j gnadlinger climate change adaptation rio final [modo de ... · symposium on climate change...

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Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016

10th -12th November 2016: Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation in Latin America, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Johann Gnadlinger

Brazilian Rainwater Catchment and Management Association

(ABCMAC)

Regional Institute For Appropriate Small-Scale Agriculture (IRPAA)

[email protected]

The Role of Rainwater Harvesting for Climate Change Adaptation in Semi-Arid Brazil


Outline

� Introduction and background

� Approach

The right livelihood is to live in harmony with the semiarid

climate

Five steps of water supply and rainwater harvesting

� Results

Outlook and conclusion

Lessons from the drought - Towards a policy of

sustainable livelihood in SAB


Semi-arid Brazil

�has 969,599 km2

�1,135 municipalities�and is inhabited by 22 million people �8.5 million of them living in the rural area.



Scenario 1: Original Semiarid

Region


��

��

Climates of LA (Koeppen)

!"#$%& " '( )%*+,% )-( . /0' "1 /( # 2)((' "-1 /--' &( "&2 /3)% . "# $ &"' 1(1 )-.( 4' /" 3&-1' "0)( /&- /52% /3)( /&-1+6'1' )"347"( /3%'+ 8 3/' -3'+ 8'2( 9:+9;< =

2


Study of irregular

rainfall in SAB

during IRPAA

Workshop for

Peasants, in

Juazeiro, Bahia

State


Monthly Distribution of Rainfall in Juazeiro, SAB

0,0

109,5

57,515,5

101,355,1 66,4

0,0 2, 1 4,1 0,0 0,00,0

100,0

200,0

300,0

400,0

O N D J F M A M J J A S

Chuva em Jua ze iro ,BA20 14 / 2015

41 2 mm

mm

M ês IRPAA, seg .da do s da EMBRAPA

2 18, 3

118,4

34,9 35, 6 41

180,4

2,2 119,1 4,3 5,2

0

100

200

300

400


Ch uva e m Juazei ro, BA2013 / 2014

462 m m

mm

Mês IRPAA,s eg. da dos d a EMBRAPA

15,6 0,6 7,7

271,6

13,5 6 3 0 1 0 0 00

100

200

300

400


Chuv a em Ju azeiro , BA2015 / 2016

319 mm

mm

Mês IRPAA, seg .d ad os da EMBRAPA

0, 024,9

3,6

76, 9

044,8

3,5 3,8 4,2 10,3 1, 6 0,40, 0

100, 0

200, 0

300, 0

400, 0



174 mm

mm


10,6 5,8 17,5 13,6

195,9

41,70,3 0 1, 6 0,9 1,7 0

0

100

200

300

400


Chuva em Jua ze iro ,BA20 11 / 2012

29 0 mm

mm


122,7

0

118,2

13, 356,3 75,3

96, 5

0 9,741,1

0 40

100

200

300

400



537 mm

mm


36,80

174,9

50,7 60, 6 58, 3 66

9,2 0 1,2 4 00

100

200

300

400


Ch uva e m Juazei ro, BA2010 / 2011

462 m m

mm


0 048,1

72,2

143,3

239,7

172,9

32, 9 23 5,1 3,1 00

100

200

300

400


Chuva em Jua zeiro ,BA20 08 / 2009

74 0 mm

mm


043, 3

17,141,4

147,7

10, 8

98,1

3 5,9 0 0 00

100

200

300

400


Chuva e m Juazei ro, BA2007 / 2008

367 m m

mm



Annual Rainfall in SAB, Juazeiro, Bahia State (mm/year)

459

549

175

487

570

388

727

243

377

587519504

343

930

464405

526

367

740

537

462

290

174

462412

319

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

mm

Year

Maximum: 930 mm (2004) Minimum: 174 mm (2013) IRPAA, according data of EMBRAPA


Annual Rainfall in SAB, Juazeiro, Bahia State (mm/year)

Maximum: 930 mm (2004) Minimum: 174 mm (2013) IRPAA, according data of EMBRAPA

459

549

175

487

570

388

727

243

377

587

519504

343

930

464405

526

367

740

537

462

290

174

462412

319

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

mm

Year


OC

O

EA

NO

Â

L

A

T

NT

IC

CearáMaranhão

Piauí

Rio Grande do Norte

Alagoas

Sergipe

Pernambuco

Paraíba

Juazeiro

Petrolina

Bahia

Aqui chove mais que 1000 mm por ano

Aqui chove ent re 600 mm e 800 mm por ano

Aqui chove entre 800 mm e 1000 mm por ano

Aqui chove menos que 600 mm por anoDelimitação do Semiárido

MinasGerais

From the Drought

Polygon to the New

Delimitation of

Semiarid Brazil (SAB):

SAB has:

- less than 800 mm

annual rainfall,

- an aridity index less

than 0.5 (I = R/PET) and

- more than 60 % water

deficit during the year,

calculated between 1970

and 1990.

Region of Calamity


Scenario 2: Mismanagement of

Semiarid Region

3


�� ! �"�#

�� ! �"�#

$%&'()%*+,'

,(-./0&,$

123123

223

4545

123123

4545

�� ! �"��

223

&)/,-)(+,$6


São FranciscoRiver Dam,Sobradinho-BA

Oct 30, 2014


789:; <89:;=8>? @= @ =>ABC8>?D

Foto: jornalistaflavioazevedo

Why is the transposition of water from the São

Francisco River no solution?


Severe Impacts on Northeastern Water Resources:The "aridification" of the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil

until the end of the 21st century

Relev ant to:NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR

COMBATING DESERTIFICATION AND MITIGATION OF DRY EFFECTS

(PAN-Brazil)

Water Balance in Semiarid Brazil

Greater WaterDeficit in SAB:Vulnerability in

agriculture!

1961196119611961----1990199019901990

2071207120712071----2100210021002100

Fonte: Salati et al., 2007

Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016 Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016

Drought in semiarid Brazil 2012

Water

reservoir

with1 m

depth

Full: 20m x 25m x 1m = 500m3 of waterAfter three months without rainfall: 1 m evaporation: 500 m3 - 500 m3 = 0 m3 of water

Photo: Gnadlinger, April 15, 2012

4


15,6 0,6 7,7

271,6

13,5 6 3 0 1 0 0 00

100

200

300

400


Chuva em Jua ze ir o, BA2 01 5 / 20 16

3 19 mm

mm

Mê s IR PAA , seg. dados d a EM BR APA

Community trench cisternWater for goatsLast rainfall in January 2016Picture taken on Oct 26, 2016


1. At the hill top of a property: ecoforestation and reforestation - recaatingamento, planting drought-tolerant plants for soil cover, vegetative barriers for soil

protection w ith natural pasture

2. On the hill side: terracing or contour planting, “in situ” water catchment, planting of fruit trees and vegetables, small dams for infiltration and recharge of groundwater, recovering soil and vegetation from the beginning of the water flow

3. At the hill foot: rainwater catchment technologies as subsoil dams, shallow wells w ith manual pumps, gabion dams or successive dams as silt arrestors at the foot of the

hill

Scenario 3: Management Model of SAB


&��

��

1. Providing �� !�

2. Taking care of "�##�� for washing, bathing and for animals

3. Assuring �� "�!��

4. Supplying �� #��"� �� in drought years

5. Managing �� #��


� 4 Política de captação de água de chuva

� 5 Considerações finais


$%'( ) $%*+

The One Million Cissterns Program built588.935 rural cisterns

The Program 1 Piece of Land and 2 Types of Water built88.933 technologies for family use and 1.318 technologies for community

5


Use of Rainwater: Decentralization and democratization

of water

Municipalities included in P1MC


4 m deep trench-like rock cisters

Observe the well nurtured goats!

Drought in semiarid Brazil 2012

Full: 30m x 4m x 4m = 480m3 of waterAfter three months without rainfall: 1 m evaporation: 480 m3 - 120 m3 = 360 m3 of water

Photo: Gnadlinger, April 15, 2012


Appropriate machines for digging in hard rock are necessary


Rock cistern construted during the drought of 2012by Irpaa em Macurerê, BA


Cisterns of 52,000 L with catchment area or irrigation of vegetables and fruit trees

Photo: Gnadlinger


6


Cisterns for irrigation of vegetables (Embrapa)


Cisterns for irrigation of fruit trees (Embrapa)


Cisterns for irrigation of fruit trees (Embrapa)


��*��

Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016 Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016Fotos: Embrapa

7


Xylopodios of

umbuzeiro

(Spatodia) as

example for natural

tecnology of

rainwater

harvesting

in a seniarid

climate

Picture: J Gnadlinger


Photo: Gnadlinger, April15. 2012

Semiarid vegetation providesleaves for animals duringdrought ao 2012


Drought from 2012 to 2014

The buffel grass has dried out, bur Spatodia has tastful fruits!

Photo: Gnadlinger, April15. 2012Latin American Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation November 11, 2016

Rainwater catchment and income

generation

8


� 4 Política de captação de água de chuva

� 5 Considerações finais


Mapa da terra e da água


WATER DEMAND

For a family of 5 persons in 8 months:

Drinking and cooking

Personnal hygiene and domestic cleaning

Gardening, vegetables and chicken

Water for shep and goats


� 1. Guarantee access to water and land in sufficient size to create

and produce in semi-arid conditions.

� 2. Prioritize local rainwater harvesting solutions to provide water

security to households and communities.

� 3. Prevent desertification: avoid raising large livestock unfit for the

SAB such as cattle, deforestation of large areas and planting of

crops that do not support the semiarid climate.

� 4. Preserve, recover and manage the drought-proof bush

vegetation which probably resists also climate change.

� 5 Prioritize raising small and medium sized animals (goats and

sheep) adapted to the climate and storage of water and fodder for

the months without rain.

Conclusion:

Towards a policy of sustainable livelihood in SAB


� 6. Store fodder for the months without rain and even longer than for a year,

preserving the richness of the Caatinga vegetation through its rational use for

breeding and extraction.

� 7. Select plants that are able to handle the irregular rainfall in parts of SAB with

micro-climates, where agriculture can be indicated.

� 8. Extract, process and sell at the market of natural fruits such as umbu, passion

fruit and otherswhich has great economic potential and contribute to the

preservation of the biom (inclusion at the local food program at schools)

� 9. Focus efforts on skil ls and capacity building in rainfed agriculture of the

Universities and Technical Schools of Agriculture, because of the great potential

of the Caatinga.

� 10. Treat this points with communities and theis social organizations, in different

forms, networks and coalitions to propose and construct a National Brazilian

Policy on Living in Harmony of Climate in the Semiarid Region at Municipal,

State and Federal levels.

Towards a policy of sustainable livelihood in SAB (cont.)

9


The drought of 2012 to 2015 was a challenge and a test to see if the proposal of

l iving in harmony with semiarid conditions is viable.

The infrastructure built in recent years to store water for emergency situations is

sti l l not enough when faced with an extreme situation l ike this, although it is of

great importance in mitigating difficulties. This consolidation will be fully possible

only when the State incorporates drought preparedness and living with drought

conditions as a permanent policy. The opportunities to rethink and plan the SAB

after a major drought should not be lost , especial ly in the context of climate

change, when more severe drought events are predicted for the SAB.

The State Governments of Pernambuco and Bahia promulgated the “Law of Living

in Harmony with the Semiarid Climate.” In this law are included proposals, such as

the five steps of water management. The actions range from building reservoirs,

sustainable Caatinga management, combating desertification and contextualized

education.

Different municipalities elaborate water programs for the rural area and discuss a

Municipal Policy of Living in Harmony with the climate.

Outlook:


On November 15, 2015, the Civil Society organized a demonstration

with 20,000 people from all over the Northeast, in Juazeiro and

Petrolina , with the theme: “We want the Semiarid Region Alive with

all its rights preserved!” There were two main reasons for the

demonstration: the awareness that probably another drought is

pending and the financial crisis of the country where the federal

government has threatened to stop the financial support for

the cisterns and other programs in the SAB.


10th

Brazilian

Rainwater

Catchment

and

Management

SymposiumCENTAL THEME:

“Unlocking the Potential of Rainwater in Brazil“

PERIOD: November 15 -18, 2016

PLACE: Belém, Pará State, Convention Center Benedito Nunes


Liv ing in harmony with the climate

Johann Gnadlinger

Brazilian Rainwater Catchment and Management Association (ABCMAC)

Regional Institute for Appropriate Small-Scale Agriculture (IRPAA)[email protected]

All pictures and photographs by IRPAA or J Gnadlinger

Obrigado!Thank you!

j gnadlinger climate change adaptation rio final [modo de ... · symposium on climate change...

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