j. b. cole 1, p. d. miller 2, and h. d. norman 1 1 animal improvement programs laboratory...
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J. B. ColeJ. B. Cole11, P. D. Miller, P. D. Miller22, and H. D. Norman, and H. D. Norman11
1Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD2Department of Dairy Science University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
2004
Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
OverviewOverview
• Response to selection using field-recorded traits is efficient and well-documented.
• Herd owners are interested in healthy, longer-lived cows.
• Genetic variability exists for health traits of economic interest.
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
OverviewOverview
• Statistical and computational tools for genetic evaluation exist.
• Data processing routines can be developed.
• However, data needed for routine evaluations are limited.
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Why select for improved health?Why select for improved health?
• Longer-lived (more profitable) cows.
• Decreased cost of production.
• Reduced herd turnover.
• Improved animal welfare.
• Genetic gains are cumulative!
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Desirable Properties of Health TraitsDesirable Properties of Health Traits
• Reasonably large genetic variability or heritability.
• Significant economic value.
• Reasonable cost of measurement and recording.
• Consistent methods for measurement and recording.
(Shook, 1989)
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
ChallengesChallenges
• Low heritabilities for some traits.
• Unfavorable correlations with milk, fat, and protein yield.
• Affected animals have a low frequency of occurrence.
• Diagnoses may be uncertain.
• Data are not collected in a national database.
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Heritabilities and Correlations of Heritabilities and Correlations of Composite Health TraitsComposite Health Traits
(Lyons, Freeman, and Kuck, 1991)
Reproduct. Mammary Digestive Locomotive Respiratory
Reproduct. 0.02±0.04 -0.11* 0.38 0.02 -0.23*
Mammary 0.12±0.06 0.52 0.84 0.34
Digestive 0.21±0.08 0.87 0.76
Locomotive 0.16±0.07 0.74
Respiratory 0.02±0.04
* Negative genetic correlations reflect undesirable relationship.
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Genetic Correlations Between Genetic Correlations Between Composite Health and Yield TraitsComposite Health and Yield Traits
(Lyons, Freeman, and Kuck, 1991)
Milk Yield Fat YieldReproductive -0.27* -0.25*Mammary 0.18 -0.06*Digestive 0.44 -0.06*Locomotive 0.48 0.45* Negative genetic correlations reflect undesirable relationship.
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Genetic Tools Currently AvailableGenetic Tools Currently Available
• Calving Ease: Easier calving, less dystocia, fewer stillbirths (h2=0.022).
• Daughter Pregnancy Rate: Improved female fertility (h2=0.040).
• Productive Life: Longer working life (h2=0.085).
• Somatic Cell Score: Improved resistance to mastitis (h2=0.100).
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Holstein Daughter Pregnancy Rate (%)
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cow BVSire BV
Holstein Birth Year
Bre
edin
g V
alue
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Holstein Productive Life (mos)
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Cow BVSire BV
Holstein Birth Year
Bre
edin
g V
alue
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Format 6Format 6
• The USDA Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory has drafted a data exchange format to collect health data.
• It includes standard health codes.
• The objective is to collect data for research.
• The goal is to facilitate selection for healthier cows.
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Format 6 RecordsFormat 6 Records
• Format 6 records include Animal and herd identification Up to 20 health event segments
• Cow records begin with a calving and end with disposal or the next calving.
• Heifer records begin at birth and end at first calving.
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Health Event SegmentHealth Event Segment
• Health event code
• Health event date
• Health event detail (optional)
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Standard Health Event CodesStandard Health Event Codes
• Currently, no health event codes are used uniformly in dairy records systems.
• Standard codes have been developed based on frequency of occurrence in field data and consultation with veterinarians.
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Health Event CodesHealth Event CodesCystic ovary
Diarrhea/scours
Digestive problem/off feed
Displaced abomasum
Downer cow
Dystocia
Johne’s disease (clinical)
Ketosis/acetonemia
Lameness
Mastitis (clinical)
Metritis
Milk fever/hypocalcemia
Nervous system problem
Other reproductive problem
Respiratory problem
Retained placenta
Stillbirth
Teat injury
Udder edema
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Most Frequent Health Events in Most Frequent Health Events in DRMS DataDRMS Data
Frequency Percent of Events*
Mastitis 496,531 19.27
Lameness 128,869 5.00
Metritis 126,269 4.90
Cystic ovary 81,936 3.18
Retained placenta 57,691 2.24
Digestive problem 47,156 1.83
Respiratory problem 39,918 1.55
Ketosis 25,541 0.99
Displaced abomasum 21,908 0.85*Frequency and percent based on 2,577,004 health event observations.
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Management EventsManagement Events
• Three management traits are also in Format 6 Body condition score Milking speed Temperament
• The format can accommodate new traits e.g. Locomotion score
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Optional Health Event DetailOptional Health Event Detail
• Details of problems of high economic impact (e.g. clinical mastitis) There is one mastitis event code. Organism and quarter may be
reported.
• Other codes may also use this field Dystocia: scores of 1 to 5. BCS: scores of 1.00 to 5.00.
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
Research NeedsResearch Needs
• Data quality edits
• Individual versus composite traits
• Environmental factors affecting records
• Relationships among traits
• Variance components estimation
• Genetic evaluation models
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Genetic Improvement of Dairy Cattle Health John B. Cole2004
SummarySummary
• Format 6 provides the framework for a national health database.
• Selection for improved health is possible and desirable.
• Selection complements advances in management and veterinary care.