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Once upon a time there was a boy named Jacob who lived in

Mississippi USA. He was very weird, slightly weirder than his evil

assistant Harrison.

Jacob had just modified his ten megapixel camera so he couldtake pictures of himself in the future. So he set the dial to ten years

later. And then he looked at his hair. BALD!, ME bald?, NOOOOO!

Then Harrison said, A quest. A quest for the cure. A quest for the

cure of hair. A quest for the cure of hair loss. A quest for the cure of

hair loss to make you happy.

Yes, a quest!, for me. For the cure. Of my baldness, in the

future! Jacob proclaimed, So, what makes hair grow?

Harrison began a long rant, Keep your hair in excellent

condition. Seeing a hairdresser regularly to have your hair cut and

styled will keep it in top condition. Hair in good condition gives the

impression it's longer even if it's not because it looks good and has no

split ends, etc.

Use a quality brush to keep your hair brushed, such as a boar brush.

Tilt your head forward and brush with your head upside down to bring

the oils to the ends of your hair and stimulate the scalp. Keep yourhair well moisturized. You don't need to use commercial product but

you do need to know what can condition your hair properly if youresort to natural items. Don't wash your hair every day; allow the hair

oils to condition your hair rather than constantly washing the oils out.

Massage your hair while washing it.

Be kind to your hair. Your hair falls out of its own accord

(approximately 70 to 150 hairs daily), but you may be pulling it out

faster as a result of the things you do to it. The gentler you are withyour hair, the less chances it has to fall out excessively. Some things

to keep in mind include: Don't put your hair into tight ponytails or

cornrows. Use butterfly clips and loose braids instead. Brush your hair

carefully. If you have wavy or curly hair, there are probably times

when you encounter resistance as you're brushing. Right before

brushing, use your fingers to gently comb through your hair. And

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when you brush, start at the ends, and hold the strand you're

brushing with your other hand so that if you pull on the hair with a

brush, you're not pulling on the root (pull from the grip of your hand

instead). Brush your hair before you shower in the morning.

Throughout the night your hair can knot up a lot. Brushing your hairbefore you shower reduces tangling when washing it in the shower.

When using conditioner, try sifting your fingers through your hair. This

reduces extensive combing after your shower and helps to distribute

the conditioner evenly. Minimize tangles in other situations, such as on

windy days, by containing your hair with buns, braids, hats, etc.

Minimize how much you style your hair. Any kind of styling that

involves pulling your hair at the root (blow drying straight, straight

iron, curling iron, rollers) will contribute to hair loss. Heat styling also

can encourage hair to break. If you really need to dry your hair fast,use a blow dryer for 5 minutes only. Avoid or minimize harshtreatments like dyes, tints, bleaches, straighteners, and permanent

waves. These weaken your hair and increase the likelihood of

breakage and loss. Minimize or stop using heating items on your hair.

Maintain good food nutrition or boost it by taking a daily multivitamin.

Your body needs several building blocks in order to produce a healthy

head of hair, and you can easily meet your body's requirement by

eating a balanced, nutritious diet, of by taking a multivitamin

consistently if you are not eating well due to illness, etc. Keep in mind,however, that it can take several months to notice the results, so don'tget discouraged. Research suggests that iron deficiency makes hair

loss worse. Women with heavy periods are at a higher risk of iron

deficiency. However, unless you have an iron deficiency diagnosed by

a doctor, you shouldn't take iron supplements. They can upset your

stomach and cause severe constipation, and iron overload can be

dangerous. Taking a multivitamin and eating iron-rich foods (tofu,

lentils, beans, oysters, spinach, prunes, raisins, lean beef) is more

than enough. If you're a vegetarian, eat foods rich in Vitamin Cwhenever you eat iron-rich veggies. Vitamin C will help your body

absorb the kind of iron that is found in vegetables. Avoid purchasingunnecessary supplements such as biotin. Despite the many claims that

biotin promotes hair growth, no studies have shown this to be the

case. However, hair loss is a sign of severe biotin deficiency; in these

cases, the hair loss will be accompanied by a scaly rash around the

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nose, mouth and genitals. Few people suffer this condition. Avoid

dramatic weight loss. As you shed pounds, you also shed hair. The

dramatic changes that your body undergoes when it loses weight

quickly (the change in nutrients, the stress involved) can cause your

hair to thin. Diets low in protein and iron (for example, very low-fatdiets) and also those high in protein but low in fruits and vegetables

(for example, Atkins) that result in dramatic weight loss can also

trigger significant hair loss. Instead, keep a balanced diet, and focus

on gradual calorie reduction (one or two pounds a week). Each hair on

your head grows for 2-5 years, slows down for about six weeks, and

rests for 3-5 months before falling out so a new hair can grow in its

place. Normally, 15 percent of your hair is at the resting phase, but a

sudden change in nutrition can cause some hair follicles in the growing

phase to switch into the resting phase prematurely, possibly raisingthe percentage to more than 30 percent Relax. Stress is a commoncause of reversible hair loss. When you experience physical or

emotional turmoil, it can take anywhere from three weeks to four

months for the results to show up in your hair. It is important to

relieve your stress. Address any pressing health issues. Hair is a

strong indicator of overall health. Many nutritional deficiencies can

cause hair growth to slow, and can cause hair to thin. Hormonal

problems such as hypothyroidism and PCOS can also cause thinning. If

your hair has gotten seriously thinner, or stops growing for more thana few months, discuss it with your doctor as soon as possible , thats

all I know, I will try to find more information later, Sir.

Thanks, Harrison, although that did take awhile, any information

is helpful! Jacob said

Hey, Hey Jacob Hey, Hey. Olivia said in her hey Zephy voice

Tekoah and Olivia had been hiding behind the couch the whole

time, and found a bunch of hair bands in the cushion.

What was that about, how tight ponytails affect your hair?

Tekoah asked.

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heres how to do a cornrow, Harrison said. much better for your

hair!, number 1 Plan your style. Having in mind what your end goal

looks like will help you to form a path for getting there. You can do

this in your head, draw a picture, or make some marks on a

Styrofoam wig holder. The easiest amount to begin with will probablybe four to six sections from the front to the back of the head.

Number 2 Spritz some water, or water mixed with detangler, on the

hair. Comb or brush it through to remove all major tangles. The hairshould be slightly damp, but not too wet. The reason for this is that

you don't want to have to pull the hair a lot to create the tension

needed to hold the style together. Hair contracts when it's wet and

expands as it dries. Despite what some people say about a tight braid,

this is the best way to achieve it - not by pulling the hair hard awayfrom the scalp.

3 Part a section of hair that you would like the cornrow to follow

along. put the sides of the hair that you aren't braiding in two pigtails

so they don't get in your way. Move other hair out of the way so that

you have a clear path to follow. Then take a small section of hair

where you want the cornrow to begin. Don't take too much, especially

near the hairline, or you will have to pull too hard to continue.

4 Separate that small section into three strands and make a normalbraid of about 2 "stitches" to get it started.

5 Holding the two outer strands aside, reach down under this initial

braid to add a little hair to the middle strand. Fully merge this new

hair to the middle strand so that it becomes a part of it, and you again

have 3 strands. Make a braid stitch out of these strands.6

Continue braiding, each time adding a little more hair to the middle

strand, and repeat this until you've run out of hair to add. If you'vereach the end and there is still hair left over, then continue with a

regular 3 strand braid.7Secure the cornrow with a snap bead, hair clip,end bar, barrette, bolo tie tip, or whatever you like, just so long as

you will be able to easily remove it later. Uncovered rubber bands

(elastics) are not recommended unless they are the kind made

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specifically for hair. The ones made for office use will break off the

hair, Now if you would rather loosely braid instead, or use a butterfly

clip.

Use the wide-tooth comb to comb out all the hair. Make sure thatthere are no tangles. The comb should move easily through all the

hair. Make sure all hair is smooth and entirely free of even the

smallest tangles.

2Divide hair into small sections and use the fine-tooth comb to comb

the sections to make sure that all the knots have been removed. Even

small knots will cause problems down the road.

3 Make sure you keep a firm grip on the hair.Select section of hair

that you wish to braid. It can be on any part of the scalp and can beany amount of hair. If you're starting out, it might be easier to work

with a smaller strand of hair because they'll be easier to control.

4 Here are the three sections - numbered for easy reference!Divide

the hair into three even sections. Separate the sections with your

hands and make sure they don't mix together at any time.

5 Cross the left hand section over the middle section. The original left

hand section is now the middle section.

6Still keep the sections separately and tightening the plait by pulling

all the sections away from each other.

7 Cross the right hand section over the middle section. The original

right hand section is now the middle section.

8Tighten the plait again.

9 Continue with this process alternating left and right sections overthe middle section, tightening each plait as you make it.

10 A completed braid.Repeat until you run out of room, leave about

an inch of unbraided hair at the end.

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11 An elastic bobble is used to secure the braid Secure the end of the

braid with a hair-friendly ponytail holder.

12If you choose to put hair spray on the hair to hold it. This would be

the step where I would add that before the ribbon. So you don't messup the ribbon or this would be the last step.

13 Add a pretty ribbon or pretty clips to your completed braid!

Harrison answered.

Jacob said, I wonder if my AXE shampoo is good for my hair?

he asked slicking his hair back.

Well, it should be okay, as long as it doesnt come from dollar

tree.. and always check the bottle to make sure it wasnt made inchina, then it could be poisonous. Harrison explained, in his scientific

voice.

Then the girls put Jacobs hair up in 101 little tiny pontails, all

over his head, and they were really tight. Now since he was very

inexperienced at taking ponytails out, all his hair fell out.

He fainted, Harrison lifted a finger and began explaining properhair care, Hair care is an overall term for parts ofhygiene and

cosmetology involving the hair on the human head. Hair care willdiffer according to one's hair type and according to various

processes that can be applied to hair. All hair is not the same;

indeed, hair is a manifestation of human diversity.

In this article, 'Hair care' is taken to mean care of hair on the

human head, but mention should be made of process and

services which impact hair on other parts of the body. This

includes mens and womens facial, pubic, and other body hair,

which may be dyed, trimmed, shaved, plucked, or otherwise

removed with treatments such as waxing, sugaring, and

threading. These services are offered in salons, barbers, and day

spas, and products are available commercially for home use.

Laser hair removal and electrolysis are also available, though

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these are provided (in the US) by licensed professionals in

medical offices or speciality spas.

Hair cleaning and conditioning

Biological processes and hygiene

Care of the hair and care of the scalp skin may appear separate,but are actually intertwined because hair grows from beneath the

skin. The living parts of hair (hair follicle, hair root, root sheath,

and sebaceous gland) are beneath the skin, while the actual hair

shaft which emerges (the cuticle which covers the cortex and

medulla) has no living processes. Damage or changes made to

the visible hair shaft cannot be repaired by a biological process,

though much can be done to manage hair and ensure that thecuticle remains intact.

Scalp skin, just like any other skin on the body, must be kept

healthy to ensure a healthy body and healthy hair production. If

the scalp is not cleaned regularly, by the removal of dead skin

cells, toxins released through the skin or external hazards (such

as bacteria, viruses, and chemicals) may create a breedingground for infection. However, not all scalp disorders are a result

of bacterial infections. Some arise inexplicably, and often only thesymptoms can be treated for management of the condition

(example: dandruff). There are also bacteria that can affect the

hair itself. Head lice is probably the most common hair and scalp

ailment worldwide. Head lice can be removed with great attention

to detail, and studies show it is not necessarily associated with

poor hygiene. More recent studies reveal that head lice actually

thrive in clean hair. In this way, hair washing as a term may be abit misleading, as what is necessary in healthy hair production

and maintenance is often simply cleaning the surface of the scalpskin, the way the skin all over the body requires cleaning for good

hygiene.

The sebaceous glands in human skin produce sebum, which is

composed primarily offatty acids. Sebum acts to protect hair and

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skin, and can inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the skin.

Sebum contributes to the skins slightly acidic natural pH

somewhere between 5 and 6.8 on the pH spectrum. This oily

substance gives hair moisture and shine as it travels naturally

down the hair shaft, and serves as a protective substancepreventing the hair from drying out or absorbing excessive

amounts of external substances. Sebum is also distributed down

the hair shaft mechanically by brushing and combing. When

sebum is present in excess, the roots of the hair can appear oily,

greasy, generally darker than normal, and the hair may stick

together.

Hair cleaning

One way to distribute the hair's natural oils through the hair is by

brushing with a natural bristle brush. The natural bristles

effectively moves the oil from the scalp through to the hair's mid-

lengths and ends, nourishing these parts of the hair. Brushing the

scalp stimulates the sebaceous gland, which in turn produces

more sebum. When sebum and sweat combine on the scalp

surface, they help to create the acid mantle, which is the skin's

own protective layer.

Washing hair removes excess sweat and oil, as well as unwantedproducts from the hair and scalp. Often hair is washed as part of

a shower or bathing with shampoo, a specialized surfactant.

Shampoos work by applying water and shampoo to the hair. Theshampoo breaks the surface tension of the water, allowing the

hair to become soaked. This is known as the wetting action. The

wetting action is caused by the head of the shampoo molecule

attracting the water to the hair shaft. Conversely, the tail of the

shampoo molecule is attracted to the grease, dirt and oil on the

hair shaft. The physical action of shampooing makes the greaseand dirt become an emulsion that is then rinsed away with the

water. This is known as the emulsifying action.

Shampoos have a pH of between 4 and 6 and do not contain

soap. Soapless shampoos are acidic and therefore closer to the

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natural pH of hair. Acidic shampoos are the most common type

used and maintain or improve the condition of the hair as they

don't swell the hairshaft and don't strip the natural oils.

Conditioners are often used after shampooing to smooth down

the cuticle layer of the hair which can become roughened duringthe physical process of shampooing. There are three main types

of conditioners. Anti-oxidant conditioners; which are mainly used

in salons after chemical services and prevent creeping oxidation,

internal conditioners, which enter into the cortex of the hair and

help improve the hair's internal condition (also known as

treatments), and finally external conditioners, or everyday

conditioners, which smooth down the cuticle layer making the

hair shiny, comb-able and smooth feeling. Conditioners can also

provide a physical layer of protection for the hair against physicaland environmental damage.

Western cleaning products and methods

A more alkaline rated (meaning a high pH) shampoo is stronger

and harsher to one's hair. This can mean that the hair will be left

dry and brittle. Shampoos containing citric,lactic or phosphoric

acid are most likely balanced. Oily hair might require a more

acidic pH shampoo. Anti-dandruff shampoos have been implicatedin irritation of the scalp, and an increase in the production of

dandruff. Anti dandruff shampoos may be available over-the-

counter or on prescription, based on the strength of the medicine.

Dandruff, despite common belief, is more often related to too

much, or an issue somehow with, sebum production and not dry

scalp skin. Not all flakes are dandruff and only a qualified

physician can determine not only that one indeed does have

dandruff; but also, what type of dandruff one may have. If one is

experiencing redness of the scalp skin, bumps on the scalp skin,and any weeping from sores and/or bleeding in addition to flakes,

professional medical diagnosis should be sought.

Conditioner choice is greatly dependent upon hair type and hair

status, such as colored, permed, dry, and the like. Commercialconditioners contain a variety of ingredients such as plant oils,

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provitamins, acidic compounds, plastics, stabilizers, thickeners,

emulsifiers, and fragrances.

Conditioners may sometimes add weight to hair, creating an

adverse effect in the shampooing/conditioning process. Someconditioners, especially those containing a silicone compound,

may coat the hair and lead to build up on the hair, making it dull,

and lead to harsher shampoo use; in a sense, an endless cycle of

shampooing and conditioning. When used correctly, however,conditioners are helpful in temporarily coating the hair to increase

shine and ease tangles.

Build up is when the hair has a sticky or gummy feel, the

conditioner choice seems to work less well, or the hair may bemore prone to tangling. Buildup occurs when the minerals from

water and/or products are not rinsed away during shampooing. A

clarifying shampoo may be required to remove it. Clarifying

removes all things on the surface of the hair strands, essentially

leaving the hair without moisture. Failure of conditioning as part

of a clarifying hair wash process may lead to excessive drying of

hair.

Viable natural ways to condition the hair include rinses with

lemonjuice, limejuice, vinegar or for brunettes, rosemary tea.The use of acid rinses may assist those who have itchy scalps,

depending on the cause for the itchiness. Hair which is lacking

sebum may also be softened using plant oils such as olive oil and

coconut oil.

Washing

The most effective way to wash hair is to wet the hair then apply

shampoo two times, rinsing between each application of

shampoo. Apply a small amount of shampoo onto the palm of the

hand and rub between palms to get an even coverage. Run

through the hair, focusing on the scalp for the first shampoo

application and the hair for the second. Some specialized

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shampoos require a development time for the second shampoo so

manufacturer's instructions should be followed.

Following shampooing, towel dry the hair and apply a conditioner

to the mid-lengths and ends of the hair. Conditioners should becombed through the hair with a wide tooth comb. Care should be

taken when combing because wetting hair breaks the internal

hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds give hair its dry strength and

help maintain its shape. Develop the conditioner according tomanufacturer's instructions and rinse. Note that some

conditioners are left on the hair and do not require rinsing.

Microfiber towels that help absorb the water from hair faster than

conventional towels are available on the market. These areparticularly helpful for those with very thick or damaged hair, that

may otherwise take a while to dry.

Hairstyling tools

Main article: Hairstyling tool

Hair lengths

Bald - having no hair at all on the head Shaved - hair that is completely shaved down to the scalp Buzz - hair that is extremely short and hardly there Cropped - hair that is a little longer than a buzz Boy's cut - hair that is longer than a crop, but not yet hits

the ears

Ear length - hair up to one's ears Chin level - hair grows down to the chin Flip level - hair reaching the neck or shoulders Shoulder length - hair reaching the shoulders Midback level - hair that's at about the same point as the

widest part of one's ribcage and chest area

Waist length - hair that falls at the smallest part of one'swaist, a little bit above the hip bones

Tailbone length - hair that is at about the area of one'stailbone

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Classic length - hair that reaches where one's legs meet hisor her buttocks

Thigh length - hair that is at the mid-thigh Knee-length - hair that is at the knee Calf length - hair that is at the calf Floor length - hair that reaches the floor

Chemical alteration

Chemical alterations like perming, coloring can be carried out to

change the perceived quality and texture of hair. All of these are

temporary alterations because permanent alterations are not

possible.

Chemical alteration of hair only affects the hair above the scalp;unless the hair roots are damaged, new hair will grow in with

natural color and texture.

Hair coloring

Hair coloring is the process of adding pigment to or removing

pigment from the hair shaft. Hair coloring processes may be

referred to as dyeing or bleaching, depending on whether you are

adding or removing pigment.

Temporary hair tints simply coat the shaft with pigments which

later wash off.

Most permanent color changes require that the cuticle of the hair

be opened so the color change can take place within the cuticle.

This process, which uses chemicals to alter the structure of the

hair, can damage the cuticle or internal structure of the hair,

leaving it dry, weak, or prone to breakage. After the hairprocessing, the cuticle may not fully close, which results in coarsehair or an accelerated loss of pigment. Generally, the lighter the

chosen colour from one's initial hair color, the more damaged it

may be. Other options for applying color to hair besides chemical

dyes include the use of such herbs as henna and indigo, or

choosing ammonia-free solutions.

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Perms and chemical straightening

Perms and relaxation using relaxer or thermal reconditioning

involve chemical alteration of the internal structure of the hair in

order to affect its curliness or straightness. Hair that has beensubjected to the use of a permanent is weaker due to the

application of chemicals, and should be treated gently and with

greater care than hair that isn't chemically altered.

Environmental factors

Minerals in water can affect hair.

Calcium causes hair to feel dry and lack shine and volume. It can

prevent the proper processing of color, highlights, perms orrelaxer/straighteners and can cause a perm to appear relaxed.

Calcium builds up on the scalp causing flaking of the scalp, giving

the appearance of dandruff. Calcium can choke the hair at the

mouth of the follicle causing the hair to break off, then coat the

scalp, blocking further new hair growth.

Iron can cause water to have a red or rusty hue. Iron leaves hair

feeling dry, brittle and weighted down. It causes lack of shine and

can cause dark hair to tint darker and blonde hair to turn orange.Iron can inhibit the proper processing of perms, color, highlights,

and relaxers/straighteners

Copper discolors hair causing blonde hair to turn green and dark

hair to tint darker. Copper can weigh hair down and cause

dryness, and can inhibit the proper processing of perms, color,

highlights, and relaxers/straighteners.

Magnesium causes hair to lack shine, feel dry, appear weighteddown therefore lacking volume, and can inhibit the proper

processing of perms, color, highlights, and relaxers/straighteners.

Silica causes many of the same effects on the hair as calcium. It

causes hair to feel dry, lack volume, and can cause dandruff-like

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symptoms of flaking. Build-up of silica can choke the hair follicle

causing hair to fall out.

Lead can cause the hair to feel dry. Lead can prevent the proper

processing of perms, color, highlights, and relaxers/straighteners.

Typically, these minerals can be found in groundwater usually

extracted using a well. The level of calcium that is found naturally

from the ground determines the hardness of water. While calcium

is the element that determines hardness of water, there are many

other elements in well water that affect hair, scalp and skin.

To improve the hair health and further prevent issues with

dryness and buildup, people can use a shower head filter that will

remove the minerals found in most city waters. However, hardwater minerals and the sanitizing agents like Chlorine and

Chloramine can also deposit in or on the hair, building up over

time. The chemical and mineral content of water varies bygeography. Filtering water through very fine mesh cloth may help

to remove larger deposits in the water. Many enjoy collecting rain

water, although acid rain is an increasing issue in many parts of

the world.

Treatment for well water and hard water conditions are availablein a variety of products, such as demineralizing shampoos and

conditioners.

Those who swim in chlorinated or salt sea water may benefit from

first wetting the hair entirely and then applying conditioner to

completely swell the entire hair shaft. Swimmers may also benefit

from products on the market that remove chlorine after

swimming in pool water.

Special considerations for hair types

Children's or superfine hair

Children's hair is often a problem because it is supremely fine andmay be difficult to care for because of its nearly downy softness

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and fluffiness. Up until the age of 7-10, this fine hair will remain

about the head.

Childrens hair is different from adult hair in texture, density, and

likely also colour, body and so on. Hair's traits change over timeas humans physically develop, and even age. Like the rest of the

human body, (example, teeth), hair has different stages of

development spanning the full lifetime from birth to death.

Very curly hair

Very curly hair requires unique care. Hair can be ruined if

brushed out dry. There are many different kinds of hair products

catering to frizz control and curl definition. Curly hair tends to dry

out easily, leave-in conditioner can help. Hair that is very curlyoften requires careful detangling. Those with dry, curly hair

should shampoo less often than those with straight hair, or

consider cleaning hair with conditioner (cowashing).

Long hair

Many industries have requirements for hair being contained to

prevent worker injury. This can include people working in

construction, utilities, and machine shops of various sorts.Furthermore, many professions require containing the hair for

reasons of public health, and a prime example is the foodindustry. There are also sports that may require similar

constraints for safety reasons: to keep hair out of the eyes and

blocking one's view, and to prevent being caught in sports

equipment or trees and shrubs, or matted hair in severe weather

conditions or water. Safety is also the reason behind not allowing

hair to fly loose on the backs of motorcycles and open-topped

sports cars for longer tresses.

Delicate skin

Scalp skin of babies and the elderly are similar in subdued

sebaceous gland production, due to hormonal levels. The

sebaceous gland secretes sebum, a waxy ester, which maintains

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the acid mantle of the scalp and provides a coating that keeps

skin supple and moist. The sebum builds overly, between every

23 days for the average adult. Those with delicate skin may

experience a longer interval. Teenagers often require daily

washing of the hair. Sebum also imparts a protective coating tohair strands. Daily washing will remove the sebum daily and

incite an increase in sebum production, because the skin notices

the scalp skin is lacking sufficient moisture. In cases of scalp

disorders, however, this may not be the case. For babies and

elderly, the sebaceous gland production is not at peak, thus daily

washing is not typically needed however not a bad idea.

Treatment of damage

Split ends

Split ends, known formally as trichoptilosis, happen when the

protective cuticle has been stripped away from the ends of hair

fibers.

This condition involves a longitudinal splitting of the hair fiber.

Any chemical or physical trauma, such as heat, that weathers thehair may eventually lead to split ends. Typically, the damaged

hair fiber splits into two or three strands and the split may be twoto three centimeters in length. Split ends are most often observed

in long hair but also occur in short hair that is not in good

condition.

As hair grows, the natural protective oils of the scalp can fail to

reach the ends of the hair. The ends are considered old once they

reach about 10 centimeters since they have had long exposure to

the sun, gone through many shampoos and may have been

overheated by hair dryers and hot irons. This all results in dry,brittle ends which are prone to splitting. Infrequent trims and lack

of hydrating treatments can intensify this condition.

Breakage and other damage

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Hair can be damaged by chemical exposure, prolonged or

repeated heat exposure (as through the use of heat styling tools),

and at times by excessive perming and straightening.

Infections and skin disorders

When hair behaves in an unusual way, or a scalp skin disorder

arises, it is often necessary to visit not only a qualified physician,

but sometimes a dermatologist, or a trichologist. Conditions that

require this type of professional help include, but are not limited

to, forms ofalopecia, hair pulling/picking, hair that sticks straight

out, black dots on the hair, and rashes or burns resulting from

chemical processes.

There are a number of disorders that are particular to the scalp.Symptoms may include:

Abnormal odor Bleeding Bumps Caking skin buildup that appears white or another color than

one's natural skin tone Chafes Clumps of hair falling out Clumpy flakes that do not easily slough off the scalp skin Dandruff Excessive itchiness that doesn't go away with a few hair

wash, redness of scalp skin

Patches of thinning Pus-like drainage Shedding

Any of these symptoms may indicate a need for professionalassistance from a dermatologist or trichologist for diagnosis.

Scalp skin can suffer from infestations of mites, lice, infections of

the follicles or fungus. There could be allergic reactions to

ingredients in chemical preparations applied to the hair, even

ingredients from shampoo or conditioners. Common concerns

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surrounding dandruff (often associated with excessive sebum);

psoriasis, eczema, or seborrheic dermatitis.

An odor that persists for a few weeks despite regular hair

washing may be an indication of a health problem on the scalpskin.

Not all flakes are dandruff. For example, some can merely be

product buildup on the scalp skin. This could result from the

common practice of applying conditioner to scalp skin without

washing. This would dry upon the scalp skin and flake off,

appearing like dandruff and even causing itchiness, but have no

health effects whatsoever.

Preventive action nutrition

Genetics and health are factors in healthy hair. Proper nutrition is

important for hair health. The living part of hair is under the scalp

skin where the hair root is housed in the hair follicle. The entire

follicle and root are fed by a vein, and blood carries nutrients to

the follicle/root. Any time an individual has any kind of health

concern from stress, trauma, medications of various sorts,chronic medical conditions or medical conditions that come and

then wane, heavy metals in waters and food, smoking etc. theseand more can affect the hair, its growth, and its appearance.

Generally, eating a full diet that contains protein, fruits,

vegetables, grains, and even an appropriate amount of fat is

important (several vitamins and minerals require fat in order to

be delivered or absorbed by the body). Any deficiency will

typically show first in the hair. A mild case ofanemia can cause

shedding and hair loss. Among others, the B group of vitamins

are the most important for healthy hair, especially biotin. B5(pantothenic Acid) gives hair flexibility, strength and shine and

helps prevent hair loss and graying. B6 helps prevent dandruffand can be found in cereals, egg yolk and liver. Vitamin B12 helps

prevent the loss of hair and can be found in fish, eggs, chicken

and milk.

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When the body is under strain, it reprioritizes its processes. For

example, the vital organs will be attended to first, meaning that

healthy, oxygenated blood may not feed into the hair follicle,

resulting in less healthy hair or a decline in growth rate. While not

all hair growth issues stem from malnutrition, it is a valuablesymptom in diagnosis.

Scalp hair grows, on average, at a rate of about half an inch per

month, and shampoos or vitamins have not been shown tonoticeably change this rate. Hair growth rate also depends upon

what phase in the cycle of hair growth one is actually in; there

are three phases. The speed of hair growth varies based upon

genetics, gender, age, hormones, and may be reduced by

nutrient deficiency (i.e., anorexia, anemia, zinc deficiency) andhormonal fluctuations (i.e., menopause, polycystic ovaries,

thyroid disease).

Then Jacob sighed, sucking in a mouthful of hair, then he

choked, coughed up a hairball, then died.

Sir do you need CPR?

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency

procedure which is attempted in an effort to return life to aperson in cardiac arrest. It is indicated in those who are

unresponsive with no breathing or only gasps. It may be

attempted both in and outside of a hospital.

CPR involves chest compressions at a rate of at least 100 per

minute in an effort to create artificial circulation by manually

pumping blood through the heart. In addition the rescuer mayprovide breaths by either exhaling into their mouth or utilizing a

device that pushes air into the lungs. The process of externally

providing ventilation is termed artificial respiration. Current

recommendations place emphasis on high quality chest

compressions over artificial respirations and a method involving

only chest compressions is recommended for untrained rescuers.

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CPR alone is unlikely to restart the heart; its main purpose is to

restore partial flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart. It

may delay tissue death and extend the brief window of

opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent

brain damage. An administering of an electric shock to the heart,termed defibrillation, is usually needed to restore a viable or

"perfusing" heart rhythm. Defibrillation is only effective for

certain heart rhythms, namely ventricular fibrillation or pulseless

ventricular tachycardia, rather than asystolic or pulseless

electrical activity. CPR may however induce a shockable rhythm.

CPR is generally continued until the person regains return of

spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or is declared dead.

Indications

CPR is indicated for any person who is unresponsive with no

breathing or only gasps as breathing as it is most likely that they

are in cardiac arrestIf a person still has a pulse, but is not

breathing (respiratory arrest), artificial respirations are more

appropriate. However, many people often have difficulty

detecting a pulse and CPR may thus be used.

Methods

CPR training: CPR is being administrated while a second rescuer

prepares for defibrillation.

In 2010, the American Heart Association and International LiaisonCommittee on Resuscitation updated their CPR guidelines. The

importance of high quality CPR (sufficient rate and depth without

excessively ventilating) was emphasized. The order of

interventions was changed for all age groups except newborns

from airway, breathing, chest compressions (ABC) to chestcompressions, airway, breathing (CAB). An exception to this

recommendation is for those who are believed to be in a

respiratory arrest (drowning, etc.).

Standard

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A universal compression to ventilation ratio of 30:2 is

recommended for adult and in children and infant if only a single

rescuer is present. If at least 2 rescuers are present a ratio of

15:2 is preferred in children and infants. In newborns a rate of

3:1 is recommended unless a cardiac cause is known in whichcase a 15:2 ratio is reasonable. If an advanced airway such as an

endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway is in placed delivery

of respirations should occur without pauses in compressions at a

rate of 8-10 per minuteThe recommended order of interventions

is chest compressions, airway, breathing or CAB in most

situations. With a compression rate of at least 100 per minute in

all groups. Recommended compression depth in adults and

children is about 5 cm (2 inches) and in infants it is 4 cm

(1.5 inches. As of 2010 the Resuscitation Council (UK) stillrecommends ABC for children. As it can be difficult to determinethe presence or absence of a pulse the pulse check has been

removed for lay providers and should not be performed for more

than 10 seconds by health care providers. In adults rescuers

should use two hands for the chest compressions, while in

children they should us one, and with infants two fingers (index

and middle fingers)

Compression only

Compression only (hands-only) CPR is a technique that involves

chest compressions without artificial respiration. It is

recommended as the method of choice for the untrained rescuer

or those who are not proficient as it is easier to perform and

instructions are easier to give over the phone. In adults with out-

of-hospital cardiac arrest, compression-only CPR by the lay public

has a higher success rate than standard CPR.[ The exceptions are

cases ofdrownings, drug overdose, and arrest in children.Children who receive compression only CPR having the same

outcomes as those who received no CPR.:S646 The method of

delivering chest compressions remains the same, as does the rate

(at least 100 per minute). It is hoped that the use of compression

only delivery will increase the chances of the lay public delivering

CPR.

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Interposed abdominal compression

Interposed abdominal compressions may be beneficial in the in

hospital environment. There is however no evidence of benefit

pre hospital or in children.

Internal cardiac massage

Internal cardiac massage is the process ofcardiac massage

carried out through a surgical incision into the chest cavity. This

distinguishes the process from conventional, external cardiac

massage, which is carried out by compression near the sternum

during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Effectiveness

Type of Arrest ROSC Survival

Witnessed In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest 48% 22%

Unwitnessed In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest 21% 1%

Bystander Cardiocerebral Resuscitation 40% 6%

Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 40% 4%

No Bystander CPR (Ambulance CPR) 15% 2%

Defibrillation within 35 minutes 74% 30%

Used alone, CPR will result in few complete recoveries, and thosewho do survive often develop serious complications. Estimates

vary, but many organizations stress that CPR does not "bring

anyone back," it simply preserves the body for defibrillation andadvanced life support.[13]However, in the case of "non-shockable"

rhythms such as Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA), defibrillation is

not indicated, and the importance of CPR rises. On average, only

510% of people who receive CPR survive. The purpose of CPR is

not to "start" the heart, but rather to circulate oxygenated blood,

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and keep the brain alive until advanced care (especially

defibrillation) can be initiated. As many of these patients may

have a pulse that is impalpable by the layperson rescuer, the

current consensus is to perform CPR on a patient who is not

breathing.

Studies have shown the importance of immediate CPR followed by

defibrillation within 35 minutes of sudden VF cardiac arrest

improve survival. In cities such as Seattle where CPR training iswidespread and defibrillation by EMS personnel follows quickly,

the survival rate is about 30 percent. In cities such as New York,

without those advantages, the survival rate is only 12 percent.

In most cases, there is a higher proportion of patients whoachieve a Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC), where their

heart starts to beat on its own again, than ultimately survive to

be discharged from hospital (see table below). This is due to

medical staff either being ultimately unable to address the cause

of the arrhythmia or cardiac arrest, or in some instances due to

other co-morbidities, due to the patient being gravely ill in more

than one way.

Compression-only CPR is less effective in children than in adults,

as cardiac arrest in children is more likely to have a non-cardiaccause. In a 2010 prospective study of cardiac arrest in children

(age 117), for arrests with a non-cardiac cause provision by

bystanders of conventional CPR with rescue breathing yielded afavorable neurological outcome at one month more often that did

compression-only CPR (OR 5.54; 95% confidence interval 2.52

16.99). For arrests with a cardiac cause in this cohort, there was

no difference between the two techniques (OR 1.20; 95%

confidence interval 0.552.66)This is consistent with American

Heart Association guidelines for parents

Pathophysiology

CPR is used on people in cardiac arrest in order to oxygenate the

blood and maintain a cardiac output to keep vital organs alive.

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Blood circulation and oxygenation are required to transport

oxygen to the tissues. The brain may sustain damage after blood

flow has been stopped for about four minutes and irreversible

damage after about seven minutes. Typically if blood flow ceases

for one to two hours, the cells of the body die. Because of thatCPR is generally only effective if performed within seven minutes

of the stoppage of blood flow. The heart also rapidly loses the

ability to maintain a normal rhythm. Low body temperatures as

sometimes seen in near-drownings prolong the time the brain

survives. Following cardiac arrest, effective CPR enables enough

oxygen to reach the brain to delay brain death, and allows the

heart to remain responsive to defibrillation attempts.

Adjunct devices

While several adjunctive devices are available none other than

defibrillation as of 2010 have consistently been found to be better

than standard CPR for out of hospital cardiac arrest These devices

can be split in to three broad groups - timing devices, those that

assist the rescuer to achieve the correct technique, especially

depth and speed of compressions, and those which take over the

process completely.

Timing devices

They can feature a metronome (an item carried by many

ambulance crews) in order to assist the rescuer in getting the

correct rate. Some units can also give timing reminders for

performing compressions, breathing and changing operators.

Manual assist devices

Studies have shown that audible and visual prompting canimprove the quality of CPR and prevent the decrease of

compression rate and depth that naturally occurs with fatigue,

and to address this potential improvement, a number of devices

have been developed to help improve CPR technique.

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These items can be devices to placed on top of the chest, with

the rescuers hands going over the device, and a display or audio

feedback giving information on depth, force or rate or in a

wearable format such as a glove Several published evaluations

show that these devices can improve the performance of chestcompressions

As well as use during actual CPR on a cardiac arrest victim, which

relies on the rescuer carrying the device with them, these devicescan also be used as part of training programs to improve basic

skills in performing correct chest compressions

Certain defibrillation pads are capable of performing similar

function, in that they may display rate and depth ofcompressions. Additionally, a certain algorithm may allow them to

monitor electrical activity even during CPR.

Automatic devices

There are also some automated devices available which take over

the chest compressions for the rescuer. These have several

advantages: they allow rescuers to focus on performing otherinterventions; they do not fatigue and begin to perform less

effective compressions, as humans do; and they are able toperform effective compressions in limited-space environments

such as air ambulances, where manual compressions are difficult.

These devices use either pneumatic (high-pressure gas) or

electrical power sources to drive a compressing pad on to the

chest of the patient. One such device, known as the LUCAS, was

developed at the University Hospital of Lund, is powered by the

compressed oxygen supplies already standard in ambulances andhospitals, and has undergone numerous clinical trials, showing a

marked improvement in coronary perfusion pressure and returnof spontaneous circulation.

Another system called the AutoPulse is electrically powered and

uses a large band around the patients chest which contracts in

rhythm in order to deliver chest compressions. This is also backed

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by clinical studies showing increased successful return of

spontaneous circulation.

Prevalence

Chance of receiving CPR

Various studies suggest that in out-of-home cardiac arrest,bystanders, lay persons or family members attempt CPR in

between 14%] and 45% of the time, with a median of 32%. This

indicates that around a third of out-of-home arrests have a CPR

attempt made on them. However, the effectiveness of this CPR is

variable, and the studies suggest only around half of bystander

CPR is performed correctly.

There is a clear correlation between age and the chance of CPR

being commenced, with younger people being far more likely to

have CPR attempted on them prior to the arrival of emergency

medical services. It was also found that CPR was more commonly

given by a bystander in public than when an arrest occurred in

the patient's home, although health care professionals are

responsible for more than half of out-of-hospital resuscitationattempts.[ This is supported by further research, which suggests

that people with no connection to the victim are more likely toperform CPR than a member of their family. This is likely because

of the shock experienced by finding a family member in need of

CPR; it is easier to remain calm - and think clearly - when the

person in need of CPR is a complete stranger, as in this case one

will not be as frightened.

There is also a correlation between the cause of arrest and the

likelihood of bystander CPR being initiated. Lay persons are most

likely to give CPR to younger cardiac arrest victims in a publicplace when it has a medical cause; victims in arrest from trauma,

exsanguination or intoxication are less likely to receive CPR.

Finally, it has been claimed that there is a higher chance of CPR

being performed if the bystander is told to only perform the chest

compression element of the resuscitation

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Chance of receiving CPR in time

CPR is only likely to be effective if commenced within 6 minutes

after the blood flow stops,because permanent brain cell damage

occurs when fresh blood infuses the cells after that time, sincethe cells of the brain become dormant in as little as 46 minutes

in an oxygen deprived environment and the cells are unable to

survive the reintroduction of oxygen in a traditional resuscitation.

Research using cardioplegic blood infusion resulted in a 79.4%survival rate with cardiac arrest intervals of 7243 minutes,

traditional methods achieve a 15% survival rate in this scenario,

by comparison. New research is currently needed to determine

what role CPR, electroshock, and new advanced gradual

resuscitation techniques will have with this new knowledge Anotable exception is cardiac arrest occurring in conjunction with

exposure to very cold temperatures. Hypothermia seems to

protect the victim by slowing down metabolic and physiologic

processes, greatly decreasing the tissues' need for oxygen. There

are cases where CPR, defibrillation, and advanced warmingtechniques have revived victims after substantial periods of

hypothermia.

Society and culture

Portrayed effectiveness

CPR is often severely misrepresented in movies and television as

being highly effective in resuscitating a person who is not

breathing and has no circulation. A 1996 study published in the

New England Journal of Medicine showed that CPR success rates

in television shows was 75% for immediate circulation, and 67%survival to discharge. This gives members of the public an

unrealistic expectation of a successful outcome. When educatedon the actual survival rates, the proportion of patients over 60

years of age desiring CPR should they suffer a cardiac arrest

drops from 41% to 22%[

Stage CPR

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Chest compressions are capable of causing significant local blunt

trauma, including bruising or fracture of the sternum or ribs.

Performing CPR on a healthy person may or may not disrupt

normal heart rhythm, but regardless the technique should not be

performed on a healthy person because of the risk of trauma.

The portrayal of CPR technique on television and film often is

purposely incorrect. Actors simulating the performance of CPR

may bend their elbows while appearing to compress, to preventforce from reaching the chest of the actor portraying the victim.

Other techniques, such as substituting a mannequin torso for the

"victim" in some shots, may also be used to avoid harming

actors.

Self-CPR hoax

A form of "self-CPR" termed "Cough CPR" was the subject of a

hoax chain e-mail entitled "How to Survive a Heart Attack WhenAlone" which wrongly cited "ViaHealth Rochester General

Hospital" as the source of the technique. Rochester General

Hospital has denied any connection with the technique.

Rapid coughing has been used in hospitals for brief periods of

cardiac arrhythmia on monitored patients. One researcher hasrecommended that it be taught broadly to the public. However,

cough CPR cannot be used outside the hospital because the first

symptom of cardiac arrest is unconsciousnessin which case

coughing is impossible, although myocardial infarction (heart

attack) may occur to give rise to the cardiac arrest, so a patient

may not be immediately unconscious. Further, the vast majority

of people suffering chest pain from a heart attack will not be incardiac arrest and CPR is not needed. In these cases attempting

cough CPR will increase the workload on the heart and may beharmful. When coughing is used on trained and monitored

patients in hospitals, it has only been shown to be effective for 90

seconds.[

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The American Heart Association (AHA) and other resuscitation

bodiesdo not endorse "Cough CPR", which it terms a misnomer

as it is not a form ofresuscitation. The AHA does recognize a

limited legitimate use of the coughing technique: "This coughing

technique to maintain blood flow during briefarrhythmias hasbeen useful in the hospital, particularly during cardiac

catheterization. In such cases the patients ECG is monitored

continuously, and a physician is present."

History

Sign showing old Silvester and Holger-Nielsen methods of

resuscitation

In the 19th century, Doctor H. R. Silvester described a method(The Silvester Method) of artificial respiration in which the patient

is laid on their back, and their arms are raised above their head

to aid inhalation and then pressed against their chest to aidexhalation.[ The procedure is repeated sixteen times per minute.

This type of artificial respiration is occasionally seen in films made

in the early part of the 20th century.

A second technique, called the Holger Neilson technique,

described in the first edition of the Boy Scout Handbook in theUnited States in 1911, described a form of artificial respiration

where the person was laid on their front, with their head to the

side, resting on the palms of both hands. Upward pressure

applied at the patients elbows raised the upper body while

pressure on their back forced air into the lungs, essentially the

Silvester Method with the patient flipped over. This form is seen

well into the 1950s (it is used in an episode ofLassieduring theJeff Miller era), and was often used, sometimes for comedic

effect, in theatrical cartoons of the time (see Tom and Jerry's"The Cat and the Mermouse"). This method would continue to be

shown, for historical purposes, side-by-side with modern CPR in

the Boy Scout Handbook until its ninth edition in 1979. The

technique was later banned from first-aid manuals in the UK.

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However, it was not until the middle of the 20th century that the

wider medical community started to recognize and promote

artificial respiration combined with chest compressions as a key

part of resuscitation following cardiac arrest. The combination

was first seen in a 1962 training video called "The Pulse of Life"created by James Jude, Guy Knickerbocker and Peter Safar. Jude

and Knickerbocker, along with William Kouwenhoven and Joseph

S. Redding had recently discovered the method of external chest

compressions, whereas Safar had worked with Redding and

James Elam to prove the effectiveness of artificial respiration. It

was at Johns Hopkins University where the technique of CPR was

originally developed. The first effort at testing the technique was

performed on a dog by Redding, Safar and JW Perason. Soon

afterward, the technique was used to save the life of a child.Their combined findings were presented at annual MarylandMedical Society meeting on September 16, 1960 in Ocean City,

and gained rapid and widespread acceptance over the following

decade, helped by the video and speaking tour they undertook.

Peter Safar wrote the bookABC of resuscitation in 1957. In the

U.S., it was first promoted as a technique for the public to learn

in the 1970s.

Artificial respiration was combined with chest compressions basedon the assumption that active ventilation is necessary to keep

circulating blood oxygenated, and the combination was accepted

without comparing its effectiveness with chest compressions

alone. However, research over the past decade has shown that

assumption to be in error, resulting in the AHA's acknowledgmentof the effectiveness of chest compressions alone (see

Cardiocerebral resuscitation in this article).

In other animals

Like you Jacob.

It is entirely feasible to perform CPR on animals, including cats

and dogs. The principles and practices are virtually identical to

CPR for humans. One is cautioned to only perform CPR on

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unconscious animals to avoid the risk of being bitten and that

animals, depending on species, have a lower bone density than

humans, causing bones to become weakened after CPR is

performed.

But by the time Harrison finished, Jacobs life was long past.