
- STABILIZE THE ANTENNA IMPEDANCE
- GENERALLY 50:50 ohms RATIO (ALSO 50:200 POSSIBLE)
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VE2AZX 58
THINGS TO REMEMBER…
- DECREASE COAX RADIATION ON TRANSMIT
- AND PICK-UP ON RECEIVE
Extract from Ref. 4:
The most common reasons for using common-mode chokes are:
(1) to reduce the fraction of the RF power that is fed to your antenna from your transmitter,but then is conducted back to your shack via common-mode current on yourfeedline, causing RFI trouble in the shack or elsewhere in your house;
(2) to keep the transmitted RF power that 60-Hz power, telephone, TV, and othercables in the field of your antenna pick up, from bothering susceptible devices connectedto these cables in your own and neighbors’ houses
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VE2AZX 59
Extract from Ref. 4:
(3) to keep the RF noise that all the electronic devices in your house generate, from being conducted via60-Hz power, telephone and other cables to the outer shield of yourradio, and from there along your feedline(s) to your antenna(s), in common-mode.
W1HIS
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VE2AZX 60
REFERENCES
1- General informations on baluns – Index of good articles:http://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/frank_radio_baluns.htm
2- Transmission Line Transformers, by Jerry Sevick W2FMI
3- Cost effective ferrite chokes and balunshttp://www.nonstopsystems.com/radio/article-cost-effective-chokes.pdf
4- Reducing interferences inside the house: Chuck Counselman W1HIS.http://www.yccc.org/Articles/W1HIS/CommonModeChokesW1HIS2006Apr06.pdf
5- FERRITE SUPPLIERSDigikey http://www.digikey.comFair-Rite http://www.fair-rite.comAimdon http://www.amidoncorp.comByteMark http://www.cwsbytemark.com/prices/toroidal.phpThe Toroid King http://www.kitsandparts.com/index.php